teoriuli filosofia

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa

aaaakkkkademiaademiaademiaademia

sergi avalianisergi avalianisergi avalianisergi avaliani

Teoriuli filosofiaTeoriuli filosofiaTeoriuli filosofiaTeoriuli filosofia

gamomcemloba gamomcemloba gamomcemloba gamomcemloba ùniversali~ùniversali~ùniversali~ùniversali~

2

Tbilisi 2007Tbilisi 2007Tbilisi 2007Tbilisi 2007

wigni warmoadgens misi avtoris mier wina wlebSi

Catarebuli samecniero kvlevis ZiriTad Sedegebs

Teoriuli filosofiis dargSi. igi sakmaod sistematur

xasiaTs atarebs da gankuTvnilia maTTvis, visac

Teoriuli filosofiis problemebi ainteresebs.

redaqtori kaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaia _ filosofiis doqtori

recenzentebi:

1. nino TomaSvilinino TomaSvilinino TomaSvilinino TomaSvili

filosofiis doqtori

2. mamuka doliZemamuka doliZemamuka doliZemamuka doliZe

saqarTvelos filosofiur

mecnierebaTa akademiis

akademikosi

© s. avaliani, 2007200720072007

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2007ùniversali~, 2007ùniversali~, 2007ùniversali~, 2007

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

3

ISBN 978-99940-?????

4

winasitywinasitywinasitywinasityvaobavaobavaobavaoba

wigni, romelsac filosofiuri problemebiT dainte-

resebul mkiTxvels vTavazobT, warmoadgens Cveni mraval-

wliani gamokvlevebis kompendiums Teoriuli filosofiis

dargSi. bunebrivia, rom am tipis naSromSi warmodgenili

iqneba mxolod ZiriTadi sakiTxebi da Tvalsazrisebi da

aseve ZiriTadi argumentebi ama Tu im problemis kvlevis

procesSi. ufro vrclad ki dainteresebul mkiTxvels Se-

uZlia mimarTos im wignebsa da samecniero statiebs, ro-

melic yovel nawils Tan erTvis da romelTa safuZvel-

zec Sedgenilia es Txzuleba.

cxadia, Teoriuli filosofia martooden im prob-

lemebs rodi moicavs, romelic am wignSia ganxiluli.

Cvens ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda mxolod im Tvalsaz-

risebisa da filosofiuri kvlevis Sedegebis Tavmoyra da

sistemaSi moyvana, rac Cvens mier wina wlebSi iyo Catare-

buli da gamoqveynebuli mxolod Teoriuli filosofiis

dargSi. magram ramdenadac am wignSi gamokvleulia Teo-

riuli filosofiis ZiriTadi problemebi, igi SeiZleba

ganxilul iqnas rogorc Teoriuli filosofiis Sesava-

li da gamoadges yvelas, visac es problemebi aintere-

sebs.

ganmartebas moiTxovs Teoriuli filosofiis cneba.

xSirad am cnebis qveS mxolod ontologias gulisxmoben,

saxeldobr imas, rasac aristotele “pirvel sibrZnes”,

xolo volfi “pirvel filosofias” uwodebda. es aris

moZRvreba sinamdvilis pirveli mizezebis (mizezis) anu

absoluturi _ substanciuri arsebis _ Sesaxeb. am wignis

pirvel nawilSi ontologiis cnebis qveS swored es Sina-

arsi igulisxmeba.

meore gagebiT Teoriuli filosofia moicavs ara

mxolod arsis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas _ ontologias _ ara-

med agreTve Semecnebisa da codnis uzogadesi kanonzomie-

rebis Sesaxeb mecnierebas. am Tvalsazriss uTuod gamar-

Tleba moepoveba, vinaidan Teoriulia ara mxolod arsis

Sesaxeb moZRvreba _ abstraqtuli kvlevis sfero _ ara-

5

med agreTve Semecnebisa da codnis uzogadesi kanonzomie-

rebis codnac. miT umetes, rom am or ZiriTad filosofi-

ur disciplinas Soris mWidro kavSiria, kidev metic, isi-

ni erTmaneTis gareSe verc moiazreba. arsis Sesaxeb vera-

fers vityviT misi Semecnebis gareSe, xolo Semecnebis sa-

gans arsi warmoadgens.

mesame da kidev ufro gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Teoriulsa da praqtikul fi-

losofias. pirvelis qveS is filosofiuri mecnierebani

igulisxmeba, romlebic TavianTi abstraqtulobis gamo

Sors dgas adamianis praqtikuli saqmianobisagan. “praqti-

kuli filosofiis” cnebis qveS ZiriTadad eTikasa da es-

Tetikas aTavsebdnen. es koncefcia dasabams laibnic-vol-

fis skolidan iRebs. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben adamia-

nis sulieri cxovrebis sam sferos: gonebas, grZnobasa da

nebas. pirveli Teoriulis sferos miekuTvneba, meore da

mesame ki praqtikulisas. grZnobis Sesaxeb mecnierebas ba-

umgartenma “esTetika” uwoda, xolo nebis Sesaxeb mecnie-

rebas “praqtikuli filosofia” Searqves, romlis qveS

eTika igulisxmeboda. dResac eTikosebi xSirad eTikas

“praqtikuli cxovrebis filosofias” (g. banZelaZe) uwo-

deben, xolo esTetikas _ “grZnobis Sesaxeb mecnierebas”,

romlis qveS esTetikuri grZnoba igulisxmeba. filosofi-

is dayofas Teoriulad da “praqtikulad” kantma moqala-

qeobrivi ufleba daumkvidra. mis mier Teoriuli da praq-

tikuli gonebis mkveTri gansxvaveba swored amis maniSne-

beli iyo.

Teoriuli da praqtikuli codnis erTmaneTisagan

gansxvaveba specialur mecnierebaTa sferoSic arsebobs.

magaliTad, maTematika, biologia da sxva mecnierebani Te-

oriuli codnis sferos miekuTvneba, magram teqnikuri, sa-

medicino, sasoflo-sameurneo da sxva msgavsi codnis sis-

tema praqtikuli mecnierebania. Teoriuli filosofia Te-

oriuli specialuri mecnierebebisagan uzogadesobiT gan-

sxvavdeba, vinaidan misi sagani sinamdvilis uzogadesi ka-

nonzomierebaa. amave dros filosofiuri codnis uzoga-

desobas aqvs ara raodenobrivi, aramed Tvisebrivi xasia-

6

Ti. filosofia codnis principulad gansxvavebuli dar-

gia, Tumca igi mWidro kavSirSia specialur-mecnierul

codnasTan. amaSi mdgomareobs “mecnieruli filosofiis”

anu filosofiis, rogorc mecnierebis, cnebis Sinaarsi.

amrigad, Teoriuli filosofiis cnebis qveS am wig-

nSi warmodgenilia mxolod is filosofiuri mecniereba-

ni, romelTac uSualo kavSiri ara aqvT adamianTa praqti-

kul cxovrebasTan da romlebic ganvlili wlebis man-

Zilze Cveni kvlevis sagani iyo.

yovel mecniers Tavisi kvlevis Sedegebis WeSmarite-

ba swams, pretenzias acxadebs sakuTari naazrevis apodiq-

turobaze. aseTi pretenzia am striqonebis avtorsac aqvs.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc laTinuri andaza ambobs,

“Feci, quod potui, faciant meliora potentes” _”rac SemeZlo gavakeTe,

ukeT gaakeTon maT, visac meti Zala SeswevT.”

dasasrul minda didi madlierebis grZnobiT

movixseno Cemi yofili mowafeebi _ amJamad cnobili

mecnierebi _ am wignis redaqtori, filosofiis doqtori

kaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaia, recenzentebi: filosofiis doqtori nino nino nino nino

TomaSviliTomaSviliTomaSviliTomaSvili da filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis

akademikosi mamuka doliZemamuka doliZemamuka doliZemamuka doliZe.

avavavavtotototoriririri

19 19 19 19 oqoqoqoqtomtomtomtombebebeberiririri, 2006, 2006, 2006, 2006

7

ssssararararCeCeCeCevivivivi

winasityvaoba .............................................................................................................. 3

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l il il il i pppp i ri ri ri r v ev ev ev e l il il il i

mmmmececececninininieeeerurururulililili onononontotototolololologigigigiaaaa

TaTaTaTavivivivi ppppiriririrvevevevelililili

mmmmececececninininieeeerurururulililili onononontotototolololologigigigiisisisis ccccnenenenebabababa

$1. ontologiis sagani ................................................................................ 13

$2. arsis struqtura ..................................................................................... 16

$3. obieqturis struqturuli doneebi ...................................... 18

$4. ontologia, rogorc mecniereba .............................................. 21

$5. mecnieruli ontologia da metafizika.

metafizikis transformacia ......................................................... 23

$6. antiontologiuri Teoriebis kritika ................................. 26

TaTaTaTavivivivi memememeoooorererere

rererereaaaalulululuriririri ararararsisisisi

$7. materialuri da aramaterialuri realuri arsi .. 29

$8. realuri arsis relatiuroba da sasruloba ........... 33

$9. dialeqtika _ sasruli samyaros kanonzomiereba . 35

$10. mizezobriobis sauflo .................................................................... 37

TaTaTaTavivivivi memememesasasasamemememe

iiiidedededeaaaalulululuriririri ararararsisisisi

$11. relatiuridan absoluturisaken ............................................ 39

$12. relatiur-absoluturi arsi ....................................................... 41

$13. `pirveladi” da “meoradi” idealuri fenomenebi ... 42

$14. arseba, rogorc idealuri arsi ............................................... 42

TaTaTaTavivivivi memememeoToToToTxexexexe

ababababsosososolulululututututuriririri ararararsisisisi $15. materialuri arsis substanciurobis problema ... 46

$16. antisubstanciuri Teoriebis kritika ............................... 49

$17. absoluturi arsi anu substanciuri arseba .............. 52

$18. mecnieruli ontologia da filosofiuri

Teologia ......................................................................................................... 55

8

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l il il il i m em em em e oooo r er er er e

nanananaturturturturfifififilolololososososofifififiaaaa


nanananaturturturturfifififilolololososososofifififiisisisis sasasasagagagaganininini

$19. naturfilosofiis cneba .................................................................... 60

$20. naturfilosofiis sagani da misi adgili sxva

filosofiur mecnierebebs Soris .......................................... 62


mamamamateteteteririririaaaa

$21. materiis cneba ............................................................................................. 65

$22. materiis struqturuli analizi ............................................ 68

$23. materiis maradiulobis idea da Tanamedrove

bunebismecniereba ..................................................................................... 71

$24. materiis maradiulobis problema da kosmologiuri

kreacionizmi ................................................................................................. 73


ssssivivivivrcercercerce da droda droda droda dro

$25. sivrcisa da drois uzogadesi Tvisebebi ...................... 88

$26. sivrcis ganzomilebani ...................................................................... 96

$27. geometriis relatiurobis problema ................................. 98

$28. drois obieqtivacia ............................................................................... 102

$29. drois kauzaluri Teoria .............................................................. 105

$30. erTdroulobis problema .............................................................. 107

$31. drois mimarTuleba ............................................................................... 110

$32. kanti da bunebismecniereba ........................................................... 113


mmmmoZoZoZoZrarararaoooobabababa

$33. moZraobis relativisturi Teoria ........................................ 117

$34. moZraobis formebi ................................................................................. 121

$35. moZraobis dialeqtika ........................................................................ 122

9

TaTaTaTavivivivi memememexuxuxuxuTeTeTeTe

dedededetertertertermimimiminiznizniznizmimimimi da da da da inininindedededetertertertermimimiminiznizniznizmimimimi

$36. aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis cnebebis

sazrisi ............................................................................................................... 128

$37. mizezobrivi determinizmis fundamenturi niSnebi

131

$38. klasikuri determinizmi .................................................................. 134

$39. kauzaluri indeterminizmi ............................................................ 138

$40. obieqturi SemTxveviToba da mravalniSna

mizezobrioba ............................................................................................... 143

$41. intervenciis Teoria ............................................................................ 147

TaTaTaTavivivivi memememeeqeqeqeqvsevsevsevse

gagagagazomzomzomzomvivivivis s s s TeTeTeTeooooririririisisisis fifififilolololososososofifififiuuuuriririri sasasasafuZfuZfuZfuZvlevlevlevlebibibibi

$42. gazomvis Teoriis logikuri analizi ............................... 156

$43. sivrcisa da drois metrikis problema ........................... 159

$44. mikronawilakebis gazomvis problema ................................ 160

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l il il il i m em em em e s as as as a m em em em e

sisisisicoccoccoccocxlixlixlixlis s s s fifififilolololososososofifififiaaaa

$45. winaswari SeniSvnebi ............................................................................. 163


ccccococococxaxaxaxalililili da ada ada ada ararararacoccoccoccocxxxxaaaalililili

$46. sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvrebis problema .............. 164

$47. cocxalisa da aracocxalis urTierTobis

problema ........................................................................................................... 166

$48. sicocxlis materialisturi Teoria .................................. 169

$49. sicocxlis ZiriTadi niSnebi ...................................................... 172

$50. TviTSenaxva .................................................................................................... 176


memememeqaqaqaqaninininicizcizcizcizmimimimi da da da da neneneneoooomemememeqaqaqaqaninininicizcizcizcizmimimimi

$51. meqanicizmis cneba ................................................................................... 178

$52. materializmi da meqanicizmi ...................................................... 179

$53. neomeqanicizmi ............................................................................................. 182

$54. adamiani da manqana ................................................................................. 184

10


vivivivitatatatalizlizlizlizmimimimi da da da da neneneneoooovivivivitatatatalizlizlizlizmimimimi

$55. vitalizmis cneba ..................................................................................... 188

$56. vitalizmis Camoyalibeba ................................................................. 189

$57. neovitalizmi ................................................................................................ 191


sisisisicoccoccoccocxlixlixlixlis s s s ararararsesesesebabababa

$58. biologiuri entelexia ..................................................................... 194

$59. anTropuli entelexia ......................................................................... 197

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l il il il i m em em em e o To To To T x ex ex ex e

teteteteleleleleoooolololologigigigiaaaa


teteteteleleleleoooolololologigigigiisisisis sasasasafuZfuZfuZfuZvlevlevlevlebibibibi

$60. mizani _ teleologiuri moZRvrebis fuZemdebeli

cneba ...................................................................................................................... 200

$61. mizanSewoniloba da kanonzomiereba .................................. 202

$62. teleologiis struqtura ............................................................... 204


kkkkososososmomomomolololologigigigiuuuuriririri teteteteleleleleoooolololologigigigiaaaa $63. iudaistur-qristianuli kreacionistuli

teleologia .................................................................................................. 206

$64. kosmologiuri kreacionizmi da teleologia ......... 209

$65. kosmologiur-teleologiuri dizaini ............................. 211

$66. kosmologiuri dizaineri ............................................................... 214

TTTTaaaavivivivi memememesasasasamemememe

bibibibioooolololologigigigiuuuuriririri teteteteleleleleoooolololologigigigiaaaa

$67. organuli teleologia .................................................................... 218

$68. darvinis evoluciuri Teoria da teleologia ...... 221


ananananTroTroTroTropupupupulililili teteteteleleleleoooolololologigigigiaaaa

11

$69. adamiani da cxoveli, homo teleologicus ................................... 224

$70. kosmologiur-anTropuli principebi ................................. 227

$71. kosmologiur-anTropuli teleologia.

anTropocentrizmi .................................................................................. 230


sosososociciciciaaaalulululuriririri teteteteleleleleoooolololologigigigiaaaa

$72. individualuri da socialuri miznobrioba ............. 234

$73. sazogadoebis struqturuli elementebi da maTi 236

miznebi

$74. Tavisufleba, aucilebloba da miznobrioba ............ 237

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l il il il i m em em em e x ux ux ux u T eT eT eT e

SeSeSeSemecmecmecmecnenenenebibibibis s s s TeTeTeTeooooririririisisisis ZiZiZiZirererereuuuulililili prprprproboboboblelelelememememebibibibi

SeSeSeSesasasasavavavavalililili $75. Teoriuli gonebis struqtura .................................................. 241


ddddakakakakvirvirvirvirvevevevebabababadodododobibibibis prs prs prs proboboboblelelelemamamama $76. Semecnebis genezisis problema ................................................. 244

$77. dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri

interpretaciis kritika .................................................................... 245

$78. dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principi da

samyaros mecnieruli suraTi ..................................................... 250

$79. principuli dakvirvebadobis cnebis axali

sazrisi ............................................................................................................... 252

$80. principuli dakvirvebadobis ormagi buneba ............... 255


oooopepepeperarararacicicicioooonanananalulululuriririri SeSeSeSemecmecmecmecnenenenebabababa

$81. winaswari SeniSvnebi ............................................................................. 258

$82. operacionalizmi, rogorc filosofiuri

mimarTuleba .................................................................................................. 259

$83. operaciis tipebi ...................................................................................... 263

$84. brijmenis operacionalizmis kritika ............................... 267

$85. operaciis roli Semecnebis procesSi .............................. 271

13

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l il il il i m em em em e e qe qe qe q v s ev s ev s ev s e

fsfsfsfsevevevevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuriririri ggggnonononoseseseseoooolololologigigigiaaaa


ccccododododninininis s s s rerererelalalalatitititiuuuurorororobabababa

$86. absoluturisa da relatiuris cnebebis sazrisi 276

$87. codnis struqtura ................................................................................. 278

$88. codnis relatiurobis wyaroebi ............................................. 281

$89. winamecnieruli da mecnieruli codna ............................. 283


fsfsfsfsevevevevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuriririris s s s TeTeTeTeooooririririisisisis sasasasafuZfuZfuZfuZvlevlevlevlebibibibi $90. gnoseologiuri relativizmis kritika da

absoluturis Zieba ................................................................................ 285

$91. fsevdoabsoluturis cneba ............................................................ 287

$92. fsevdoabsoluturis formebi .................................................... 289


fsfsfsfsevevevevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuriririri ccccododododnananana

$93. konvencionaluri Semecnebis buneba .................................... 295

$94. mecnieruli Teoria ............................................................................... 306


fsfsfsfsevevevevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuriririri RiRiRiRirerererebubububulelelelebabababa

$95. RirebulebiTi cnobierebis relatiuroba .................... 314

$96. fsevdoabsoluturi ideali ......................................................... 316

$97. subieqturi da `intersubieqturi~ ideali ................... 321


fsfsfsfsevevevevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuriririri sasasasamarmarmarmarTaTaTaTalililili $98. samarTlebrivi normebis relativisturi Teoriis

kritika ................................................................................................................ 324

$99. absoluturi samarTlis Zieba: bunebiTi da

saerTaSoriso samarTali ............................................................... 327

$100. fsevdoabsoluturi samarTali ................................................ 331

14

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l il il il i mmmm e Se Se Se S v iv iv iv i d ed ed ed e

epepepepisisisistetetetemomomomolololologigigigiaaaa


mmmmececececninininieeeerurururulililili ccccododododninininis s s s sasasasafuZfuZfuZfuZvlevlevlevlebibibibi

$101. mecnieruli codnis empiriuli da racionaluri

safuZvlebi .................................................................................................. 336

$102. mecnieruli codnis obieqturi da subieqturi

mxareebi ........................................................................................................... 337

$103. mecnieruli codna _ subieqtur-obieqturi

fenomeni .......................................................................................................... 339


mmmmececececninininieeeererererebibibibis gs gs gs gananananviviviviTaTaTaTarerererebibibibis s s s gagagagarerereregagagaganininini da da da da

SiSiSiSinanananagagagaganininini ffffaqaqaqaqtotototorerererebibibibi $104. eqsternalizmi .......................................................................................... 341

$105. internalizmi ............................................................................................ 344

$106. sinTezuri koncefcia ....................................................................... 345


mmmmececececninininieeeererererebibibibis gs gs gs gananananviviviviTaTaTaTarerererebibibibis s s s kakakakanonnonnonnonzozozozomimimimieeeererererebabababa

$107. mecnierebis ganviTarebis kumulaciuri modeli 348

$108. karl poperis falsifikaciis Teoria ........................... 349

$109. mecnieruli codnis revoluciuri ganviTarebis

Teoria .............................................................................................................. 351


mmmmececececninininieeeerurururulililili ccccododododninininis fs fs fs fununununqciqciqciqcieeeebibibibi $110. axsna da aRwera _ mecnieruli codnis

funqciebi ...................................................................................................... 360

$111. winaswarxedvis funqcia ................................................................. 365

$112. socialuri funqcia ........................................................................... 368

saxelTa saZiebeli ................................................................................................ 370

damateba

sergi avalianis naSromebis bibliografia ............................... 378

15

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l il il il i pppp i ri ri ri r v ev ev ev e l il il il i

mmmm e ce ce ce c n in in in i eeee r ur ur ur u l il il il i o no no no n t ot ot ot o l ol ol ol o g ig ig ig i aaaa


mmmmececececninininieeeerurururulililili onononontotototolololologigigigiisisisis ccccnenenenebabababa

$$$$1. 1. 1. 1. onononontotototolololologigigigiisisisis sasasasagagagaganininini

termini “ontologia” pirvelad r. gokleniusma (1613)

ixmara im mecnierebis aRsaniSnavad, romelic arsis uzo-

gades kanonzomierebas swavlobs, xolo ufro gvian kr.

volfma mas moqalaqeobrivi ufleba daumkvidra. istoriu-

lad ki am filosofiuri mecnierebis avtors aristotele

warmoadgens, romelic werda: “aris iseTi mecniereba, ro-

melic ganixilavs ararararsesesesebubububuls, ls, ls, ls, rorororogogogogorc aseTs,rc aseTs,rc aseTs,rc aseTs, da imas, rac

mas TavisTavad aqvs. igi ar aris arc erTi kerZo mecnie-

rebis igiveobrivi. arc erTi sxva mecniereba ar ikvlevs

ararararsesesesebubububulilililis, s, s, s, rorororogogogogorc arc arc arc aseseseseTiTiTiTis, s, s, s, zozozozogagagagad d d d bubububunenenenebabababas,s,s,s, aramed yvela

isini misi (arsebulis) raime nawils gamoyofen da Semdeg

am nawilis mimarT ganixilaven imas, rac misi kuTvnili

aRmoCndeba”.1 aristoteles ar hqonda arc metafizikisa

da, miT umetes, arc ontologiis terminebi, Tumca am cne-

bebis Sinaarsi uTuod gaaCnda, radgan igi maTi sagnebis

Sesaxeb msjelobs da Tan maT mecnierebas uwodebs, sa-

xeldobr filosofiur mecnierebas. isic udavoa, rom

aristotele metafizikasa da ontologias erTmaneTTan

aigivebda. maTi gansxvaveba ufro gvian moxda, kerZod, la-

ibnic-volfis skolaSi. volfma da misma mowafeebma onto-

logia metafizikis erT-erT nawilad gamoacxades fsiqo-

logiis, kosmologiisa da bunebrivi Teologiis gverdiT,

Tumca mas pirveli adgili miakuTvnes da, maSasadame xazi

gausves mis upirates Rirebulebas. volfs ekuTvnis wigni

“Philosophia prima sive ontologia” (“pirveli filosofia anu on-

1 aristotele, metafizika, 1003 a, 21-32 (xazgasma Cvenia. s.a.)

16

tologia”). aq aristoteles memkvidreoba Cans. aristote-

le xom saganTa (arsis) pirveladi mizezebis Semswavlel

mecnierebas “pirvel sibrZned” Tvlida!

maSasadame, ontologiis sagania “arsi, rogorc ase-

Ti”, mTeli sinamdvilis arseba, substanciuri arseba. amis

safuZvelze zogjer ontologiasa da filosofias iden-

turad Tvlian. filosofiis sagans mTeli sinamdvilis

anu “arsebulis rogorc aseTis” uzogadesi kanonzomiere-

ba warmoadgens; magram arsis uzogadesi kanonzomiereba

ontologiis kvlevis sagania. am azriT isini marTlac er-

TmaneTs emTxveva. magram filosofiisa da ontologiis

erTmaneTTan gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba. vinaidan termini

“filosofia” krebsiTi filosofiuri mecnierebebis aR-

mniSvnelia; igi moicavs ontologiasac, gnoseologiasac,

istoriis filosofiasac, naturfilosofiasac, filoso-

fiur anTropologiasac, eTikasac, esTetikasac da a. S.

maT Soris ontologias pirveli adgili uWiravs, anu igi

aris “pirveli filosofia”, filosofiur mecnierebaTa

alma mater, vinaidan yvela zemoCamoTvlili filosofiuri

mecnierebebis sagnebis uzogades kanonzomierebas Seiswav-

lis. amrigad, ontologiisa da filosofiis igiveobis Se-

saxeb laparaki mxolod garkveuli pirobiT SeiZleba. sa-

erTod ki ontologia sxva filosofiuri mecnierebebisa-

gan principulad gansxvavdeba.

arsi, rogorc ontologiis sagani, uzogadesia; am

doneze ki arsi da arseba erTmaneTs emTxveva. maT Soris

gansxvaveba ufro dabali zogadobis sferoSia. arsis sfe-

ros ekuTvnis yovelgvari arsebuli, maT Soris movlene-

bic. magram arseba da movlena sxvadasxvaa. ramdenadac ar-

sebac arsebobs, amdenad igi arsia, magram yvela arsebuli

arseba rodia. arsi uzogadesi cnebaa, romelic, Sinaarsi-

sagan mTlianad daclilia, ris gamoc mas hegeli arar-

sTan aigivebda.

arsebis fundamentur niSans obieqturoba, TavisTava-

doba, damoukidebloba warmoadgens. obieqturi damoukide-

bels niSnavs, uwinares yovlisa, subieqtisagan, adamianisa-

gan damoukidebels. swored amitom ontologiis sagani _

17

“arsi, rogorc aseTi” anu mTeli sinamdvilis (substanci-

uri) arseba _ adamianis cnobierebisagan sruliad damou-

kidebelia. es imasac niSnavs, rom ontologiis ageba SeuZ-

lebelia subieqtivizmisa da relativizmis poziciebze. ha-

idegeris “fundamenturi ontologia”, romelic uSualod

arss ki ar ikvlevs, aramed arsis sazriss (Sinn von Sein), ar

SeiZleba ontologiad CaiTvalos. sazrisis problemis

kvleva, rogorc n. hartmanma miuTiTa, ontologiis kompe-

tencias ar Seadgens.

magram rogor aris SesaZlebeli laparaki obieqtu-

ri, TavisTavadi, adamianis cnobierebisagan sruliad da-

moukidebeli sinamdvilis Sesaxeb? am sakiTxs imanenturi-

sa da transcendenturis urTierTobis problemamde mivya-

varT. aris Tu ara cnobierebaSi asaxuli realoba im sam-

yaros suraTi, romelic cnobierebis gareSe da misgan da-

moukideblad arsebobs? sxvagvarad es niSnavs sakiTxs, Tu

rogor aris SesaZlebeli imanenturidan transcenden-

turze gadasvla, xom ar aris Cveni rwmena obieqturi rea-

lobis asaxvis Sesaxeb saRi azri anu gulubryvilo rea-

lizmi? es urTulesi sakiTxia, romlis gadawyvetis Zieba-

Si mravali filosofosi amaod daSvra da win araviTari

perspeqtiva ar Cans.

hegeli am sakiTxis gadawyvetis gareSe agebs Tavis

ontologias TxzulebaSi logikis mecniereba (pirveli

ori wigni). es niSnavs, rom igi obieqturi realobis arse-

bobasa da misi asaxvis, anu imanenturidan transcenden-

turze gasvlis SesaZleblobaSi arc eWvobs. obieqturi,

cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli realobis arsebobis da

misi asaxvis SesaZleblobis postulirebis gareSe ara

marto ontologias ver avagebT, aramed saerTod SeuZle-

beli iqneba mecnierebaze, gansakuTrebiT sabunebismetyve-

lo mecnierebebze laparaki. ainStaini werda: “amRqmeli

subieqtisagan damoukidebeli garegani samyaros arsebobis

rwmena mTeli bunebismecnierebis safuZvelSi imyofeba.”1

da Semdeg: “arc erT fizikoss ar sjera, rom garegani

1 А. Эйнштеин, Собрание научных трудов, т. IV, М., 1967, стр. 136

18

samyaro cnobierebisagan iyos warmoebuli... ratom daain-

teresebda vinmes varskvlavebi, Tuki darwmunebuli ar iq-

neboda, rom isini sinamdvileSi arseboben?”1

amrigad nebismieri mecniereba garegani samyaros rea-

lobis postulirebas axdens, Tvlis, rom arsebobs obieq-

turi realoba, romelsac adamianis cnobiereba asaxavs.

igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs ontologiis sferoSic, rome-

lic iqidan amodis, rom arsebobs obieqturi realoba, ar-

si da misi arseba, romlis gamokvleva ontologiis sagans

Seadgens.

$$$$2. 2. 2. 2. ararararsisisisis strs strs strs struquququqtutututurararara

arsis cneba, rogorc aRvniSneT, uzogadesia, ris ga-

moc igi araviTar gansazRvras ar eqvemdebareba. “arsi”

sxvas arafers ar niSnavs, garda “arsebobisa” da amaSia

misi uzogadesoba. arsebobs mTebi, zRvebi, varskvlavebi,

Cveni azrebi, gancdebi, moCvenebebi da TviT halucinacie-

bic ki. yvela maT arsebobis (arsis) niSani Tanabrad mie-

wereba. maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod ararararsesesesebobobobobibibibis ws ws ws wesesesesSiSiSiSiaaaa

da ara TviT arsebobaSi.

swored es arsebobis wesi safuZvlad uZevs arsis

formebis diferenciacias. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben

rererereaaaalurlurlurlursasasasa da ida ida ida idedededeaaaalulululur arssr arssr arssr arss. realuri arsi aris mmmmovovovovlelelelenananana----

TaTaTaTa ssssamamamamyayayayarorororo, romelic uSualod grZnobad aRqmaSi gveZle-

va da, maSasadame, empiriul sinamdviles warmoadgens. es

aris, aristoteles sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, “CvenTvis pirve-

li” sinamdvile, vinaidan Semecnebis procesi misi mocemu-

lobiT iwyeba. realuri arsis kriteriumad, ZiriTad niS-

nad e. huserli da n. hartmani droSi arsebobas Tvlian.

arsis am sferos miekuTvneba ara mxolod bunebis sagnebi

da movlenebi, aramed Cveni fsiqikuri gancdebic, vinaidan

isinic droSi arsebulia.

1 iqve, gv. 263

19

realuri arsi anu movlenaTa samyaro ori struqtu-

ruli fenisagan Sedgeba: mamamamateteteteririririaaaalulululuriririri rererereaaaalulululuriririri ararararsisisisi (mTe-

bi, zRvebi, varskvlavebi da a. S.), romlebic drosa da

sivrceSi arsebobs anu ganfenilia, sxeulobrivia, nivTie-

ria1 da aaaararararamamamamateteteteririririaaaalulululuriririri rererereaaaalulululuriririri ararararsisisisi, romelic mxolod

droSi arsebobs; aseTia fsiqikuri gancdebi, sazogadoeb-

rivi movlenebi da sxva misTanani. realuri arsi, rogorc

droSi arsebuli, ganuwyveteli moZraobisa da cvalebado-

bis procesSi imyofeba da, rac mTavaria, relaturia. misi

relaturoba imas niSnavs, rom igi raRacis, ufro ZiriTa-

dis, farulis gamovlenas warmoadgens. movlenis arseboba

imaze migvaniSnebs, rom igi raRac ufro arsebiTis gamov-

lenaa. vaSlis Camovardna aris misi ararararsesesesebibibibissss _ msoflio

mizidulobis kanonis _ movlena (gamovlena). movlenas az-

ri aqvs mxolod misi arsebis mimimimimamamamarTrTrTrT; mas arsebisagan da-

moukidebloba ar gaaCnia. amaSi mdgomareobs misi relatu-

roba.

amrigad, realuri arsidan, rogorc movlenaTa samya-

rodan, gadavdivarT arsis ufro Rrma, ufro zogad, ufro

arsebiT formaze. es aris ararararsesesesebabababaTaTaTaTa ssssamamamamyayayayarorororo, romelic ide-

aluria da, maSasadame, arc drosa da sivrceSi arsebobs.

TavisTavad idealuri arsic ori sferosagan Sedge-

ba, rasac arsebaTa gansxvaveba ganapirobebs: sssspepepepeciciciciaaaalulululuriririri

ararararsesesesebabababanininini, anu specialur arsebaTa samyaro da ababababsosososolulululututututu----

riririri ararararsisisisi anu ararararsesesesebabababaTaTaTaTa ararararsesesesebabababa, ukanaskneli instanciis ar-

seba. arseba aqvs yvelafers, realuri arsis yvela sfe-

ros; magram vinaidan isini realuri arsis specialuri

sferoebis arsebebia, amitom mizanSewonilia maT sssspepepepeciciciciaaaa----

lulululuriririri ararararsesesesebabababanininini, xolo maT erTobliobas sssspepepepeciciciciaaaalulululur r r r ararararsesesese----

babababaTaTaTaTa ssssamamamamyayayayarorororo vuwodoT. specialuri arseba, rogorc arse-

ba, zogadobiT, damoukideblobiT, aucileblobiT xasiaT-

deba. msoflio mizidulobis kanoni ara mxolod vaSlis,

aramed yvela vardnili sxeulis arsebaa, xolo TiToeu-

1 “materialuri~ da “nivTieri” identuri cnebebia; materialuri mxolod nivTieri SeiZleba iyos.

20

li maTganisagan damoukidebelia; mas realuri arsis _

movlenaTa samyaros _ mimarT aucilebeli xasiaTi aqvs.

magram arseba aqvs ara mxolod realuri arsis sag-

nebsa da movlenebs, aramed mTel sinamdvilesac _ arsis

yvela sferos; igi specialuri arsebebisagan uzogadeso-

biT, uzenaesi damoukideblobiT anu obieqturobiTa da

aseve uzenaesi aucileblobiT, usasrulobiT gansxvavdeba.

aseTia ababababsosososolulululututututuriririri ararararsisisisi anu ababababsosososolulululututututuriririri ararararsesesesebabababa; abso-

luturis doneze arsi da arseba erTmaneTs emTxveva. igi

aris sinamdvilis ukanaskneli instanciis arseba anu sub-

stanciuri arseba. yvela arseba, rogorc arseba, substan-

ciuria, TavisTavadia, obieqturia, damoukidebelia, magram

specialuri arsebani arasruli substanciebia, vinaidan

damoukideblobas, obieqturobas jer kidev ar miuRwevia

uzenaes donemde. substanciuri arseba ki srul substan-

cias, absolutur usasrulobas warmoadgens. igi aris

mTeli sinamdvilis Ziri, safuZveli da, kidev metic, Se-

moqmedi. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom absoluturi arsi sxva ara-

feria, garda RmerTisa, romelic, cxadia, aseve uzenaesi

idealurobiT xasiaTdeba.

maSasadame arsebobs arsis sami sfero: realuri arsi

anu movlenaTa samyaro, specialur arsebaTa samyaro da

absoluturi arsi anu ukanaskneli instanciis arseba; es

sferoebi, romlebic imave dros arsis dodododoneneneneebebebebssss warmoad-

gens, gansazRvravs adamianuri codnis, rogorc arsis

fundamenturi gansazRvrulobebis asaxvis doneebs, rom-

lebzec am wignis meeqvse nawilSi gveqneba laparaki.

$$$$3. o3. o3. o3. obibibibieqeqeqeqtutututuriririris strs strs strs struquququqtutututururururulililili dodododoneneneneeeeebibibibi

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom ontologiis sagania TavisTa-

vad, obieqturad arsebuli arsi. magram obieqturoba mie-

wereba yvelafers, rac adamianis cnobierebis gareSe arse-

bobs, TviT movlenaTa samyarosac ki, romelic, cxadia,

ontologiuri kvlevis sagani ar aris. ontologiis saga-

nia araa nebismieri arsi (arsebuli), aramed “arsi ro-

21

gorc aseTi”, romelic obieqturobis specifikuri formiT

xasiaTdeba. swored amitom saWirod migvaCnia obieqturis

cnebis sazrisis gamokvleva.

obieqturis cneba filosofiaSi sxvadasxva azriT

ixmareba, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi obieqturi niSnavs da-

moukidebels, TavisTavad arsebuls. am azriT obieqturisa

da subieqturis cnebebs erTmaneTs upirispireben. subieq-

turi subieqtze damokidebuls niSnavs, obieqturi ki su-

bieqturisagan damoukidebels. maSasadame, damoukideblo-

bis cneba obieqturis cnebis mTavar Sinaarss warmoad-

gens.

magram damoukideblobis cnebasac mravali mniSvne-

loba aqvs. igi viTardeba arsis sxvadasxva doneebis Sesa-

bamisad da am logikuri ganviTarebis procesSi oTx Ziri-

Tad formas (dones) gaivlis. yoveli arsebuli damouki-

deblobis anu obieqturobis raRac doneze imyofeba. amis

gareSe misi arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. is, rac mxo-

lod sxvazea damokidebuli, rasac TavisTavSi araviTari

safuZveli, araviTari TavisTavadoba anu damoukidebloba

ara aqvs, arsebobas ver SeZlebs. amrigad, yovelgvari ar-

sebuli damoukideblobis anu obieqturobis raRac, Tun-

dac mcire (umcires) dones atarebs. aseTia, magaliTad,

Cveni fsiqikuri fenomenebi _ gancdebi, emociebi _ rome-

lic calkeul subieqts ekuTvnis, maSasadame, subieqturia,

magram ara mxolod subieqturi, aramed igi obieqturobis

raRac dones flobs; sxvagvarad misi arseboba SeuZlebe-

li iqneboda. saxeldobr, isini Cveni nebisagan raRacdag-

varad damoukidebelia. Cven ar SegviZlia roca movisur-

vebT gvixarodes an vwuxdeT. es Cvens nebaze ar aris da-

mokidebuli da amdenad obieqturia. es aris obieqturobis

yvelaze dabali, pirveli done, romelic calkeuli subi-

eqtis nebisagan damoukideblobaSi gamoixateba.

obieqturobis ufro maRali, meore done maSin aris,

rodesac iseT fenomenebTan gvaqvs saqme, romlebic calke-

uli, individualuri cnobierebisagan damoukidebelia,

magram damokidebulia cnobierebaze saerTod. aseTia inininin----

tttterererersusususubibibibieqeqeqeqtutututuriririri, rogorc obieqturobis ufro maRali do-

22

ne, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi individualur cnobierebaze

damokidebulebis safexuri ganvlilia. aseTia, magaliTad,

sivrce da dro kantis transcendentalur esTetikaSi,

gnoseologiuri WeSmariteba, romelic, rogorc azri,

cnobierebis gareSe ar arsebobs, damokidebulia masze,

magram calkeuli individisagan damoukidebelia. is azri,

rom samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami udris ori swori kuTxis

jams, rogorc azri, cnobierebis gareSe ar arsebobs da,

maSasadame, mis arsebobazea damokidebuli, magram igi da-

moukidebelia calkeuli adamianis nebaze.

kidev ufro maRali donis damoukidebloba anu obi-

eqturoba gvaqvs garegani sagnebisa da movlenebis sfero-

Si, vinaidan isini damoukidebelia ara mxolod calkeu-

li, aramed saerTod adamianisagan; isini arsebobs cnobie-

rebis gareT da maTi arseboba, intersubieqturi fenomene-

bisagan gansxvavebiT, adamianis cnobierebis arsebobas ar

saWiroebs.

marTalia, obieqturobis am doneze sagnebi da mov-

lenebi adamianisagan damoukidebelia, magram isini damo-

kidebulia erTmaneTze. sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris arse-

bobs mWidro urTierTkavSiri, urTierTdamokidebuleba;

isini erTmaneTis arsebobas ganapirobeben, gancalkevebiT

arseboba ar SeuZliaT. es niSnavs, rom obieqturoba anu

damoukidebloba jer kidev ar aris sisruliT ganxorcie-

lebuli; obieqturobas jer kidev ar miuRwevia umaRles

donemde.

arsi Tavis logikur ganviTarebaSi mxolod maSin mi-

aRwevs obieqturobis uzenaes dones, rodesac saerTod

moixsneba damokidebuleba rogorc subieqtisagan, ise yo-

velgvari arsebulisagan, anu rodesac obieqturoba sis-

ruliT ganxorcieldeba. amgvari obieqturi iqneba abso-

luturi arsi, ukanaskneli instanciis realoba. amrigad,

ababababsosososolulululututututuriririri aris oaris oaris oaris obibibibieqeqeqeqtutututuriririris s s s lololologigigigikukukukuriririri ggggananananviviviviTaTaTaTarerererebibibibis s s s

umumumumaRaRaRaRlelelelesisisisi dodododonenenene, romelSic damokidebuloba, ralatiuroba

anu araobieqturoba mTlianad moxsnilia.

maSasadame, arsebobs obieqturobis oTxi sxvadasxva

forma anu ierarqiuli done dabalidan maRlisaken, nak-

23

lebad obieqturidan absoluturi obieqturobisaken. abso-

lutur arsSi obieqturoba _ damoukidebloba _ sisru-

liT ganxorcielebulia.

damokidebulebis doneebi imave dros relatiuris

doneebs warmoadgens. damokidebuli aris relatiuri da,

piriqiT, relatiuri niSnavs imaze damokidebuls, ris mi-

marTac arsebobs. relatiuroba mimarTebaSi yofnas niS-

navs; relatiurs ar SeuZlia imis gareSe arseboba, rasTan

mimarTebaSic imyofeba. obieqturis pirvel formaSi Cveni

gancdebi Cvens cnobierebasTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs, mas-

zea damokidebuli da amaSia misi relatiuroba. aseve in-

tersubieqturi transcendentalur cnobierebazea damoki-

debuli; sagnebi da movlenebi ki damokidebulia erTma-

neTze. maSasadame, obieqturobis winare sami forma (done)

relatiuria; mxolod absoluturi arsia relatiurobisa-

gan mTlianad daclili da sisruliT ganxorcielebuli

obieqturoba.

