temperate forests. climate named for their occurrence at mid- latitudes extreme fluctuations in...
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Temperate Forests
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Climate
• Named for their occurrence at Mid-Latitudes
• Extreme fluctuations in daily and seasonal temperatures and precipitation
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Forest Biotic Structure
• Upper Canopy Layer Dominant Trees
• Lower Canopy Layer Saplings & Understory Trees
• Shrub LayerWoody Shrubs
• Ground LayerHerbs, Ferns, and Mosses
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Ground Layer Decomposition
• Fungi, bacteria, and Soil Invertebrates act to recycle the nutrients from leaves and trees limbs back into the soil
• This is the most diverse layer of the forest
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Symbiosis & the Forest
• MycorrhizaeFungi that have developed beneficial relations with the tree roots providing them water and nutrients for sugars
• LichensFungi and algae that live on tree bark
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Forest Abiotic Factors
• Sunlight, Temperature, and Humidity change seasonally
• These factors may effect the stomatal densities of forest plants
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Spring
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Summer
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Fall
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Winter
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Secondary Growth
• The Vascular Cambium is responsible for creating new xylem and phloem tissues
• Xylem is thick and is created to the inside of the tree with identifiable annual rings
• Phloem thin and is created to the outside and part forms protective bark
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Xylem Growth Rings
• During the Spring when there is sufficient water and sunlight the xylem tubes are large
• As precipitation decreases in Summer the xylem tubes produced are smaller in size
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Old Growth & Secondary Forests
• Old Growth Forestsshow variation in tree ages, contain more woody debris, fallen logs, and a greater diversity of animal life
• Secondary Forests have young homogeneous aged tree stands with little diversity and developed layers
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Human Impacts
• Lumber and Paper• Cleared for
Agriculture• Mining• Human
Development• Global Warming