SeiZleba gviTxran, rom mimarTebaSi yofna anu rela-

tiuroba yovelTvis ar niSnavs damokidebulebas, magali-

Tad, sivrcesa da droSi mimarTeba (“zeviT”, “qveviT”, “mar-

jvniv”, “marcxniv”, “win”, “ukan”, “adre”, “gvian” da a. S.).

cxadia, vrceul-drouli relatiuroba gansxvavebulia im

tipis relatiurobisagan, sadac damokidebuleba ufro aS-

kara da realuria (magaliTad, mcenareebis arsebobis da-

mokidebuleba siTboze, sinaTleze, tenianobaze, sicoc-

xlis damokidebuleba atmosferoze, mamis damokidebuleba

Svilebze da piriqiT); magram damokidebulebas verc vrce-

ul-drouli relaturobis SemTxvevaSi avcdebiT. nebismie-

ri sagani imitom aris es (da ara sxva), rom arsebobs

sxvac, raime xdomiloba imitom moxda “adre”, rom sxva

xdomilobani ufro “gvian” moxda. amrigad, vrceul-drou-

li mimarTebani, saboloo jamSi, damokidebulebas gulis-

xmobs. es niSnavs, rom relatiurobis yvela forma damo-

kidebulebis Semcvelia.

$$$$4. 4. 4. 4. onononontotototolololologigigigia, a, a, a, rorororogogogogorc mrc mrc mrc mececececninininieeeererererebabababa

24

dazustebas moiTxovs is debuleba, rom ontologia

aris mecniereba arsis anu “arsebulis, rogorc arsebu-

lis” Sesaxeb. arsis sferos miekuTvneba yovelgvari arse-

buli. igive iTqmis arsebulis Sesaxeb. arsebulia movle-

naTa samyaroc, magram igi ara marto ontologiis sagani

ar aris, aramed arc specialuri mecnierebebis kvlevis

obieqts Seadgens. es ukanasknelni ikvleven sinamdvilis

kanonebs, movlenaTa arsebas. niutons vaSlis Camovardna

ki ar ainteresebda, aramed misi safuZveli, arseba anu

msoflio mizidulobis kanoni. arseba, kanoni, cxadia,

uSualod ar Seimecneba; igi SegrZnebebSi _ uSualo dak-

virvebaSi _ ar gveZleva. misi Semecneba mxolod mis ga-

movlenaze _ movlenaTa samyaroze _ dakvirvebis Sedegad

SeiZleba. nebismieri arseba, kanoni racionaluri gziT Se-

imecneba empiriul sinamdvileze dakvirvebis Sedegad. mov-

lenebi arsebis Semecnebis saSualebaa da meti araferi.

mecnierebis interesis uSualo obieqts movlenaTa samya-

ros arseba warmoadgens ara TviT es movlenebi.

nebismieri arseba gamovlindeba; gamouvleneli arse-

ba ar arsebobs, vinaidan arsebas azri aqvs movlenebis mi-

marT, iseve rogorc piriqiT: movlena arsebis gamovlenas

niSnavs. arseba ki uSualod ar gveZleva. igi, rogorc he-

geli ambobda, “brwyinavs” movlenebSi. racionaluri Se-

mecneba niSnavs movlenebis gziT arsebis Semecnebas. Tvi-

Ton movlenebis namdvili Semecnebac maTi arsebis Semec-

nebas niSnavs.

magram rogorc zeviT ($2) vTqviT, arseba sxvadasxva-

nairia. sinamdvilis calkeuli sferoebis arsebas _ speci-

alur arsebebs _ specialuri mecnierebani swavlobs, mag-

ram mTeli sinamdvilis arseba _ substanciuri arsi _ fi-

losofiis, kerZod, ontologiis Seswavlis sagania. maSa-

sadame, ontologiis sagans absoluturi arsi (da ara ne-

bismieri _ relatiuri _ arsi) warmoadgens. onononontotototolololologigigigia a a a

aris maris maris maris moZoZoZoZRvreRvreRvreRvrebabababa ababababsosososolulululututututurrrriiii ararararsisisisis s s s SeSeSeSesasasasaxexexexebbbb. hegeli ambob-

da, rom “ar arsebobs araviTari filosofia absolutur-

25

ze moZRvrebis gareSe... filosofia aris mecniereba abso-

luturis Sesaxeb”.1

magram rogor aris SesaZlebeli absoluturi arsis

anu substanciuri arsebis Semecneba? es niSnavs: rogor

aris SesaZlebeli ontologia, rogorc mecniereba?

arseba, rogorc vTqviT, uTuod gamovlindeba da ga-

movlenis gziT Seimecneba. amis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqne-

boda mecnierebis arseboba. aseTia nebismieri arseba, ara

mxolod specialuri arsebani, aramed substanciuri arse-

bac, absoluturi arsi, romelic agreTve gamovlindeba da

am gamovlenaze dakvirvebis gziT Seimecneba. samyaroSi

arsebuli gasaocari kanonzomiereba _ bunebis kanonebi

cocxali samyaros kanonebis CaTvliT _ absoluturi ar-

sebis gamovlenas warmoadgens. sxvagvarad es niSnavs, rom

specialur arsebaTa samyaro _ specialur mecnierebaTa

kvlevis sagani _ absoluturi arsis anu substanciuri

arsebis gamovlenas warmoadgens. specialur arsebaTa sam-

yaros Semecnebas substanciuri arsebis Semecnebamde miv-

yavarT. amaSi gamoixateba filosofiisa (pirveli filoso-

fiis anu ontologiis) da specialur mecnierebaTa auci-

lebeli kavSiri.

swored amitom filosofia _ uwinares yovlisa, misi

mTavari dargi ontologia _ aris mecniereba, codnis

dargi. misi sagani _ absoluturi arsi _ imave gziT da

imave meTodiT Seimecneba, rogorc specialur mecniereba-

Ta sagani anu specialur arsebaTa samyaro. maT Soris

gansxvaveba maTi sagnebis gansxvavebas emyareba da ara am

sagnebis meTods. onononontotototolololologigigigia aris ma aris ma aris ma aris mececececninininieeeererererebabababa, codnis

dargi, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli sistema, Tumca specia-

luri mecnierebebisagan principulad gansxvavebuli dis-

ciplina. aseTia mmmmececececninininieeeerurururulililili onononontotototolololologigigigiaaaa, rogorc tradi-

ciuli ontologiuri sistemebisagan arsebiTad gansxvave-

buli mecniereba. aristoteles ontologia mecniereba

iyo, xolo mas Semdeg Sua saukuneebisa da TviT axali

drois _ Tanamedroveobis CaTvliT _ ontologiam speku-

1 Гегель, Сочинения, Т. I (Энц. Философских наук), М. Л. 1929, стр. 70.

26

laciuri xasiaTi miiRo, mecnierul codnas mowyda da

TviTonac mecnieruli Sinaarsi dakarga. ontologiis mec-

nierulobis dasabuTebis cdebi hegelis filosofiaSi

gvxvdeba. “me ganzraxuli mqonda _ wers hegeli _ xeli

Semewyo filosofiis daaxloebisaTvis mecnierebis for-

mebTan, im mizanTan, romlis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi mas SeiZ-

leboda uari eTqva Tavis saxelwodebaze sibrZnis siyva-

ruli da gamxdariyo namdvili codna”.1 tyuilad ki ar

uwoda hegelma Tavis mTavar Txzulebas “logikis mecnie-

reba”, romlis ori mTavari nawili ontologiur sistemas

warmoadgens. magram, samwuxarod, hegels es mizani bolom-

de ganuxorcielebeli darCa.

$$$$5. m5. m5. m5. mececececninininieeeerurururulililili onononontotototolololologigigigia da a da a da a da memememetatatatafifififizizizizikakakaka. . . .

memememetatatatafifififizizizizikikikikis trs trs trs tranananansforsforsforsformamamamaciciciciaaaa

axla saWiroa gavarkvioT, Tu ra urTierTobaa mecni-

erul ontologiasa da metafizikas Soris; SesaZlebelia

Tu ara metafizika, rogorc filosofiuri disciplina?

metafizikis fuZemdebelia aristotele, Tumca metafi-

zikuri ideebi manamdec arsebobda. im wignSi Camoyalibe-

bul ideebs, romelsac andronike rodoselma “metafizika”

uwoda, aristotele Tvlida “mmmmececececninininieeeererererebabababadddd RvTaebis Sesa-

xeb”. es niSnavs, rom metafizika imTaviTve Camoyalibda ro-

gorc mecniereba, codnis dargi. igi, rogorc sinamdvilis

uZiriTadesi, pirveladi mizezebis Semswavleli mecniereba,

miCneuli iyo yvela sxva mecnierebaTa `dedoflad~, anu

mecnierebaTa mecnierebad, `pirvel sibrZned~. `yvela mecnie-

reba ufro aucilebelia, vidre igi, magram masze ukeTesi

arc erTi ar aris” (aristotele).

metafizika, anu “mecniereba RvTaebis Sesaxeb”, aris-

toteles esmoda rogorc moZRvreba RmerTis anu mTeli si-

namdvilis arsebis, absoluturi arsis Sesaxeb. absolutu-

ri arsis Sesaxeb moZRvreba ki aris ontologia. amdenad

1 Гегель, Сочинения, Т. IV(Феноменология духа), М., 1859. стр. 3.

27

aristoteles filosofiaSi “metafizika” da “ontologia”

identuri cnebebia. marTalia, aristoteles arc erTi ter-

mini ar hqonda, magram metafizikisa da ontologiis, ro-

gorc erTi da igive disciplinis cneba udavod gaaCnda.

ontologia da metafizika erTmaneTisagan kr. volfma ga-

nasxvava; saxeldobr, ontologia metafizikis erT-erT Zi-

riTad nawilad miiCnia kosmologiis, fsiqologiisa da bu-

nebrivi Teologiis gverdiT.

Sua saukuneebSi religiuri msoflmxedvelobis gav-

leniT metafizikis cnebam transformacia ganicada. meta-

fizika gaiges rogorc zebunebrivi realobis anu princi-

pulad daukvirvebadi arsis Sesaxeb moZRvreba, romelic,

cxadia, mecnierul dasabuTebas ar eqvemdebareba anu mec-

nierebas ar warmoadgens. amitom masSi “SesaZlebelia yve-

laferi ise moCmaxo, rom sicruis mxilebis ar geSinodes”

(kanti). ase dakarga metafizikam yovelgvari SemecnebiTi

Rirebuleba da codnis sferodan rwmenis sferoSi gada-

bargda.

kantma, romelsac mxedvelobaSi hqonda amgvari _

transformirebuli _ metafizika, daasabuTa, rom igi ar

aris mecniereba. wminda bunebismecnierebisa da wminda maTe-

matikis analizis safuZvelze man daadgina, rom mecniereba

sinTezur-aprioruli msjelobebisagan Sedgeba. metafizika

ki, rogorc spekulaciuri moZRvreba, romelic mowyvetilia

ara marto mecnierebas, aramed agreTve fizikuri (empiriu-

li) samyaros kanonzomierebis codnas, martooden aprioru-

li msjelobebis sistemaa, romelsac sinTezuri xasiaTi

ara aqvs, anu Cvens codnas ar afarToebs. es niSnavs, rom

metafizika ar aris mecniereba.

kantis es mosazreba Cven udavod migvaCnia, Tumca

vfiqrobT, rom igive Sedegis miReba sxva gziTac SeiZle-

ba, rac kidev ufro ganamtkicebs kantis poziciebs. mecnie-

rebis sagani principulad dakvirvebadia; sxvagvarad igi

mecnierebis sagnad ar gamodgeba, vinaidan principulad

daukvirvebadze (Seumecnebadze) mecnierebas ver avagebT,

codnas ver CamovayalibebT. principuli dakvirvebadobisa

da saerTod dakvirvebadobis princips am wignis mexuTe

28

nawilSi ganvixilavT; amJamad ki winaswar mxolod imas

aRvniSnavT, rom principuli dakvirvebadobis SesaZleb-

loba codnisa da rwmenis gammijnavi kriteriumia. maSasa-

dame, metafizika, rogorc moZRvreba principulad dauk-

virvebadi arsis Sesaxeb, ar aris mecniereba.

kantma uaryo metafizika, rogorc mecniereba, magram

aq gaCerda. mas araferi ar uTqvams imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu

ara metafizika filosofiuri disciplina, SesaZlebelia

Tu ara metafizikuri filosofia. am problemis gadawyve-

tas ki iseTive didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc kantis mi-

er metafizikis aramecnierulobis dasabuTebas.

am problemis gadawyvetas win unda uswrebdes imis

gamokvleva, aris Tu ara filosofia mecniereba (cxadia, am

SemTxvevaSi laparakia filosofiur da ara specialur

mecnierebaze). Tu filosofia aris mecniereba, xolo meta-

fizika ar aris mecniereba, maSin metafizikuri filosofia

SeuZlebelia, xolo, Tu piriqiT, filosofia ar aris mec-

niereba, maSin SeiZleba metafizikur filosofiaze lapara-

ki. aseTia elementaruli logika, romliTac metafizikuri

filosofiis SesaZleblobis problemis gadawyvetisas un-

da vixelmZRvaneloT.

am problemis gadawyvetis mcdelobas kvlav dakvirve-

badobis principamde mivyavarT, romelsac, rogorc vTqviT,

safuZvlianad am wignis mexuTe nawilSi ganvixilavT. iqve

mocemuli iqneba filosofiis mecnierulobis Cveneuli da-

sabuTeba. amjerad ki mxolod imis aRniSvniT davkmayofil-

debiT, rom “mTeli Cveni Semecneba cdiT iwyeba” (kanti).

sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom principuli grZnobadi dak-

virvebadoba aris mTeli Cveni codnis amosavali. zemoT,

vfiqrobT, sakmaod davasabuTeT, rom absoluturi arsi,

rogorc mTeli sinamdvilis ukanaskneli instanciis arse-

ba, romelic “pirveli filosofiis” anu ontologiis sa-

gans warmoadgens, empiriul sinamdvileSi gamovlindeba da

am gamovlenis gziT, e. i. gagagagaSuSuSuSuaaaalelelelebibibibiTTTT dakvirvebadia, Semec-

nebadia. arseba uSualod ar gveZleva, miT umetes uzogade-

si _ absoluturi _ arseba. igi gamovlenis gziT Seimecne-

ba. es niSnavs, rom ontologiis sagani principulad dak-

29

virvebadia, rac codnisa da rwmenis gammijnav kriteriums

warmoadgens. aqedan daskvna; filosofia aris mecniereba,

codnis dargi, logikurad dasabuTebuli sistema.

aqedan gamomdinareobs metafizikuri filosofiis Se-

uZlebloba; metafizika, rogorc principulad daukvirve-

badis Sesaxeb moZRvreba, aris rwmenis da ara codnis sfe-

ro. amaSi gamoixateba metafizikis transformacia mecnie-

rebidan _ codnidan _ rwmenamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom me-

tafizika ar aris arc mecniereba da arc filosofia, igi

udides rols TamaSobs adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi.

$$$$6. 6. 6. 6. anananantitititionononontotototolololologigigigiuuuuriririri TeTeTeTeooooririririeeeebibibibis ks ks ks kriririrititititikakakaka

antiontologiur filosofiur Teoriebs miekuTvneba

fenomenalizmi misi yvela nairsaxeobiT (pozitivisturi

fenomenalizmi, kantis fenomenalizmi da sxva), romelic

mxolod fenomenebis _ movlenebis _ arsebobas aRiarebs,

mxolod maT Tvlis Semecnebadad, xolo arsebaTa samya-

ros Semecnebis SesaZleblobas uaryofs. am koncefciis

mTavari Secdoma, Cveni azriT, is aris, rom igi movlenasa

da arsebas erTmaneTisagan wyvets. movlena arsebis gamov-

lenaa da Tu erTs aRiareb, maSin meores uaryofa SeuZle-

beli gaxdeba. vinc arsebas uaryofs, man movlenac unda

uaryos da absoluturi nihilizmis poziciebze dadges,

rac absurdul mdgomareobas warmoadgens. aseve SeuZlebe-

lia movlenebis Semecnebaze laparaki, Tuki maTi arsebis

Semecnebis SesaZleblobas uarvyofT. movlenis WeSmariti

Semecneba misi arsebis Semecnebas niSnavs, vinaidan movle-

nas azri aqvs mxolod arsebis mimarT, xolo arseba aris

is, ris safuZvelzec movlena arsebobs. marTalia, kantis

mixedviT (hegelisagan gansxvavebiT), movlena ar aris ar-

sebis gamovlena, magram aqac arsebis Semecnebadoba mov-

lenis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs.

ontologias kategoriulad uaryofen neokantianele-

bic (koheni, natorpi da sxv.), romlebmac kantis filoso-

fia nivTi TavisTavadisagan, rogorc obieqturi realobi-

30

sagan, gawmindes da ontologia “atavizmad” gamoacxades.

magram ontologiis uaryofas saerTod Teoriuli azrov-

nebis uaryofamde mivyavarT. samarTlianad SeniSnavs n.

hartmani: “Teoriuli azrovneba, romelic safuZvelSi on-

tologiuri ar iqneba, saerTod ar iarsebebs da saerTod

SeuZlebelia”.1

ontologiis sagani adamianis cnobierebis gareSe da

misgan damoukideblad arsebobs. swored amitom umarTebu-

loa egzistencialur ontologiaze laparaki, kerZod, ha-

idegeris anTropologiuri filosofiis “fundamentur on-

tologiad” warmodgena. marTalia, haidegeri miznad isa-

xavs TavisTavad arsebuli arsis kanonzomierebis gamok-

vlevas, magram Tvlis, rom arsis bunebis gamokvleva SeuZ-

lebelia arsis sazrisis (Sinn von Sein) winaswari dadgenis

gareSe. “am naSromis mizania _ wers igi Tavis mTavar

TxzulebaSi “arsi da dro” _ arsis sazrisis Sesaxeb sa-

kiTxis konkretuli damuSaveba”.2 maSasadame, saqme exeba

ara TviTon arss, aramed arsis sazriss, sazrisis Sesaxeb

moZRvreba ki ar SeiZleba iyos ontologia. swored ami-

tom n. hartmani mkacrad akritikebs haidegers, Tvlis, rom

masTan “sakiTxi arsebulis, rogorc arsebulis, Sesaxeb

moxsnilia”3 haidegerTan, amtkicebs igi, “arsi da arsis

mocemuloba erTmaneTSia areuli (Verwechselt ist)”. sazrisi

“yovelTvis adamianis arsebobas gulisxmobs”.4 marTlac,

sazrisis Sesaxeb msvlelobisas subioeqtizms ver avcde-

biT, xolo subieqtivizmis poziciebidan ontologiis age-

ba SeuZlebelia. erTi sityviT, haidegeris “fundameturi

ontologia” aris ara ontologiuri moZRvreba, aramed eg-

zistencialuri anTropologia.

ontologiasTan SeuTavsebadia agreTve pluralistu-

ri Teoriebi, vinaidan ontologia mxolod monizmis prin-

cipze SeiZleba aigos. pluralizmi araTanamimdevruli

1 N. Hartmann. Neue Wege der Ontologie. Systematische Philosophie, herausgegeben von N.

Hartmann, Stuttgart, Brl. 1942, 119. 2 M. Heidegger, Sein und Zeit, Tubingen, 1957, S. 2 3 N. Hartmann, Zur Grundlegung der Ontologie, Brl. Lpz., 1953, S. 43. 4 iqve. gv. 82

31

moZRvrebaa. igi istoriulad yovelTvis monizmiT mTav-

rdeboda. TviTon demokrites atomisturi moZRvrebac ki,

romelic pluralizmis klasikur nimuSs warmoadgens, mo-

nizmis poziciebidan SeiZleba avxsnaT. atomebi xom erTma-

neTisagan sruliad damoukidebelia, urTierTarsebobas

ar saWiroebs. isini arian TavisTavad arsebuli, TviTsa-

fuZvlis mqone substanciebi. es ki sxva araferia, garda

monizmisa. erTaderT substancias, rogorc monizmis prin-

cips, filosofiis istoriaSi verc erTi pluralisturi

Teoria ver ascda. laibnicis monadologia RmerTis cne-

biT mTavrdeba. “RmerTi erTia _ wers igi _ da es erTi

RmerTi kmara”. RmerTi ki gagebulia rogorc mTeli sinam-

dvilis substancia, pirvelsafuZveli. igive iTqmis dekar-

tis dualizmis Sesaxeb, romelic monizmiT mTavrdeba. ma-

terialuri da idealuri substanciebis garda dekarti

uSvebs mesame _ WeSmariti, usasrulo _ substanciis arse-

bobas. aseTia RmerTi, romelic pirvel or substancias

iqvemdebarebs. am SemTxvevaSi dekarti dualizmidan moniz-

mze gadadis.

ontologiasTan SeuTavsebadia agreTve antisubstan-

ciuri Teoriebi; swored amitom uaryofs pozitivizmi on-

tologiis SesaZleblobas. gansakuTrebuli adgili uWi-

ravs n. hartmanis ontologias, romelic agreTve plura-

lizmis safuZvelzea agebuli. n. hartmani substanciis

Secvlas “fenebis TeoriiT” (Schichtentheorie) cdilobs. rea-

luri da idealuri arsis dualizmis daSveba n. hartmans

saSualebas ar aZlevs, rom ontologia erTian principze

moiazros. igi akritikebs klasikur ontologiur Teori-

ebs, romlebic monizmis princips emyareboda da Tavisi

ontologiuri koncefciis siaxles monizmis uaryofaSi

xedavs.

sinamdvileSi monizmi nebismieri ontologiuri Teo-

riis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. raimes axsna, gar-

kveva yovelTvis erTi amosavali principis safuZvelze

SeiZleba; principTa simravle _ pluralizmi _ Tavis sa-

gans mTlianobaSi, erTianobaSi ver moiazrebs, ris gamoc

sistemurobas iqneba moklebuli. monizmis principis

32

rols ki ontologiaSi substanciis _ absoluturi arsis

(arsebis) _ daSveba asrulebs. substanciis cneba filoso-

fiaSi uZvelesia, magram yoveli Zveli uaryofas rodi im-

saxurebs.

33



$$$$7. 7. 7. 7. mamamamateteteteririririaaaalulululuriririri da ada ada ada ararararamamamamateteteteririririaaaalulululuriririri


zemoT aRvniSneT, rom arsis fundamenturi formebia

realuri da idealuri arsi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan

droSi arsebobis niSniT gansxvavdeba. realuri arsi dro-

Si arsebobs, idealuri ki zedroulia. isic vTqviT, rom

realuri arsis struqturuli formebia materialuri da

aramaterialuri realuri arsi, romelTagan pirveli niv-

Tobriv realobas warmoadgens da, maSasadame, sivrcesa da

droSi arsebobs, xolo meore _ mxolod droSi.

materialuri realoba anu materia bunebismecniere-

bis sxvadasxva dargis Seswavlis obieqtia. miuxedavad

amisa, jer kidev ar arsebobs materiis cnebis damakmayo-

filebeli, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli gansazRvreba. “ra

aris materia _ wers italieli fizikosi t. reje _ am

kiTxvaze amJamad pasuxi ar arsebobs. ... rac kidev ufro

cudia, Cvens msjelobaSi SeiZleba mivideT materiis arse-

bis absoluturad gansazRvris principul SeuZleblobam-

de”.1 miuxedavad amisa, Zveli droidan cnobilia da amJama-

dac udavod unda CaiTvalos, rom “materialuri” niSnavs

“nivTiers”, romlisganac yvela materialuri sagani Sedge-

ba. ase esmodaT materiis cneba jer kidev winasokratul

filosofosebs, xolo Semdeg platonsa da aristoteles.

maTi azriT, materia, romelic nivTierebas warmoadgens,

materialuri sxeulebis qmnadobis masalaa. rogorc oq-

rosagan keTdeba sxvadasxva nivTi, magram oqro yvelgan

oqrod rCeba, aseve yvela konkretuli sagani Sedgenilia

nivTierebisagan (materiisagan), romelic yovelTvis uc-

vlelia. materialurs ara mxolod drois, aramed sivrci-

Ti ganzomilebebic aqvs, anu sivrcesa da droSi imyofeba.

1 T.Редже, Этюды о Вселенной, М., 1985, стр. 96.

34

platoni da aristotele laparakobdnen “pirvelmateriis”

Sesaxeb, romelic realur samyaroSi ar arsebobs, magram

miRebulia materialuri sxeulebisagan nivTierebis az-

robrivi abstraqciis Sedegad. pirvelmateria uformoa,

usasruloa da bunebis mxolod da mxolod metafizikur

sawyiss warmoadgens.

materialuri arsis specifika swored nivTobriobaa;

vrceuloba ki misgan warmoebulia, vinaidan nivTobrivi

ar SeiZleba ar iyos vrceuli. xolo droSi arseboba

imas niSnavs, rom igi ganuwyvetlad moZraobs, icvleba,

qmnadobis procesSi imyofeba. swored amitom zogjer ma-

teriis atributad moZraobas Tvlian (f. engelsi), rac

sworad ar migvaCnia Semdegi garemoebis gamo: atributi

ara mxolod sayovelTao da aucilebeli niSania, aramed

specifikuric, e. i. iseTi, romelic mas yvela danarCeni

arsebulisagan ganasxvavebs. moZraoba ki aseTi ar aris,

vinaidan moZraobs, icvleba ara mxolod materialuri re-

aluri arsi, aramed aramaterialuri realuri arsic (ma-

galiTad, fsiqikuri procesebi); kidev metic, icvleba ide-

aluric, magaliTad, Cveni azrebi, ideebi, pirovnuli da

sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba. swored amitom moZraobas ma-

terialuri arsis atributad, mis specifikur niSnad ver

CavTvliT.

materialur arss sxva mravali niSanic aqvs, romel-

Tagan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania masisa da energiis

urTierTgardaqmnadoba, romelsac ainStainis mier aRmoCe-

nili kanoni (E=mc2) adasturebs. nivTiereba SeiZleba gar-

daiqmnas energiad da piriqiT. sazRvari velsa da nivTie-

rebas Soris iSleba.1 am ideas emyareba energetizmis axa-

li forma, romelsac haizenbergi ase ayalibebs: “mTeli

materia erTi da erTaderTi substanciisagan _ energiisa-

gan _ Sedgeba, romelic sxvadasxva formiT gamovlinde-

ba”.2 xSirad am faqtSi materiis maradiulobis uaryofas

xedaven, vinaidan nivTiereba materialuri realuri arsia,

1 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов. Т. IV, Стр. 510-511. 2 В. Гейзенберг, Философские вопросы атомной физики. М.,1953, Стр. 100-101.

35

xolo energia aramaterialuri realuri arsi; masis ga-

daqceva energiad da piriqiT, ki niSnavs materialuri rea-

luri arsis gardaqmnas aramaterialur realur arsad da

piriqiT.

aramaterialuri realuri arsis erT-erT mTavar ni-

Sans droSi arseboba warmoadgens, romelic jer kidev

aristoteles droidan moZraobis zomad iyo miCneuli.

droSi arseboba moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareo-

baSi yofnas niSnavs. uZravi ki maradiulia, zedroulia.

zogjer laparakoben idealuri arsis moZraoba-cvaleba-

dobis Sesaxeb, magram am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia lo-

gikuri da ara realuri moZraoba; magaliTad, logikuri

azrovnebis formebis (cneba, msjeloba, daskvna) urTier-

Tgadasvla an geometriuli figurebis moZraoba da a. S.

ar aris realuri, droSi arsebuli procesi. amrigad, rea-

luri moZraoba-cvalebadoba yovelTvis droSi sruldeba

an, ufro zustad, dro TviTon aris moZraoba-cvalebado-

bis mdgomareobaTa Tanamimdevrobis wesrigi, xolo idea-

luri obieqtebis “moZraoba” zedroul anu logikur xasi-

aTs atarebs. drois Sesaxeb ufro vrclad am wignis meo-

re nawilSi naturfilosofiis problemebTan dakavSire-

biT gveqneba msjeloba; amitom am SemTxvevaSi naTqvamiT

davkmayofildebiT.

droSi arsebuli samyaro aris realuri arsi, ro-

melsac ufro xSirad movlenaTa samyaros uwodeben. am

samyaros kuTvnilebaa, rogorc ukve vTqviT, ara mxolod

materialuri arsi (materialur sxeulTa samyaro), aramed

aramaterialuri realuri arsic (fsiqikuri procesebi,

bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi movlenebi), romlebic, mate-

rialuri arsisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod droSi arse-

bobs; realuri arsis orive sfero ganuwyvetlad moZraob-

sa da icvleba, e. i. droSi “imyofeba”. moZravsa da cvale-

bads antikuri filosofosebi SemTxveviTs uwodebdnen.

aucileblobiT arsebuli, maTi azriT, ar SeiZleba ic-

vlebodes; SemTxveviTi aris is, rasac arsebobac SeuZlia

da ararsebobac an amgvarad arsebobac da sxvagvarad ar-

36

sebobac. es niSnavs, rom misTvis arseboba an ararseboba,

amgvarad an sxvagvarad arseboba aucilebeli ar aris.

realuri arsis amgvari gageba ZiriTadad sworia,

magram misi hipertrofireba ar SeiZleba. saxeldobr, ar

SeiZleba im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom TiTqos buneba aris

moCveneba, ararsi (qsenofane, parmenide, Zenoni, platoni).

movlenaTa samyaro, rasakvirvelia, realuria, magram, ro-

gorc droSi arsebuli _ cvalebadi _ arsi, SemTxveviTo-

bisa da aucileblobis garkveuli doneebis matarebelia.

bunebaSi ar arsebobs absoluturad aucilebeli, an abso-

luturad SemTxveviTi sagnebi da movlenebi. aucileblo-

bis garkveuli donis gareSe isini arsebobas ver SeZleb-

dnen, magram aucileblobasTan erTad SemTxveviTobasac

Seicaven, ris gamoc maT arsebobac SeuZliaT da ararse-

bobac, mdgradobac da cvalebadobac. mdgradobas auci-

lebloba ganapirobebs, xolo cvalebadobis SesaZleblo-

bas SemTxveviToba uzrunvelyofs. roca aucileblobis

done SemTxveviTobis dones gacilebiT Warbobs, maSin

vlaparakobT aucileblobaze, xolo rodesac piriqiT

xdeba, maSin saqme gvaqvs SemTxveviTobasTan. aucileblo-

bisa da SemTxveviTobis gareSe realuri arsis mdgradoba-

cvalebadoba SeuZlebeli iqneba. movlenaTa samyaro ar

aris mxolod SemTxveviTi Tundac imitom, rom igi arse-

bis gamovlenas warmoadgens. magram, meore mxriv, igi imave

mizeziT ar aris mxolod aucilebeli, vinaidan arsebis

gamovlenaa da ara TviTon arseba.

realuri arsis ufro maRal dones sicocxle warmo-

adgens. marTalia, sicocxles idealuri sawyisebi aqvs da,

maSasadame, realur arsze, miT umetes materialurze ar

daiyvaneba, magram igi mainc biologiuri fenomenia da re-

alobis sferos miekuTvneba. sicocxles materialuri ar-

sisagan Sinagani Zala, TviTaqtiurobis unari ganasxvavebs.

Sinagani Zala sicocxlis arsebas warmoadgens, magram es

Zala yvela cocxal arsebaSi erTnairi rodia. arsebobs

sicocxlis doneebi, romlebic Sinagani Zalis intensivo-

bis doneebs Seesabameba. aseT doneebs warmoadgens mcena-

reebi, cxovelebi da adamianebi, romlebic imave dros si-

37

cocxlis sxvadasxva formebia. sicocxlis fenomeni

vrclad iqneba ganxiluli am wignis mesame nawilSi; ami-

tom mis Sesaxeb amjerad mets arafers vityviT.

sicocxlis ganviTarebis umaRlesi done _ adamiani

_ ori gansxvavebuli sawyisisagan _ realuri da idealu-

ri arsisagan _ Sedgeba. misi biologiuri struqtura da

fsiqikuri procesebi realuri arsis sferos ekuTvnis,

romelic mudmiv moZraobasa da cvalebadobaSia; aqvs da-

sawyisi da dasasruli. sul sxvagvaria meore _ idealuri

_ sawyisi, suli (дух, Geist), romelic cocxal arsebas ada-

mianad aqcevs. cxadia, aq laparakia gonier sulze, romel-

sac zogjer gons uwodeben da ara safSvinvelze (душа,

Seele), romelic sxva araferia, garda fsiqikisa.

adamianis am dualistur bunebaze axal droSi de-

kartma gaamaxvila yuradReba, Tumca igi cnobili iyo jer

kidev antikuri filosofosebisaTvis. ori sawyisi erTma-

neTisagan izolirebuli rodia. adamianis suli marTavs

sxeuls, adamianad aqcevs materialur, pasiur organizms.

es sakiTxic saTanado adgilze ufro detalurad iqneba

ganxiluli.

fsiqika sxeulze metad mobiluria, cvalebadia, aqti-

urobiT xasiaTdeba, xolo fsiqikuri procesebidan nebe-

loba gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT gamoirCeva. nebeloba

aris Zala, romlis saSualebiTac Cven vakeTebT imas, risi

gakeTebac Cvens uSualo moTxovnilebas ar warmoadgens.

azrovnebis istoriaSi didi kamaTi iyo da axlac grZel-

deba nebelobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb deterministebsa da

indeterministebs Soris. nebelobis absolutur Tavisuf-

lebasa an absolutur gansazRvrulobaze laparaki SeuZ-

lebelia. nebeloba garkveulwilad gansazRvrulicaa da

Tavisufalic. am urTulesi problemis ganxilva Cvens ax-

landel interesebs scildeba. amjerad mxolod imis

TqmiT davkmayofildebiT, rom Tavisuflebis gareSe nebe-

loba ar arsebobs; nebelobis arsebobis faqti ukve niS-

navs mis Tavisuflebas, iseTi donis Tavisuflebas, rome-

lic determinizmis farglebidan ar gadis.

38

$$$$8. 8. 8. 8. rererereaaaalulululuriririri ararararsisisisis s s s rerererelalalalatitititiuuuurorororobabababa da sda sda sda sasasasasrurururulolololobabababa

realuri arsi _ movlenaTa samyaro _ relatiur

arss warmoadgens. misi relatiuroba, uwinares yovlisa,

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi siRrmiseuli arsis anu arse-

bis gamovlenas warmoadgens. mas mxolod misi arsebis mi-

marT aqvs azri anu misi arseboba mis arsebazea damokide-

buli. amas niSnavs misi relatiuroba. relatiuri aris is,

rac sxvasTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs. am azriT relatiuro-

ba damokidebulebis aRmniSvnelia. relatiuri sxvazea da-

mokidebuli, Tavisi arsebobis safuZveli sxvaSi aqvs. misi

damoukidebloba minimaluria, rac misi arsebobisaTvis

sakmarisi ar aris.

movlenaTa samyaros relatiuroba Tanamedrove bune-

bismecnierebam, gansakuTrebiT fizikam, damajereblobiT

daasabuTa. sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis relatiuroba

ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis Seqmnis Semdeg udavod

iTvleba.

magram realuri arsis relatiuroba amiT ar amoiwu-

reba. relatiuria nivTi, Tviseba da TviT mimarTebac. niv-

Tis Sesaxeb msjeloba misi Tvisebebis mixedviT SeiZleba;

Tviseba ki aris sagnis gansazRvruloba, romlis gareSe

igi araraobas warmoadgens.1 amaSi mdgomareobs nivTis re-

latiuroba. meore mxriv Tvisebac relatiuria, vinaidan

igi nivTis Tvisebaa da mis gareSe ar arsebobs. nivTi ar

arsebobs Tvisebebis gareSe da, piriqiT, Tviseba nivTis

gareSe, amaSia maTi relatiuroba, urTierTdamokidebule-

ba. relatiuroba xom damokidebulebis aRmniSvnelia.

nivTi Tavis Tvisebas sxva nivTTan mimarTebaSi gamo-

amJRavnebs, gamomJRavnebamde ki mas mxolod potenciurad

flobs da ara aqtualurad. Svilis dabadebamde mamakaci

mxolod potenciurad aris mama, xolo aqtualurad am

Tvisebas mxolod Svilis dabadebis Semdeg iZens. adamiani

mSoblebis mimarT aris Svili, xolo maTi gardacvalebis

1 Гегель, Соч., Т. V. М., 1937, стр. 585.

39

Semdeg am Tvisebas kargavs. mimarTebaSi Tvisebis gamom-

JRavneba am Tvisebis Seqmnas ki ar niSnavs, aramed poten-

ciurad arsebulis gamovlenas, mis ganamdvilebas. yvela

SemTxvevaSi nivTisa da Tvisebis relatiuroba eWvs ar iw-

vevs.

nivTi relatiuria mniSvnelobis mixedviTac; igi

sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva Tvisebas iZens. svetic-

xovlis taZari xelovnebis nimuSia mxolod moazrovne

adamianisaTvis da ara cxovelebisa da velurebisaTvis.

igive taZari qristianTaTvis wminda adgilia, mahmadian-

TaTvis ki ara da a.S.

nebismieri relatiuri sasrulia; relatiuroba sas-

rulobas niSnavs; sxvasTan mimarTeba, sxvaze damokidebu-

leba mas sasrulad aqcevs. relatiuroba orgvaria: subi-

eqturi da obieqturi. pirveli subieqtze damokidebule-

bis aRmniSvnelia, meore ki _ obieqtze damokidebulebisa.

am ukanasknelis qveS saganTa da movlenaTa urTierTganpi-

robebuloba igulisxmeba. orive SemTxvevaSi damokidebu-

leba, relatiuroba sasrulobis maCvenebelia. realuri

arsis sferoSi anu movlenaTa samyaroSi usasruloba ar

arsebobs.

$$$$9. 9. 9. 9. didididiaaaaleqleqleqleqtitititikakakaka _ s_ s_ s_ sasasasasrurururulililili ssssamamamamyayayayarorororos s s s

kakakakanonnonnonnonzozozozomimimimieeeererererebabababa

dialeqtika aris moZRvreba Sinagani winaaRmdegobis

Sesaxeb, romelsac igi moZraobisa da cvalebadobis,

progresisa da ganviTarebis wyarod Tvlis. dialeqtikis

mixedviT, yvelaferi gaorebulia dapirispirebul mxare-

ebs Soris, romlebic ganuwyveteli “brZolisa” da urTi-

erTuaryofis procesSi imyofeba, rac moZraobasa da gan-

viTarebas uzrunvelyofs. moZraobisa da cvalebadobis

Sedegad realuri arsis sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris ur-

TierTganpirobebuloba myardeba, rac samyaros mTliano-

bas ganapirobebs; ar arsebobs erTmaneTisagan absolutu-

rad izolirebuli sagnebi da procesebi. yvelaferi damo-

40

kidebulia erTmaneTze da urTierTarsebobas ganapiro-

bebs. es niSnavs, rom realuri arsis yoveli binadari sas-

ruli da relatiuria. urTierTdamokidebuleba maT sas-

rulobasa da relatiurobas asabuTebs. es niSnavs, rom

dialeqtika aris sasruli samyaros anu realuri arsis

kanonzomiereba. marTalia, dialeqtikuri koncefcia amas

ar aRiarebs, Tvlis, rom dialeqtikur (Sinagan) winaaRmde-

gobas universaluri xasiaTi aqvs, sinamdvilis yvela sfe-

roze vrceldeba, magram dialeqtikis arsebidan es ar ga-

momdinareobs. winaaRmdegoba, urTierTganpirobebuloba

mxolod sasrulisa da relatiuris kanonzomierebaa;

usasrulobis sferoSi SeuZlebelia raime winaaRmdegobi-

sa da urTierTganpirobebulobis arseboba; is xom abso-

luturis sferoa; absoluturoba ki TavisTavadobis,

umaRlesi donis obieqturobis aRmniSvnelia. es kargad

icoda jer kidev nikolo kuzanelma, romelmac winaaRmde-

goba sasruli samyaros kanonozomierebad miiCnia, xolo

usasrulobis anu absoluturis sferoSi xdeba “dapiris-

pirebulTa damTxveva” (Coincidentia oppositorum), romelic yo-

velgvari winaaRmdegobis moxsnas niSnavs. arsebiTad aseve

SeiZleba gavigoT udidesi dialeqtikosis hegelis filo-

sofiuri sistema. winaaRmdegoba anu dialeqtikuri kanon-

zomiereba absoluturi sulis ganviTarebis (TviTSemecne-

bis) procesSia, misi mamoZravebelia, xolo mas Semdeg,

rac igi ganviTarebas daamTavrebs (Seicnobs Tavis Tavs)

wydeba ganviTarebis procesic da misi mamoZravebeli Sina-

gani winaaRmdegobac. absoluturis sfero winaaRmdegobi-

sa da dapirispirebisagan Tavisufalia.

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben negatiursa da poziti-

ur anu uaryofiTsa da dadebiT dialeqtikas. pirveli Sem-

TxvevaSi dapirispirebulni mxolod (unaSTod) uaryofen

erTmaneTs, xolo uaryofis Sedegad arafers ar adgenen

(kantis antinomiebi), dadebiTi anu pozitiuri dialeqtika

(magaliTad, hegelis dialeqtika) ki Tvlis, rom dapiris-

pirebulni ara mxolod uaryofen, aramed am uaryofis

gziT kidec adgenen erTmaneTs; urTierTdapirispirebulni

imave dros urTierTarsebobas ganapirobebs. amrigad, Te-

41

zisisa da antiTezisis dapirispireba, urTierTuaryofa

sinTezis miRebiT sruldeba, romelic pirveli oris jami

ki ar aris, aramed TiToeuli maTganis dadebiTi momentis

SenarCuneba da amiT ganviTarebis procesSi aRmasvla, Zve-

lis uaryofa da axlis dafuZneba, romelic ufro gvian

winamorbedis beds gaiziarebs.

rogorc uaryofiTi, aseve dadebiTi dialeqtika maTi

obieqtebis sasrulobasa da relatiurobas asabuTebs. wi-

naaRmdegoba yvelgan da yvela SemTxvevaSi sasrulibisa

da relatiurobis maCvenebelia. es miT umetes Cans dade-

biT dialeqtikaSi, roca urTierTuarmyofelni imave dros

da imave urTierTuaryofis gziT erTmaneTs adgenen. dade-

biTi imitom arsebobs, rom arsebobs uaryofiTi da piri-

qiT; maT erTmaneTis mimarT aqvT azri. aseve iTqmis subi-

eqtisa da obieqtis, mizezisa da Sedegis, arsisa da arar-

sis, Sinaganisa da gareganis da a. S. Sesaxeb. yvela am Sem-

TxvevaSi sasrulobasa da relatiurobasTan gvaqvs saqme.

$$$$10. 10. 10. 10. mimimimizezezezezobzobzobzobririririoooobibibibis s s s sasasasaufufufuflolololo

mizezobriobis kanonis arseboba realuri arsis sfe-

roSi kidev erTi sabuTia am sferos sasrulobisa da re-

latiurobisa. mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris ZiriTad niSans

(kriteriums) warmoSoba warmoadgens. mizezobrivi kavSiri

geneturi kavSiria. warmoSoba ki drouli procesia, war-

momSobi droSi win uswrebs warmoSobils, anu mizezi uf-

ro adrea, vidre Sedegi. es niSnavs, rom mizezobrioba

drois gareSe SeuZlebelia. drois cneba fundamentur

rols TamaSobs kauzalur determinaciaSi. am garemoebas

hiumem gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo da drois cne-

bis rolis hipertrofireba moaxdina mizezobriv koncef-

ciaSi. saxeldobr man mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri droSi

Tanamimdevrobaze daiyvana (Post hoc, ergo, propter hoc), rac Sem-

dgom Tanamedrove pozitivistebma mizezobriobis kriteri-

umad CaTvales da droSi Tanamimdevroba mizezobriobas

gauigives “sityva mizezi _ wers m. Sliki _ yoveldRiur

42

cxovrebaSi mets arafers aRniSnavs, garda xdomilobaTa

Tanamimdevrobisa (regularity of sequence)”.1

mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri droSi Tanamimdevrobaze

ar daiyvaneba, magram is ki marTalia, rom droSi Tanamim-

devroba mizezobrivi kavSiris erT-erTi fundamenturi ni-

Sania. saxeldobr, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri drouli

wesrigia, droSi Tanamimdevrobis aRmniSvnelia. mizezi da

Sedegi moqmedebania; mizezobrioba ki aris moqmedebis ga-

dacema mizezidan Sedegze, xolo moqmedebis gadacema

dros saWiroebs. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom mizezi, ro-

gorc moqmedeba, win uswrebs Sedegs. maTi erTdrouli ar-

seboba SeuZlebelia. TviT sinaTlis sxivi, romelic us-

wrafes signals warmoadgens, gavrcelebisaTvis dros sa-

Wiroebs. mizezobriv kavSirs, rogorc moqmedebis gadace-

mis erT-erT formas, drouli xasiaTi aqvs.

droSi arseboba ki sasrulobas niSnavs. droSi arse-

buls aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli e. i. sasrulia. abso-

luturi da usasrulo ki zedroulia, maradiulia. mi-

zez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri mxolod sasruli, droSi arse-

buli realuri arsis kanonzomierebas warmoadgens. fizi-

kur samyaroSi yvelaferi mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirSi imyo-

feba, e. i. sasrulia.

realuri arsis sasruloba ar niSnavs imas, rom igi

TiTqos usasrulobas mTlianad mowyvetilia. realuri

arsi _ movlenaTa samyaro _ ufro Rrma realobis, saxel-

dobr, specialur arsebaTa samyaros da, sabolood, sub-

stanciuri arsebis gamovlenas warmoadgens. arseba ki

usasruloa. es niSnavs, rom realuri arsi Tumca TavisTa-

vad sasrulia, magram igi rogorc idealuri arsis _

usasrulo arsebis _ gamovlena, usasrulobasac ziarebu-

lia, Tumca ara uSualod, aramed gaSualebiT. arsi erTia;

realuri da idealuri, movlena da arseba, sasruli da

usasrulo _ erTi da igive arsis sxvadasxva mxareebia.

1 M. Schlick, Causality in everyday life and in recent science. ix. kr. Readings in

philosophical analysis, H. Feigl and W. Sellars (eds). N.Y. 1949, p. 516.

43


iiiidedededeaaaalulululuriririri ararararsisisisi

$$$$11. 11. 11. 11. rerererelalalalatitititiuuuuriririridadadadan n n n ababababsosososolulululututututuririririsasasasakekekekennnn

realuri arsis relatiurobis mtkiceba araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs relativizms, absoluturis gamo-

ricxvas da martooden relatiuris arsebobis aRiarebas.

TviTon is faqti, rom movlena aris arsebis gamovlena,

relativizmis winaaRmdeg laparakobs. movlena relatiu-

ria, vinaidan igi arsebis gamovlenas warmoadgens da mas-

zea damokidebuli. amrigad, arseba da movlena erTmaneTi-

sagan izolirebuli ki ar aris, aramed erTi da igive si-

namdvilis ori sxvadasxva mxarea. arsebisa da movlenis

dualizmi, rac platonis filosofiidan momdinareobs, he-

gelma sisruliT daZlia da monisturi msoflmxedveloba

Camoayaliba. “movlena _ wers hegeli _ arafers iseTs ar

gviCvenebs, rac arsebaSi ar iyos da arsebaSi araferia

iseTi, rac ar gamovlindeba”.1

am monisturi koncefciidan relatiuris ukmaroba da

absoluturis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs. realuri ar-

si TviTon amJRavnebs idealuri arsis _ misi arsebis _

aucileblobas. realuri arsi idealuri arsis gareSe ar

SeiZleba arsebobdes; es niSnavs, rom movlena ar arse-

bobs arsebis gareSe, ris gamovlenasac igi warmoadgens.

idealuri arsi yovelTvis absoluturi rodia. spe-

cialuri arsebani, rogorc arsebani, idealuria, grZno-

bad cdaSi ar gveZleva; magram idealuris am doneze re-

latiuroba mTlianad rodia daZleuli. marTalia, specia-

luri arsebani, rogorc arsebani, ufro axloa absolu-

tur arsTan, vidre realuri arsi, magram absoluturis

done umaRles wertils mxolod substanciur doneze aR-

wevs.

1 Гегель, Сочинения, Т.1 (Логика), М.Л. 1929, стр. 232.

44

specialuri arsebani ar aris absoluturi, magram

rogorc ararararsesesesebabababanininini, ufro absoluturia, vidre relatiuri,

amitom igi movlenaTa samyaros mimarT absoluturi arsis

funqcias asrulebs. realuri arsis arseboba absoluturi

arsis gareSe SeuZlebelia. planki marTalia, rodesac am-

tkicebs, rom “yoveli relatiuri ukanasknel safuZvelSi

raime TavisTavadTan, absoluturTan aris dakavSirebuli...

absoluturi warmoadgens aucilebel, myar amosaval wer-

tils”.1 m. plankis mTeli msjeloba imis dasabuTebas emsa-

xureba, rom relatiurs mivyavarT absoluturisaken. es

mosazreba CvenTvis sruliad misaRebia.

absoluturi arsis uaryofas relativizmsa da feno-

menalizmamde mivyavarT, rac ara mxolod realur, aramed

logikur Secdomasac warmoadgens. fenomenalizmi nihi-

lizmiT mTavrdeba; arsebis uaryofa movlenis uaryofasac

niSnavs, vinaidan movlena aris arsebis gamovlena, xolo

orive maTganis uaryofa totaluri nihilizmia. kidev me-

tic, wminda relativizmsa da fenomenalizms ara mxolod

mecnieruli azrovnebis uaryofamde, aramed agreTve adami-

anTa urTierTobis moSlamdec mivyavarT, igi SeuZlebels

xdis adamianTa praqtikul saqmianobas. es garemoeba kar-

gad SeniSnes jer kidev platonma da aristotelem sofis-

turi relativizmis kritikis procesSi. swored absolu-

turis, erTniSnas Ziebis Sedegad aristotelem Camoayali-

ba winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni, romlis Tanax-

mad “SeuZlebelia erTi da igive erTdroulad ekuTvno-

des da arc ekuTvnodes erTsa da imaves erTi da igive az-

riT”.2 absoluturis, erTniSnas uaryofas adamianis Teo-

riuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobisaTvis tragikuli Sede-

gebi moaqvs; SeuZlebeli iqneba ara mxolod azrovneba da

metyveleba, aramed adamianTa praqtikuli moRvaweobac.

absoluturi da relatiuri, idealuri da realuri,

arseba da movlena erTi da igive sinamdvilis sxvadasxva

formebia, sxvadasxva doneebia relatiuridan absolutu-

1 М. Планк, От относительного к абсолютному, Вологда, 1925. стр. 41 2 Аристотель, Метафизика, М. Л. 1934, стр. 63.

45

risaken logikuri ganviTarebis gzaze. amdenad yvela Sem-

TxvevaSi monisturi principi batonobs. maT Soris gan-

sxvavebis dadgena, rac marTlac aucilebelia, abstraqci-

is gziT xdeba.

$$$$12. 12. 12. 12. rerererelalalalatitititiurururur----ababababsosososolulululututututuriririri ararararsisisisi

realuri arsis sfero relatiuria, romelic specia-

lur arsebaTa samyaros gamoavlens. TviTon specialuri

arsebanic, iseve rogorc nebismieri arseba, idealuria,

sivrcisa da drois gareSe imyofeba, maT vrceulobisa da

droulobis niSnebi ar miewereba. es niSnavs, rom idealu-

ri ar aris mxolod cnobierebis, subieqturi arsis kuT-

vnileba. igi obieqturad, adamianis cnobierebis gareSe da

misgan damoukideblad arsebobs. aseTia arsebaTa samyaro

_ absoluturis sfero, obieqturobis, damoukideblobis

uzenaesi done.

magram specialuri arsebani mxolod absoluturi

rodia. yoveli arseba, rogorc arseba, substanciurobis,

damoukideblobis, TavisTavadobis niSnebiT xasiaTdeba.

magram imis gamo, rom specialuri arsebani aris swored

specialuri, sinamdvilis ama Tu im sferos arseba da ara

mTeli sinamdvilisa, maTi absoluturoba, damoukideblo-

ba Semofarglulia, SezRudulia sinamdvilis im sferoTi,

romlis arsebasac warmoadgens. es niSnavs, rom specialu-

ri arseba arasruli arsebaa, arasruli substanciaa, sis-

rule, damoukidebloba aklia. erTi sityviT, specialuri

arsebani relatiur-absoluturia, gardamavali safexuria

relatiuridan absolutur arsze, gaorebulia, orive maT-

ganis niSans atarebs. amas niSnavs misi relatiur-absolu-

turoba.

specialur arsebaTa samyaro, misi ormagi bunebis mi-

uxedavad, ufro metad absoluturis sferos miekuTvneba,

misken aris midrekili, vidre relatiuris sferos. mis re-

latiurobas martooden SemosazRvruloba qmnis da sxva

araferi. sxva mxriv ki igi, rogorc arseba, idealuria,

46

Tumca misi idealuroba, iseve rogorc absoluturoba,

naklovania, sisruliT ar aris ganxorcielebuli. msof-

lio mizidulobis kanoni, rogorc vardnili sxeulebis

arseba, mTeli sinamdvilis arsebas rodi warmoadgens. am-

denad igi substanciuri arsebisagan principulad gansxva-

vebulia, Tumca maT Soris _ rogorc arsebebs Soris _

“naTesaoba” arsebobs.

specialuri arseba, rogorc relatiur-absoluturi

arsi, usasruloc aris da sasrulic. igi, rogorc arseba,

rogorc substancia usasruloa, magram rogorc arasru-

li substancia, sasrulia, anu igi sasrul-usasrulobas

warmoadgens. amgvar usasrulobas dekarti indefinitum-s

uwodebda, xolo spinoza _ “Tavis gvarSi usasrulos”.

specialuri arsebani swored aseT SezRudul usasrulo-

bas, anu sasrul-usasrulobas warmoadgens.

$$$$13. “p13. “p13. “p13. “piriririrvevevevelalalaladidididi” da “” da “” da “” da “memememeoooorarararadidididi” ” ” ”

iiiidedededeaaaalulululuriririri fefefefenonononomemememenininini

specialuri arsebani, rogorc ararararsesesesebabababa, substanciuri

arsebis “pirvelad” idealur fenomens warmoadgens. ro-

gorc realuri, ise idealuri arsis yvela fenomeni, sub-

stanciuri arsebis gamovlinebania, misi fenomenebia. ase-

Tia TviTon specialuri arsebanic, ris gamoc substanciu-

ri arseba arsebaTa arsebas anu ukanaskneli instanciis

arsebas warmoadgens. magram ramdenadac ontologia aris

moZRvreba substanciuri arsebis fenomenebis, misi gamov-

linebis Sesaxeb, amitom mas SeiZleba ssssububububstanstanstanstanciciciciuuuuriririri ararararsisisisis s s s

fefefefenonononomemememenonononolololologigigigia a a a vuwodoT.

“pirvelad” idealur fenomenebs specialuri arseba-

ni warmoadgens, vinaidan isini ZiriTadia e. w. “meoradi”

idealuri fenomenebis mimarT. am ukanasknels miekuTvneba

logikuri, maTematikuri, WeSmariteba, Rirebuleba, cnobie-

reba da sxva misTanani, romelTac arsis struqturaSi

fundamenturi adgili ar uWiravT, idealuri arsis

“birTvs” ar Seadgens.

47

$$$$14. 14. 14. 14. ararararsesesesebabababa, , , , rorororogogogogorc irc irc irc idedededeaaaalulululuriririri ararararsisisisi

arsebas, rogorc idealur fenomens, realuri arsi-

sagan, rogorc ukve vTqviT, ZiriTadad zedrouloba ga-

nasxvavebs; droSi arseboba warmoSoba-mospobis anu qmna-

dobis mdgomareobaSi yofnas niSnavs, idealuri ki zedro-

ulia. garda am fundamenturi niSnisa, idealuri da rea-

luri arsi erTmaneTisagan sxva niSniTac gansxvavdeba; re-

aluri arsi anu movlenaTa samyaro damokidebulia idea-

lur arsze, saxeldobr, im arsebaze, romlis gamovlena-

sac igi warmoadgens. arseba ki, rogorc arseba, damouki-

debelia, TavisTavadia da amdenad substanciuria. es miT

umetes iTqmis ukanaskneli instanciis arsebaze, absolu-

tur, substanciur arsze.

realuri arsi idealurisagan imaTac gansxvavdeba,

rom igi konkretulia, unikaluria; idealuri arsi ki zo-

gadi da abstraqtulia. rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba vilapara-

koT arsebis specifikur niSnebze, magram es mis konkretu-

lobasa da individualobas rodi niSnavs. amasTan dakav-

Sirebulia is ganmasxvavebeli niSanic, rom realuri arsi

grZnobad-aRqmadia, arseba ki uSualod ar gveZleva. misi

Semecneba mxolod da mxolod gaSualebiT, gamovlenis

gziT SeiZleba.

specialuri arsebani erTgvari damakavSirebelia,

“Sua rgolia” realur arss, romelic relatiuria, da ab-

solutur anu substanciur arsebas Soris.

miuxedavad am ganmasxvavebeli niSnebisa, realuri da

idealuri arsi erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli rodia. isi-

ni erTi da igive sinamdvilis ori sxvadasxva mxarea. sam-

yaro erTia, monisturia; masSi gansxvavebis aRmoCena mxo-

lod abstraqciis gziT SeiZleba.

sxvagvarad es niSnavs arsebisa da movlenis ganuyre-

lobas. movlena arsebis gamovlenaa da, cxadia, mis gareSe

ar arsebobs. fenomenalizmi, romelic mxolod movlenaTa

samyaros arsebobas aRiarebs da arsebaTa samyaros arse-

48

bobas uaryofs, logikurad winaaRmdegobrivi da ususuri

moZRvrebaa. arsebis gareSe movlenis cnebac azrs kargavs,

vinaidan ar aris is, ris gamovlenasac igi warmoadgens.

maSasadame, Tu arsebobs movlena, aucileblad unda arse-

bobdes arsebac.

meore mxriv, Tu ar arsebobs movlena, maSin arc ar-

seba iarsebebs, vinaidan logikurad arsebas movlenis mi-

marT aqvs azri. magram es ar niSnavs arsebis TavisTava-

dobis, damoukideblobis, substanciurobis uaryofas. ar-

sebisa da movlenis dualizmis daZleva aristoteledan

daiwyo da hegelis filosofiaSi zenits miaRwia. arsebisa

da movlenis urTierTobaSi, miuxedavad maTi ganuyrelo-

bisa, arsebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. movlena xom

sxva araferia, garda arsebis gamovlenisa.

xSirad arsebasa da kanons erTmaneTTan aigiveben

imis gamo, rom maT bevri ram aqvT saerTo. erTic da meo-

rec arsebiTia, Sinagania, zogadia. miuxedavad am saerTo

niSnebisa, maT Soris ufro ZiriTadia ganmasxvavebeli,

specifikuri niSnebi. saxeldobr, kanoni arseba ki ar

aris, aramed ararararsesesesebabababaTaTaTaTa mimimimimarmarmarmarTeTeTeTebabababa anu ararararsesesesebibibibiTiTiTiTi mimimimimarmarmarmarTeTeTeTebabababaaaaa.

vinaidan kanoni aris arsebaTa mimarTeba, xolo mi-

marTeba, nivTsa da TvisebasTan erTad, relatiuria, ami-

tom kanoni, rogorc mimarTebi, aris relatiuri. misi re-

latiuroba ZiriTadad imaSi vlindeba, rom kanoni realu-

ri arsis Semadgeneli nivTebisa da movlenebis kanonia,

maT gareSe ar arsebobs, maTzea damokidebuli. garda ami-

sa, kanoni relatiuria Tundac imitom, rom igi aris “ga-

batonebuli tendencia” (k. marqsi), kerZod igi gamoxatavs

sagnebisa da movlenebis moZraoba-cvalebadobis tendenci-

as. SeiZleba calkeulma xdomilobam am tendenciisagan

gadauxvios, magram es mxolod imis maCvenebelia, rom bu-

nebis kanonebi absoluturi sizustiT arasodes ar srul-

deba. garda amisa, kanoni, rogorc mimarTeba, aris wesri-

gi; nebismieri wesrigi ki damokidebulia imaze, ris wes-

rigsac warmoadgens. amaSic mdgomareobs kanonis relati-

uroba.

49

magram kanoni mxolod relatiuri rodia. mas aqvs

absoluturi arsis iseTi niSnebic, rogoricaa mdgradoba,

ucvleloba, umaRlesi donis invariantoba. amaSi gamoixa-

teba misi nawilobrivi absoluturobac da misi, rogorc

kakakakanononononinininissss, arsebobac. mxolod cvalebadi da relatiuri ka-

nonad arsebobas ver SeZlebda; kanoni procesebis ganmeo-

rebadobis, igiveobis gamomTqmelia, Tumca absoluturad

ganmeorebadoba an ganumeorebadoba (Sebrunebadoba _ Se-

ubrunebadoba) bunebaSi ar arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom bune-

bis kanonebi absoluturi aucileblobis niSniT ar xasi-

aTdeba. maSasadame, kanoni erTsa da imave dros absolu-

turicaa (arsebiTi mimarTebaa, zogadia) da relatiuric;

aucilebloba, romelic kanonis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSa-

nia, absoluturi rodia. kanoni rogorc kakakakanononononininini, absolu-

turi unda iyos, magram igi, rogorc rererereaaaalulululuriririri ararararsisisisis s s s kakakakanononono----

nininini, relatiuria. Tumca kanonze msjelobisas misi relati-

urobis ugulebelyofa xdeba da martooden absoluturis

saxiT warmogvidgeba. sxvagvarad igi kanonis funqcias ver

Seasrulebs.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, idealuri arsis meorad

fenomenebs miekuTvneba logikuri da maTematikuri arsi,

WeSmariteba, codna saerTod. Rirebuleba da a. S. maT on-

tologiur statusze laparaki SesaZlebelia maTi obieq-

turi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, logikis ka-

nonebi, daskvnebi, msjelobebi, Tumca adamianis cnobiere-

bis gareT ar arsebobs, magram mis nebaze ar aris damoki-

debuli. amaSi mdgomareobs maTi obieqturoba. aseve iT-

qmis maTematikuri operaciebis, WeSmaritebis, codnisa da

Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. WeSmariteba azris Sinaarsia, maSasa-

dame, subieqtis cnobierebaSi arsebobs, magram misgan da-

moukidebelia. SeiZleba mTeli kacobrioba Secdes, magram

WeSmaritebas amiT araferi daakldeba. WeSmariteba arse-

bobs TavisTavad (rogorc b. bolcanos aleTologiis Te-

oriis damcvelebi amtkiceben). igi ontologiuri Sinaar-

sis mflobelia anu TviTon warmoadgens onononontotototolololologigigigiurururur

WWWWeSeSeSeSmamamamariririritetetetebabababassss. samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami ori swori kuT-

xis jamis toli iyo manamdec, vedre mas adamiani aRmoa-

50

Cenda. aseT WeSmaritebas S. nucubiZe uwodebs “ WeSmarite-

bas TavisTavad”, romelic arsis igiveobrivia, magram rea-

luri arsisagan gansxvavebiT, droul-vrceuli ar aris,

maSasadame, idealuria. rodesac am ontologiur WeSmari-

tebas (“WeSmaritebas TavisTavad”) adamiani aRaRaRaRmomomomoaaaaCeCeCeCensnsnsns, ma-

Sin igi gaxdeba ggggnonononoseseseseoooolololologigigigiuuuuriririri WWWWeSeSeSeSmamamamariririritetetetebabababa, (S. nucibiZis

terminiT, “WeSmariteba CvenTvis”). Semecnebis procesi sxva

araferia, garda Semmecnebeli subieqtis mier ontologiu-

ri WeSmaritebis aRmoCena, misi gacxadeba. ontologiuri

WeSmariteba gaucxaddeba Semmecnebel subieqts, ris Sede-

gad igi gnoseologiur WeSmaritebad iqceva. gnoseologi-

uri WeSmaritebis obieqturoba, adamianis nebisagan damou-

kidebloba ontologiuri WeSmaritebidan momdinareobs,

misi memkvidrea.

aseve iTqmis codnis Sesaxeb, romlis obieqturoba

karl hoperma sakmaod daasabuTa da damatebiT argumenta-

cias aRar saWiroebs. arsebiTad aseTivea Rirebulebis

obieqturobac. yvela es sakiTxebi qvemoT wignis Sesabamis

TavebSi ufro dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli.

51


ababababsosososolulululututututuriririri ararararsisisisi

$$$$15. 15. 15. 15. mamamamateteteteririririaaaalulululuriririri ararararsisisisis ss ss ss sububububstanstanstanstanciciciciuuuurorororobibibibis s s s

prprprproboboboblelelelemamamama

idealuri arsis uzenaes dones absoluturi arsi

anu substanciuri arseba warmoadgens. specialur arseba-

Ta samyaroc idealuria, magram am doneze idealuroba

jer kidev ar aris sisruliT ganxorcielebuli. specia-

luri arsebani maTi ormagi anu dialeqtikuri bunebis ga-

mo relatiurobisa da sasrulobisagan Tavisufali ar

aris. absoluturi arsi, swored imitom aris absoluturi,

rom relatiurobisa da sasrulobis natamalsac ar Sei-

cavs. igi erTaderT srulfasovan arsebas warmoadgens,

romelSic damoukidebloba, TavisTavadoba anu obieqtu-

roba umaRles dones aRwevs. absoluturi arsi aris uka-

naskneli instanciis arseba, substanciuri arseba.

filosofiis istoriis mTel manZilze davobdnen

imis Sesaxeb, substancia materialuria Tu idealuri. am

problemis ori, diametrulad urTierTsapirispiro gadaw-

yveta safuZvlad edo ori ZiriTadi _ aseve diametrulad

urTierTsapirispiro msoflmxedvelobis _ materializmi-

sa da idealizmis _ arsebobas.

am problemis gadawyvetaze sruliadac ar aris da-

mokidebuli materiis, rogorc obieqturi realobis sa-

kiTxi. materiis realoba faqtia, romelic sadavod mxo-

lod imas miaCnia, visac realobis grZnoba daukargavs. ma-

teriis arseboba faqtia, magram aseTive faqti rodia mate-

rialuri ssssububububstanstanstanstanciciciciisisisis arseboba. erTi sityviT, problemas

warmoadgens materialuri substanciis arseboba. SesaZle-

belia Tu ara materia, rogorc substancia?

am problemis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia substanci-

uri arsis fundamenturi niSnebis analizi. didma onto-

logistebma, parmenidedan dawyebuli hegelis CaTvliT,

sruliad naTlad Camoayalibes substanciis ZiriTadi niS-

52

nebi (atributebi). Tu es niSnebi axasiaTebs materias, ma-

Sin problema dadebiTad gadawydeba, xolo Tu ara, maSin

SeuZlebelia materialur substanciaze laparaki.

substanciis upirveles niSans upiroboba anu abso-

luturoba warmoadgens. igi arafriT ar aris ganpirobe-

buli, Tavisi arsebobis safuZveli Tavis TavSi aqvs. sub-

stanciuri upiroboba usasrulobas niSnavs. substancia

usasruloa im azriT, rom is ar aris garedan ganpirobe-

buli, dasrulebuli. amiT substanciuri usasruloba yve-

la sxva tipis (raodenobrivi, potenciuri, aqtualuri,

droSi, sivrceSi, eqstensiuri da intensiuri da a. S.)

usasrulobisagan gansxvavdeba. garda amisa, substancia

usasruloa drois mixedviT, anu igi maradiulia. droSi

arsebuli cvalebadi da warmavalia; substancia, rogorc

zedrouli, maradiulia. igi arc warmoSobila da arc mo-

ispoba. substancia, rogorc yovelgvari arsebulis “qvem-

debare” (aristoteles termini rom vixmaroT), aqtiuri Za-

la unda iyos; sxvagvarad igi marad qmnadi da cvalebadi

sinamdvilis safuZvlad ver ivargebda. maSasadame, sub-

stanciis Semdeg fundamentur niSans aqtiuroba warmoad-

gens. Tu imasac davumatebT, rom substancia, rogorc am

saocrad mowyobili, uzenaesad dizainirebuli materia-

luri samyaros Semoqmedi, gonieric unda iyo, romelic

miznobrivad warmarTavs qmnadobis process, maSin es niS-

nebi yvela erTad substanciis cnebis dasaxasiaTeblad

aucilebeli da sakmarisi aRmoCndeba.

akmayofilebs Tu ara materiis cneba substanciuri

arsebis am niSnebs? odiTve cnobilia da dRemde udavod

aris miCneuli, rom materiis fundamentur niSans sivrcesa

da droSi ganfeniloba anu nivTobrioba warmoadgens. siv-

rcesa da droSi ganfenili nivTieria, sxeulebrivia da,

piriqiT, nivTiereba, materialuri sxeulebi sivrcesa da

droSi arsebobs. magram zemoT vnaxeT, rom sivrcesa da

droSi arsebobs is, rac realur arss (movlenaTa samya-

ros) miekuTvneba; realuri arsi ki relatiuri da sasru-

lia; mas asrulebs is, ris gamovlenasac warmoadgens. es

imas niSnavs, rom igi ar aris absoluturi, rac substan-

53

ciuri arsebis erT-erTi fundamenturi niSania. substan-

cia ar SeiZleba iyos relatiuri da sasruli.

meore mxriv droSi arseboba sasrulobas niSnavs;

droSi is arsebobs, rac qmnadobis (warmoSoba-mospobis)

procesSi imyofeba anu maradiuli ar aris. materialur

samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebi da movlenebi maradiulobis

niSans moklebulia. magram iqneb TviTon materialuri sam-

yaro, rogorc universumi, aris maradiuli? Tanamedrove

kosmologiuri Teoriebi asabuTebs kosmologiuri kreaci-

onizmis ideas; saxeldobr, imas, rom samyaro didi afeT-

qebis (Big bang) Sedegad Seiqmna. manamde araferi ar arse-

bobda _ arc dedamiwa, mze, planetebi, varskvlavebi da

TviT elementaruli nawilakebic ki. es niSnavs materia-

luri samyaros maradiulobis uaryofas. am sakiTxs wig-

nis momdevno nawilSi ufro vrclad ganvixilavT; amJamad

ki imis aRniSvniT davkmayofildebiT, rom materia ar aris

maradiuli da, maSasadame, mas substanciis arc es niSani

miewereba.

da, bolos, SesaZlebelia Tu ara laparaki materiis

aqtiurobis, kerZod TviTaqtiurobis Sesaxeb? sul cota,

platonisa da aristoteles droidan, rom aRaraferi

vTqvaT empedoklesa da anaqsagoraze, Tvlidnen, rom mate-

ria aris pasiuri, inertuli nivTiereba, romelsac ara

aqvs araviTari Sinagani Zala, araviTari TviTaqtiurobis

unari. misi aqtiuroba garegani biZgis Sedegia. aseTi ga-

regani biZgia empedoklesTan siyvaruli da siZulvili,

anaqsagorasTan _ goneba (“nus”), platonsa da aristote-

lesTan zebunebrivi, RvTaebrivi Zalebi da a. S. es idea

sabolood daasabuTa niutonis meqanikis pirvelma kanon-

ma, romelic cnobilia inerciis principis saxelwodebiT

da amtkicebs, rom materialuri sxeulebi manam inarCunebs

Tavis (moZrav an uZrav) mdgomareobas, vidre gareSe Zala

ar gamoiyvans maT am mdgomareobidan. maSasadame, niutoni

Tvlida, rom materia aris inertuli, pasiuri, yovelgvar

Sinagan Zalas, TviTaqtiurobis unars moklebuli. amis Se-

sabamisad igi icavda “pirveli biZgis” Teorias; RmerTma

aamoZrava inertuli materialuri samyaro, xolo Semdeg

54

moZraobis raodenoba inaxeba da sxeulidan sxeuls gadae-

cema. niutonis safuZvelze kantic da hegelic materias

Tvlidnen “TavisTavad usicocxlod”, pasiur, inertul

nivTierebad.

miuxedavad amisa, materialistebi (holbaxi, moleSo-

ti, biuxneri, dicgeni, marqsistuli materializmi) lapa-

rakobdnen materiisa da Zalis ganuyrelobaze, anu materi-

is aqtiurobaze, Tumca am ideis dasabuTebas isini ver

axerxebdnen. xSirad laparakoben mzis energiaze, vulka-

nebze da TviT atomuri bombis Sesaxebac ki, rac TiTqos

materiis aqtiurobas, TviTaqtiurobas asabuTebs, magram

aviwydebaT, rom es aris materialuri sxeulebis urTier-

Tqmedebis da ara materiis Sinagani aqtiurobis Sedegi.

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi eleqtroba cal-calke araviTar

moqmedebas ar avlens; mxolod maTi urTierTqmedeba iw-

vevs reaqcias, gamoavlens aqtiurobas. aseve urani 235 bu-

nebaSi sruliad “uwyinrad” arsebobs da araviTari afeT-

qeba ar xdeba. atomuri bombi nivTierebis sxvadasxva nawi-

lakebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegia. amrigad, udavoa, rom

materias ara aqvs araviTari TviTmoqmedebis, Sinagani aq-

tiurobis unari. materialuri samyaros erT-erT uzenaes

kanons inerciis kanoni warmoadgens.

maSasadame, aRmoCnda, rom materias ara aqvs substan-

ciuri arsis iseTi fundamenturi niSnebi, rogoricaa ab-

soluturoba, usasruloba, maradiuloba, TviTaqtiuroba.

mamamamateteteteriririria aris na aris na aris na aris nivivivivTobTobTobTobririririvivivivi, s, s, s, sxexexexeuuuuleblebleblebririririvivivivi ararararsisisisi, , , , rorororomemememelilililic gc gc gc ganananan----

fefefefeninininililililia sa sa sa sivivivivrcercercercesasasasa da dda dda dda drorororoSiSiSiSi da inda inda inda inerererertutututulolololobibibibiT T T T xaxaxaxasisisisiaTaTaTaTdedededebabababa.

materiis cnebis am gansazRvrebidan gamomdinareobs, rom

materia ar aris substancia, SeuZlebelia materialuri

substanciis Sesaxeb laparaki.

$$$$16. 16. 16. 16. anananantitititisubsubsubsubstanstanstanstanciciciciuuuuriririri TeTeTeTeooooririririeeeebibibibis ks ks ks kriririrititititikakakaka

filosofiis istoriaSi arsebobda da arsebobs ise-

Ti mimarTulebani, romlebic saerTod uaryofs substan-

ciis cnebis saWiroebas, Tvlis, rom samyaros axsna-gageba

55

substanciis cnebis gareSe ara mxolod SesaZlebelia,

aramed aucilebelic. aseT mimarTulebas, uwinares yovli-

sa, empiristuli, subieqtur-idealisturi da gnoseologi-

uri filosofiuri Teoriebi miekuTvneba. gamonaklisis sa-

xiT amave Tvalsazriss iziarebs zogierTi ontologis-

tic (magaliTad, n. hartmani).

empiristuli filosofiuri mimarTulebidan substan-

ciis cnebis winaaRmdeg axal droSi j. berkli, d. hiume

da maTi Tanamedrove mimdevrebi _ pozitivistebi _ ibrZvi-

an. berklim arsebobis (realobis) kriteriumad aRqma ga-

moacxada; substancia ki aRqmaSi ar gveZleva; maSasadame,

is ar arsebobs. marTalia, igi mxolod materialur sub-

stancias uaryofda, magram Tu mis princips (esse est percipi)

Tanamimdevrulad daicavda, maSin nebismieri substanciis

_ rogorc materialuris, aseve idealuris _ uaryofamde

mividoda. ufro Tanamimdevrul antisubstanciur pozici-

ebze dadga hiume, romelmac empiristul principebTan Se-

uTavsebadobis gamo saerTod uaryo substanciis, arsebis

cneba. berklisa da hiumes antisubstanciuri koncefciis

Secdoma maT amosaval empiristul principSia. aRqma, empi-

riuli dakvirveba, grZnobadi STabeWdilebebis miRebis Se-

saZlebloba ar SeiZleba realobis kriteriumad CaiTva-

los. es rom ase iyos, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda ara

mxolod substanciis arseboba, aramed saerTod nebismie-

ri zogadisa, vTqvaT, bunebis kanonebisa, radganac isini

grZnobad cdaSi, uSualo dakvirvebebSi ar gveZleva. es ki

bunebismecnierebis uaryofis absurdul Sedegebamde mig-

viyvanda, vinaidan nebismieri mecnierebis, maT Soris bune-

bismecnierebis mizans Tavisi obieqtis kanonis Semecneba

warmoadgens.

am arguments Zala aqvs Tanamedrove pozitivizmis

(neopozitivizmis) antisubstanciuri poziciis mimarTac,

vinaidan neopozitivistebic realobis kriteriumad prin-

cipul (grZnobad) dakvirvebas Tvlian, romlis qveS uSua-

lo dakvirveba igulisxmeba. es niSnavs, rom Tanamedrove

pozitivizmi am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad berklisa da hiumes

antisubstanciur moZRvrebas iziarebs. principuli dak-

56

virvebadobis cnebis Semotana arsebiT siaxles ar warmo-

adgens, vinaidan mis qveS kvlav uSualo dakvirvebis Se-

saZlebloba esmiT. es ki niSnavs, rom verc pozitivistebi

da verc maTi ideuri winaprebi _ berkli da hiume _ sub-

stanciis cnebis uaryofas ver axerxeben. maTi antisub-

stanciuri Tvalsazrisi kritikas ver uZlebs.

antisubstanciuri moZRvrebis ricxvs miekuTvneba fr.

nicSes filosofiac. igi wamoayenebs yovlad absurdulsa

da usafuZvlo Teziss “RmerTis sikvdilis” Sesaxeb, rome-

lic arsebiTad absoluturi Rirebulebis uaryofad da

relativizmis dafuZnebad unda gavigoT. es ki sxva arafe-

ria, garda substanciuri realobis uaryofisa, vinaidan

materialuri substanciis SeuZleblobis gamo, razec ze-

moT gvqonda laparaki, erTaderT substancias RmerTi,

rogorc idealuri substancia, warmoadgens.

specialur literaturaSi cnobilia, rom f. nicSe

TviTon mixvda, Tu raoden didi ziani (qaosi, relativiz-

mi da nihilizmi) SeiZleba moitanos absoluturi arsis

uaryofam, ris Sedegad man zekacis cnebas mimarTa, rome-

lic absoluturis surogatia, magram Zalian cudi suro-

gati, ulmobeli da amoraluri arseba. humanur qristia-

nul morals f. nicSem amoraluri “morali” daupirispi-

ra. zekaci angrevs Zvel Rirebulebebs da qmnis axals,

romelic iseve absoluturia, rogorc Zveli. maS, ra azri

hqonda Zveli absoluturi Rirebulebis uaryofas, Tu vi-

ciT, rom absoluturi Rirebulebani adamianTa sazogado-

ebrivi urTierTobebis momwesrigeblis rols TamaSobs

da, maSasadame, aucilebelia? f. nicSem ver SeZlo abso-

luturis anu substanciuri realobis uaryofa. misi cda

marcxiT damTavrda. miT umetes, rom uaRresad humanursa

da moralur qristianul RmerTs man mizantropuli da

amoraluri “urCxuli”, “qeraTmiani gaqnili” zekaci daupi-

rispira.

ufro seriozulsa da angariSgasawev antisubstanci-

ur poziciebze dganan is filosofosebi, romlebic sub-

stanciis cnebas filosofiuri argumentebiT uaryofen.

aseTia, magaliTad, m. haidegeri, romelic ontologiis

57

sagnad arsis sazriss Tvlis da faqtobrivad ontologi-

is cnebis qveS filosofiuri anTropologia esmis. magram

ontologiis ageba anTropologiur poziciebze SeuZlebe-

lia. ontologia arsze (ufro zustad, absolutur arsze

anu substanciur arsebaze) moZRvrebaa. n. hartmanma haide-

geris “fundamenturi ontologiis” kritikisas aCvena, rom

haidegeri msjelobs ara arsze, aramed arsis sazrisze,

rasTanac ontologias saqme ara aqvs.

TviTon n. hartmanic sakuTar ontologias plura-

lizmis principze afuZnebs da, maSasadame, substancias,

rogorc monizmis princips, uaryofs. Cven vfiqrobT, rom

monizmis principis gareSe ontologiis ageba SeuZlebe-

lia; mravali amxsnelis daSveba yvelafers auxsnels to-

vebs. pluralisturi Teoriebi filosofiis istoriaSi

pirdapir an arapirdapir yovelTvis monizmiT mTavrdebo-

da. maSasadame, azrovnebis istoria gvaswavlis substanci-

is _ absoluturi arsis _ rogorc sinamdvilis mravalfe-

rovnebis amxsnelis, aucileblobas.

antisubstanciur moazrovneTa jgufs ekuTvnis s.

aleqsanderic, romelic Tumca Tavs ikavebs substanciis

Sesaxeb msjelobisagan, magram mTeli misi “emerjentuli

evoluciis Teoria” sivrce-drois cnebazea agebuli. siv-

rce-dro, misi azriT, aris pirveladi realoba, saidanac

mTeli samyaro warmoiSoba. samyaros warmoSobamde arse-

bobda sivrce-dro, romelic s. aleqsanders esmis rogorc

moZraoba. emerjenciis saboloo mizezs RvTaeba warmoad-

gens, miuxedavad amisa igi arc RvTaebas da arc sivrce-

dros substanciad ar Tvlis, rac adgils tovebs gaugeb-

robisaTvis. substanciis cnebis qveS xom sxva araferi

igulisxmeba, garda materialuri samyaros Semoqmedisa,

romelic uaRresi aqtiurobiT xasiaTdeba.

substanciuri arsis, rogorc samyaros absoluturi

sawyisis uaryofas relativizmsa da anarqizmamde mivya-

varT. relativizmis safuZvelze ki mecnieruli Teoriis

ageba SeuZlebelia. kidev metic, relativizmi Semecnebis,

azrovnebisa da azris gamoTqmis SesaZleblobis gamom-

ricxvelia. absoluturi adamianis sulieri cxovrebis er-

58

TaderTi sayrdenia. yvela antisubstanciuri Teoriis mTa-

var Secdomas am garemoebis gauTvaliswinebloba warmo-

adgens.

$$$$17. 17. 17. 17. ababababsosososolulululututututuriririri ararararsisisisi anu sanu sanu sanu sububububstanstanstanstanciciciciuuuuriririri ararararsesesesebabababa

Tu zemoTqmulis safuZvelze davuSvebT substanciu-

ri arsis arsebobas, rac Cven udavod migvaCnia, maSin bu-

nebrivia daisvas sakiTxi misi ricxvis Sesaxeb. ramdeni

substancia arsebobs _ erTi Tu mravali? am sakiTxis ga-

dawyvetis ori SesaZlebeli variantis mixedviT Camoya-

libda monisturi da pluralisturi koncefciebi, romel-

Tagan pirveli erTi da erTaderTi substanciis arsebobas

aRiarebs (“monos” _ erTi), meore ki mravali (“pluralis” _

mravali) substanciis arsebobas. dualizmi (“dualis” _ ori)

pluralizmis saxeobaa, romelic ori substanciis aRiare-

biT kmayofildeba.

filosofia, rogorc cnobilia, monizmiT daiwyo; pir-

veli filosofosebi (Talesi, anaqsimandre, anaqsimeni, par-

menide) monistebi iyvnen. pluralisturi koncefcia agreT-

ve berZnul (winasokratul) filosofiaSi Caisaxa. empedok-

lem samyaros asaxsnelad oTxi principi (stiqioni) Semoi-

tana. magram pluralisturi Teoria dasrulebuli saxiT

atomistikaSi warmosdga. axal filosofiaSi ki pluralis-

turi koncefcia idealizmis safuZvelze SeimuSava laib-

nicma (“monadologia”).

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom filosofiis istoriaSi cnobi-

li pluralisturi Teoriebi araTanamimdevrobiT xasiaT-

deba, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom pluralizmi yovelTvis

monizmiT mTavrdeba. dekarti ori substanciis Sesaxeb

laparakobda, magram orive maTgani arasruli substancie-

bia; isini warmoSobilia RmerTis mier da, maSasadame, arc

maradiulobiT xasiaTdeba. RmerTi aris namdvili, usasru-

lo substancia (“infinitum”). maSasadame, dekartis dualizmi

monizmiT damTavrda.

59

daaxloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqva laibnicis Sesaxeb.

monadebi sulieri substanciebia, magram maradiulobis ni-

Sani arc maT axasiaTebT, vinaidan isini RmerTis Semoqme-

debis produqtebia, RmerTma warmoSva. es niSnavs, rom mo-

nadebi ar aris namdvili substanciebi. namdvili, WeSmari-

ti substancia ki aris RmerTi, rogorc samyaros Semoqme-

di, prestabiluri harmoniis avtori; “RmerTi ki erTia da

es erTi RmerTi kmara” (laibnici). es niSnavs monizms. la-

ibnicis pluralisturi koncefcia monizmiT mTavrdeba.

daaxloebiT analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs pluralizmis

sxva warmomadgenelebTanac, rac monisturi filosofiis

sasargeblod laparakobs. substanciis cnebidan gamomdi-

nareobs, rom igi mxolod erTi SeiZleba iyos. “SeiZleba

arsebobdes mxolod erTi da erTaderTi substancia” (spi-

noza).

substanciis yvelaze mTavar niSans, mis arsebas, at-

ributs upiroboba anu absoluturoba warmoadgens. sub-

stancia arafriT ar aris ganpirobebuli da arc SeiZleba

iyos misi erTaderTobis gamo. upiroboba (absoluturoba)

ki mis usasrulobas niSnavs. substancias Tavisi safuZve-

li Tavis TavSi aqvs, rasac spinozam “TviTmizezi” (causa

sui) uwoda da Tavisuflebas gauigiva.

substanciis TviTsafuZvlianoba imas niSnavs, rom

igi Tavisi Tavisaken aris mimarTuli (sxva arc arsebobs)

anu refleqsuria. amgvar refleqsurobas hegelma “WeSma-

riti usasruloba” uwoda, rogorc “Tavis TavSi mobrune-

buloba, Tavis TavTan mimarTeba” (hegeli).

absoluturi arsis anu substanciuri arsebis meore

ZiriTad niSans is warmoadgens, rom igi samyaroSi univer-

saluri kanonzomierebis saxiT gamovlindeba. es kanonzo-

miereba imdenad zusti, mizanSewonili da mmmmiziziziznobnobnobnobririririviviviviaaaa,

rom misi warmodgena gonobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. rode-

sac Zveli berZnebi “logosis” Sesaxeb laparakobdnen, ma-

Sin mis qveS samyaros kanonzomierebis gonier Semoqmeds

anu RmerTs gulisxmobdnen. uaRresad dizainirebuli sam-

yaros faqti uzenaesi dizaineris anu Semoqmedis gareSe

SeuZlebelia. “nu SiSobT yvelgan ganacxadoT _ werda

60

dekarti mis megobar mersens _ rom RmerTma ise daadgina

bunebis kanonebi, rogorc suvereni (umaRlesi xelisufa-

li _ s. a.) awesebs kanonebs Tavis samflobeloSi”. niuto-

ni kategoriulad gamoricxavda samyaros gamaognebeli ka-

nonzomierebis SemTxveviT warmoSobas. “es mizezi brma da

SemTxveviTi ar yofila, aramed gansacvifreblad gawafu-

li meqanikasa da geometriaSi” (niutoni). samyaroSi kanon-

zomiereba, niutonis mixedviT, “mZleTa-mZle da brZenTa-

ubrZenesi arsebis zraxviT da nebiT” damyarda.

substanciuri arseba, rogorc hegeli ambobda, “abso-

lutur igiveobas” warmoadgens. masSi ar aris da arc Se-

iZleba iyos raime winaaRmdegoba, vinaidan, rogorc zemoT

aRvniSneT, winaaRmdegoba sasrulobisa da relatiurobis

maCvenebelia; absoluturSi ki yovelgvari winaaRmdegoba

moxsnilia.

substanciuri arsebis, rogorc ararararsesesesebibibibissss arseboba ima-

sac gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs is (sasruli) samyaro, rom-

lis arsebasac igi warmoadgens. igi, sxva (specialur) ar-

sebaTagan gansxvavebiT, aris ukanaskneli instanciis arse-

ba.

substanciuri arsebis Semdegi fundamenturi niSania

SemoqmedebiToba. materialuri samyaro, romlis uzenaes

kanons inerciis principi warmoadgens, Semoqmedebis unars

moklebulia Sinagani Zalis uqonlobis gamo. Sinagani Za-

la cocxal organizmebSic arsebobs, riTac isini materi-

aluri sxeulebisagan gansxvavdeba. cocxal organizmebSi

arsebuli Sinagani Zala substanciuri TviTSemoqmedebi-

Tobis unaris gamolenaa. maT Soris gansxvaveba ara mxo-

lod intensivobis xarisxSia (raodenobrivia), aramed Tvi-

sebrivic. substanciuri Sinagani Zala xom uzenaesi aqtiu-

robiT xasiaTdeba.

$$$$18. m18. m18. m18. mececececninininieeeerurururulililili onononontotototolololologigigigia da a da a da a da fifififilolololososososofifififiuuuuriririri

TeTeTeTeoooolololologigigigiaaaa

61

mecnieruli ontologia aris erT-erTi da ara erTa-

derTi ontologiuri disciplina. arsebobs agreTve meta-

fizikuri da religiuri ontologiac, romelTa sagans ag-

reTve absoluturi arsi anu substanciuri arseba warmo-

adgens. metafizika, rogorc zemoT davasabuTeT, ar aris

arc mecniereba da arc filosofia. igi aris spekulaciu-

ri moZRvreba arsis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb,

romlis Semecnebas specialuri mecnierebebisagan sruli

izolaciiT cdilobs. swored amitom mas ara aqvs damsa-

buTebeli Zala, aramed mxolod da mxolod rwmenis sfe-

ros miekuTvneba. aseve rwmenis sferoa religiuri onto-

logia, rogorc moZRvreba absoluturi arsis anu Rmer-

Tis Sesaxeb; religiuri ontologiac metafizikuria, Tum-

ca isini igiveobrivi ar aris. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom re-

ligiuri ontologiis sagania RvTaebrivi arsi, rogorc

substanciuri arseba; metafizikuri ontologia ki amiT

ar Semoifargleba, aramed nebismier principulad dauk-

virvebad realobaze moZRvrebas warmoadgens. magaliTad,

imis rwmena (da ara codna), rom mikronawilaks erTdrou-

lad aqvs impulsic da koordinatic (Tumca igi principu-

lad daukvirvebadia), metafizikur ontologias Seadgens,

magram mas religiuri rwmenis xasiaTi ara aqvs. metafizi-

kuri ontologia SeiZleba iyos idealisturic, religiu-

ric, materialisturic da an arc erTi maTgani (indife-

rentuli maT mimarT). magaliTad, zemoaRniSnuli debule-

ba mikronawilakis koordinatisa da impulsis erTdrou-

lad arsebobis Sesaxeb arc materialisturia da arc ide-

alisturi. metafizikuri ontologiis am formebs, mecnie-

rulisagan gansxvavebiT, is aerTianebT, rom isini rwmenis

da ara codnis sferoa. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom

ainStains misi Tanamedroveni metafizikosad imitom

Tvlidnen, rom igi aRiarebda iseTi realobis arsebobas,

romelic cdaSi ar gveZleva da arc arasodes ar mogvece-

ma (eleqtronis koordinatisa da impulsis erTdroulad

arseboba, mizezobrioba mikrosamyaroSi da sxv.); igi prin-

cipulad daukvirvebadia.

62

mecnieruli ontologia yvela maTgan imiT gansxvav-

deba, rom igi codnis sferoa, dasabuTebadi sistema; amaSi

mdgomareobs misi mecnieruloba. igi, rogorc damoukide-

belo filosofiuri disciplina, dakvirvebadobis princi-

pis axali (gnoseologiuri) interpretaciis safuZvelze

warmoiSva, romelic ufro dawvrilebiT am wignis mexuTe

nawilSi iqneba gaanalizebuli, rac kidev ufro cxadyofs

mecnieruli ontologiis cnebas.

manamde ki imas vityviT (gavimeorebT), rom mecnieru-

li ontologiis sagania substanciuri arseba, absolutu-

ri arsi, romelic araviTar relatiurobas ar Seicavs.

“araviTari filosofia ar arsebobs _ ambobs Selingi _

garda moZRvrebisa absoluturis Sesaxeb... filosofia

aris mecniereba absolutze”. am SemTxvevaSi filosofiis

cnebis qveS ontologia igulisxmeba.

zemoT isic aRvniSneT, rom substanciuri arsebis anu

absoluturi arsis cnebis qveS sxva araferi igulisxmeba,

garda RmerTisa. materialuri substancia SeuZlebelia. ma-

terialur samyaroSi araferi ar aris absoluturi, upiro-

bo, aramed yvelaferi ganpirobebuli da relatiuria. am az-

riT materialuri samyaro ar SeiZleba iyos mecnieruli

ontologiis sagani. erTi sityviT, mecnieruli ontologia,

saboloo jamSi, aris moZRvreba RvTaebrivi sinamdvilis

anu RmerTis, rogorc absoluturi arsis Sesaxeb. magram

cnobilia, rom RmerTze moZRvreba aris Teologia. am az-

riT mecnieruli ontologia aris Teologia. magram gaugeb-

robis Tavidan asacileblad erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxva-

voT fifififilolololososososofifififiuuuuriririri da rerererelilililigigigigiuuuuriririri TeTeTeTeoooolololologigigigiaaaa. RmerTis Sesa-

xeb msjelobs filosofosic da Teologic. pirveli maTga-

ni RmerTis cnebas absoluturi arsis poziciebidan ik-

vlevs. aseTia mecnieruli ontologia, anu filosofiuri

Teologia, romelic mecnierebas, codnis dargs warmoad-

gens. RmerTi, rogorc samyaros substanciuri arseba, rea-

luri arsis sferoSi anu movlenaTa samyaroSi gamovlinde-

ba da am gziT Seimecneba. nebismieri arsebis _ maT Soris

substanciuri arsebis _ Semecneba misi gamovlenis gziT Se-

iZleba. samyaroSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba RvTaebrivi ar-

63

sis gamovlenaa. es aris RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis fi-

zikur-Teologiuri argumenti, romlis uaryofa kantSi ver

SeZlo.

Tu am TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT mecnierul ontolo-

gias, rogorc filosofiur Teologias, aRmoCndeba, rom

filosofosTa umravlesoba (yovel SemTxvevaSi obieqtu-

ri idealistebi) filosofiuri Teologiis warmomadgen-

lebi iyvnen. parmenides moZRvreba absoluturi arsis Se-

saxeb, platonis moZRvreba ideebze, aristoteles koncef-

cia “pirveli mamoZraveblis” Sesaxeb, axal droSi dekar-

tis, laibnicis, spinozas, hegelis da sxva mravali filo-

sofois naazrevi unda gavigoT, rogorc iseTi filosofi-

uri Teologia, romelic aris filosofiuri mmmmececececninininieeeererererebabababa,

codnis dargi, romelic imave dros mecnierul ontolo-

gias warmoadgens.

magram sul sxvaa religiuri Teologia, rogorc moZ-

Rvreba principulad daukvirvebad zebunebriv arsze, rom-

lis Semecneba SeuZlebelia da romelic SeiZleba mxolod

gvwamdes. religiur TeologiaSi, filosofiuri Teologii-

sagan gansxvavebiT, ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba iyos rai-

me dasabuTeba. religia krZalavs RmerTis arsebobis dasa-

buTebis mcdelobas imis gamo, rom misi arseboba postuli-

rebulia da, maSasadame, araviTar dasabuTebas ar saWiro-

ebs. igi rwmenis sferoa da ara codnisa, religiaa da ara

mecniereba. swored amitom RmerTis cneba, rogorc es i. m.

boxenskim miuTiTa, filosofiaSi gvian Semodis, vinaidan

igi sabuTdeba; religiur TeologiaSi ki araviTari dasabu-

Teba ar xdeba, ris gamoc RmerTis cneba imTaviTve mocemu-

lia. religia RmerTis cnebidan amodis.

miuxedavad am principuli gansxvavebisa, filosofiu-

ri da religiuri Teologiebi, ara marto ar aris erTmane-

Tisagan mowyvetili, aramed isini urTierTarsebobas saWi-

roeben. filosofiuri Teologia ar SeiZleba ar sargeb-

lobdes religiuri warmodgenebiT, romelic “bibliaSia”

Camoyalibebuli. es aSkarad emCneva filosofiuri Teolo-

giis bevr warmomadgenels. meore mxriv religiuri Teolo-

giac saWiroebs filosofiur Teologias. kidev metic, re-

64

ligiuri TeologiisaTvis filosofiur Teologias sasi-

cocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. es aris codnisa da rwmenis ur-

TierToba. rwmena subieqturi fenomenia; martooden mis sa-

fuZvelze aTeizmis damarcxeba Znelia, SeuZlebelia, vinai-

dan aTeizmic rwmenaa. am mxriv maT Tanabari mniSvneloba

aqvT. magram rodesac religiuri Teologia moixmars (gamo-

iyenebs) filosofiuri Teologiis mier RmerTis arsebobis

dasabuTebas anu rodesac igi am dasabuTebas daemyareba,

maSin aTeizmi ganiaraRebulia. rwmena, SeerTebuli codnas-

Tan, didi Zalaa, aTeizmisaTvis dauZleveli.

aqedan is daskvnac SeiZleba gamovitanoT, rom filo-

sofia, kerZod, filosofiuri Teologia religiur Teo-

logiaze maRla dgas, vinaidan masSi codna da rwmena ga-

erTianebulia. is, rac viciT, kidec gvwams, magram ara pi-

riqiT, rac gvwams, yovelTvis ar viciT.

aseTia, mokled, Cveni Sexeduleba mecnieruli onto-

logiis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb, romelic mWidrod ukavSirdeba

Teoriuli filosofiis sxva disciplinebs. swored ami-

tom qvemoT Teoriuli filosofiis problemebis anali-

zis procesSi bevri zemoganxiluli sakiTxi damatebiT

dasabuTebasa da sinaTles SeiZens.

lilililiteteteterarararatutututurararara

1. s. avaliani, mecnieruli ontologia, Tb. 1994.

2. С. Авалиани, Абсолютное и относительное, Тб. 1980.

3. С. Авалиани, Предмет марксистcой онтологии, ix. kr. “О

предмете философии” Тб. 1973.

4. s. avaliani, mecnieruli ontologia da Teologia,

“religia”, #10-11, 1994.

5. s. avaliani, obieqturis cnebis ontologiuri sazrisi

ix. kr. “dialeqtika da logika”, Tb. 1987.

6. s. avaliani, Zalisa da materiis ganuyrelobis materia-

listuri Tezisis kritika, ix. “filosofiuri Ziebani”,

IV, 2000.

65

7. s. avaliani, mecnierebis ontologiuri sawyisebi, “mac-

ne” (filosofiis seria), #1-2, 2004.

8. С. Авалиани, Трансформация метафизики, “Вопросы философии“,

Москва, 2006.

9. S. Avaliani, Transformation of Metaphysics, “filosofiuri Zie-

bani”, Tbilisi, 2006

66

n a w i l i m e o r en a w i l i m e o r en a w i l i m e o r en a w i l i m e o r e

n a t u r f i l o s o f i an a t u r f i l o s o f i an a t u r f i l o s o f i an a t u r f i l o s o f i a

Tavi pirveliTavi pirveliTavi pirveliTavi pirveli

naturfilosofiis saganinaturfilosofiis saganinaturfilosofiis saganinaturfilosofiis sagani

$$$$19. naturfilosofiis19. naturfilosofiis19. naturfilosofiis19. naturfilosofiis cnebacnebacnebacneba

uwinares yovlisa, ganmartebas saWiroebs cneba “na-

turfilosofia”, anu “bunebis filosofia”. termini “natur-

filosofia” romaelma filosofosma senekam (pirveli sau-

kune qristes Semdeg) Semoitana, rogorc bunebis Sesaxeb

moZRvreba, anu bunebismecniereba. amgvari gageba Sinaarsob-

rivad senekamde gacilebiT adre gvxvdeba. ufro winare fi-

losofosebze, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, aristoteles Txzu-

leba “fizika” faqtobrivad fizikis filosofias anu na-

turfilosofias warmoadgens.

bunebis filosofiis _ am yovlismomcveli cnebis _

diferenciacia da sakuTriv bunebis filosofiis anu na-

turfilosofiis Camoyalibeba moxda XVII-XVIII saukuneeb-

Si, roca mas gamoeyo, jer fiziologia, xolo Semdeg spe-

cialur-mecnieruli moZRvreba bunebis Sesaxeb anu, bune-

bismetyveleba, rogorc bunebis kanonzomierebis Semswav-

leli kompleqsuri mecniereba. swored aqedan iwyeba na-

turfilosofiis namdvili istoria, vinaidan amieridan

igi damoukidebeli filosofiuri disciplina gaxda.

am progresul nabijs Tan dahyva seriozuli nakli,

romelmac didxans daabrkola bunebis Sesaxeb filosofi-

uri moZRvrebis ganviTareba. saxeldobr Camoyalibda

Tvalsazrisi “wminda” bunebisfilosofiis anu naturfi-

losofiis Sesaxeb, romelic bunebis uzogadesi kanonzo-

mierebis dadgenas bunebismecnierebis calkeuli dargebis

miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe cdilobda. es niSnavs,

rom naturfilosofia iqca spekulaciur moZRvrebad bune-

bis Sesaxeb, ramac saxeli gautexa naturfilosofias, ris

67

gamoc misi SemecnebiTi Rirebuleba saerTod uaryofil

iqna. Zveli naturfilosofiis uaryofis saqmeSi gadamwyve-

ti roli Seasrula bunebismecnierebis mZlavrma ganviTa-

rebam XIX-XX saukuneebSi.

erTi SexedviT naturfilosofia da bunebismecniere-

bis filosofia erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli dargebia.

pirveli aris uSualod bunebis Sesaxeb filosofiuri moZ-

Rvreba, xolo meore _ bunebismecnierebis filosofiuri

analizi. ase mxolod maSin gveCveneba, roca naturfiloso-

fiis cnebis qveS vigulisxmebT tradiciulad damkvidre-

bul spekulatur _ bunebismecnierebisagan mowyvetil _ fi-

losofiur moZRvrebas bunebis Sesaxeb. amis gareSe natur-

filosofiisa da bunebismecnierebis filosofiis cnebebs

Soris mxolod da mxolod lingvisturi gansxvavebaa. bune-

bismecnierebis filosofiis mier dadgenili uzogadesi ka-

nonzomiereba bunebis uzogadesi kanonzomierebaa, xolo es

ukanaskneli yvela SemTxvevaSi dadgenilia bunebismecnie-

rebis aRmoCenebis filosofiuri analizis safuZvelze.

swored es garemoeba hqondaT mxedvelobaSi Selings, he-

gels, uaxles droSi n. hartmans da TviT pozitivist h. ra-

ixenbaxs, roca naturfilosofiisa (bunebis filosofiisa)

da bunebismecnierebis filosofiis cnebebs sinonimuri

mniSvnelobiT xmarobdnen. Cvens wignSic am or cnebas erTi

da igive mniSvneloba eqneba, Tumca Zveli naturfiloso-

fia, anu spekulaciuri filosofiuri moZRvreba bunebis

Sesaxeb, romelic angariSs ar uwevs bunebismecnierebis

sxvadasxva dargis aRmoCenebs, CvenTvis sruliad miuRebe-

lia.

aqve minda sityva-sityviT gavimeoro is, rasac am sa-

kiTxTan dakavSirebiT vwerdiT Cveni wignis “XX saukunis

naturfilosofia” winasityvaobaSi; “mkiTxveli winaswar

minda gavafrTxilo, rom es wigni ar damiweria arc maT-

Tvis, vinc uaryofs filosofias, rogorc mecnierebas,

Tvlis mas adamianis gonebis Tavisufali Semoqmedebis

produqtad, specialuri mecnierebisagan izolirebul

msoflmxedvelobad da ar maTTvis, vinc ver xedavs gan-

sxvavebas filosofiasa da specialur mecnierebebs Soris,

68

uaryofs filosofiis damoukideblobasa da mis did Se-

mecnebiT Rirebulebas. wignis avtori mecnieruli filo-

sofiis poziciebze dgas da orive ukiduresoba misTvis

principulad miuRebelia. saRad moazrovne mecnierma ori-

ve maTgani unda uaryos, Tu surs, rom mis naazrevs mecni-

eruli Sinaarsi hqondes”. am poziciebidan aris dawerili

mTeli wigni da, gansakuTrebiT, misi meore nawili (“na-

turfilosofia”).

axali naturfilosofia, romelic ZiriTadad antiku-

ri naturfilosofiis meTodologiiT xelmZRvanelobs, ar

SeiZleba movwyvitoT bunebismecnierebas, romlis miRweve-

bis filosofiuri analizis gareSe bunebis uzogadesi ka-

nonzomierebis dadgena SeuZlebelia. am gagebiT naturfi-

losofia aris igive bunebismecnierebis filosofia. mag-

ram es ar SeiZleba gavigoT, rogoc naturfilosofiis

damoukideblobis uaryofa, Tundac misi suverenuli uf-

lebebis SezRudva. naturfilosofia anu bunebismecniere-

bis filosofia bunebismecnierebasTan mWidro kavSirSi

myofi, magram misgan damoukidebeli filosofiuri dis-

ciplinaa; mas aqvs sakuTari sagani da meTodi, sakuTari

cnebebi da kategoriebi, romelTac arc erTi sxva mecnie-

reba ar swavlobs da ar moixmars, garda naturfiloso-

fiisa. bunebis uzogadesi kanonzomiereba, romelic natur-

filosofiis sagania, mxolod bunebismecnierebis aRmoCe-

nebis filosofiuri analizis Sedegad SeiZleba dadgin-

des. magram, meore mxriv, es iseTi kanonzomierebaa, ro-

melTanac sakuTriv bunebismecnierebis arc erT dargs xe-

li ar miuwvdeba.

$$$$20. naturfilosofiis sagani da misi a20. naturfilosofiis sagani da misi a20. naturfilosofiis sagani da misi a20. naturfilosofiis sagani da misi adgili sxva dgili sxva dgili sxva dgili sxva

filosofiur mecnierebebs Sorisfilosofiur mecnierebebs Sorisfilosofiur mecnierebebs Sorisfilosofiur mecnierebebs Soris

naturfilosofia, rogorc erT-erTi filosofiuri

mecniereba, bunebismecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, swavlobs

bunebis iseT (uzogades) kanonzomierebas, romelic yvela

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs aerTianebs. aseTia, maga-

69

liTad, sivrce, dro, moZraoba, mizezobrioba da a. S.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, naturfilosofiis mizans, mis sa-

gans bunebis, rogorc aseTis, arsis gamokvleva warmoad-

gens. aqedan cxadia misi damokidebuleba ontologiasTan,

saerTod filosofiasTan. ontologiis sagania arsis uzo-

gadesi kanonzomiereba, naturfilosofia ki am arsis erT-

erTi sferos _ bunebis _ uzogades kanonzomierebas swav-

lobs. swored amitom n. hartmani, sruliad samarTlianad,

naturfilosofias “specialur ontologias” uwodebs, vi-

naidan igi, misi azriT, specialur kategoriebs ikvlevs.

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom naturfilosofia aris onto-

logiisadmi daqvemdebarebuli filosofiuri mecniereba,

msgavsad sxva filosofiuri mecnierebebisa. maT Soris

gansxvavebas isic qmnis, rom arsis cneba filosofiaSi

ori mniSvnelobiT moixmareba; erTi mxriv igi moicavs yo-

velgvar arsebuls _ rogorc materialurs, ise idealurs

_ xolo, meore mxriv, viwro mniSvnelobiT arsi niSnavs

materialur samyaros anu bunebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saq-

me gvaqvs zozozozogad ongad ongad ongad ontotototolololologigigigiasasasasTanTanTanTan, meore SemTxvevaSi ki na-

turfilosofiasTan, rogorc spespespespeciciciciaaaalur onlur onlur onlur ontotototolololologigigigiasasasasTanTanTanTan.

aristotele marTali iyo, rodesac laparakobda “pirve-

li” da “meore” filosofiis Sesaxeb. “meore filosofi-

ad” igi fizikas Tvlida, aristoteles “fizika” ki Tana-

medrove gagebiT aris naturfilosofia.

ontologiisa da naturfilosofiis msgavseba-gan-

sxvavebis Sesabamisad, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba maTi

kategoriebic. arseba da movlena, arsi da ararsi, abso-

luturi da relatiuri, sasruli da usasrulo, forma da

Sinaarsi, SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile da sxva msgavsi

uzogadesi kategoriebi, romlebic saerToa sinamdvilis

(arsis) yvela sferosaTvis, ontologiis kategoriebia, xo-

lo mizezobrioba, aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba, siv-

rce da dro da a.S. naturfilosofiuri kategoriebia, vi-

naidan isini mxolod bunebis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis

gamomTqmeli cnebebia. aqac aSkarad Cans zogadi da speci-

aluri ontologiebis gansxvaveba arsis cnebis orgvari _

farTo da viwro _ gagebis mixedviT.

70

arsis uzogadesi kategoriebi sinamdvilis specialur

sferoebSi garkveuli specifikiT gamovlindeba. magaliTad,

absoluturisa da relatiuris kategoriebi naturfiloso-

fiaSi gamoiyeneba sivrcis, drois, moZraobis mimarT; forma

da Sinaarsi aqvs bunebis sagnebsa da movlenebs, aseve iT-

qmis arsebisa da movlenis, SesaZleblobisa da sinamdvi-

lis da sxva ontologiuri kategoriebis Sesaxeb. magram es

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iZleva ontologiisa da naturfi-

losofiis erTmaneTSi aRrevis safuZvels, vinaidan pirvel

SemTxvevaSi am cneba-kategoriebs uzogadesi sazrisi aqvs,

meore SemTxvevaSi ki specialuri sazrisi. naturfiloso-

fiaSi, iseve rogorc yvela sxva filosofiursa da arafi-

losofiur mecnierebaSi, ontologiis kanonebi da katego-

riebi specifikurad funqcionirebs.

dasasrul mokled SevexebiT naturfilosofiisa da

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa urTierTobas. naturfilo-

sofia arc bunebismecnierebaze daiyvaneba da arc maTgan

izolirebulad arsebobs; magram SesaZlebelia Tu ara,

rom pozitivistebis kvaldakval, naturfilosofia gavi-

goT, rogorc bunebismecnierebis mxolod logikuri anali-

zi da meti araferi? amgvari koncefcia principulad miu-

Rebelia Tundac imitom, rom igi naturfilosofiis, ro-

gorc suverenuli filosofiuri mecnierebis, gauqmebas

niSnavs. naturfilosofia, rasakvirvelia, awarmoebs bune-

bismecnierebis miRwevebis logikur analizs, magram amiT

ar kmayofildeba. bunebismecnierebis logikuri analizi

naturfilosofiis uSualo mizani ki ar aris, aramed bune-

bis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Semecnebis saSualeba. bune-

bismecniereba aris naturfilosofiis emememempipipipiririririuuuuli sali sali sali safuZfuZfuZfuZveveveve----

lililili, romlis filosofiuri analizis Sedegad bunebis Sesa-

xeb uzogades daskvnebs akeTebs. es niSnavs, rom, erTi

mxriv, naturfilosofiisaTvis bunebismecnierebas arsebiTi

mniSvneloba aqvs, xolo, meore mxriv, bunebismecnierebis

calkeuli dargebi aseve aucileblobiT saWiroebs natur-

filosofias da, saerTod, filosofias. bunebismecnierebis

safuZvlad naturfilosofiuri ideebi Zevs. sxva sityvebiT:

naturfilosofia aris bunebismecnierebis lololologigigigikukukukuri sari sari sari sa----

71

fuZfuZfuZfuZvevevevelililili. es niSnavs, rom naturfilosofiasa da bunebis-

mecnierebas Soris aucilebeli kavSiria. filosofiis sa-

Wiroebas mxolod is bunebismetyveli uaryofs, visac Tavi-

si saqmec kargad ar esmis. didi bunebismetyvelni ki (ain-

Staini, bori, planki, borni, haizenbergi da sxv.) sabunebis-

metyvelo kvlevis procesSi filosofiamde midiodnen da

filosofiur Txzulebebsac ki werdnen.

72

Tavi meoreTavi meoreTavi meoreTavi meore

materiamateriamateriamateria

$$$$21. 21. 21. 21. materiis cnebamateriis cnebamateriis cnebamateriis cneba

materiis cneba filosofiuri azrovnebis erT-erTi

uZvelesi da urTulesi cnebaa. evropuli filosofia swo-

red am cnebis SemotaniT daiwyo. rodesac Talesi lapa-

rakobda wylis, rogorc samyaros pirvelsawyisis Sesaxeb,

maSin mis qveS materialur sinamdviles gulisxmobda. mas

Semdeg TiTqmis 25 saukunis ganmavlobaSi materiis filo-

sofiuri Teoriis sxvadasxva varianti SemuSavda, romel-

Tagan arc erTi damakmayofilebeli ar aRmoCnda. XIX sau-

kunis damdegidan daltonis gamokvlevebis safuZvelze ma-

teriis problemam filosofiidan bunebismecnierebaSi ga-

dainacvla da mas Semdeg materiis specialur kanonzomie-

rebas bunebismecniereba ikvlevs.

magram sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebi materiis swored

spespespespeciciciciaaaalur lur lur lur kanonzomierebas swavlobs, xolo zogadi ka-

nonzomiereba, romelsac materiis cneba unda asaxavdes,

mxolod da mxolod filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis preroga-

tivas warmoadgens. specialur mecnierebebs ar ZaluZT

(da maT arc evalebaT) materiis zogadi cnebis SemuSaveba;

magram materiis calkeuli formebis kanonzomierebis

codnis gareSe materiis zogadi kanonzomierebis Semecne-

ba, materiis cnebis dadgena SeuZlebelia. amaSi mdgomare-

obs filosofiisa da specialur mecnierebaTa kavSiris

aucilebloba. isini xom erTi da igive codnis sxvadasxva

doneebia da, maSasadame, erTmaneTs avsebs, erTmaneTis ga-

reSe arseboba ar SeuZliaT.

arsebobs materiis cnebis mravali gansazRvreba, ro-

melTagan arc erTi ar aris sayovelTaod aRiarebuli.

erT-erTi aseTi gansazRvreba warmoadgens materiisa da

cnobierebis, rogorc materialurisa da idealuris urTi-

erTdapirispirebas. am gansazRvrebis mixedviT, materialu-

ria yvelaferi, rac adamianis cnobierebis gareSe arse-

73

bobs, xolo yvela danarCeni _ cnobierebis fenomenebi _

materialuris asaxvas warmoadgens da, maSasadame, idea-

luris sferos miekuTvneba. aseTia materialisturi kon-

cefcia, romelsac dialeqtikuri materializmic aRiareb-

da.

es koncefcia, marTalia, materiasa da cnobierebas,

rogorc materialursa idealurs, erTmaneTs upirispi-

rebs, magram materiis cnebas materialursa da mainc ver

ayalibebs. cnobierebis gareSe bevri ram iseTi arsebobs,

romelTa gaerTianeba erT cnebaSi SeuZlebelia: arsebobs

materialuri sxeulebi, movlenebi, romelTac sxeulebri-

vi arsi ar gaaCniaT, bunebisa da sazogadoebis kanonebi,

klasebi, erebi, TviTon sazogadoeba da a. S., romelTa ga-

erTianeba erT cnebaSi, miT umetes, maTi CaTvla materia-

lurad SeuZlebelia. TviTon cnobierebis mTeli sferoc

ar SeiZleba idealurad CaiTvalos. idealuri ar aris, ma-

galiTad, fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic droSi arse-

bobs da gansakuTrebuli mobilurobiT xasiaTdeba. misgan

sruliad gansxvavebulia logikuris sfero, romelic

droulobis gareSea da namdvil idealurs warmoadgens.

yvela am naklovanebaTa gamo SeuZlebelia materiis cne-

bis gansazRvra cnobierebis gareSe da misgan damoukideb-

lobis mixedviT.

aranakleb mcdaria materiis cnebis “leninuri gan-

sazRvreba”, romlis mixedviT, materia aris obieqturi re-

aloba, romelic adamians SegrZnebebSi, aRqmebSi eZleva

da cnobierebaSi aisaxeba. aseT obieqtur realobas arama-

terialuri realuri arsic warmoadgens, magram mas mate-

rias ver vuwodebT. magaliTad, ekonomikuri, politikuri,

da a. S. viTareba arsebobs obieqturad, e. i. adamianis

cnobierebisagan damoukideblad, romelTac Sinagani

grZnobis organoebis saSualebiT kidec aRviqvamT, magram

isini arc materialuria da, miT umetes, arc materias

warmoadgens.

materiis cnebis gansazRvrebaTa Soris yvelaze gav-

rcelebulsa da istoriulad damkvidrebuls, agreTve yve-

laze ufro misaRebs is gansazRvreba warmoadgens, rome-

74

lic materias nivTierebasTan aigivebs, Tvlis, rom mate-

rialuri niSnavs nivTiers, sivrcesa da droSi ganfenils.

dekarti erTmaneTTan aigivebda materias, sxeulsa da siv-

rceSi ganfenils. am SemTxvevaSic, cxadia, rom materiis

cnebis qveS sxva araferi igulisxmeba, garda nivTierebi-

sa.

eleqtromagnituri velis aRmoCenis Semdeg materiis

cneba gaafarToves da mis qveS, nivTierebis garda, velic

moiazres. “arsebuli materialuri _ werda rusi fizikosi

s. i. vavilovi _ moZravi materia, or ZiriTad formaSi

warmogvidgeba _ rogorc nivTiereba da rogorc sinaT-

le”.1 arsebobs iseTi Tvalsazrisic, romelic materiis

cnebas, nivTierebasTan erTad, energiasac miakuTvnebs, ra-

Ta axsnas Tanamedrove fizikis mier aRmoCenili kanonzo-

miereba nivTierebisa da energiis urTierTgadasvlis Sesa-

xeb. Tu energias materiis erT-erT saxed miviCnevT, maSin

SeuZlebeli iqneba laparaki materiis ganfenilobis Sesa-

xeb sivrcesa da droSi da verc SegrZnebebSi materiis mo-

cemulobis Sesaxeb vilaparakebT, vinaidan energiis yvela

forma (magaliTad, potencialuri energia) SegrZnebebSi

ar gveZleva. am da sxva msgavsi siZneleebis gamo materiis

cnebis es gansazRvrebac miuReblad migvaCnia.

jer kidev adreuli antikurobis droidan materia-

nivTiereba saganTa qmnadobis masalad iTvleboda da mas

“pirvelmaterias” uwodebdnen. ase Camoyalibda pirveli

monisturi filosofiuri Teoriebi jer kidev ionur sko-

laSi. es, miT umetes, iTqmis platonisa da aristoteles

Sesaxeb, romlebic pirvelmaterias, rogorc sagnebis qmna-

dobis masalas, gaurkvevel, usasrulo da inertul masad

Tvlidnen. materia, aristoteles mixedviT, SesaZleblo-

baa, romelic mxolod formis miRebis Semdeg iqceva si-

namdviled da konkretuli sagnebis saxiT warmosdgeba.

pirvelmateria, rogorc masala, gagebuli iyo ro-

gorc inertuli, pasiuri, Sinagan Zalas, Semoqmedebis

unars moklebuli masa. misgan materialuri samyaros qmna-

1 С. И. Вавилов, Собр. Соч., т. IV, М., 1956, стр. 190.

75

doba mxolod aramaterialur Zalas SeeZlo. aseT Zalas

anaqsagorasTan goneba (“nus”) warmoadgens, romelsac moZ-

raobaSi mohyavs inertuli pirvelmateria-nivTiereba.

aristotelesTan forma aris idealuri da garkveulobis

Semoqmedi. erTi sityviT, marTalia, inerciis kanoni niu-

tonma aRmoaCina, magram materiis inertulobis ideas sul

cota 25 saukunis istoria aqvs. pirveli biZgis Teoriis

(romelsac niutonic iziarebda) Camoyalibebac materiis

inertulobis ideam ganapiroba.

amrigad, materiis, rogorc nivTierebis, koncefcia

sxva TeoriebTan SedarebiT ufro racionaluria. swored

amitom qvemoT materiis cnebis qveS yovelTvis nivTiere-

bas vigulisxmebT.

aqve SevniSnavT, rom Cvens wignSi “bunebismecnierebis

filosofia” (Tbilisi, 1974) Camoyalibebuli materiis cne-

ba amJamad CvenTvis sruliad miuRebelia. im dros, roca

zemoxsenebuli wigni iwereboda, sxvagvarad materiis Sesa-

xeb msjeloba SeuZlebeli iyo.

materiis substanciurobis Teoria marqsistuli ma-

terializmis Tvalsazrisia, Cvens mizans ki maSin am gaba-

tonebuli Tvalsazrisis gadmocema warmoadgenda; sapi-

rispiro Tvalsazrisi, romelsac axla vicavT, maSin ta-

budadebuli iyo. erTi sityviT, materiis Sesaxeb Cveni ax-

landeli koncefcia diametrulad gansxvavdeba zemoxsene-

bul wignSi Camoyalibebuli koncefciisagan.

$$$$22. materiis struqturuli analizi22. materiis struqturuli analizi22. materiis struqturuli analizi22. materiis struqturuli analizi

rodesac laparakoben materiis struqturis Sesaxeb,

maSin materiis cnebis qveS ZiriTadad nivTierebas gulis-

xmoben. nivTierebis struqturul elementebs ki mikrona-

wilakebi warmoadgens. cnobili fizikosi karl fridrix

fon vaiczekeri ambobs, rom “Cven dRes materias vicnobT,

rogorc elementarul nawilakebs”.1 amrigad, materiis

1 Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Die Einheit der Natur, München, 1981, s. 362.

76

struqturis Sesaxeb moZRvreba aris moZRvreba elementa-

ruli nawilakebis Sesaxeb.

materiis atomisturi Teoria jer kidev Zvel saber-

ZneTSi warmoiSva, romelic mravali saukunis manZilze

erTaderT Teoriad iTvleboda. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac

igi (XIX saukunidan) sabunebismetyvelo Teoria gaxda, da-

iwyo kvleva misi struqturuli elementebis anu mikrona-

wilakebis Sesaxeb. d. i. mendeleevma qimiuri elementebis

periodulobis kanonis aRmoCeniT atomistur Teorias sa-

bolood daumkvidra adgili mecnierebaSi.

amis Semdeg fiqrobdnen, rom nivTiereba korpuskule-

bisagan Sedgeba, energia ki _ talRebisagan. es niSnavda,

rom nivTiereba wyvetadia, energia ki uwyveti.

magram 1900 wels plankma aRmoaCina energiis kvantis

arseboba, kerZod aRmoCnda, rom eleqtromagnituri tal-

Rebis energia gamosxivdeba da STainTqmeba calkeuli

diskretuli ulufebis saxiT, romelTac energiis kvanti

ewodeba. cota gvian (1905) ainStainma aRmoaCina sinaTlis

kvantebi anu fotonebi. sinaTle gamosxivdeba da STain-

Tqmeba kvantebis (fotonebis) saxiT, romelTa energia

plankis formulis ( υΕ = h ) safuZvelze ganisazRvreba.

sinaTle, ainStainis mixedviT, energiis kvantebis nakadia.

amrigad, Tvalsazrisi, romelic nivTierebas wyvetadad

Tvlida, xolo energias _ uwyvetad, mcdari aRmoCnda.

energia, iseve rogorc nivTiereba, diskretulia, magram

igi amave dros uwyveticaa, vinaidan sxvadasxva energiis

kvantebi udidesi siCqariT misdevs erTmaneTs da uwyveto-

bas qmnis. wyvetadoba-uwyvetobis dasabuTebas warmoadgens

nivTierebaTa Semadgeneli umciresi nawilakebis talRur-

korpuskuluri bunebis aRmoCena: talRa uwyvetobis gamom-

xatvelia korpuskula ki wyvetadobisa.

gasul saukuneSi materiis atomisturma Teoriam

mZlavri aRmavloba ganicada; warmoiSva axali mecniereba

_ kvanturi meqanika _ romelic materiis struqturas

swavlobs. am saqmeSi didi wvlili miuZRvis planks, ain-

Stains, bors, haizenbergs, borns da sxv. XIX saukunis

damdegs materiis elementarul nawilakad atomi iTvle-

77

boda; Semdeg aRmoCnda atomis struqturuli nawilakebi:

eleqtroni, protoni, neitroni, amJamad cnobilia ramdeni-

me aseuli elementaruli nawilaki. TviTon es nawilake-

bic struqturuli erTeulebia da maTi CaTvla materiis

dayofis ukanasknel sazRvrad, msgavsad klasikuri war-

modgenisa atomis Sesaxeb, SeuZlebelia.

atomuri fizikis ganviTarebam waSala gammijnavi

sazRvari korpuskulasa da talRas Soris. eleqtrons

ormagi buneba aqvs _ talRuri da korpuskuluri. amis aR-

moCenas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda materiis maradiulo-

bis ideis kritikis TvalsazrisiT. magram amis Sesaxeb

momdevno paragrafSi gveqneba msjeloba.

atomuri fizikis erT-erTi didi aRmoCena iyo haizen-

bergis ganuzRvrelobaTa principis Camoyalibeba, romel-

sac ara mxolod fizikuri, aramed didi filosofiuri

mniSvnelobac aqvs. am principis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia

mikronawilakebis koordinatisa da impulsis erTdrou-

lad didi sizustiT gazomva. rac ufro zustad vzomavT

erT-erT maTgans, miT ufro arazustia meoris gazomva.

amodiodnen ra dakvirvebadobis filosofiuri principi-

dan, kopenhagenis skolis fizikosebi (bori, haizenbergi,

borni da sxv.). amtkicebdnen, rom mikronawilakebs er-

Tdroulad ara aqvs koordinati da impulsi. aseTma das-

kvnam cxare kamaTi gamoiwvia borsa da ainStains Soris.

es ukanaskneli Tvlida, rom mikronawilaks aqvs koordi-

natic da impulsic, magram maTi erTdroulad gazomva fi-

zikas ar ZaluZs. amis safuZvelze ainStaini akeTebda das-

kvnas, rom kvanturi meqanika ver iZleva fizikuri realo-

bis srul suraTs. bori da misi skola ki sawinaaRmdego

Tvalsazriss icavdnen.

haizenbergis principTan dakavSirebiT kidev ufro

saintereso iyo is daskvna, rom Cven principulad ar Seg-

viZlia vicodeT, Tu rogor moZraobda an sad imyofeboda

mikronawilaki gazomvamde. mikronawilaki uSualod (Tva-

liT) ar Cans. xelsawyos, romelsac misi koordinatisa da

impulsis gasazomvad vxmarobT da romelsac pirobiTad

fizikosebi gazomvis subieqtur mxares uwodeben, gazomvis

78

procesSi SeSfoTeba Seaqvs gasazomi mikronawilakis

mdgomareobaSi da, maSasadame, Cven “vxedavT” ara imas, ra

mdgomareobaSic imyofeboda mikronawilaki Cvens dakvirve-

bamde (gazomvamde), aramed imas, rac Cven “SeSfoTebis” Se-

degad masSi cvlileba SevitaneT. zogjer sruliad samar-

Tlianad am aRmoCenis agnostikur interpretacias ewevian.

haizenbergis ganuzRvrelobaTa kanonis safuZvelze

borma SeimuSava damatebiTobis principi, romelic, zoga-

dad aRebuli, niSnavs ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego Tvise-

bis urTierTdamatebas da erT suraTSi gaerTianebas; si-

naTle xan talRiseburad moqmedebs, xan korpuskulisebu-

rad, igi xan erT Tvisebas gamoavlens, xan meores. es ori

suraTi, erTi mxriv, erTmaneTs gamoricxavs, xolo, meore

mxriv, erTmaneTs avsebs. am ori suraTis erTmaneTTan da-

mateba, boris mixedviT, qmnis kvanturi meqanikis srul su-

raTs.

aRmoCenil iqna antinawilakebi; aseTia, magaliTad,

antiprotoni, antineitroni. TviTon eleqtronsa da po-

zitrons urTierTsawinaaRmdego muxtebi aqvT. pirveli

uaryofiTi muxtis mqonea, meore ki dadebiTisa. laparako-

ben bunebis kanonebis simetriul xasiaTzec.

Tanamedrove naturfilosofia, uwinares yovlisa,

ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriasa da kvantur meqanikas

emyareba. qvemoT Sesabamis TavebSi mocemuli iqneba am

fundamenturi sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebis safuZvelze

Camoyalibebuli naturfilosofiuri koncefciebis anali-

zi.

$$$$23. materiis maradiulobis idea da Tanamedrove 23. materiis maradiulobis idea da Tanamedrove 23. materiis maradiulobis idea da Tanamedrove 23. materiis maradiulobis idea da Tanamedrove

bunebismecnierebabunebismecnierebabunebismecnierebabunebismecniereba

materiis maradiulobis idea jer kidev antikur fi-

losofiaSi Camoyalibda. berZeni filosofosebi Tvlid-

nen, rom materialuri sagnebis warmoSoba nawilebisagan

Sedgenas niSnavs, xolo mospoba _ imave nawilebad daS-

las. es idea jer kidev empedokles filosofiaSi gvxvde-

79

ba, sadac saganTa qmnadoba gagebulia, rogorc oTxi sti-

qionis (cecxli, wyali, miwa, haeri) SeerTeba an daSla.

TviTon es stiqionebi ki maradiulia, nawilebad ar iSle-

ba da, maSasadame, arc warmoiSoba da arc ispoba, aramed

maradiulia. es, miT umetes iTqmis atomistur moZRvreba-

ze, romlis mixedviT, atomebi aris materialuri sagnebis

dayofis sazRvrebi, ustruqturo nawilakebi, romlisganac

yvelaferi Sedgeba. atomebis maradiulobas ki maTi us-

truqturoba, simartive ganapirobebs. maT ara aqvT nawi-

lebi da, maSasadame, maTi arc mospoba da arc warmoSoba

ar SeiZleba.

axal droSi, marTalia, aRmoCnda atomis struqturu-

li elementebi _ misi dayofadoba _ magram materiis mara-

diulobis idea SenarCunebul iqna. klasikuri bunebismec-

niereba, gansakuTrebiT fizika, romelic stiqiurad mate-

rializmis poziciebze idga, materiis maradiulobis ide-

as, cxadia, iolad ver Seeleoda; miT umetes, mas ver See-

leoda materializmi, romelic swored materiis maradiu-

lobis ideazea dafuZnebuli. amrigad, Tumca materiis ma-

radiulobis ideas safuZveli gamoecala, magram materia-

listuri msoflmxedveloba mainc ganagrZobda da ganag-

rZobs arsebobas.

materiis Semadgeneli nawilakis _ atomis _ gayofa

materiis maradiulobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli pirveli

faqti iyo, romelsac SemdgomSi, bunebismecnierebis ganvi-

Tarebis kvaldakval, kidev ufro TvalsaCino faqtebis

aRmoCena mohyva. erT-erT aseT faqts warmoadgenda materi-

is anihilaciis aRmoCena. eleqtroni da pozitroni _ sapi-

rispiro muxtebis mqone elementaruli materialuri nawi-

lakebi _ urTierTSexvedrisas anihilirdeba anu materia-

lur nawilakebad yofnas wyvets da energiad gardaiqmneba.

materializmi am faqts materiis formebis urTierTgar-

daqmnas uwodebs, vinaidan energias, nivTierebasTan erTad,

materiis Semadgenel nawilad moiazrebs da laparakobs

materiis or formaze: nivTiereba da veli. magram Tu ma-

teriis cnebis qveS tradiciulad mxolod nivTierebas ga-

80

vigebT, maSin anihilaciis faqtis safuZvelze materiis

gaqrobis Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTeba aucilebeli gaxdeba.

materiis gaqrobis idea materiis (nivTierebis) da

energiis urTierTgardaqmnadobis safuZvelze kidev ufro

aSkarad daadastura ainStainis mier aRmoCenilma kanonma

masisa da energiis proporciulobis Sesaxeb (E=mc2). am ka-

nonis Tanaxmad, `nivTiereba warmoadgens energiis uzarma-

zar marags da energia aris nivTiereba... nivTiereba iq

aris, sadac didia energiis koncentracia, veli ki iq, sa-

dac energiis koncentracia mcirea” (ainStaini). energias

aqvs masa, masa ki warmoadgens materias. amis safuZvelze

nivTierebisa da velis gansxvaveba TiTqmis mTlianad iS-

leba. ainStainis am kanons f. franki aseT interpretacias

aZlevs: “ainStainis Teoriis Tanaxmad, materia SeiZleba

gadaiqces energiad _ raRac aramaterialur arsebad, maSa-

sadame, samyaros materialisturi aRwera, romelic mate-

riis maradiulobas aRiarebs, uaryofilia Tanamedrove

mecnierebis mier, romelic amJamad ufro SeTavsebadi gax-

da RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis ideasTan”. aseT interpretaci-

aze arc ainStaini ityoda uars.

aris Tu ara energia materialuri? Tu iqidan amo-

valT, rom materialuri aris nivTieri, ganfenili sivrce-

sa da droSi, maSin energias materialurad ver CavTvliT,

vinaidan mas sivrceSi ganfenilobis niSani aklia. magram

es imas ar niSnavs, rom raki igi ar aris materialuri, iq-

neba idealuri. energia arc materialuria da arc idea-

luri. araa swori dixotomia: materialuri an idealuri.

bunebaSi bevri ram arsebobs, rac arc erTia da arc meo-

re.

masisa da energiis proporciulobis kanonTan dakav-

Sirebulia haizenbergis energetizmi, romlis mixedviT,

“mTeli materia erTi da erTaderTi substanciisagan _

energiisagan _ Sedgeba, romelic sxvadasxva formiT ga-

movlindeba”.1 sxva adgilze haizenbergi wers: “yvela ele-

mentaruli nawilaki “gakeTebulia” erTi da imave sub-

1 В. Геизенберг, Философские проблемы атомной Физики, М., 1953, gv. 100-101.

81

stanciisagan da erTi da igive masalisagan, romelsac

Cven axla SegviZlia vuwodoT energia”. erTi sityviT, Ta-

namedrove bunebismecnierebaSi fexi moikida materiis (niv-

Tierebis) maradiulobis kanonis uaryofam.

magram materiis maradiulobis ideas yvelaze metad

daupirispirda XX saukunis kosmologiuri Teoria, ro-

melsac SeiZleba “kosmologiuri kreacionizmi” vuwodoT,

vinaidan igi amtkicebs ararasagan samyaros qmnadobas.

amis Sesaxeb momdevno paragrafSi gveqneba saubari.

$$$$24. materiis maradiulobis problema da 24. materiis maradiulobis problema da 24. materiis maradiulobis problema da 24. materiis maradiulobis problema da

kosmologiuri kreacionkosmologiuri kreacionkosmologiuri kreacionkosmologiuri kreacionizmiizmiizmiizmi

kreacionizmis idea uZveles ideaTa ricxvs ekuTvnis;

igi jer kidev Zvel miTologiaSi gvxvdeba. hesiodes (VIII s.

qristes win) TxzulebsSi “Teogonia” laparakia imis Sesa-

xeb, Tu rogor Seiqmna qaosidan mTeli samyaro. qaosis

cneba araras cnebis tolfasia. amdenad qaosidan kosmosis

qmnadoba unda gavigoT rogorc kreacia, araradan qmnado-

ba.

kreacionizmis idea miTologiidan filosofiaSi gad-

movida da dasabuTebis gziT codnis xasiaTi miiRo. pirve-

li kreacionistuli idea, romlis qveS araradan samyaros

qmnadoba igulisxmeba, bundovnad, magram arsebiTad anaqsi-

mandrem (VI s. qristes win) gamoTqva. “apeironi” aris is,

risganac mTeli samyaro warmoiSoba. “apeironi” usaz-

Rvros, gaurkvevels niSnavs. am azriT “apeironidan” samya-

ros qmnadoba arsebiTad araradan qmnadobas anu kreacias

warmoadgens. ZiriTadad igive ideas vxvdebiT anaqsagoras

(V s. qristes win) filosofiaSic. marTalia, igi lapara-

kobs homeomeriebis narevidan gonebis (“nus”) garegani biZ-

gis Sedegad samyaros qmnadobis Sesaxeb, magram es narevi

anaqsimandres “apeironisagan” arafriT ar gansxvavdeba. mas

ara aqvs araviTari gansazRvruloba, ar warmoadgens raime

konkretul sagans. am SemTxvevaSic, Tu dasrulebuli krea-

cionistuli idea ara, misi analogi mainc gvaqvs.

82

ufro TvalsaCino da Camoyalibebuli forma hqonda

religiur kreacionizms, romelic TiTqmis yvela religi-

aSi gvxvdeba. kreacionizmi yvelaze naTlad warmoCnda iu-

daur-qristianul religiaSi. “Zveli aRTqma” iwyeba sit-

yvebiT: “dasabamad hqmnna RmerTman cai da qveyanai” (1.1).

araradan Seqmna RmerTma mTeli samyaro. es aris religiu-

ri kreacionizmis mTavari idea, romlis analogs, rogorc

qvemoT vnaxavT, kosmologiur (mecnierul) kreacionizmSi

vxvdebiT.

mecnieruli kreacionizmi XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

Camoyalibda. yvelaferi imiT daiwyo, rom gasuli sauku-

nis pirvel meoTxedSi amerikelma astronomma slaiferma

aRmoaCina, rom “mraval nisleulobaTa speqtraluri xaze-

bi odnav midrekilia wiTeli an cisferi mxarisaken”1 am

movlenas Semdeg “wiTeli wanacvleba” ewoda, romlis

asaxsnelad didma amerikelma astronomma e. p. hablma ga-

moiyena avstrieli fizikosis kr. dopleris mier 1842

wels aRmoCenili akustikisa da optikis erT-erTi ZiriTa-

di principi, romlis mixedviT, rxevebis sixSire damokide-

bulia rogorc rxevis wyaros, aseve damkvirveblis moZra-

obaze. SemdgomSi am kanons “dopleris efeqti” ewoda.

talRebis rxevis sixSire ki mis fers gansazRvravs. ker-

Zod, rodesac sinaTlis wyaro da damkvirvebuli erTma-

neTs Sordeba, maSin rxevebis sixSire mcirdeba, rasac wi-

Teli feri Seesabameba, xolo, piriqiT, sinaTlis wyarosa

da damkvirveblis miaxloebisas talRebis rxevebis sixSi-

re izrdeba da Sesabamisad adgili aqvs iisfer wanacvle-

bas. dopleris efeqtis safuZvelze e. p. hablma wiTeli

wanacvleba axsna, rogorc samyaros gafarToeba. wiTeli

wanacvleba imis maCvenebelia, rom galaqtikebi gvSordeba

(“garbian”), rac samyaros gafarToebas niSnavs. hablma aR-

moaCina kanoni, romlis mixedviT, galaqtikebis daSorebis

siCqare maTi manZilis proporciulia anu “galaqtikebis

wiTeli wanacvleba izrdeba daaxloebiT Cvenamde arsebu-

1 Ст. Вайнберг, Первые три минуты, М., 1981, cтр. 26.

83

li manZilis proporciulad”.1 rac ufro Cqara gvSordeba

galaqtika, miT ufro wiTelia da, maSasadame, miT ufro

Sorsaa Cvengan.

amrigad, hablisa da sxva, misi Tanamedrove astrono-

mebis gamokvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom samyaro

farTovdeba, galaqtikebi ganuwyvetlad Sordeba erTma-

neTs ise, rogorc gabervis procesSi myofi burTis zeda-

pirze aRniSnuli wertilebi erTmaneTs Sordeba. TiToe-

ul galaqtikas Tavi “warmoudgenia” statikur mdgomareo-

baSi, romelsac sxva galaqtikebi Sordeba; magram sinam-

dvileSi yvela galaqtika erTnair mdgomareobaSia; samya-

ros gafarToeba swored maT urTierTdaSorebas niSnavs.

amitom samyaro yvela galaqtikidan erTnairad Cans, ra

mimarTulebiTac ar unda iyos mzera mipyrobili. es niS-

navs samyaros izotropulobasa da erTgvarovnebas. am vi-

Tarebas gamoTqvams astronomiaSi kargad cnobili kosmo-

logiuri principi.

samyaros gafarToebis aRmoCenamde udavod iTvlebo-

da, rom samyaro aris statikuri, ucvleli, stacionarul

mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. am koncefciis sawinaaRmdegod

1922 wels azri gamoTqva rusma maTematikosma a. a. frid-

manma, romelmac samyaros arastacionaruli (anu “Ria”)

modeli SeimuSava. am modelis mixedviT, samyaro drois

momentis Sesabamisad icvleba. es modeli ainStainis Teo-

rias emyareboda sivrcis gamrudebis Sesaxeb; a. a. fridma-

ni daaskvnida, rom gamrudebuli sivrce ar SeiZleba sta-

tikuri iyos. a. a. fridmanis gamokvlevis safuZvelze ain-

Stainma radikalurad Secvala Tavisi Tvalsazrisi samya-

ros stacionaruli modelis Sesaxeb da “Ria” samyaros

koncefcia relativisturad daafuZna.

raki gairkva, rom samyaro farTovdeba, bunebrivia,

rom gafarToebas dasawyisi unda hqondes. marTlac, as-

tronomebi, astrofizikosebi da kosmologebi varaudoben,

rom samyaros asaki daaxloebiT 15-20 miliardi welia.2

1 Ст. Вайнберг, Первые три минуты, стр. 27. 2 Ст. Вайнберг, Первые три минуты, стр. 34, 37.

84

yvelaferi ki imiT daiwyo, rom moxda “didi afeTqeba”

(Big bang), rac samyaros Seqmnis, misi evoluciis dasawyiss

warmoadgenda. afeTqebamde ki araferi ar arsebobda: arc

materia, arc dro da arc sivrce. cxadia, zedmetia lapa-

raki galaqtikebisa da kosmosis Sesaxeb. iyo mxolod ra-

Rac wertilis toli “cecxlovani burTi”, romelic uzar-

mazari gravitaciuli kolafsis mdgomareobaSi imyofebo-

da,1 romlis simkvrive wylis simkvrives aTas miliardjer

aRemateboda, xolo temperatura as miliard graduss aR-

wevda. aseTi uzarmazari gravitaciuli Zalebisa da aseve

uzarmazari temperaturis arsebobis pirobebSi, cxadia,

SeuZlebeli iyo materialuri nawilakebis arseboba, rome-

lic, Tanamedrove warmodgenebis mixedviT, materialuri

samyaros struqturul elementebs warmoadgens. maS, ra

iyo singularul mdgomareobaSi myofi “cecxlovani bur-

Ti”? igi ar iyo arc materia da arc idea; yvelaferi didi

afeTqebis Semdeg warmoiSva. erTaderTi daskvna, romelic

zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba gakeTdes, aris is, rom samyaro

araradan warmoiSva. “uaxlesi warmodgenebis mixedviT _

wers gamoCenili mecnieri da mecnierebis popularizato-

ri p. devisi _ samyaros gadaqceva zustad araradan fizi-

kur realobad moxda TviTneburad amofrqvevis darad.

TviT sivrce da droc warmoiSva mxolod didi afeTqebis

momentSi”2 da, Semdeg: didi afeTqeba ar SeiZleba gavigoT,

rogorc “nivTierebis beltis afeTqeba ukve arsebul vaku-

umSi”, vinaidan sivrce da dro jer kidev ar arsebobda.

“samyaros Seqmnis mecnieruli suraTi Rrmad bibliuri

aRmoCnda, vinaidan igi asaxavs ara marto materiis, aramed

sivrcis dabadebasac... maSasadame, didi afeTqeba ar mom-

xdara samyaroSi. es iyo TviTon samyaros dabadeba mTlia-

nad da zustad ararasagan”.3

araradan qmnadobis ideas astronomTa didi umrav-

lesoba aRiarebs. gamoCenili kosmologi a. guTi, romel-

sac didi wvlili miuZRvis gafarToebadi samyaros Semu-

1 Т. Редже, Этюды о Вселенной, М.. 1985. 46, 53. 2 П. Девис, Суперсила, М. 1989, стр. 13 3 iqve, gv. 22.

85

SavebaSi, wers: “xSirad amboben, rom muqTi sauzme (lanCi)

ar arsebobs. magram samyaro, rogorc Cans, aseT muqT sa-

uzmes warmoadgens”. kacobriobas didi xania swamda, rom

ex nihilo nihil fit (“araradan araferi ar warmoiSoba”). magram

“axla Cven SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom yvelaferi araradan

warmoiSva”1

amrigad, XX saukunis did kosmologTa mTeli Taoba:

J. lemetri, g. a. gamovi, h. bondi, f. hoili, t. goldi, p.

diraki, a. guTi da sxvebi sxvadasxva kuTxiT asabuTeben

materialuri samyaros spontanur qmnadobas. bondi da

goldi amtkiceben, rom samyaros gafarToeba araradan ma-

teriis ganuwyveteli spontanuri qmnadobis Sedegia. ami-

tom samyaro yovelTvis wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi im-

yofeba. misi wonasworoba am SemTxvevaSi imas niSnavs, rom

araradan materiis qmnadoba awonasworebs materiis gan-

mxoloebas gafarToebis Sedegad. swored amitom samyaros

simkvrive ucvlelia.2

gamoCenili kosmologi f. hoili Tvlis, rom samya-

ros gafarToeba materiis ganuwyveteli qmnadobis Sede-

gia. materiis simkvrive samyaroSi imitom ar icvleba, rom

materia spontanurad iqmneba. “axal-axali materia ganuw-

yvetlad iqmneba... Tu zogjer gvekiTxebian saidan modis

Seqmnili nivTiereba, maSin unda vupasuxoT: arsaidan ar

modis; ubralod materia Cndeba, igi iqmneba. drois gar-

kveul momentSi materiis Semadgeneli sxvadasxva atomi

ar arsebobs. magram ufro gvian isini arsebobs... ufro

Zveli Teoriebis Tanaxmad, samyaros mTeli nivTiereba

myisierad unda gaCndes; amasTanave qmnadobis process di-

di afeTqebis forma aqvs. rac Semexeba me, es idea ufro

ucnaurad meCveneba, vidre ganuwyveteli qmnadobis idea”.3

amrigad, f. hoilis azriT, didi afeTqebis Sedegad mate-

ria erTbaSad ki ar iqmneba, aramed TandaTanobiT, ganuw-

yvetlad, rac amJamadac grZeldeba.

1 П. Девис, Суперсила, М. 1989, стр. 215. 2 Ст. Бутрик, Идея спонтанного возникновения материи из ничего в космологии ХХ

века, "Вопросы философии", №4, 1976. 3 H. Hoyle, The Nature of universe, Oxford, 1950, p. 104-106.

86

araradan qmnadobis ideis dasabuTebas emsaxureba

kosmologiuri postulatic, romelic amtkicebs, rom sam-

yaro saSualod erTnairia, ra adgilidanac ar unda gan-

vixiloT. erTi sityviT, es principi samyaros erTgvarov-

nebas amtkicebs. es ki niSnavs, rom samyaros nebismieri

sferos gafarToebis Sedegad nivTierebis (materiis) saSu-

alo simkvrive ucvleli rCeba. amis axsna ki SeuZlebelia

araradan ganuwyveteli qmnadobis daSvebis gareSe. sxvag-

varad rogor SeiZleboda samyaros gafarToebis pirobeb-

Si nivTierebis simkvrivis SenarCuneba mis ganuwyveteli

qmnadobis gareSe?

samyaros evoluciis dadasturebam didi afeTqebis

Teoriis safuZvelze sabolood uaryo bunebis maradiu-

lobis idea, rasac jer kidev Zveli berZeni filosofo-

sebi (gansakuTrebiT materialistebi), iziarebdnen da ra-

sac nebismieri materializmi _Tanamedroveobis CaTvliT

_ amtkicebda. dadginda, rom nebismieri ciuri sxeuli,

TviT galaqtikebic ki, warmoSobilia da garkveuli dro-

is Semdeg gaqreba. varskvlavebi energias iRebs rTuli

TermobirTvuli reaqciebis Sedegad. magram rodesac ener-

giis wyaro Semoileva, maSin isini Caqreba. daaxloebiT

aTi miliardi wlis Semdeg varskvlavTa umravlesoba da-

iwveba.1 TviT mzec saSualod xuTi miliardi weli ana-

Tebs da kidev daaxloebiT aT miliard wels gaanaTebs.2

mTeli samyaros asaksac, rogorc vTqviT, 15-20 miliardi

wliT gansazRvraven. varaudoben samyaros sididesac, ro-

melic miliardobiT galaqtikebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa

Soris agreTve daaxloebiT ramdenime milioni sinaTlis

wlis manZilia. Tanamedrove kosmologias ki jerjerobiT

12 miliardi sinaTlis wliT daSorebul galaqtikebze Se-

uZlia dakvirveba.3 miuxedavad amisa, ainStainis relatiu-

robis Teoriis Tanaxmad, samyaro sasrulia, magram ganu-

sazRvreli. sivrcis simrude misi sasrulobis maCvenebe-

1 St. Hawking, Bleack holes and Baby Universes and other essays. N.Y. Toronto, London,

Sydney, Auckland, 1988, p. 134. 2 T. Редже, Этюды о Вселенной, стр. 45, 50. 3 iqve, gv. 43.

87

lia. samyaros droSi sasrulobas amtkicebs Termodinami-

kis meore kanonic, romlis mixedviT, entropia ganuwyvet-

lad izrdeba, siTburi energia ifanteba. entropiis

zrdas, a. s. edingtonis mixedviT, dasasruli eqneba, rome-

lic maSin dadgeba, roca entropia maqsimums miaRwevs _

siTburi energia mTlianad gaTanabrdeba. am SemTxvevaSi

moZraoba Sewydeba, rac samyaros sikvdils niSnavs. marTa-

lia, am koncefcias bevri mowinaaRmdegec hyavs (varaudo-

ben araentropiul procesebs), magram igi jer kidev uar-

yofili ar aris.

vidre msjelobas ganvagrZobdeT, ar SeiZleba yurad-

Rebis gareSe davtovoT religiuri da mecnieruli krea-

cionizmis msgavseba. orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs arara-

dan samyaros qmnadobis ideasTan. samyaro ar aris maradi-

uli; igi Seqmnilia da, maSasadame, droSi sasrulia. jer

kidev platoni, xolo Semdeg avgustine amtkicebda, rom

dro da sivrce samyarosTan erTad Seiqmnao. swored am

ideas adasturebs Tanamedrove kosmologia.

aseve materializmi dabejiTebiT amtkicebda materi-

is maradiulobas da masze agebda Tavis aTeistursa da

antireligiur koncefcias. Tanamedrove kosmologiam es

ideac gaacamtvera da materializmi faqtobrivad usafuZ-

vlod darCa. bevri kosmologi Tvlis, rom araradan mate-

riis qmnadobis idea ar ewinaaRmdegeba materiisa da ener-

giis Senaxvis kanonebs. jer erTi, nebismieri energia ar

inaxeba (magaliTad, energiis aragravitaciuli nawili)

da, meore, energiis Senaxvis kanons, romelic empiriuli

Sinaarsis kanonia, mniSvneloba aqvs gazomvis sizustis

mxolod im farglebSi romelSic igi sruldeba. magram

vinaidan Tanamedrove gazomvis sizuste sakmaod mcirea,

amitom am kanonis darRvevis SemTxveva ar SeimCneva. es

darRveva, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia materiis ganuwyve-

teli qmnadobiT. h. bondi, romelmac t. goldTan erTad

SeimuSava “srulqmnili (perfect) kosmologiuri principi~,

Tvlis, rom “saSualod yovel 109 (erTi miliardi _ s. a.)

welSi kubur decimetr sivrceSi iqmneba wyalbadis ato-

mis masis toli masa... cxadia, rom qmnadobis aseT sixSi-

88

reze dakvirveba SeuZlebelia”1. amrigad, materiisa da

energiis Senaxvis kanoni, romelsac absolutur, sayovel-

Tao mniSvnelobas miawerdnen, mxolod empiriuli Sinaar-

sis mqone kanoni aRmoCnda, xolo samyaros qmnadobis asax-

snelad es kanoni ar gamodgeba.

bunebrivia, rom singularul mdgomareobaSi myofi

kolafsirebuli “cecxlovani burTis” mimarT azrs hkar-

gavs kiTxvebi: “sad” da “rodis”, vinaidan did afeTqebamde

araferi ar arsebobda, maT Soris arc dro da sivrce.

aseve singularuli “cecxlovani burTis” mimarT azrs

hkargavs fizikuri kanonebi. fizikuri samyaro jer kidev

ar arsebobs da, cxadia, arc fizikis kanonebi iarsebebs.

gamoCenilma fizikosma jon uilerma maxvilgonivrulad

Tqva: “iq ar aris araviTari kanoni, garda im kanonisa,

rom araviTari kanoni ar aris”. es garemoebac imaze miu-

TiTebs, rom yvelaferi araradan daiwyo; winaaRmdeg Sem-

TxvevaSi nebismier arsebuls raRac kanoni, kanonzomiere-

ba eqneboda. iq, sadac araviTari kanoni da kanonzomiereba

ar aris, arc araferi SeiZleba iyos.

da, ai, uecrad gaqra gravitaciuli Zalebi da igi

antigravitaciulma _ ganzidvis Zalebma _ Secvales, ra-

mac didi afeTqeba, samyaros evolucia da, maSasadame, sam-

yaros araradan qmnadobis procesis dawyeba ganapiroba.

“cecxlovanma burTma” katastrofuli siCqariT daiwyo ga-

farToeba da Sesabamisad temperaturis dacema. mecnierebi

sakmao sizustiT angariSoben araradan samyaros qmnado-

bis procesis Tanamimdevrobas, samyaros evolucias. gamo-

Cenilma amerikelma kosmologma stiven vainbergma _ nobe-

lis premiis laureatma _ saxeli gaiTqva wigniT “pirveli

sami wuTi”, romelSic aRwerilia samyaros evoluciis

pirveli etapebi. didi afeTqebidan `sekundis erTi measedi

nawilis Semdeg... samyaros temperatura daaxloebiT cel-

siusis asi aTas milion graduss udrida”.2 aseTi tempera-

turis pirobebSi nivTierebis Cveulebrivi nawilakebis _

1 H. Bondi, Cosmology, Cambridge, 1960, p. 143. 2 Ст. Вайнберг, Первые три минуты, cтр. 12.

89

molekulebis, atomebis _ arseboba SeuZlebeli iyo. miu-

xedavad amisa, zogierTi elementaruli nawilakis _ eleq-

tronebis, pozitronebis, neitronebis _ garkveuli tipebi

mainc arsebobda. “samyaro sinaTliT iyo savse”, sinaTle

ki fotonebisagan Sedgeba, romelic “energiisa da impul-

sis garkveul ulufas” Seicavs. `es nawilakebi _ eleq-

tronebi, pozitronebi, neitronebi, fotonebi _ ganuwyvet-

lad ibadebodnen wminda energiisagan, xolo Semdeg Zali-

an swrafad kvlav anihilirdebodnen”.1 erTi meaTedi se-

kundis Semdeg temperatura aTi aTas milion gradusamde

daeca, xolo erTi sekundis Semdeg “cecxlovani burTi”

dedamiwis toli gaxda. yvelaferi didi siswrafiT moZra-

obs, saocrad Sesqelebuli pirveladi plazma afrqvevs

fotonebs, eleqtronebs, pozitronebs, neitronebs. sufevs

qaosi da jer kidev ar arsebobs araviTari galaqtika,

araviTari varskvlavebi da TviT atomebic ki.

xuTi sekundis Semdeg plazma kvlav giganturi sis-

wrafiT farTovdeba, temperatura aT miliard gradusamde

ecema. materialuri da antimaterialuri nawilakebi er-

TmaneTs aqrobs. asi sekundis Semdeg temperatura erT mi-

liard gradusamde ecema; warmoiSoba fotonebisa da neit-

ronebis beltebi, dadebiTad damuxtuli liTiumi, heliu-

mi, wyalbadis birTvebi sivrceSi dacuravs. isini izidavs

uaryofiTad damuxtul eleqtronebs, magram maTTan gaer-

Tianeba ar SeuZliaT, vinaidan jer kidev Zlieria maRali

energiebis mqone sinaTlis nawilakebis Zala.

samasi aTasi wlis Semdeg ibadeba atomebi. materia

im zomamde gacivda, rom atomebis birTvebi warmoiSoba,

fotonebis temperatura 3000 gradusia. warmoiSoba pirve-

li mZime elementebi: rkina da Jangbadi.

erTi miliardi wlis Semdeg iqmneba samyaro. var-

skvlavebi sivrceSi ganlagdeba; atomebi kosmosur nislo-

van Rrublebs qmnis. moqmedebs gravitaciuli Zala. mate-

ria centrSi sqeldeba.

1 Ст. Вайнберг, Первые три минуты, cтр. 13-14.

90

xuTi miliardi wlis Semdeg warmoiSva galaqtikebi,

planetebi; samyarom srulyofili saxe miiRo, araradan

qmnadobam samyaro warmoSva.*

mainc saidan Seiqmna materia, rogor unda gavigoT

araradan materiis qmnadoba?

mecnierebi jer kidev ver iZlevian gadamwyvet pasuxs

am kiTxvaze, magram varaudoben, rom “nivTierebis nawila-

kebi gamosxivebis wminda energiisagan” Seiqmna, “nivTiereba

warmoiSoba gamosxivebisagan” (st. vainbergi). rusi kali-

fornieli fizikosis andrei lindes azriT, didi afeTqe-

ba moxda vakuumis energiisagan. samyaroebis amgvari daba-

deba, misi azriT, axlac grZeldeba.

kosmologiuri da religiuri kreacionizmis ideebis

damTxveva aq sruliad aSkaraa. kidev metic, “bibliis” mi-

xedviT “da Tqua RmerTman: iqmnen naTeli da iqmna naTe-

li” (1.3.). kosmologiuri kreacionizmic samyaros dasaba-

mad sinaTles asaxelebs. singularul mdgomareobaSi myo-

fi “cecxlovani burTi” sinaTles afrqvevda. “samyaro si-

naTliT iyo savse” (st. vainbergi). sinaTlis pirveladoba

samyaros evoluciuri qmnadobis procesSi kreacionizmis

orive variantisaTvis misaRebia.

SemTxveviTi ar iyo is garemoeba, rom kreacionizmis

idea belgielma Teologma da astronomma lemetrim 1927

wels Semoitana. igi Tvlida, rom samyaro TiTqmis werti-

lobrivi “atomi-mamisagan” warmoiSva, romelic afeTqda

da dRemde farTovdeba.1 es idea ganaviTara rusma emigran-

tma georg gamovma (1904-1968), romelmac uzarmazari roli

iTamaSa Tanamedrove kosmologiis ganviTarebaSi. maT mier

SemuSavebuli gafarToebuli samyaros modelis mixedviT,

atomebis warmoSobis Semdeg ciuri mtveri Sesqelda da

warmoiSva varskvlavebi da galaqtikebi.

moxda Tu ara namdvilad didi afeTqeba? ramdenad

sandoa didi afeTqebis Teoria? fizikosebsa da kosmolo-

* cnobebi aRebulia st. vainbergis wignidan `pirveli sami wuTi~, tulio rejes wignidan: `etiudebi samyaros Sesaxeb~ da germanuli Jurnalidan: `Hystory: Die Schopfung~ 20.XI, 1998 (monika vaineris statia). 1 Г. Лететр, Расширяющаяся Вселенная, "Мироведение", т. 24, №4, 1935, стр. 225-226.

91

gebSi didi afeTqebis Teoria eWvs ar iwvevs. “unda ven-

doT Tu ara didi afeTqebis Teorias?” svams kiTxvas ita-

lieli fizikosi t. reje da TviTonve pasuxobs: “me saer-

Tod am kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs gavcemdi”.1 saerTod am sa-

kiTxze kosmologiaSi TiTqmis aRar davoben. gasuli sau-

kunis 70-ian wlebSi astrofizikosebma caze didi afeTqe-

bis kvali ipovnes susti eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis

saxiT, romelic Cvenamde sxvadasxva intensivobiT modis

da romlis gazomva SeiZleba. es kosmosuri gamosxiveba

10-dan 15 miliardi wlisaa. am aRmoCenam erTxel da samu-

damod gafanta eWvi didi afeTqebis arsebobis Sesaxeb da,

maSasadame, kreacionizmis ideam sabolood gaimarjva.

amerikelma kosmologma alan guTma (Alan Guth) Seimu-

Sava inflaciuri modeli, romlis mixedviT, Cveni samyaro

mudmivi qmnadobis procesSi imyofeba. igi adre ufro

swrafad farTovdeboda, vidre axla. didi afeTqeba, am

modelis mixedviT, niSnavs aCqarebadi gafarToebis pro-

cesSi myofi samyaros gatyorcnas. amJamad ki gafarToebis

siCqare TandaTan mcirdeba da, bolos, ganmzidavi Zalebi

gaqreba da kvlav miziduloba daiWers mis adgils, ris

Sedegad moxdeba samyaros SekumSva, kvlav pirvandeli ko-

lafsuri mdgomareobis aRdgena, rac samyaros gaqrobas

niSnavs. didi SekumSva (big crunch) didi afeTqebis sapiris-

piro procesia, rac daaxloebiT 15 miliard welze adre

ar SeiZleba moxdes.2 es aris samyaros erTgvari pulsa-

cia, qmnadobis _ warmoSoba-mospobis _ procesi didi

afeTqebidan did SekumSvamde da piriqiT, rac kosmologi-

uri kreacionizmis ideas kidev ufro mtkiced adasturebs.

amrigad, inflaciis Teoria Tvlis, rom samyarom Ta-

visi arseboba vakuumis mdgomareobidan daiwyo, romelSic

ar iyo arc nivTiereba da arc gamosxiveba. am vakuumSi

iyo ganzidvis Zalebi, romelmac didi afeTqeba gamoiwvia.

1 Т. Реже, Этюды о Вселенной, стр. 60. 2 St. Hawking, Black holes. p. 137.

92

“ carieli sivrce TviTneburad afeTqda kvantur vakuumSi

arsebuli ganzidvis zemoqmedebiT”.1

miuxedavad amgvari axsnisa, mainc auxsneli rCeba sa-

kiTxi, Tu saidan movida es uzarmazari jer gravitaciu-

li, Semdeg antigravitaciuli Zalebi, rogor Secvala ko-

losaluri energiis gravitaciuli Zala aseve kolosa-

lurma antigravitaciulma Zalebma, romlebmac didi afeT-

qeba gamoiwvia? an sad gaqreba mravali miliardi wlis

Semdeg ganzidvis (antigravitaciuli) Zalebi da saidan

gaCndeba kvlav aseve uzarmazari gravitaciuli Zalebi,

romlebic samyaros gaqrobasa da gravitaciul kolafss

(“didi SekumSva”) gamoiwvevs? am kiTxvebze pasuxi jer mec-

nierebas ara aqvs da saeWvoa, rom momavalSi eqnes. “mecni-

erebas ar SeuZlia gadawyvitos bunebis ukanaskneli sai-

dumloeba da imitom, rom saboloo jamSi Cven TviTon

varT am saidumloebis nawili, romlis gadawyvetas vcdi-

lobT~.2 qarTveli fizikosi g. nikobaZe wers: “kiTxvebi

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom daiwyo samyarom gafarToeba an

ratom daiwyo mainca da mainc 15 miliardi wlis win an

ra xdeboda manamde, upasuxod unda davtovoT; fizikam

dRes es ar icis”.3 es niSnavs, rom am tipis sakiTxebi mxo-

lod da mxolod filosofiuri gansjis sagania, metafi-

zikuri problemaa, romelsac ufro detalurad qvemoT

ganvixilavT.

samyaros erT-erT saocrebas e. w. “Savi xvrelebis”

arseboba warmoadgens, romlis Seswavlis saqmeSi didi

roli iTamaSa Tanamedroveobis udidesma kosmologma

stefen houkingma. Savi xvrelebi gravitaciuli kolafsis

mdgomareobaSi myofi samyaros analogiuria. uZlieres

gravitaciul Zalas varskvlavi katastrofuli SekumSvis

mdgomareobamde mihyavs. mizidulobis Zala ise didia, rom

Sav xvrelSi veraviTari informacia ver aRwevs. aseTi uZ-

lieresi gravitaciis pirobebSi dro Cerdeba, xolo masSi

1 П. Дервис, Суперсила, стр. 211-212. 2 J. D. Barrow, F. J. Tipler, The anthropic Cosmological Principle, Oxford, #4, 1996, p. 123. 3 givi nikobaZe, Tanamedrove bunebismetyvelebis koncefciebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 68.

93

raime nivTierebis arsebobis Sesaxeb laparakic zedmetia.

rogorc cnobili fizikosi karl fridrix fon vaiczeke-

ri ambobs, “Cven dRes materias vicnobT, rogorc elemen-

tarul nawilakebs~, xolo elementaruli nawilakebis ar-

seboba, Sav xvrelebSi SeuZlebelia uzarmazari gravita-

ciuli Zalisa da aseve uzarmazari temperaturis arsebo-

bis pirobebSi. Savi xvreli yvelafers jojoxeTuri Za-

liT STanTqavs, xolo Tavad ki araviTar informacias ar

iZleva, radiotalRebi uZluria daZlios gravitaciuli

Zalebis moqmedeba.

magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqmis Savi xvrele-

bis Sesaxeb mecniereba araviTar informacias ar flobs.

st. houkingi SeniSnavs, rom xvrelebi arc ise Savia, ro-

gorc gvgonia.1 TviTon is faqti, rom misi arsebobis Sesa-

xeb raRac viciT, garkveuli informaciis miRebis SesaZ-

leblobas adasturebs.

kosmologebi varaudoben kosmosSi iseTi Savi xvre-

lebis arsebobas, romelTa masa mzis masas ramdenime mi-

lionjer da miliardjer aRemateba. maTi arseboba navara-

udevia mravali galaqtikis centrSi, romelTa arsebobas

afiqsireben giganturi teleskopis “ainStainis” saSuale-

biT, romelic dedamiwis xelovnurma Tanamgzavrma orbi-

taze gaitana. navaraudevia Savi xvrelis arseboba Cveni

galaqtikis centrSic, romlis diametric daaxloebiT er-

Ti milioni kilometria, xolo masa xuT milion mzis ma-

sas utoldeba.2

uZlieresi gravitaciuli Zalebis arsebobis gamo

Sav xvrelSi siCqareebi zRvars aRwevs. magaliTad, meore

kosmosuri siCqare, romelic dedamiwaze 11 km/sekunds ud-

ris, Sav xvrelSi sinaTlis siCqares (300000 km/sek) utol-

deba. Savi xvrelebis warmoSobas varskvlavebis gravita-

ciuli kolafsiT xsnian. aseTi varskvlavebi SesaZlebe-

lia warmoSobiliyo ufro patara ciuri sxeulebis mra-

valjeradi Sejaxebisa da Serwymis Sedegad.

1 St. Hawking, Black holes, p. 135. 2 Т. Редже, Этюды о Вселенной, стр. 37.

94

Savi xvrelebi nivTierebas gardaqmnis energiad ain-

Stainis formulis (E=mc2) mixedviT. Tanac es gardaqmna

uzarmazari masStabiT xdeba, rac bevrad aRemateba Ter-

modinamikur reaqciebSi arsebul procesebs.

erTxans fiqrobdnen, rom Savi xvreli iseT sistemas

warmoadgens, romelic Termodinamikis meore kanons ar eq-

vemdebareba. swored amitom dRis wesrigSi dadga Savi

xvrelebis Termodinamikuri Tvisebebis Seswavla. am mimar-

TulebiT gadamwyveti sityva Tqva st. houkingma, romelmac

maTematikuri analizis meTodis gamoyenebis safuZvelze

daasabuTa, rom Savi xvrelebi garemoculia siTburi ga-

mosxivebis SaravandediT, ris gamoc adgili aqvs garkve-

ul entropiul procesebs. st. houkingisa da sxva mecnie-

rebis gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom Termodinami-

kis meore kanoni Sav xvrelebSic Zalas inarCunebs.1

Tu materialuri samyaro principulad erTgvarova-

nia, e. i. Tu arsebobs bunebis erTgvarobis universaluri

kanoni anu, sxvagvarad, Tu materialurobis Sesaxeb Seg-

viZlia vimsjeloT im samyaros mixedviT, romelSic Cven

vcxovrobT, maSin Sav xvrelebs materialurs ver vuwo-

debT. maT ara aqvs arc erTi Cveni samyarosaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli fundamenturi niSani anu, rogorc j. uileri

ambobs, Sav xvrelebSi, iseve rogorc kolafsirebul sam-

yaroSi, fizikis kanonebi Zalas hkargavs. es ki niSnavs,

rom unda vilaparakoT Savi xvrelebis arabunebriv, zebu-

nebriv statusze. amitom gasagebia, rom mas Teologebi

jojoxeTs adareben, mis fizikur oreulad Tvlian. 1975

wels stefen houkingi, romlis saxelTan dakavSirebulia

Savi xvrelebis Teoriis Seqmna, romis papis mecnierebaTa

akademiam papi pius XI-is medliT daajildova mis mier Se-

tanili wvlilisaTvis “gravitaciuli kolafsis” dargSi.2

Tanamedrove kosmologiam pasuxi gasca agreTve mra-

valsaukunovan kiTxvaze samyaros centris arsebobis Sesa-

xeb. ptolemeosma dauSva samyaros centris arseboba, rac

1 St. Hawking, Black holes… p. 248-250. 2 Eccles J. C., The Human Mystery, London, 1979, p. 25.

95

samyaros sasrulobis mtkicebas niSnavda. rasac centri

aqvs, sasrulia. aseT centrad igi dedamiwas miiCnevda, vi-

naidan sxva galaqtikebis arsebobas ar icnobda. kopernik-

ma, romelsac agreTve Cveni galaqtika hqonda mxedveloba-

Si, samyaros centrad mze miiCnia, xolo isini, vinc samya-

ros usasrulobas amtkicebdnen, centris arsebobas saer-

Tod uaryofdnen. ase fiqrobda jordano bruno, romlis

mixedviT, “centri aris yvelgan”. samyaros gafarToebis

aRmoCenis Semdeg iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneboda, rom TiT-

qos Cven varT samyaros centrSi, magram es ase ar aris.

sinamdvileSi araviTari centri ar arsebobs. iseve ro-

gorc dedamiwas ara aqvs centri, samyarosac araviTari

centri ar gaaCnia.

dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom didi afeTqebisa da samya-

ros gafarToebis Teorias oponentebic hyavs, Tumca Zali-

an mcire, magram mainc. magaliTad, amerikeli kosmologi

helton erpi (Halton Arp) Tvlis, rom wiTeli wanacvleba

samyaros gafarToebas ki ar niSnavs, aramed materiis daZ-

velebas (Alterungsprozes). erpis koncefcia kosmologTa um-

ravlesobisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda.

iyo dro, roca didi afeTqebisa da samyaros gafar-

Toebis Teorias yofili sabWoTa kosmologebic uaryof-

dnen. magaliTad, werdnen, rom “gafarToebuli samyaros

hipoTeza mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT sruliad usafuZ-

vloa”.1 unda vivaraudoT, rom aseTi daskvnebi upiratesad

ideologiuri mosazrebebiT keTdeboda, vinaidan kreacio-

nizmis idea materialistur msoflmxedvelobas diametru-

lad upirispirdeba, romlis poziciebzec marqsistuli ma-

terializmi idga.

kosmologiuri kreacionizmis Teoriam sabolood

uaryo materiis maradiulobis idea, romelic nebismieri

materialisturi msoflmxedvelobis mTavar sayrdens war-

moadgens. saukuneebis manZilze udavod miCneuli materii-

sa da energiis Senaxvis kanoni Tanamedrove kosmologiam,

sul rbilad rom vTqvaT, kiTxvis qveS daayena, xolo Se-

1 Всехсвятский С., Казютинский В., Рождение миров, М., 1961, стр. 14.

96

sabamisad religiurma msoflmxedvelobam axali argumen-

tebi SeiZina da is, rac adre rwmenis sfero iyo, codnis,

mecnierebis saxiT warmosdga.

97

TaviTaviTaviTavi mesamemesamemesamemesame

sivrcesivrcesivrcesivrce dadadada drodrodrodro

$$$$25. 25. 25. 25. sivrcisasivrcisasivrcisasivrcisa dadadada droisdroisdroisdrois uzogadesiuzogadesiuzogadesiuzogadesi TvisebebiTvisebebiTvisebebiTvisebebi

sivrce da dro materialuri arsis atributebia. ma-

terialuri realuri arsi anu materia sivrcesa da droSi

imyofeba; sxvagvarad arseboba mas arc SeuZlia. ufro

zustad rom vTqvaT, materialuri samyaro ki ar aris siv-

rcesa da droSi, aramed sivrce da dro TviTon aris ma-

terialuri samyaros arsebobis formebi; aramaterialuri

realuri arsi (magaliTad, fsiqikuri procesebi) ki mxo-

lod droulobiT xasiaTdeba, e. i. mas aqvs drois samive

momenti: warsuli, awmyo da momavali, rac realuri arsis

relatiurobasa da sasrulobaze miuTiTebs; imas, rasac

aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli, sasrulobisa da relatiu-

robis niSnebic miewereba. amaSi qvemoT araerTxel dav-

rwmundebiT.

klasikuri fizika da filosofia sivrcesa da dros

materialuri arsisagan damoukidebel substanciebad

Tvlida. niutonis mixedviT, arsebobs absoluturi sivrce

da dro, rogorc carieli WurWeli (Container), romelSic

moTavsebulia materialuri samyaro, ainStainis relatiu-

robis Teoriis mier moxdenili mecnieruli revolucia,

uwinares yovlisa, absoluturi, substanciuri sivrcisa

da drois uaryofasa da maTi relatiurobis dasabuTebaSi

gamoixateba.1 am debulebis dasabuTebas emsaxureba wignis

mTeli winamdebare nawili.

zogjer sivrcesa da fizikuri sxeulebis ganfeni-

lobas erTmaneTTan aigivebdnen. magaliTad, dekarti wer-

da: “Cven arasodes ar vamyarebT gansxvavebas sivrcesa da

sigrZiT, sifarTiT da siRrmiT ganfenilobas Soris”.2 es

1 ufro vrclad ix. sergi avalianisergi avalianisergi avalianisergi avaliani, ainStaini, Tbilisi, 1983; agreTve, maTe mirianaSvili maTe mirianaSvili maTe mirianaSvili maTe mirianaSvili da sergi avalianisergi avalianisergi avalianisergi avaliani, albert ainStaini, Tb., 1972. 2 Р. Декарт, Избранные произведения, М. 1950, стр. 472.

98

Tvalsazrisi Tumca zusti ar aris, magram gamarTleba ma-

inc moepoveba, vinaidan ganfenilobis ganzomilebani igive

sivrcis ganzomilebania. miuxedavad amisa, sivrcisa da

ganzomilebis gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba.

sivrce ganfenilobaze ar daiyvaneba, vinaidan siv-

rcis cnebis qveS, garda ganfenilobisa, sivrciTi mimar-

Tebebic igulisxmeba. amdenad dekartisa da misi mimdevre-

bis Tvalsazrisi sivrcisa da ganfenilebis igiveobis Se-

saxeb calmxrivi iyo.

sivrcis cnebis calmxrivobis daZlevamde ganfenili

sididis cnebis analizs mivyavarT. sididis cneba relati-

uria. yoveli sidide sxva sidideebTan garkveul mimarTe-

baSi imyofeba da miT dgindeba. romelime sxeulis sidide-

ze laparaks azri ar eqneboda da igi saerTod SeuZlebe-

lic ki gaxdeboda, rom ar arsebobdes sxva sidideebi,

romlebic pirvels gansazRvravs, xdis mas daboloebulsa

da garkveuls. amrigad, mocemuli sididis cnebas sxva si-

dideebis cnebamde mivyavarT, anu erTi calkeuli sidide

yovelTvis gulisxmobs sxva sidideebis arsebobas. es niS-

navs, rom sididis cneba relatiuria; es aris obieqturi _

subieqtisagan damoukidebeli _ relatiuroba.

analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs yoveldRiur sityvaTxma-

rebaSic; rodesac vambobT “Tbilisi didi qalaqia” an “

ialbuzi maRali mTaa”, maSin vgulisxmobT sxva qalaqebsa

da sxva mTebs, romelTan mimarTebaSi vadgenT Tbilisis

an ialbuzis sidides. aq naTlad Cans ganfenili sididis

cnebis relatiuroba. amrigad, sxva sidideebisagan izoli-

rebuli sididis Sesaxeb laparaki SeuZlebelia. “ganfeni-

lobas, _ wers a. s. edingtoni, _ romelic raimesTan mi-

marTebaSi ar imyofeba, araviTari azri ara aqvs. aba, war-

moidgineT Tqveni Tavi martod marto araraobaSi myofi

da Semdeg miTxariT Tu ra sididis xarT”.1

materialur sxeulebs Soris yovelTvis arsebobs

garkveuli sivrciTi mimarTebani: “axlos”, “Sors”, “ze-

viT”, “qveviT”, “win”, “ukan” da a. S, romlebic qmnis gar-

1 A. S. Eddington, The Nature of the physical world, Cambridge, 1929, p. 144.

99

kveul sistemas, wesrigs materialur sxeulebs Soris. mamamama----

teteteteririririaaaalulululurrrr ssssxexexexeululululTaTaTaTa ururururTiTiTiTiererererTganTganTganTganlalalalagegegegebibibibissss wwwwesesesesririririgigigigi kikikiki arisarisarisaris

ssssivivivivrcercercerce. sadac ar unda arsebobdes materialuri sxeulebi,

maT Soris aucileblad iarsebebs garkveuli sivrciTi mi-

marTebani, garkveuli urTierTganlagebis wesrigi. aqedan

materiisa da sivrcis ganuyreloba gamomdinareobs. mate-

riis gareSe sivrcis arseboba, an, piriqiT, sivrcis arse-

boba materialuri sxeulebis gareSe iseve SeuZlebelia,

rogorc SeuZlebelia materialuri sxeulebis arseboba

urTierTganlagebis wesrigis gareSe an piriqiT. materiisa

da sivrcis ganuyrelobis problema sivrcis am gagebis

safuZvelze gadawydeba.

sivrce, rogorc materialur sxeulTa urTierTgan-

lagebis wesrigi, relatiuria, vinaidan wesrigi saerTod

damokidebulia imaze, ris wesrigsac warmoadgens. ar ar-

sebobs wesrigi mowesrigebulis, rogorc substratis, ga-

reSe. am azriTac sivrce materialuri samyaros atribu-

tia da, maSasadame, carieli sivrce, romelSic araviTari

materialuri sxeuli ar imyofeba, SeuZlebelia. es ki niS-

navs, rom SeuZlebelia absoluturi sivrcis arseboba.

materialuri sxeulebis urTierTganlagebis (wesri-

gis) Secvla sivrcis Secvlas niSnavs. amasTanave urTier-

Tganlagebis yvela SesaZlebeli wesrigi ekvivalenturia;

ar arsebobs privilegiuri sivrciTi wesrigi. am mxriv

sivrce, rogorc wesrigi, sxva saxis wesrigebisagan gan-

sxvavdeba. magaliTad, anbanic an asoebis ganlageba sit-

yvaSi garkveuli wesrigia, magram maT privilegiuri mniS-

vneloba aqvT, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom maTi wesrigis

Secvla anbans an sityvas Secvlis; sivrciTi mimarTebis

nebismieri cvlileba ki axal wesrigs qmnis, romelTagan

TiToeuls ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. amis dasturia

sivrciTi mimarTebis erTniSna deformacia, romelsac pu-

ankare aseTi magaliTiT ganmartavs: warmovidginoT, rom

RamiT, rodesac gvZinavs, samyaro aTasjer gaizarda. de-

formacia Seexo yvelafers, rogorc gasazom sidideebs,

ise sazom erTeulebs. diliT CvenTvis SeumCneveli darCe-

boda samyaros aTasjer gazrda misi erTniSnobis gamo da

100

TviT uzustesi gazomvebiTac ki mas ver aRmovaCendiT. ro-

desac samyaros gazrdaze vlaparakobT, maSin mxedveloba-

Si gvaqvs Zveli sazomi erTeuli. es ki adasturebs siv-

rciTi mimarTebebis ekvivalenturobas da, sabolood, siv-

rcis relatiurobas.

vinaidan sivrce materialuri sxeulebis urTier-

Tganlagebis wesrigia, amitom SeuZlebelia sivrcis war-

modgena sxeulebis gareSe. ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba

arsebobdes absoluturad carieli sivrce, rogorc amas

jer kidev Zveli atomistebi amtkicebdnen da rasac niu-

tonic iziarebda. carieli sivrcis uaryofa (romelic

aristotelesTan iRebs saTaves) ki sivrcis relativistu-

ri Teoriis damadaturebelia.

amrigad, sivrce aris materialur sxeulTa urTier-

Tganlagebis wesrigi, ris gamoc azrs hkargavs iseTi ga-

moTqmebi, rogoricaa “sivrceSi arseboba”, “sivrceSi moZ-

raoba” da a. S. ase msjeloba SeeZlo imas, vinc absolu-

turi sivrcis (da drois) arsebobas aRiarebda. relati-

visturi Teoriis mixedviT ki amgvari gamoTqmebi mecnie-

rul sazriss moklebulia.

sivrcis cnebis zemoaRniSnuli gageba Suqs hfens ad-

gilis bunebasac. absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teori-

as adgili esmoda rogorc damoukidebeli arsi, romel-

sac TiTqos sxeulisagan izolirebulad SeuZlia arsebo-

ba. adgilis aseTi gageba jer kidev piTagorel arxit ta-

rentelTan gvxvdeba. aristotelem uaryo es Sexeduleba

da adgili gaigo rogorc “mocemuli sxeulis pirveli

uZravi sazRvari” da, maSasadame, adgili sxeulze damoki-

debulad warmoidgina, rac absoluturi sivrcis Teoriis

uaryofas niSnavda. swored es hqonda mxedvelobaSi ain-

Stains, rodesac m. jemeris wignis winasityvaobaSi SeniS-

navda, rom aristoteles skola cdilobda absoluturi

sivrcis cnebis gverdis Semovlaso.

sxeulis adgilis dadgena niSnavs am sxeulis siv-

rciTi mimarTebebis aRmoCenas mis mosazRvre sxeulebTan.

SeuZlebelia sxeulis adgilze laparaki absoluturad

cariel sivrceSi. am ideis sailustraciod kvlav puanka-

101

res mivmarTavT: vTqvaT, vimyofebi parizis panTeonis moe-

danze da vambob, rom xval isev am adgilze moval. Tu ab-

soluturi sivrcis arsebobas davuSvebT, maSin Cemi Sepi-

rebis Sesruleba SeuZlebeli iqneba, vinaidan xvalamde

dedamiwa am moedanTan erTad or milion kilometrze

mets gaivlis. “am adgilze mosvla” imas niSnavs, rom

xval amave manZiliT mivuaxlovdebi panTeons da mis axlo

mdebare sagnebs, e. i. ganmeordeba sivrciTi mimarTebebis

wesrigi Cemsa da am sagnebs Soris. “rom ar arsebobdes

panTeoni _ ambobs puankare _ maSin Cemi fraza yovelgvar

azrs dakargavda _ sivrce araraobamde iqneboda dayvani-

li”.1

sivrce da adgili arsebiTad erTia, sivrce aris sxe-

ulTa urTierTganlageba, xolo urTierTganlageba niS-

navs, rom am sxeulebs garkveuli adgili uWiravT. magram

sxeulebs rom garkveuli adgili uWiravT, es niSnavs, rom

isini urTierTganlagebaSi imyofeba. adgili aris konkre-tuli sivrce, anu sivrce konkretulad adgilis saxiT

arsebobs. swored amitom, rodesac ainStaini sivrceze

laparakobs, xSirad frCxilebSi svams sityvas “adgili”,

e. i. sivrcesa da adgils, garkveuli azriT, erTmaneTTan

aigivebs.2 sxva adgilze ainStaini ambobs, rom “sivrce bne-

li sityvaa da umjobesia Tu mis nacvlad “adgilze” vi-

laparakebT”.3 konkretuli sivrcis cneba safuZvlad dae-

do kartografiaSi axali mimarTulebis Camoyalibebas

“metakartografiis” saxelwodebiT, romlis avtori iyo

cnobili qarTveli kartografi al. aslanikaSvili.

adgilis cnebis zemoaRniSnuli gagebidan gamomdina-

reobs misi relatiuroba; adgili relatiuria ara marto

im azriT, rom igi sxeulis adgilia, maszea damokidebuli

da mis gareSe ar arsebobs, aramed, uwinares yovlisa, imi-

tom, rom igi sivrciTi mimarTebebis erTobliobaa. sxeu-

lis adgili damokidebulia garkveul aTvlis sistemaze

da misi mdebareoba aTvlis sistemiT aris gansazRvruli.

1 А. Пуанкаре, Наука и метод, М., 1920, cтр. 113. 2 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов, IV. cтр. 345. 3 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов, Т. 1. М., 1965, cтр. 535.

102

magaliTad, moskovi sankt-peterburgis mimarT samxreTiT

mdebareobs, xolo Tbilisis mimarT _ CrdiloeTiT. amaSi

mdgomareobs adgilis relatiuroba, rac erTxel kidev

adasturebs sivrcis relatiurobas.

dro sivrcisagan, uwinares yovlisa, momcvelobis

ufro farTo masStabiT gansxvavdeba. sivrceSi mxolod

materialuri sxeulebi arsebobs, dro ki vrceldeba ara

marto materialuri, aramed aramaterialuri realuri ar-

sis movlenebzec. yvelaferi, rac moZraobs, icvleba, dro-

Si imyofeba. TviTon fsiqikuri gancdebic ki, romelTac

sivrciTi ganzomilebani ar gaaCnia, droSi arsebobs; aseve

warmoebis wesi, warmoebiTi urTierTobani, bunebisa da sa-

zogadoebis kanonebi da a. S. sivrciTi TvisebebiT ar xa-

siaTdeba, Tumca isini arsebobs droSi; es niSnavs, rom

maT aqvT warsuli, awmyo da momavali, _ drois samive mo-

menti. gamoTqma: “arsebobs sivrcesa da droSi” arazustia,

igi absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teorias ufro Seesa-

bameba, romelsac sivrce da dro esmoda rogorc “carie-

li WurWeli~, romelSic moTavsebulia samyaro. es Teo-

ria, rogorc vTqvaT, uaryo axalma _ relativisturma _

fizikam. magram Cveulebriv sityvaxmarebaSi es gamoTqmebi

SemorCa, romelmac SecdomaSi ar unda Segviyvanos.

drois meore specifikuri niSania mobiluroba. dro-

is arseba aris moZraoba. dro warmoudgenelia moZraobis

gareSe, maSin roca sivrcis warmodgena moZraobis gareSe

SesaZlebelia. moZraoba ar aris sivrcis specifika. mar-

Talia, geometriaSi laparakoben moZraobis Sesaxeb, mag-

ram “geometriuli moZraoba” ar aris realuri (fizikuri)

moZraoba; maTematikaSi drois cneba ar moixmareba.

drois Semdegi specifikuri niSani is aris, rom igi

TaTaTaTananananamimmimmimmimdevdevdevdevrorororobibibibis ws ws ws wesesesesririririgigigigiaaaa da ara Tanaarsebobisa (sivrce).

drois momentebi ganlagebulia erTimeoris Semdeg da ara

erTimeoris gverdiT. swored amitom dro erTganzomile-

biania, realuri sivrce ki _ samganzomilebiani.

dro sami momentisagan Sedgeba: warsuli, awmyo da

momavali. am momentebidan aristoteles realurad mxo-

lod awmyo miaCnda, vinaidan warsuli warsulia da ukve

103

aRar arsebobs; momavali ki jer ar damdgara. dagvrCa

mxolod awmyo, romelic ganuwyvetlad gadadis warsul-

Si. aristotele Tvlida, rom awmyo aris sazRvari, rome-

lic warsulsa da momavals erTmaneTisgan hyofs. magram

awmyos araviTari ganzomileba ara aqvs, vinaidan igi myi-

sieria, myisierad gadadis warsulSi.

ra aris dro? ras niSnavs “drois mimdinareoba”,

“drois gavla”? drois mimdinareobis Sesaxeb vmsjelobT

garkveuli moZraobis Sesrulebis mixedviT, “drom gaiara”

niSnavs imas, rom Sesrulda garkveuli moZraoba, moxda

raRac movlena, Catarda raRac procesi. Tuki erTi mov-

lenidan meore movlenamde araferi ar momxdara, araviTa-

ri moZraoba ar Sesrulebula da principulad arc SeiZ-

leboda Sesrulebuliyo, maSin es movlenebi erTdrouli

iqneba. aseve Tuki samyaroSi araviTari moZraoba ar

sruldebodes, anu Tuki samyaro iyos absoluturad uZra-

vi, maSin araviTari dro ar iarsebebda. sadac araferi ar

xdeba, araviTari moZraoba ar sruldeba, iq arc dro ar-

sebobs. magram samyaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, ganuw-

yvetlad moZraobs, icvleba, maSasadame, droSi imyofeba.

moZraoba calkeuli procesebis saxiT sruldeba; yo-

vel process aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli, xolo am or

punqts Soris ganvlil dros procesis xangrZlivoba ewo-

deba. dro, zogadi azriT, aris procesis xangrZlivoba.

es, cxadia, ise ar unda gavigoT, rom TiTqos dros aqvs

xangrZlivoba. ase esmoda dro klasikur azrovnebas, ro-

melsac absoluturi sivrcisa da drois arseboba swamda.

dro ar SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc substancia, xolo xan-

grZlivoba _ misi Tviseba. drois, rogorc xangrZlivobis,

qveS procesis xangrZlivoba igulisxmeba; sakuTriv dros

ki araviTari xangrZlivoba ara aqvs.

ara marto dro ar arsebobs moZraobis gareSe, ara-

med arc moZraoba arsebobs drois gareSe. moZraobis sub-

strats materialuri sxeulebi warmoadgens; dro ki moZ-

raobis sazomia (aristotele). aqedan droisa da materia-

luri samyaros ganuyreloba gamomdinareobs. materiisa

104

da moZraobis ganuyreloba materiisa da drois ganuyre-

lobasac niSnavs.

moZraoba da cvalebadoba sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi

yofnaa. es mdgomareobani Tanamimdevrul wesrigs qmnis,

romelic swor xazze wertilebis ganlagebas SeiZleba

SevadaroT. erTi wertili ufro winaa meoreze, meore _

mesameze da a. S. drois enaze enaze es “adre” da “gvianis”

wesrigs Seesabameba, romelic erTganzomilebiania. drois

erTganzomilebianoba swored amas niSnavs. es mdgomareo-

bani asimetriul wesrigs qmnis, romelsac progresuli xa-

siaTi aqvs da Sebrunebis SesaZleblobas praqtikulad ga-

moricxavs.

moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaTa es Tana-

mimdevroba, wesrigi aris swored is, rac xangrZlivobis

Sinaarss Seadgens. drois CaTvla xangrZlivobad arafris

mTqmeli ar aris imaze miTiTebis gareSe, rac xangrZlivo-

bis cnebis Sinaarss warmoadgens. amrigad, drois CaTvla

xangrZlivobad niSnavs imas, rom dro aris mdro aris mdro aris mdro aris moZoZoZoZrarararaoooobibibibisasasasa da da da da

ccccvavavavalelelelebabababadodododobibibibis mds mds mds mdgogogogomamamamarererereoooobabababaTaTaTaTa TaTaTaTananananamimmimmimmimdedededevavavavariririri wwwwesesesesririririgigigigi. swo-

red amaSi gamoixateba drois relatiuri buneba. dros ki

ara aqvs wesrigi, aramed TviTon aris wesrigi anu imis

Tviseba, ris wesrigsac igi warmoadgens. dro araerTdro-

ulad arsebulTa wesrigia, Tanamimdevrobis wesrigia da,

maSasadame, damokidebulia imaze, risi wesrigic igi aris.

amgvari gageba drois ara marto substanciurobis uaryo-

fas, aramed agreTve realuri arsisa da drois ganuyre-

lobasac amtkicebs.

wesrigi yovelTvis aris imis forma, ris wesrigsac

warmoadgens. am azriT dro realuri arsis arsebobis

formas warmoadgens.

garda fizikuri droisa, romelsac yvelaferi, rac

zemoT iTqva, Seexeba, SeiZleba vivaraudoT biologiuri

da fsiqologiuri drois arsebobac. biologebis mier Sem-

Cneulia cxovelebSi “biologiuri saaTi”. aseTi “saaTiT~

sargebloben, magaliTad, frinvelebi, romlebic erTsa da

imave dros Tbil qveynebSi mifrinaven; mamlebi yivian er-

Tsa da imave dros. aseTive “zusti dro” SeiniSneba fut-

105

krebSi, meduzebSi, ZaRlebSi da a. S. adamianic xSirad er-

Tsa da imave dros iZinebs an iRviZebs, ku drois garkve-

ul intervalSi gamoyofs an damalavs Tavs da a.S. aseT

faqtebs SeiZleba “biologiuri dro” vuwodoT.

kidev ufro aSkaraa fsiqologiuri drois arseboba.

roca mxiarulobT, maSin “dro swrafad gadis”, mwuxarebi-

sa da gaWirvebisas, piriqiT, dro gacilebiT xangrZlivia.

ainStaini xumrobiT ambobda: Seyvarebul Wabuks satrfos-

Tan gatarebuli erTi saaTi wuTad eCveneba, magram Tu mas

gaxurebul Rumelze dasvamen, maSin wuTi saukuned moeCve-

nebao. baironi wers: adamianis goneba JamTa denas ganic-

dis ara saaTTan dakavSirebiT, aramed mas zomavs sitkbo-

Ti an mwuxarebiT misgan gancdiliT. aseTia fsiqologiu-

ri dro, romelic agreTve moZraobisa da cvalebadobis

mdgomareobaTa wesrigs warmoadgens da, maSasadame, rela-

tiuria.

$$$$26. sivrcis ganzomilebani26. sivrcis ganzomilebani26. sivrcis ganzomilebani26. sivrcis ganzomilebani

sivrcis ganzomilebis problemas maTematika ikvlevs,

vinaidan sivrcis konkretuli Tvisebebis Sesaxeb mecniere-

bas geometria ewodeba. magram sivrcis buneba, misi uzoga-

desi Tvisebebi naturfilosofiuri kvlevis sagania. aseve

iTqmis sivrcis ganzomilebebis Sesaxeb. sivrcis samganzo-

milebianobas geometria afiqsirebs. magram ratom aqvs

sivrces sami da ara meti an naklebi ganzomileba, am sa-

kiTxis kvleva geometriis miznebs scildeba da filoso-

fiis prerogatives warmoadgens. hegeli ambobda, rom “ge-

ometrias ar SeiZleba movTxovoT im faqtis aucileblo-

bis dasabuTeba, rom sivrces swored sami ganzomileba

aqvs, vinaidan geometria ar aris filosofiuri mecniere-

ba.”1 sivrcis samganzomilebianobis dasabuTebis mcdelo-

bas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. jer kidev piTagorelebi am

problemis axsnas ricxvTa Teoriis safuZvelze cdilob-

dnen. maTi azriT, sivrce imitom aris samganzomilebiani,

1 Гегель, Энциклопедия философских наук, т. 2. Философия природы, М., 1975, cтр. 47.

106

rom sami sruli ricxvia. da, maSasadame, privilegiuri

mniSvnelobis mqonea.

TiTqmis yvela moazrovne kantamde sivrcis samganzo-

milebianobas im argumentis safuZvelze xsnidnen, romel-

sac “sivrcis orTogonaluri RerZebis triadis argumenti

ewodeba. saxeldobr, amtkicebdnen, rom sivrces sami gan-

zomileba imitom aqvs, rom sivrcis nebismieri wertili-

dan SesaZlebelia mxolod sami urTierTperpendikularu-

li sworis gavleba, romlebic sam marT kuTxes Seqmnis.

kantma sivrcis samganzomilebianobis problema geometri-

idan fizikaSi gadaitana da niutonis msoflio mizidu-

lobis kanons daukavSira. “samganzomilebianoba, albaT,

imis gamo warmoiSoba _ werda igi _ rom arsebul samya-

roSi substanciebi erTmaneTze imgvarad moqmedebs, rom

moqmedebis Zala manZilis kvadratis ukuproporciulia”.1

puankarem sivrcis samganzomilebianoba adamianis

Semmecnebel unars daukavSira. misi azriT, adamianis go-

neba isea mowyobili, rom sivrces aRiqvams, rogorc sam-

ganzomilebians. Cvens gonebas rom sxva unarebi hqondes,

maSin gamoricxuli ar aris, rom sivrce aRiqvas rogorc

samze meti an naklebi ganzomilebis mqone. amasTanave pu-

ankare amodioda ra Tavisi konvencionalisturi pozicie-

bidan, Tvlida, rom CvenTvis sivrcis samganzomilebianoba

ufro marjvea, ufro moxerxebulia, vidre sxva ganzomi-

lebani.2

raixenbaxma sivrcis samganzomilebianoba mizezobri-

obis kanons daukavSira. mtkice mizezobrivi mimarTebebis

dasadgenad aucilebelia sivrcis samganzomilebianobis

daSveba; sxva SemTxvevaSi miviRebT mizezobriobis kanonis

darRvevas _ kauzalur anomalias. maSasadame, misi azriT,

sivrcis samganzomilebianobis mtkicebas obieqturi Sina-

arsi aqvs; igi Seesabameba samyaroSi arsebuli mizezobri-

obis kanons.3

1 И. Кант, Сочинения, т. I, М., 1964, cтр. 71. 2 А. Пуанкере, Наука и метод, СПб. 1920. cтр. 140. 3 H. Reichenbach, Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre., Brl. 1928, s. 314.

107

sivrcis samganzomilebianobis mimzidveli axsna mo-

cemulia Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi didi mecnieris st.

houkingis wignSi “Teoria yvelafris Sesaxeb; samyaros

warmoSoba da bedi”. man sivrcis samganzomilebianobis ax-

sna anTropuli principis safuZvelze scada. adamians, am

koncefciis mixedviT, sicocxle mxolod samganzomilebi-

an sivrceSi SeuZlia. samze meti an naklebi ganzomilebis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi iseTi rTuli arseba, rogoric ada-

miania, ver ganviTardeba. organzomilebian sivrceSi SeuZ-

lebeli iqneboda kveba, sisxlis mimoqceva organizmSi da

a. S. Cveni arseboba SesaZlebelia mxolod samganzomile-

bian sivrcesa da erTganzomilebian droSi.1 antropul

princips, romelzec am wignis meoTxe nawilSi (“teleo-

logia”) gveqneba msjeloba, teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs.

samyaro Seqmnilia adamianisaTvis; sxva samyaroSi adamia-

nis arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. es idea uTuod yurad-

Rebas imsaxurebs; aseve iTqmis sivrcis samganzomilebia-

nobis da drois erTganzomilebianobis problemis axsnis

Sesaxeb anTropuli principis poziciebidan.

Cven vfiqrobT, rom sivrcis samganzomilebianobis

axsna gacilebiT martivi gziT SeiZleba. ganzomileba

aris mimarTuleba (magram ara piriqiT; yoveli mimarTule-

ba ar aris ganzomileba). fizikuri sxeulebi mravali mi-

marTulebiT aris ganfenili. yoveli wertilidan SesaZ-

lebelia sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT swori xazis gavleba.

amave dros yvela mimarTuleba ekvivalenturia, Tanabari

Rirebulebis mqonea. ar arsebobs “ZiriTadi” da “araZiri-

Tadi” mimarTulebani. magram realuri sivrcis geometriu-

li Tvisebebis aRsawerad auauauaucicicicilelelelebebebebelililili da sda sda sda sakakakakmamamamaririririsisisisiaaaa mxo-

lod sami mimarTuleba, iseTi mimarTulebani, romelTa

saSualebiT srulad daxasiaTdeba fizikuri sxeulis geo-

metriuli Tvisebebi. amrigad, sxeulis mdebareobis geo-

metriuli Tvisebebis aRweris SesaZlebloba mimarTuleba-

Ta arCevis kriteriumi unda iyos. is mimarTulebani, rom-

1 Stephlen Hawking, The Theory of everything. The origin and Fate of the universe, USA,

2002, p. 158-159.

108

lebic am moTxovnebs akmayofilebs, iqneba sivrcis ganzo-

milebani, romelTac Cven “ZiriTad mimarTulebebs” vuwo-

debT. am azriT vambobT, rom realur sivrces mxolod sa-

mi ganzomileba aqvs da es warmoadgens sivrcis samganzo-

milebianobis kriteriums.

rasakvirvelia, gasaTvaliswinebelia puankares is ar-

gumentic, romlis mixedviT sivrcis samganzomilebianoba

adamianis Semmecnebeli gonebisaTvis ufro marjve da mo-

xerxebulia, vidre sxva ganzomilebani. kidev ufro sayu-

radReboa anTropuli argumenti, romelic winasTan axlo

kavSirSi imyofeba. am argumentis mixedviT sivrcis ganzo-

milebebidan sams mxolod imitom virCevT, rom igi Seesa-

bameba adamianis materialur interesebs; kerZod, igi sxva

ganzomilebebze ufro metad saWiroebs sam ganzomilebas,

vinaidan is misi sicocxlis erT-erT aucilebel pirobas

warmoadgens.

$$$$27. geometriis relatiurobis problema27. geometriis relatiurobis problema27. geometriis relatiurobis problema27. geometriis relatiurobis problema

araevkliduri geometriis warmoSobamde evkliduri

geometria miCneuli iyo erTaderT SesaZlebel geometri-

ul sistemad da, maSasadame, misgan gansxvavebuli geomet-

riis arsebobis SesaZleblobas principulad gamoricxav-

dnen. am poziciebze idga, magaliTad, kanti rodesac wer-

da “wminda gonebis kritikis” pirvel nawils “transcen-

dentaluri esTetika”.

meore mxriv iyvnen iseTi moazrovneebic, romlebic

evkliduri geometriis privilegiurobas amtkicebdnen ara-

evkliduri geometriis mimarT; Tvlidnen, rom erTaderTi

WeSmariti geometria aris evkliduri. am SemTxvevaSi isini

im meTodologiuri wanamZRvridan amodiodnen, rom mrava-

li _ miT umetes urTierTsapirispiro _ geometriebidan

WeSmariti mxolod erTi SeiZleba iyos. amis argumentad

ZiriTadad simartivesa da TvalsaCinoebas (intuiciuro-

bas) asaxelebdnen. evkliduri geometria ufro martivi da

TvalsaCinoa, vidre araevkliduri da amaSi xedavdnen mis

109

upiratesobas, magram isini ar iTvaliswinebdnen imas, rom

arc erTi es Tavisebureba geometriuli sistemis WeSmari-

tebis sasargeblod ar laparakobs. raime SeiZleba iyos

martivic da TvalsaCinoc, magram ar iyos WeSmariti. ase-

Tia yvela Secdoma, romelsac fsiqologiuri sicxade ax-

lavs, magram mainc Secdomaa. kidev metic, zogjer Tval-

saCinoeba TviTon aris Secdomis wyaro. magaliTad, kiT-

xvaze: arsebobs Tu ara calgverda zedapiri? intuicia

uaryofiT pasuxs iZleva, Tumca topologiidan kargad

cnobilia misi arseboba. isic unda iTqvas, rom evklides

geometriaSi yvelaferi rodia martivi da TvalsaCino.

raixenbaxma scada araevkliduri geometriis gaTval-

saCinoebis SesaZleblobis dasabuTeba. igi amtkicebda,

rom evkliduri geometriis TvalsaCinoebis safuZvels is

warmoadgens, rom Cven vxmarobT (miCveuli varT) iseTi

tolobis definicias, romelic mxolod evklidur sivrce-

Si gamodgeba. Tu tolobis definicias SevcvliT, maSin

araevkliduri geometria iseve TvalsaCino gaxdeba, ro-

gorc evkliduri. amiT raixenbaxs imis Tqma surs, rom ev-

klidur geometrias araviTari upiratesoba ara aqvs. es

niSnavs, misi azriT, rom evkliduri geometriis WeSmari-

tebaze, miT umetes, erTaderT WeSmaritebaze laparaki Se-

uZlebelia.

puankare, idga ra konvencionalizmis poziciebze, am-

tkicebda, rom sakiTxi geometriuli sistemebis WeSmarite-

bis Sesaxeb usazrisoa, vinaidan arc erTi geometria ar

aris WeSmariti. SeiZleba vilaparakoT mxolod ama Tu im

geometriuli sistemis simarjvis, moxerxebulobis da ara

WeSmaritebisa da Semecnebis Sesaxeb. “geometriuli aqsio-

mebi“ _ wers puankare _ ar aris arc sinTezur-aprioruli

msjelobani, arc cdiseuli faqtebi; isini aris pirobiTi

debulebani... aris Tu ara evkliduri geometria WeSmari-

ti? am sakiTxs azri ara aqvs... erTi geometria ar SeiZle-

ba ufro WeSmariti iyos, vidre meore. igi SeiZleba iyos

110

mxolod ufro marjve. evkliduri geometria rCeba da

darCeba ufro marjved”.1

rasakvirvelia, sworia is, rom geometriuli sistema

aqsiomebis safuZvelze aigeba da, maSasadame, aqsiomebis

arCevani geometriuli sistemis bunebas gansazRvravs. swo-

ria isic, rom es arCevani Tavisufalia im moTxovnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT (Tavsebadoba, sisrule, damoukideblo-

ba), romlis farglebSic arCevani xdeba. Tavisufali arCe-

vani imitom aris SesaZlebeli, rom realur sivrces sxva-

dasxva Tviseba aqvs, rac sxvadasxva geometriuli siste-

mis Seswavlis obieqti xdeba. yvela geometriuli sistema

ekvivalenturia im azriT, rom isini, rogorc realuri

sivrcis sxvadasxva Tvisebebis Semswavleli mecnierebani,

WeSmaritia. magram am sistemebs erTmaneTis Secvla ar Se-

uZliaT. evkliduri geometria kosmosur sivrceSi ar ga-

modgeba, aseve araevkliduri geometriis gamoyeneba evkli-

dur sivrceSi zedmetia, vinaidan am sivrcis aRsawerad ev-

kliduri geometriac kmara. erTi sityviT, evkliduri geo-

metria WeSmaritia evkliduri sivrcis mimarT, magram ar

aris WeSmariti araevkliduri sivrcis mimarT; sagani ki

maT, rogorc gansxvavebul mecnierebebs, sxvadasxva aqvT.

es niSnavs, rom arc erTi geometria ar aris privilegiu-

ri mecniereba, Tumca yvela maTgani WeSmaritia TavianTi

sagnebis mimarT, ramdenadac isini realuri sivrcis obi-

eqtur Tvisebebs asaxaven. sivrce erTia da ara mravali,

magram mas sxvadasxva mxareebi aqvs, rac sxvadasxva geo-

metriuli sistemis Seswavlis sagania.

amrigad, miviReT geometriis relatiurobis proble-

mis konvencionalisturi gadawyvetis sapirispiro Sedegi.

konvencionalizmi geometriis relatiurobis problemis

gadawyvetas geometriuli sistemebis WeSmaritebis uaryo-

faSi xedavs. Cven ki vfiqrobT, rom am problemis gadaw-

yveta SesaZlebelia yvela geometriuli sistemis WeSmari-

tebis aRiarebis safuZvelze. geometriuli sistemebi

tolfasovania (ekvivalenturia) im azriT, rom yvela maT-

1 А. Пуанкере, Наука и гипотеза, cтр. 60-61.

111

gani WeSmaritia, e. i. realuri sivrcis sxvadasxva Tvise-

bis Semecnebas warmoadgens. amrigad, geometriis relatiu-

roba, e. i. sxvadasxva geometriuli sistemis ekvivalentu-

roba unda gadawydes am sistemebis WeSmaritebis aRiare-

bis pirobebSi. maTi ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba yvela

maTganis WeSmaritad aRiarebaSi mdgomareobs.

aqsiomebis konvenciuri xasiaTi, risi uaryofac ar

SeiZleba, ar ewinaaRmdegeba maT SemecnebiT funqciebs;

konvencia TavisTavad ar aris Semecneba, magram arapirda-

pir mas SemecnebiTi funqcia gaaCnia.1 es funqcia geomet-

riis SemTxvevaSi sivrcis Tvisebebis SemecnebaSi gamoixa-

teba. geometria aris mecniereba; es niSnavs, rom igi sinam-

dvilis Semecnebas warmoadgens, Semecneba ki WeSmaritebis

Semecnebas niSnavs.

araevkliduri geometriis aRmoCenam, romelic dakav-

Sirebulia lobaCevskis, gausisa da boliais saxelebTan,

uaryo tradiciuli Tvalsazrisi da daasabuTa principu-

lad sxvagvari geometriuli sistemis SesaZlebloba, ro-

melSic evklides geometriis V postulati (paralelobis

aqsioma), romlis mixedviT, mocemuli sworis gareSe mde-

bare nebismieri wertilidan SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi

sworis gavleba, romelic pirvels arasodes gadakveTs,

Secvlilia sruliad sapirispiro (araevkliduri) aqsio-

miT, romelic SesaZleblad Tvlis mocemuli sworis mi-

marT mravali paraleluri sworis gavlebas. araevklidur

geometriaSi samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami, evklides geo-

metriisagan gansxvavebiT, ar udris ori swori kuTxis

jams. erTi sityviT, araevkliduri geometria principu-

lad axal geometriul sistemas warmoadgens, romlis sa-

fuZvelze sxva geometriuli sistemebic (magaliTad, rima-

nis geometria) warmoiSva.

araevkliduri geometriis warmoSobis Semdeg daisva

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelia “WeSmariti” geometria,

romeli geometria Seesabameba realur sivrces _ evkli-

1 am debulebis dasabuTeba mocemulia Cvens wignSi: “fsevdoabsoluturis filosofia”, Tbilisi, 2006.

112

duri Tu araevkliduri? “fizikas evkliduri geometria

unda daedos safuZvlad, Tu sxva romelime geometria?...

rogoria fizikuri samyaros geometria _ evkliduri Tu

sxvagvari?”1 es sakiTxi ar idga araevkliduri geometriis

warmoSobamde, vinaidan igi erTaderT SesaZlebel geomet-

riul sistemad iTvleboda. araevkliduri geometriis

warmoSobam uaryo azri evkliduri geometriis erTader-

Tobis Sesaxeb (rasac kantis sivrcis Teoria emyareboda),

ramac ganapiroba zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis dasma “WeSmari-

ti geometriis” Sesaxeb.

rigi moazrovneebisa im daskvnamde mividnen, rom WeS-

maritebis TvalsazrisiT yvela geometria tolfasovania,

ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobisaa; ar arsebobs privilegire-

buli geometria. es aris relatiurobis Teoriis arsi.

$$$$28. d28. d28. d28. drorororoiiiissss oooobibibibieqeqeqeqtitititivavavavaciciciciaaaa

drois gansazRvreba, rogoc moZraobisa da cvaleba-

dobis mdgomareobaTa Tanamimdevrobis wesrigisa, niSnavs,

rom drois “materialur substrats~, mis safuZvels moZ-

raoba da cvalebadoba warmoadgens; dro da moZraoba,

cxadia, sxvadasxvaa, magram dro ar arsebobs moZraobis

gareSe. jer kidev aristotele dros uwodebda moZraobis

zomas. maT Soris ara mxolod aucilebeli, aramed Sina-

gani, intimuri kavSiric arsebobs. iseve rogorc SeuZle-

belia drois warmodgena moZraobis gareSe, aseve, piriqiT,

SeuZlebelia moZraobis warmodgena drois gareSe. maradi-

uloba drois sapirispiro cnebaa, igi drois gamoricxvaa,

romelic uZraobis cnebasTan kavSirSia.

droisa da moZraobis am Sinagani, aucilebeli kavSi-

ridan gamomdinareobs, rom moZraobis kanonzomiereba

drois kanonzomierebaSi specifikurad aisaxeba. cnobilia,

rom moZraoba da cvalebadoba, romelsac realuri arsis

1 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов, т. I I. М. 1966, cтр. 180.

113

sferoSi universaluri mniSvneloba aqvs (yvelaferi moZ-

raobs, icvleba; realuri arsis _ movlenaTa samyaros _

sferoSi araferi ar aris zedrouli, maradiuli), araTa-

nabrobiT xasiaTdeba, rasac bunebaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva

Zalebis zemoqmedeba iwvevs. es Zalebi cvlis moZravi sxe-

ulebis moZraobis ritms _ aCqarebs an anelebs mas. am

mxriv gamonakliss arc ciuri sxeulebi (varskvlavebi,

planetebi) Seadgens, romelTa moZraobis raodenoba abso-

luturi sizustiT arasodes ar meordeba. kidev ufro mo-

biluria organuli samyaro, romelic Sinagani da garega-

ni Zalebis mudmivi zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. aRarafers

vambobT fsiqikur procesebze, romelic gansakuTrebuli

araTanabari moZraobiT gamoirCeva.

amrigad, adamianis rogorc Sinagan, ise garegan sam-

yaroSi yvelaferi sxvadasxva siCqariT moZraobs da ic-

vleba; xolo vinaidan dro aris moZraobisa da cvaleba-

dobis mdgomareobaTa Tanamimdevrobis wesrigi, amitom

yvela moZrav sistemas Tavisi dro aqvs, romlebic erTma-

neTisagan, moZraobisa da cvalebadobis gansxvavebuli

ritmis Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia. “yovel aTvlis sxe-

uls (koordinatTa sistemas) _ wers ainStaini _ Tavisi

sakuTari dro aqvs; drois Cvenebas mxolod maSin aqvs az-

ri, rodesac naCvenebia aTvlis sxeuli, romelsac igi See-

sabameba~.1 aseTia “lokaluri~, “adgilobrivi~, anu sakuTa-

ri dro~, romelic yovelTvis garkveul aTvlis sistemas

gulisxmobs da yvela maTgans ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba

aqvs. ar arsebobs “privilegiuri~, anu “absoluturi dro~.

magram es garemoeba adamianis praqtikul cxovrebaSi

mTel rig uxerxulobebs qmnis. Tu adamianebi lokaluri,

anu relatiuri droiT isargeblebdnen, maSin maTi kavSi-

ri SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda da, saerTod, SeuZlebeli iqne-

boda adamianTa sazogadoebis arseboba. swored es gare-

moeba aucilebels xdis “erTiani drois~ SemoRebas anu

lokaluri drois uaryofas, drois sayovelTao sazomis

dawesebas.

1 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов, т. I, стр. 544

114

es erTiani, sayovelTao dro romelsac konvenciuri

xasiaTi aqvs da, maSasadame, garkveuli TviTneburi SeTan-

xmebis Sedegia, aris ddddrorororoisisisis oooobibibibieqeqeqeqtitititivavavavaciciciciaaaa. sxvadasxva rit-

mis mqone moZraobebidan, romelTac TavisTavad ekvivalen-

turi mniSvneloba aqvT da, maSasadame, TavianTi bunebiT

rerererelalalalatitititiuuuuririririaaaa, Cven virCevT erT-erTs, vTqvaT, dedamiwis

brunvas RerZis garSemo an saaTis isrebis moZraobas da-

nomril ciferblatze da mas drois sazomad _ saaTad _

vxmarobT. amiT vaxdenT relatiuri (lokaluri) drois ga-

obieqturebas, mis gaabsoluturebas, anu vqmniT fsfsfsfsevevevevdodododoabababab----

sosososolulululututututur drosr drosr drosr dros. xelovnurad gaobieqturebuli dro pri-

vilegiur mniSvnelobas iZens da sayovelTao, savaldebu-

lo drod iqceva. yvela adamiani valdebulia “daemorCi-

los~ am xelovnurad gaabsoluturebul dros, miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom igi yalbia, fiqtiuri droa, realur viTa-

rebas ar asaxavs. “saaTebis gamoyenebis wyalobiT _ wers

ainStaini _ drois cneba obieqturi xdeba.~1 da, Semdeg

“mxolod am cnebis (obieqturi drois cnebis _ s. a.) wya-

lobiT adgilobrivi drois idea farTovdeba, gadaiqceva

ra igi idead drois Sesaxeb fizikaSi.~2

drois obieqtivacias, rogorc vTqviT, konvenciuri

xasiaTi aqvs, TviTneburi SeTanxmebis Sedegia. magram es

SeTanxmeba mTlad TviTneburi rodia; igi garkveul moT-

xovnebs unda akmayofilebdes (magaliTad, moZraobis Ta-

nabroba da sxv.). isev ainStains mivmarToT: “saaTad SeiZ-

leba gamoyenebul iqnas nebismieri fizikuri movlena, Tu

SesaZlebelia misi ganmeoreba imdenjer, ramdenic aucile-

belia. Tu aseTi xdomilobis Tavsa da bolos Soris ar-

sebul intervals aviRebT erTdroulad, maSin drois yo-

veli intervali SegviZlia gavzomoT am fizikuri proce-

sis ganmeorebiT. yvela saaTi, umartivesi saaTiT yvelaze

srulqmnil saaTebamde, am ideaze dafuZnebuli.~3

obieqtivirebuli dro, marTalia, fsevdoabsolutu-

ria, magram igi adamianTa cxovrebaSi WeSmariti, absolu-

1 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов, т. IV, cтр. 470 2 iqve, gv. 270 3 iqve, gv. 470

115

turi drois funqcias asrulebs; xolo sakuTriv “abso-

luturi dro~ ki, romelsac klasikuri fizika varaudob-

da, ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes.

drois obieqtivaciis sailustraciod warmovidgi-

noT, rom davkargeT drois angariSi _ ar viciT romeli

saaTia. SevdivarT oTaxSi, sadac ramdenime saaTia, magram

yvela maTgani sxvadasxva dros aCvenebs, Tumca isini Tana-

bari siCqariT moZraobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, SeuZ-

lebelia yvela saaTiT sargebloba; aucilebeli xdeba

“absoluturi~, privilegirebuli drois daweseba. erTa-

derTi gamosavali am SemTxvevaSi is aris, rom drois axa-

li aTvla SemoviRoT, e. i. am mravali, ekvivalenturi

mniSvnelobis saaTebidan erT-erTi TviTneburad avirCioT

da yvela danarCeni mis mixedviT gavasworoT. amiT arCeu-

li saaTis isrebis Cveneba privilegiur mniSvnelobas Sei-

Zens, “etalonad~, “absolutur~ drod gadaiqceva. misi

privilegiuroba da absoluturoba imaSia, rom amieridan

Cven valdebuli varT, rom Cveni saaTebi mis mixedviT ga-

vasworoT da Cveni saqmianobac mis mixedviT vawarmooT.

aseTi gaobieqtivirebuli anu xelovnurad gaabsoluture-

buli drois sazomi etalonebia grinviCis, moskovis da a.

S. saaTebi. vimeorebT, rom am etalonebis upiratesobas is

qmnis, rom isini maqsimaluri TanabrobiT muSaobs, maqsima-

lurad (SesaZleblobis farglebSi) gamoricxulia maTze

gareSe (bunebrivi) Zalebis zemoqmedeba.

es imasac adasturebs, rom adamianis mTeli moRvawe-

oba _ praqtikulic da Teoriulic _ absoluturis gare-

Se SeuZlebelia.

$$$$29. d29. d29. d29. drorororoisisisis kakakakauuuuzazazazalulululuriririri TeTeTeTeooooririririaaaa

drois cnebis gansazRvrebidan (“dro, rogorc moZra-

obisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaTa Tanamimdevrobis

wesrigi~) gamomdinareobs, rom dro mxolod erTganzomi-

lebiani wesrigia. xdomilobaTa Tanamimdevroba mxolod

erTganzomilebiani SeiZleba iyos.

116

es udavo faqti warmoSobs droSi Tanamimdevrobis

kriteriumis povnis problemas: ris safuZvelze SegviZlia

vamtkicoT, rom erTi movlena moxda meoreze adre an gvi-

an?

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am funqciis Sesruleba sa-

aTs SeuZlia, vinaidan igi aCvenebs wesrigs “adresa~ da

“gvians~ Soris. magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris, vinai-

dan saaTi aris Seqmnili am wesrigis mixedviT; igi sxva

araferia, garda drois wesrigis ilustraciisa; swored

amitom drois wesrigis problema kvlav problemad rCeba.

am problemis gadasawyvetad naturfilosofiaSi

sxvadasxva mosazreba Camoyalibda: maT Soris yvelaze po-

pularulia drois kauzaluri Teoria, romelic proble-

mis gadawyvetas mizezobriobis kanonis safuZvelze cdi-

lobs. es Teoria amtkicebs, rom droSi Tanamimdevrobis

anu drois wesrigis kriteriums mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSi-

ris arseboba warmoadgens. mizezi droSi win uswrebs Se-

degs; amitom Tu cnobilia rom erTi movlena aris meore

movlenis mizezi, maSin advilad davadgenT maT Soris

droul Tanamimdevrobas, pirveli movlena ufro adre

moxda, vidre meore.

am Teoriis elementebi jer kidev laibnicTan

gvxvdeba, xolo Semdeg hiumem da kantma xazi gausves mi-

zezobriobisa da droSi Tanamimdevrobis kavSirs. magram

yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc isaa, rom es Teoria ainSta-

inmac gamoiyena. igi wers: ~xdomilobaTa drouli wesrigi

invariantulia (lorencis gardaqmnebis mimarT) sxvadasxva

damkvirveblisaTvis maSin da mxolod maSin, rodesac gan-

xiluli xdomilobani SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iqnas sig-

nalebiT, e. i. mizezobrivi jaWvebiT, romlebic “gadaad-

gildebian~ iseTi siCqariT, romelic ar aRemateba sinaT-

lis siCqares sicarieleSi~. es niSnavs, rom A da B xdomi-

lobani droSi Tanamimdevaria mxolod maSin, Tu SesaZle-

belia maTi dakavSireba sinaTlis signalis saSualebiT,

romelic mizezobrivi moqmedebis gadamcemis rols asru-

lebs.

117

am Teoriis logikur nakls warmoadgens “wre dasabu-

TebaSi~ (circulus vitiosus). droul Tanamimdevrobas mizezobrivi

kavSiris safuZvelze davadgenT, magram mizezobrivi kavSi-

ris dadgena TviTon moiTxovs winaswar drouli kavSiris

codnas. marTlac, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris principuli

SesaZleblobis qveS yovelTvis xdomilobaTa drouli Ta-

namimdevroba igulisxmeba. ase moveqeciT “mojadoebul wre-

Si~. aseTive mdgomareoba gvaqvs ainStainTanac, romelic

Tvlis, rom ori xdomiloba droSi Tanamimdevaria (erTi

ufro adrea meoreze) mxolod maSin, Tu arsebobs sinaTlis

signalis saSualebiT maTi dakavSirebis SesaZlebloba; mag-

ram dakavSirebis SesaZleblobis qveS arsebiTad isev am

xdomilobebis droSi Tanamimdevroba igulisxmeba. amrigad,

miviReT tavtologia: ori xdomiloba droSi Tanamimdevaria

maSin, Tu isini droSi Tanamimdevaria.

analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs mizezobriobis SemTxve-

vaSic. mizezi, cxadia, droSi win uswrebs Sedegs, magram

saidan gavigoT, rom or xdomilobas Soris mizezobrivi

(geneturi) kavSiria, e. i. erTi warmoSobs meore, Tu maT

Soris ubralo drouli Tanamimdevrobaa? am sakiTxs isev

hiumesTan mivyavarT. am siZnelis daZleva h. raixenbaxma e.

w. “markirebis meTodiT~ scada, Tumca es cdac warumate-

beli aRmoCnda (j. uitrou).

miuxedavad am logikuri naklisa, drois kauzalur

Teorias warmatebiT iyeneben rogorc bunebismecnierebaSi,

ise bunebismecnierebis filosofiaSi. sinaTlis signali,

romelic cariel sivrceSi Tanabari da zRvruli siCqa-

riT vrceldeba, xdomilobaTa droSi Tanamimdevrobis da-

sadgenad gamoiyeneba. kerZod, sinaTlis signalis mudmivo-

bas emyareba ainStainis relatiurobis specialuri Teo-

ria, romelic erT-erTi postulatis rols asrulebs.

$$$$30. 30. 30. 30. ererererTdroTdroTdroTdrouuuulolololobibibibis prs prs prs proboboboblelelelemamamama

drois kauzaluri Teoria drois mxolod or mo-

ments _ warsulsa da momavals _ exeba; drois mesame mo-

118

menti _ awmyo _ kidev ufro didi sirTuleebis winaSe

ayenebs mecnierebis filosofias, vinaidan masTan dakavSi-

rebulia sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdrou-

lobis problema, romelic ainStainis relatiurobis spe-

cialuri Teoriis birTvs warmoadgens.

niutonis fizika absoluturi sivrcisa da drois

cnebebidan amodioda, romlis safuZvelzec absoluturi

erTdroulobis arsebobas uSvebda. am koncefciis safuZ-

vels agreTve moqmedebis myisieri gadacemis (actio in distans)

hipoTezac warmoadgenda, romelic klasikur fizikaSi

udavod iTvleboda. aseve udavod iyo miCneuli sivrceSi

daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdrouloba, vinaidan si-

naTlis signali, romlis myisierad gavrcelebas varau-

dobdnen, iolad daadgens sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomi-

lobebis erTdroulobas.

ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriam, absoluturi siv-

rcisa da drois uaryofasTan erTad, sivrceSi daSorebu-

li xdomilobebis absoluturi erTdroulobis dadgenis

SesaZleblobac uaryo sinaTlis signalis gavrcelebis

sasrulobisa da axlomoqmedebis principis safuZvelze.

sinaTlis sxivi zRvruli siCqariT vrceldeba, magram mi-

si siCqare usasrulo mainc ar aris (300000 km/sek.). es niS-

navs, rom sinaTlis sxivis gavrceleba dros saWiroebs

da, maSasadame, Sorsmoqmedebis princips cvlis axlomoq-

medebis principi, rac erTdroulobis relatiurobasa da,

maSasadame, absoluturi erTdroulobis SeuZleblobas

ganapirobebs.

sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis absoluturi

erTdroulobis dadgena SeuZlebelia, vinaidan sinaTlis

signalis gavrceleba dros saWiroebs. absoluturi er-

Tdrouloba principulad daukvirvebadia, ris gamoc mas

ara aqvs mecnieruli sazrisi. erTaderTi erTdrouloba,

romelzec mecniers SeuZlia msjeloba, aris relatiuri.

Tu or xdomilobas Soris drois intervali metia im in-

tervalze, romelic sinaTlis signals esaWiroeba am or

xdomilobas Soris manZilis gasavlelad, maSin maTgan

erT-erTi absoluturad adrea meoreze, xolo Tu maT So-

119

ris drois intervali naklebia im intervalze, romelic

sinaTlis signals esaWiroeba maT Soris arsebuli manZi-

lis gasavlelad, maSin ar arsebobs am or xdomilobas

Soris mizezobrivi moqmedebis gadacemis SesaZlebloba

da, maSasadame, isini erTdroulia. am SemTxvevaSi saqme

gvaqvs relatiur da ara absolutur erTdroulobasTan.

erTdroulobis relatiuroba, h. raixenbaxis mixedviT,

sqematurad ase SeiZleba warmovidginoT: vTqvaT A werti-

lidan t1 droSi gavuSviT sinaTlis signali dedamiwidan

mzeze.

am manZilis gasavlelad sxivs 8 wuTi esaWiroeba.

sxivi mzeze mivida t2 droSi, airekla da t3 droSi kvlav

dedamiwaze dabrunda. Tu sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobis

Tezisidan amovalT (ainStaini swored aqedan amodis), ma-

Sin 3 12

2

t tt

−= . magram 3 1t t− sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobis

pirobebSi udris 16 wuTs, xolo drois am intervalSi

bevri ram iseTi SeiZleba moxdes, romlis droul wes-

rigs 2t -Tan ver davadgenT kvlav sinaTlis siCqaris sas-

rulobis gamo. yvela xdomiloba, romelTac adgili hqon-

daT t1-mde, e. i. sinaTlis signalis gaSvebamde da t3-is Sem-

deg, e. i. sinaTlis signalis ukan dabrunebis Semdeg, unda

ganxilul iqnas rogorc absoluturad “adre~ da “gvian~,

xolo danarCeni xdomilobani, romelTac adgili hqondaT

3 1t t− droSi, e. i. sinaTlis signalis gagzavnisa da ukan

brunebis intervalSi, 2t -is erTdroulia. es niSnavs er-

Tdroulobis relatiurobas, romelic fizikuri Tval-

sazrisiT sinaTlis siCqaris sasrulobas, xolo filoso-

fiuri TvalsazrisiT dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiur

Ct3

At1

Bt2

120

princips emyareba, romelic krZalavs mecnierul msjelo-

bas principulad daukvirvebadi fenomenebis Sesaxeb (amis

Sesaxeb ufro vrclad am wignis mexuTe nawilSi gveqneba

laparaki).

ainStainis erTdroulobis relativisturi Teoria

agreTve logikur wres Seicavs. saxeldobr, erTdroulo-

bis dadgena winaswar saWiroebs sinaTlis siCqaris mudmi-

vobis codnas (sinaTle AB da BC manZilebs tol droSi

gadis), xolo sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobis dadgena (ga-

zomva) TviTon moiTxovs erTdroulobis codnas. ase move-

qeciT logikur wreSi erTdroulobis dadgenasa da si-

naTlis siCqaris mudmivobas Soris.1 am garemoebas gansa-

kuTrebuli dabejiTebiT raixenbaxma gausva xazi.2

am siZnelidan gamosavals ainStaini imaSi xedavs,

rom sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobas postulated iRebs da

mis safuZvelze agebs relativistur erTdroulobis Teo-

rias. “mtkiceba _ wers igi _ rom sinaTle AM da BM manZi-

lebs erTsa da imave dros gadis, sinamdvileSi ar aris

wawawawanamnamnamnamZRvaZRvaZRvaZRvariririri, an hihihihipopopopoTeTeTeTezazazaza sinaTlis fizikuri bunebis Sesa-

xeb, aramed mtkiceba, romelic SeiZleba gavakeToT Tavi-

sufali arCevanis safuZvelze, raTa erTdroulobis gan-

sazRvrebamde mivideT.~3

$$$$31. d31. d31. d31. drorororoisisisis mimimimimarmarmarmarTuTuTuTulelelelebabababa

sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdroulobis

Teoria drois bunebis raodenobriv (metrikul) daxasia-

Tebas iZleva. magram dros aqvs Tvisebrivi mxareebic,

romlis qveS, uwinares yovlisa, drois mimarTuleba igu-

lisxmeba.

drois mimarTulebis problemis sagania imis garkve-

va, Tu ramdeni mimarTuleba aqvs dros; igi erTmimarTu-

1 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов, т. I, cтр. 541-542 2 H. Reichenbach, Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre, Brl. Leipzig, 1928. ix. agreTve, s. avaliani, hans raixenbaxis filosofia, Tbilisi, 1961 3 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов, т. I, стр. 542

121

lebiania Tu ormimarTulebiani? es niSnavs: dro Sebrune-

badia Tu Seubrunebadi? vinaidan dro erTganzomilebia-

nia, mas albaT mxolod erTi mimarTuleba SeiZleba hqon-

des, magram rogor unda davadginoT drois Sebrunebado-

ba Tu Seubrunebadoba? ra aris drois mimarTulebis kri-

teriumi?

mkvlevarTa absoluturi umravlesoba Tvlis, rom

dro Seubrunebadi da erTmimarTulebiani wesrigia. sxvag-

varad _ drois Sebrunebis SemTxvevaSi _ samyaro yirama-

la iqneboda dayenebuli; sikvdili dabadebaze adre mox-

deboda, sasjeli iqneboda danaSaulamde, mka _ Tesvamde

da a. S. maSasadame, dro ar SeiZleba Sebrunebadi iyos;

igi Seubrunebadi anu erTmimarTulebiani wesrigia.

ra aris drois mimarTulebis kriteriumi? erTi ram

cxadia, rom raki dro Seubrunebadi da, maSasadame, erTmi-

marTulebiania, amitom drois mimarTulebis kriteriumic

aseTi unda iyos. bunebaSi arsebobs rogorc Sebrunebadi,

ise Seubrunebadi procesebi. meqanikuri moZraoba Sebrune-

badia, Termodinamikuri ki Seubrunebadi. amitom Tvlian,

rom drois mimarTulebis kriteriumia entropiis zrda _

svla wesrigidan uwesrigobisaken. aseTia, magaliTad, ga-

zebisa da siTxeebis Sereva, wvis procesi, siTbos gadas-

vla Tbili sxeulidan civ sxeulSi da a. S. entropiis

zrda _ wesrigidan uwesrigobisaken svla _ romelic er-

TmimarTulebiania, miCneulia drois erTmimarTulebiano-

bis kriteriumad.

Cven vfiqrobT, rom es koncefcia seriozul kriti-

kas imsaxurebs Semdegi garemoebebis gamo: ppppiriririrvevevevelililili, bol-

cmanma Camoayaliba Termodinamikis meore kanonis statis-

tikuri interpretacia da daadgina, rom entropiis zrdas

statikuri aucileblobis xasiaTi aqvs. es niSnavs, rom

Tu mocemuli gvaqvs Caketili fizikuri sistema, maSin

did umravles SemTxvevaSi entropia izrdeba, magram cal-

keul SemTxvevaSi unda vivaraudoT misi Semcirebis SesaZ-

leblobac, e. i. Termodinamikuri procesis Sebruneba. ma-

Sasadame, entropiis zrda ar warmoadgens absolutur au-

cileblobas. magram vinaidan entropiis zrda metad saal-

122

baToa, xolo Semcireba _ naklebad saalbaTo, amitom,

bolcmanis mixedviT, entropiis zrda drois mimarTule-

bas Seesabameba, Tumca mas statistikuri xasiaTi aqvs. memememeoooo----

rererere, entropiis Teoriis mTavar nakls is warmoadgens, rom

igi winaswar uSvebs drois erTmimarTulebianobas da Sem-

deg iwyebs iseTi procesis Ziebas, romelic drois erTmi-

marTulebianobas Seesabameba; es niSnavs, rom winaswar

daSvebulia is, rac kvleva-Ziebis Sedegs unda warmoad-

gendes. am Secdomas logikaSi Petitio principii ewodeba, e. i.

roca dasabuTeba winaswar dasabuTebulad gulisxmobs

imas, rac dasabuTebis Sedegs unda warmoadgendes. amri-

gad, entropiis TeoriaSi drois mimarTulebis kriteriu-

mis problema dayvanilia drois mimarTulebis maCveneb-

lis povnaze. am SemTxvevaSi drois erTmimarTulebianoba

ki ar sabuTdeba, aramed iZebneba misi erTmimarTulebiano-

bis ilustratori da aseTad miCneulia entropiis zrda.

memememesasasasamemememe, entropiis Teoria ara marto ver asabuTebs drois

erTmimarTulebianobas, aramed, piriqiT, saboloo jamSi

mis uaryofamde midis. es aSkarad gamoCnda entropiis Te-

oriis im variantSi, romelic a. s. edingtonma SeimuSava.

entropiis zrda ar SeiZleba usasrulo iyos; odesme siT-

buri energia samyaroSi gaTanabrdeba, e. i. entropia Sew-

yvets zrdas da miviRebT samyaros “siTbur sikvdils~. am

SemTxvevaSi, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, iqneba dro, magram mas

ar eqneba mimarTuleba, rac arsebiTad drois uaryofas

niSnavs, vinaidan dro mimarTulebis gareSe ukve aRar

aris dro. memememeoToToToTxexexexe, entropiis zrda Termodinamikuri (Se-

ubrunebadi) procesebis maxasiaTebelia, magram bunebaSi

arsebobs Sebrunebadi procesebic (magaliTad, meqanikuri

moZraoba), romelic agreTve droSi sruldeba. entropiis

zrdam ZiriTadad Termodinamikuri procesebis drois mi-

marTuleba SeiZleba gvaCvenos, maSin roca es kriteriumi

Sebrunebad procesebze ar gamodgeba. Riad rCeba sakiTxi,

Tu ris safuZvelze SeiZleba ganisazRvros Sebrunebadi

procesebis drois mimarTuleba? drois erTmimarTulebia-

nobis kriteriums xom universaluri mniSvneloba unda

hqondes, e. i. Tanabrad exebodes yvela procesis _ ro-

123

gorc Seubrunebadis, aseve Sebrunebadis _ drois mimar-

Tulebas?

drois mimarTulebis problema unda gadawydes dro-

is arsebis analizis safuZvelze. drois arseba ki aris

moZraoba. bunebaSi arsebobs Sebrunebadi da Seubrunebadi

procesebi, magram ar arsebobs absoluturi Sebrunebado-

ba an Seubrunebadoba. swored amitom arc drois absolu-

turi Seubrunebadobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba laparaki. drois

mimarTulebas moZraobis mimarTuleba gansazRvravs, vinai-

dan dro ar aris substancia, igi ar arsebobs moZraobisa-

gan damoukideblad. Tu moxda saswauli da Sebrunda yve-

la bunebrivi procesi, Sebrundeba droc. aseve iTqmis

calkeul procesebzec, vinaidan yvela process _ moZrao-

bis TiToeul formas _ mdgomareobaTa sakuTari Tanamim-

devroba anu “sakuTari dro~ (ainStaini) aqvs. magram dro-

is mimarTulebis dasadgenad aucilebelia erT-erTi saxis

moZraobis drois obieqtivacia, misi gaabsolutureba da

am gziT drois mimarTulebis kriteriumis dadgena; cxa-

dia, aseT SemTxvevaSi ufro marjvea Seubrunebadi proce-

sebidan erT-erTis arCeva da misi gaabsolutureba _ kri-

teriumad gadaqceva. mxolod amdenad aqvs gamarTleba en-

tropiis zrdis arCevas drois mimarTulebis kriteriumad,

miuxedavad mTeli misi naklovanebebisa.

124

$$$$32. k32. k32. k32. kanananantitititi da da da da bbbbuuuunenenenebisbisbisbismecmecmecmecninininieeeererererebabababa

kanti winakritikul periodSi upiratesad bunebis-

metyveli iyo da ara filosofosi. igi leqciebs kiTxu-

lobda geologiaSi, fizikaSi, geografiaSi, kosmologiaSi

da a. S., werda iseT specialur sabunebismetyvelo Temeb-

zec ki, rogoricaa miwisZvris mizezebi, qaris buneba, cis

zogadi Teoria, dedamiwis daberebis problema, dedamiwis

brunva RerZis garSemo da a. S. kritikul periodSi kants

bunebismecnierebis specialuri problemebisaTvis ukve

aRar ecala da mTeli gonebrivi energia Teoriuli (Se-

mecnebis Teoria) da praqtikuli (eTika, esTetika) filo-

sofiis problemebis kvlevas moaxmara. miuxedavad amisa,

kantis transcendentaluri filosofia bevrad aris dava-

lebuli imdroindeli bunebismecnierebisagan. am mxriv

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs klasikuri fizikisa da

evkliduri geometriis gavlena kantis sivrcisa da drois

Teoriaze (transcendentaluri esTetika).

kantis “wminda gonebis kritikis~ pirveli nawilis _

transcendentaluri esTetikis _ sabunebismetyvelo sa-

fuZvels niutonis fizika da evklides geometria warmo-

adgens. ueWvelia, rom kanti kargad icnobda galilei-niu-

tonis klasikur meqanikas, gansakuTrebiT niutonis moZ-

Rvrebas absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb. niutoni

orgvari _ absoluturi da relatiuri _ sivrcisa da

drois Sesaxeb laparakobda. namdvil, WeSmarit sivrced

da drod igi absolutur sivrcesa da dros Tvlida, ro-

melic materiisagan damoukidebelia, arsebobs TavisTavad,

yovelgvari mimarTebis gareSe da romelSic, rogorc ab-

soluturad cariel WurWelSi, moTavsebulia samyaro.

sivrcesa da dros ara aqvT raime arsebiTi kavSiri imas-

Tan (materiasTan), rac masSi imyofeba. meore mxriv arse-

bobs fizikuri, relatiuri, grZnobadi sivrce da dro,

romelic SegrZnebebSi gveZleva, gazomvadia, ar arsebobs

materiisagan damoukideblad, sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi sxva-

dasxvagvarad warmosdgeba, SemTxveviTi da, maSasadame,

“moCvenebiTia~.

125

kantma TiTqmis ucvlelad miiRo niutonis absolu-

turi sivrcisa da drois Teoria, magram mas subieqtivis-

turi Sinaarsi misca. Tuki niutoni sivrcesa da dros ma-

terialuri samyaros adgilsamyoflad (“WurWlad~) Tvli-

da, kantma isini intuiciis wminda, apriorul formebad

gamoacxada da sivrcisa da drois niutoniseuli Teoria

cnobierebis enaze Targmna. sivrce da dro, rogorc wmin-

da mWvretelobis aprioruli formebi, niutonis absolu-

turi sivrcisa da drois aslebia imisagan gamoklebiT,

rom pirvels wminda gnoseologiuri Sinaarsi aqvs da niu-

tonis TeoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebel obieqturobas mokle-

bulia. kantic laparakobs sivrcisa da drois obieqturo-

bis Sesaxeb, magram mis qveS sxva araferi igulisxmeba,

garda intersubieqturobisa, rac niutoniseul obieqturo-

bisagan principulad gansxvavdeba. niutonis absolutur _

cariel _ sivrcesa da dros kantTan sivrcisa da drois

aprioroba Seesabameba. “araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba

warmovidginoT, rom ar arsebobs sivrce, maSin roca Zne-

li ar aris warmovidginoT, rom masSi araviTari nivTi ar

aris.~1 es ki sxva araferia, garda niutonis absoluturi

sivrcisa da drois cnebebis gnoseologiuri interpreta-

ciisa.

klasikuri fizikis gavlena kantis sivrcisa da dro-

is Teoriaze kidev ufro naTlad Cans TxzulebaSi: “bune-

bismecnierebis metafizikuri sawyisebi~, sadac kanti, niu-

tonis msgavsad, laparakobs absoluturad carieli siv-

rcisa da drois Sesaxeb, romelSic moTavsebulia mate-

ria. sivrce da dro materiis adgilsamyofelia. TviTon

sivrcisa da drois cnebis gansazRvrebac kants niutoni-

dan aqvs aRebuli. igi, iseve rogorc niutoni, laparakobs

orgvar sivrcesa da droze _ absolutursa da relatiur-

ze, romelTagan, agreTve niutonis kvaldakval, absolu-

tur sivrcesa da dros namdvil, WeSmarit sivrced da

drod Tvlis, xolo relatiuris “moCvenebiTobas~, “ara-

WeSmaritebas~ amtkicebs.

1 И. Кант, Сочинения, т. III, стр. 130

126

kantis sivrcisa da drois Teoria aseve davalebu-

lia evkliduri geometriisagan, romelsac erTaderT Se-

saZlebel geometriul sistemad da, maSasadame, evklidur

sivrces erTaderT SesaZlebel sivrced Tvlida. es sru-

liad bunebrivic iyo, vinaidan kantis dros ar arsebobda

sxva fizika da geometria, garda klasikuri fizikisa da

evkliduri geometriisa, romelTac kanti klasikuri az-

rovnebis absolutur formebad Tvlida. evkliduri geo-

metria da klasikuri fizika, amtkicebs kanti, aris erTa-

derTi SesaZlebeli geometria da fizika, romelTac, ro-

gorc apriorul formebze agebul mecnierebebs, aucile-

beli da sayovelTao mniSvneloba aqvT. kanti ara marto

ar eWvobda evkliduri geometriisa da niutonis fizikis

absoluturobaSi, aramed Tvlida, rom principulad SeuZ-

lebelia sxvagvari geometriisa sxva fizikuri principe-

bis arseboba, garda klasikuri fizikisa da evkliduri

geometriis principebisa.

kantis gardacvalebidan 22 wlis Semdeg (1826) Seiq-

mna axali (lobaCevskis) geometria, xolo 101 wlis Semdeg

ainStainma Camoayaliba relatiurobis specialuri Teo-

ria, rogorc niutonis absoluturi sivrcisa da drois

Teoriis sapirispiro moZRvreba. es niSnavda klasikuri

azrovnebis formebis erTaderTobis da maTi absoluturi

mniSvnelobis uaryofas. am garemoebam sabunebismetyvelo

safuZveli gamoacala kantis transcendentalur moZRvre-

bas sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb. cxadi gaxda, rom SeuZle-

belia geometriis gamocxadeba sinTezur-apriorul mecni-

erebad. geometria gadaiqca “fizikis ganStoebad~ (a. ain-

Staini), rac geometriuli debulebebis apriorulobis Se-

saxeb msjelobis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. geometria

sinTezuri mecnierebaa, magram ara aprioruli. amasTanave

gairkva, rom aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba apriorulo-

bas rodi niSnavs. mecnierebis kanonebi sayovelTao da au-

cilebeli mniSvnelobis mqonea, magram isini aprioruli

ar aris. TviTon puankarec, romelic kantis filosofiis

gavlenas ganicdida, uaryofda geometriuli debulebebis

127

sinTezur-apriorulobas da maT ubralod konvenciebad

Tvlida.

es, miT umetes, iTqmis bunebismecnierebis Sesaxeb,

romelsac kanti agreTve sinTezur-apriorulobas miawer-

da. bunebismecnierebis sagans realuri arsis (bunebis) ka-

nonzomiereba Seadgens da, cxadia, mis apriorobaze lapa-

raki zedmetia. marTalia, kanti laparakobda “wminda~ bu-

nebismecnierebasa da maTematikaze, magram aseTi sinamdvi-

leSi ar arsebobs. “wminda~ dro da sivrce carieli, ab-

soluturi sivrce da droa, romelTa arseboba axalma

(relativisturma) fizikam erTxel da samudamod uaryo.

realuri sivrce da dro aris is, romelsac niutoni “re-

latiurs~, “grZnobads~, “moCvenebiTs~ uwodebda. amrigad,

axalma bunebismecnierebam (fizikam) da maTematikam (geo-

metriam) uaryves kantis moZRvreba sivrcisa da drois ap-

riorobis Sesaxeb.

swored amitom ainStaini, romelic kantis filoso-

fiis kargi mcodne iyo, principulad daupirispirda kan-

tis moZRvrebas sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb. mxedvelobaSi

hyavda ra kanti da kantianelebi, ainStaini werda: “me

darwmunebuli var, rom filosofosebma damRupveli gav-

lena moaxdines mecnieruli azrovnebis ganviTarebaze, ga-

daitanes ra zogierTi fundamenturi cneba cdis sfero-

dan, sadac isini Cveni kontrolis qveS imyofeba, aprioro-

bis miuwvdomel simaRleze; vinaidan Tundac aRmoCndes,

rom ideaTa es samyaro ar SeiZleba cdidan iqnas gamoyva-

nili logikuri gziT da igi garkveuli azriT aris ada-

mianis gonebis pirmSo, romlis gareSe araviTari mecnie-

reba araa SesaZlebeli, ideaTa es samyaro mainc iseve nak-

leb iqneboda damokidebuli Cveni SegrZnebis bunebisagan,

rogorc tansacmeli adamianis sxeulis formisagan. es

gansakuTrebiT sworia sivrcisa da drois cnebebis mi-

marT. faqtebis gavleniT fizikosebi iZulebuli gaxdnen

daemxoT isini apriorobis olimpidan, raTa wesrigSi mo-

eyvanaT isini da gamoyenebisaTvis gasagebi gaexadaT.~1

1 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов, т. III, М. 66, стр. 605

128

magram amaSi kanti sruliadac ar aris damnaSave,

imis dros arsebuli bunebismecniereba da maTematika

sxvagvari daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas ar iZleoda.

axali fizikisa da geometriis Camoyalibebas unda mohyo-

loda da kidec mohyva kantis sivrcisa da drois Teoriis

rRveva. moswrebulad ambobs yofili kantianeli hainrix

Solci: “kanti rom xelaxla dabadebuliyo, TviTon isic

ki ar iqneboda kantianeli.~1

1 H. Scholz, Das Vermächtnis der Kantschen Lehre von Raum und von der Zeit, “Kant-

Studien“. Bd. XXIX, H. ½, 1924, s. 65

129


mmmmoZoZoZoZrarararaoooobabababa

$$$$33. m33. m33. m33. moZoZoZoZrarararaoooobibibibis s s s rerererelalalalatitititivisvisvisvistutututuriririri TeTeTeTeooooririririaaaa

absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teoria, romelsac

antikurobidan XX saukunis damdegamde gabatonebuli

mdgomareoba eWira, absoluturi moZraobis koncefciis

sayrdeni iyo. istoriidan cnobilia, rom rogoricaa war-

modgenebi sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb, isevea gagebuli

moZraobis buneba. marTlac, jer kidev Zveli drois ato-

mistebi (magaliTad, demokrite), romlebic absoluturi

sivrcisa da drois arsebobas aRiarebdnen, Tvlidnen, rom

moZraoba aris sxeulis gadaadgileba erTi absoluturi

adgilidan meore aseTsave absolutur adgilze. absolu-

turi adgilis cnebis qveS ki isini cariel sivrces moi-

azrebdnen, rasac moZraobis aucilebel pirobad Tvlid-

nen. aqve cxadia, rom maT mxedvelobaSi hqondaT martoo-

den meqanikuri moZraoba, xolo sxva saxis moZraobas arc

icnobdnen.

am koncefciis winaaRmdeg pirvelad aristotelem ga-

ilaSqra, romelmac uaryo carieli sivrcis arseboba da,

winaaRmdeg zemoxsenebuli Tvalsazrisisa, im daskvnamde

mivida, rom, ~arc erTi sagani ar SeiZleba moZraobdes,

Tu arsebobs sicariele.~1 moZraoba, amtkicebs igi, ar

aris sivrceSi adgilgadanacvleba Tundac imitom, rom

carieli sivrce ar arsebobs. moZraoba aris sivrciTi mi-

marTebebis cvlileba, romelic, cxadia, gulisxmobs im

sagnebis arsebobas, romelTa mimarTac moZravi sxeuli

adgils icvlis. swored amitom sicarieleSi (Tuki aseTi

arsebobdes), romelSic araviTari sagani ar aris, da, ma-

Sasadame, arc sivrciTi mimarTebania, moZraoba SeuZlebe-

lia. amrigad, carieli sivrce, aristoteles mixedviT,

ara marto ar aris moZraobis aucilebeli piroba, aramed,

1 aristotelearistotelearistotelearistotele, fizika IV, 8, 214

130

piriqiT, Tuki carieli sivrce arsebobdes, maSin moZraoba

SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amrigad, aristotelem pirvelma ga-

akritika absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teoria da, mas-

Tan erTad, moZraobis relativisturi gagebac Camoayali-

ba, Tumca maSin jer kidev adre iyo laparaki drois, siv-

rcisa da moZraobis relativisturi Teoriis srulyofi-

lad Camoyalibebaze.

absoluturi moZraobis Teoriis damcvelebi moZrao-

bas gansazRvravdnen absoluturi adgilis mixedviT. “ab-

soluturi moZraoba _ werda niutoni _ aris sxeulis ga-

daadgileba misi erTi absoluturi adgilidan meoreze.~1

da Semdeg: “sruli, absoluturi moZraoba sxvagvarad ar

SeiZleba iqnas gansazRvruli, Tu ara uZrav adgilTa sa-

SualebiT.~2 es niSnavs, rom absoluturi moZraoba gani-

sazRvreboda absoluturad uZravi sxeulebis arsebobiT.

laparakobden `uZrav varskvlavTa cis,~ “samyaros uZravi

centris~ da sxvaTa Sesaxeb, romelTa mimarT moZraobas

absolutur moZraobad Tvlidnen. samyaros uZravi cen-

tris arseboba jer kidev nikolo kuzanelma uaryo, xolo

Semdeg jordano brunom. miuxedavad amisa, am ideas TviT

niutonis moZRvrebaSic vxvdebiT.

absoluturi sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis parale-

lurad, romelTac niutoni “namdvils~, “WeSmarits~ uwo-

debda, aRiarebdnen agreTve relatiuri sivrcis, droisa

da moZraobis arsebobasac, romelTac igive niutoni, “fi-

zikurs~, “grZnobads~, “moCvenebiTs~ uwodebda imis gamo,

rom isini damokidebulia aTvlis sistemaze da icvleba

mimarTebis SecvlasTan erTad.

ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriam daamtkica, rom

namdvili, WeSmariti sivrce da dro relatiuria da ara

absoluturi. amis Sesabamisad uaryofil iqna absolutu-

ri moZraobis cnebac. vinaidan ar arsebobs absoluturi

sivrce da dro, ar arsebobs arc absoluturi moZraoba.

aristoteles Tvalsazrisma moZraobis, rogorc sivrciTi

1 И. Ньютон, Математические начала натуральной философии, cтр. 31 2 iqve, gv. 36

131

mimarTebebis cvalebadobis Sesaxeb da agreTve mis mier

absoluturad carieli sivrcis (adgilis) uaryofam sapa-

tio adgili daimkvidra ainStainis relativistur Teoria-

Si.

sivrcis relativisturi gagebis safuZvelze adgi-

lic relativisturad iqna gagebuli. adgili aris mocemu-

li sxeulis sivrciTi mimarTebani sxva sxeulebTan. swo-

red amitom davam imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris moZraoba _ ad-

gilis cvlileba Tu sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvlileba,

azri dakarga; relativisturad gagebuli adgili igive

sivrciTi mimarTebebis sistemaa. magram klasikur azrovne-

baSi adgili sivrciTi mimarTebebis sistemas ki ar niSnav-

da, aramed absoluturad cariel adgils, ris gamoc mas

adgilis aristoteliseuli (relativisturi) gageba prin-

cipulad upirispirdeboda.

moZraobis gageba, rogorc sivrciTi mimarTebebis

cvlilebisa, mis relatiurobas niSnavs; moZraoba yovel-

Tvis raRacis mimarT sruldeba. es `raRac~ aris aTvlis

sistema, romlis mimarT dgindeba sxeulis moZraoba an

uZraoba. aTvlis sistemis erT-erT ZiriTad niSans ki uZ-

raoba warmoadgens. marTalia, absoluturi uZraoba bune-

baSi ar arsebobs, magram aTvlis sistema, romelic Tavis-

Tavad raRacis mimarT moZraobs, mocemuli moZravi sxeu-

lis mimarT uZravad ganixileba. rodesac vambobT, rom ma-

tarebeli moZraobs 60 kilometris siCqariT, maSin aT-

vlis sistemad viRebT rkinigzis liandagebs, vagzlis ba-

qans an sxva raime sagans, romelsac pirobiTad uZravad

vTvliT. cxadia, moZraobis aRwera, sivrcis koordinateb-

Tan, drosac gulisxmobs. moZraoba drosa da sivrceSi

sruldeba da, maSasadame, sivrcis sami da drois erTi ko-

ordinatiT aRiwereba. es aris oTxganzomilebiani samya-

ros idea, romelic ainStainma “sivrce-drois~ (sivrcisa

da drois universaluri kavSiri) saxelwodebiT Semoita-

na.

yvela aTvlis sistema ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobisaa;

maT Soris gansxvaveba martooden simarjvisa da moxerxe-

bulobis mixedviT SeiZleba arsebobdes. amasTanave sxva-

132

dasxva aTvlis sistema erTsa da imave moZraobas sxvadas-

xvagvarad aRwers. swored amitom aTvlis sistemis Sec-

vla moZraobis raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi mxareebis

Secvlas iwvevs. matarebeli, romelic liandagebis mimarT

60 km. siCqariT moZraobs, baqanze mimavali mgzavris mi-

marT imave dros sxva siCqariT imoZravebs. es damokidebu-

lia imaze, Tu ra siCqariT an ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs

baqanze myofi mgzavri. kidev metic, igive matarebeli meo-

re matareblis mimarT, romelic imave siCqariT da mimar-

TulebiT moZraobs, uZravia. aTvlis sistemas fundamentu-

ri mniSvneloba aqvs moZraobis aRweris procesSi.

aqedan cxadia, rom SeuZlebelia vikiTxoT, Tu rome-

lia maT Soris “namdvili~, “WeSmariti~ moZraoba, rogorc

amas adgili hqonda klasikur azrovnebaSi. vinc aseT kiT-

xvas dasvams, igi uTuod gulisxmobs, rom am mravalgvari

SesaZleblobebidan WeSmaritia mxolod erTi, e. i. ver da-

uZlevia warmodgenebi absoluturi moZraobis Sesaxeb.

moZraobis absoluturoba mis sayovelTaobas niSnavs, rac

sruladac ar upirispirdeba moZraobis relativistur Te-

orias. moZraoba erT drosa da erT mimarTebaSi, rasakvir-

velia, absoluturia, erTniSnobiT xasiaTdeba. amis gareSe

SeuZlebeli iqneboda moZraobis moazreba, misi gageba. re-

latiuri moZraoba mocemuli mimarTebis farglebSi abso-

lutur mniSvnelobas iZens. es idea jer kidev aristote-

lem gamoTqva winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis logikuri ka-

nonis Camoyalibebis dros. ar SeiZleba, rom erTsa da

imave sagans, erTsa da imave drosa da mimarTebaSi miewe-

ros da arc mieweros erTi da igive niSani. konkretul

drosa da mimarTebaSi moZraoba erTniSnaa, erTniSnoba ki

absoluturis gnoseologiur surogats warmoadgens, es

niSnavs, rom moZraoba absoluturisa da relatiuris er-

Tianobas warmoadgens.

arsebobs moZraobis kinematikuri da dinamikuri aR-

wera. pirveli ubralod adgilis cvlilebas aRniSnavs.

magaliTad, rodesac Citi gadaufrens saxls, SeiZleba

vTqvaT, rom ara marto Citi icvlis mimarTebas saxlis

mimarT, aramed, piriqiTac, saxli icvlis mimarTebas Citis

133

mimarT. Tu Cits avirCevT aTvlis sistemad, e. i. CavTvliT

mas uZravad, maSin saxli moZraobs Citis mimarT, Citi ki

gaCerebulia. magram Tu aTvlis sistemaa saxli, maSin Ci-

ti moZraobs saxlis mimarT, saxli ki gaCerebulia. am Sem-

TxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia moZraobis kinematikuri aRwera;

magram moZraobis dinamikuri aRwera maSin gvaqvs, roca

laparakia mamoZravebel Zalebze. bunebaSi, rogorc wesi,

adgili aqvs dinamikur moZraobas, romelic Zalebis ze-

moqmedebas gulisxmobs. TviTon adgilis gadanacvlebac

anu sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvlileba Zalebis zemoqmede-

bis Sedegia. moZraobis dayofa kinematikurad da dinamiku-

rad pirobiTia; realuri moZraoba yovelTvis dinamikuria.

$$$$34. m34. m34. m34. moZoZoZoZrarararaoooobibibibis fs fs fs forororormemememebibibibi

moZraobas universaluri xasiaTi aqvs; realuri ar-

sis sferoSi yvelaferi moZraobs, icvleba, ganuwyveteli

gardaqmnis procesSi imyofeba. moZraoba, cxadia, mimarTu-

lebiania. mis mimarTulebasa da raodenobas masze moqmedi

Zalebi gansazRvravs. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba vilapara-

koT moZraobis formebis Sesaxeb.

moZraobis yvelaze martiv, magram yvelaze ufro gav-

rcelebul formas meqanikuri moZraoba warmoadgens, rom-

lis qveS ZiriTadad materialur sxeulTa adgilgada-

nacvl;eba igulisxmeba. bunebaSi arsebul procesTa umrav-

lesobas meqanikuri xasiaTi aqvs. swored amitom mas isto-

riulad yvelaze adre da yvelaze ukeT icnobdnen. zog-

jer mas moZraobis erTaderT formad Tvlidnen da yve-

lafris axsnas mis mixedviT cdilobdnen (magaliTad, Zve-

li atomistebi da, saerTod, meqanistebi). TviTon maSinac

ki, roca cnobili gaxda moZraobis sxva formebis arsebo-

ba, meqanistebs yovelgvari moZraoba meqanikurze dahyavT

da TviT cocxal organizmSi mimdinare biologiuri pro-

cesebis axsnas meqanikis kanonebiT cdilobdnen. meqaniciz-

mma gansakuTrebiT YimZlavra niutonis meqanikis Camoyali-

bebis Semdeg. meqanikis kanonebs universaluri mniSvnelo-

134

ba mianiWes da adamianic manqanasTan gaaigives. mecnierebs

didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT meqanicizmis dasaZlevad, Tum-

ca igi jer kidev araiSviaTad iCens Tavs rogorc ara-

cocxali, ise cocxali samyaros axsnis procesSi.

meqanisturi msoflmxedvelobis daZleva pirvelad

aristotelem scada da Tanac sakmaod warmatebiT. man me-

qanikuri moZraoba gaigo rogorc sivrciTi mimarTebebis

cvalebadoba, riTac man safuZveli Cauyara moZraobis re-

lativistur koncefcias. manve pirvelma mogvca moZraobis

formebis klasifikacia. igi laparakobda moZraobis eqvsi

formis Sesaxeb: warmoSoba, mospoba, zrda, Semcireba, Tvi-

sebrivi cvalebadoba da sivrceSi gadaadgileba, romlis

qveS meqanikuri moZraoba igulisxmeba. rasakvirvelia, es

klasifikacia amJamad aradamakmayofilebelia, magram is-

toriulad igi wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo levkipe-demok-

rites meqanistur msoflmxedvelobasTan SedarebiT.

filosofiaSi cnobilia moZraobis formebis klasi-

fikaciis ara erTi mcdeloba, romelTagan arc erTi sayo-

velTao aRiarebiT ar sargeblobs. f. engelsma moZraobis

xuTi forma daasaxela: meqanikuri, fizikuri, qimiuri, bi-

ologiuri da socialuri. am klasifikacias jer kidev

komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi akritikebdnen.

SeiZleba vilaparakoT moZraobis formebis sam Ziri-

Tad jgufze: araorganul bunebaSi, organul bunebasa da

socialur sferoSi, romelTagan TiToeuli, Tavis mxriv,

moZraobis qveformebs moicavs. araorganul bunebaSi moZ-

raobis ZiriTad formas meqanikuri moZraoba warmoadgens,

organul bunebaSi aseTive ZiriTadi formaa sicocxle,

xolo sazogadoebaSi _ calkeuli individebisa Tu socia-

luri jgufebis politikuri, nacionaluri, ekonomikuri

Tu kulturuli moZraoba.

moZraobis es formebi ierarqiul kibes qmnis marti-

vidan rTulisaken, dabalidan maRlisaken. ganviTareba

moZraobaa, magram ara piriqiT, yoveli moZraoba ar aris

ganviTareba. ganviTareba memkvidreobasTan aris dakavSire-

buli da “moxsna-Senaxvis~ dialeqtikuri principis mixed-

viT sruldeba. ganviTarebis kriteriumis problema kvlav

135

problemad rCeba; yoveli axali ganviTarebuli rodia,

iseve rogorc yoveli Zveli ganuviTarebels ar niSnavs.

TviTon “Zvelisa~ da “axalis~ cnebebic kriteriums saWi-

roebs.

$$$$35. m35. m35. m35. moZoZoZoZrarararaoooobibibibis s s s didididiaaaaleqleqleqleqtitititikakakaka

moZraoba da cvalebadoba, zogadad aRebuli, aris

mdgomareobis cvlileba. meqanikuri moZraoba ki aris ad-

gilis gadanacvleba _ sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvlileba.

es faqtia da masze arc aravin davobs. sadavo da gasar-

kvevia, Tu rogor xdeba es “gadasvla~, anu rogor xdeba

moZraoba? moZraoba faqtia da mas aravin ar uaryofs, mag-

ram moZraobis SesaZlebloba ki axsnas saWiroebs. Zenoni,

romelic moZraobis SesaZleblobis logikurad moazrebas

SeuZleblad Tvlida, TviTon moZraobas, rogorc faqts,

ar uaryofda.

ar kmara imis Tqma, rom moZravi sxeuli drois moce-

mul momentSi am adgilze imyofeba. `am adgilze yofna~

uZraobas niSnavs da ara moZraobas. moZraoba maSin gvaqvs,

roca moZravi sxeuli drois nebismier momentSi kidec im-

yofeba da arc imyofeba am adgilze, anu ganuwyvetlad

gadis am adgilidan, gadadis sxva adgilze. moZraoba er-

Tdroulad aris mocemul adgilze yofnac da aryofnac.

amaSi mdgomareobs moZraobis dialeqtika, misi Sinagani

winaaRmdegoba da moZraobis problemis mTeli sirTule.

moZraobis problemas swored am winaaRmdegobrivi

bunebis logikurad moazrebis SesaZlebloba warmoadgens.

rogor unda gavigoT moZravi sagnis erTdroulad yofnac

da aryofnac mocemul adgilze? Tu amis axsna ar moxer-

xda, maSin moZraobis buneba gaugebari darCeba. Zenoni moZ-

raobis SesaZleblobis uaryofamde swored am logikurma

siZnelem miiyvana.

moZraobis winaaRmdegobrivi bunebis dasaxasiaTeb-

lad vxmarobT or cnebas: “erTi da igive dro~ da “erTi

da igive adgili~. vnaxoT, ra igulisxmeba am cnebebSi.

136

erTi SexedviT, “erTi da igive dro~ erTdroulobas

niSnavs. erTdrouloba ki aris drois intervalis gamo-

ricxva. ori xdomilobis erTdrouloba imas niSnavs, rom

erTi xdomilebodan meore xdomilobamde araviTar dros

ar gauvlia.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom klasikur azrovnebaSi daSve-

buli iyo moqmedebis myisieri (zedrouli) gadacemis Se-

saZlebloba, ris safuZvelzec laparakobdnen sivrceSi

daSorebuli ori xdomilobis absoluturi erTdroulo-

bis Sesaxeb. magram es warmodgenebi Secvala axlomoqmede-

bis principis Semotanam, romelic sinaTlis siCqaris sas-

rulobidan amodis da, maSasadame, absoluturi erTdrou-

lobis dadgenis SesaZleblobazec uars ambobs.

Tu am TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT moZraobis dialeq-

tikur bunebas, maSin aRmoCndeba rom “erTi da igive dro~

ar SeiZleba niSnavdes erTdroulobas _ drois interva-

lis gamoricxvas, vinaidan es iqneboda myisieri moZraoba,

e. i. moZraoba drois gareSe, rac droisa da moZraobis ga-

nuyrelobis ideas ewinaaRmdegeba. myisierebaSi moZraoba

SeuZlebelia; moZraobas procesis xasiaTi aqvs, xangrZli-

vobis mqonea anu drois garkveul intervalSi srulde-

ba.sxeulis yofnas da aryofnas am adgilze anu mocemuli

adgilidan ganuwyvetel gasvlas myisierebis cneba ver ga-

moxatavs. es niSnavs, rom `erTi da igive dro~ ar SeiZle-

ba niSnavdes myisierebas, e. i. absolutur erTdroulobas,

aramed drois garkveul intervals, rac moZraobis arse-

bobisaTvis aucilebelia.

SeiZleba gviTxran, rom Tu es asea, maSin ratom ar

vambobT `sxvadasxva dros?~ Tu `sxvadasxva drois~ cnebas

movixmarT, maSin kvlav moZraobis uaryofamde mivalT, vi-

naidan sxeulis yofna sxvadasxva dros erTsa da imave ad-

gilze mis uZraobas niSnavs da ara moZraobas. moZraoba

mxolod maSin SeiZleba iyos, Tu sxeuli aris da arc

aris erTsa da imave dros mocemul adgilze anu ganuw-

yvetlad gadis am adgilidan; xolo “ganuwyvetlad gas-

vla~ drois SualedSi SeiZleba. maSasadame, “erTsa da

137

imave dros~ cnebis qveS drois garkveuli intervali igu-

lisxmeba da ara absoluturi erTdrouloba.

rodesac vambobT, rom “moZraoba sruldeba awmyoSi~,

maSin “awmyos~ cnebis qveS drois erT-erTi (warsulisa da

momavlis gammijnavi) momenti ki ar igulisxmeba, romelic

myisieria, da araviTari ganzomileba ara aqvs, aramed

drois garkveuli intervali, rac procesis xasiaTs ata-

rebs da SesaZlebels xdis moZraobas. awmyoSi _ myisiere-

baSi _ moZraoba SeuZlebelia.

analogiurad unda gavigoT “erTi da igive adgilis~

cneba. absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teoria adgilis

cnebis qveS absolutur adgils gulisxmobda. aseT Sem-

TxvevaSi marTlac gaugebari iqneba “erTsa da imave ad-

gilze yofnac da aryofnac~. relativistur Teorias ki

adgili esmis rogorc sivrciTi mimarTebebis sistema, ro-

melTa cvlileba moZraobas warmoadgens. sivrciTi mimar-

Tebebis cvlileba ki uTuod procesis xasiaTs atarebs

da, maSasadame, droSi sruldeba. Tu moZravi sxeuli

mdgomareobas (adgils, anu sivrciTi mimarTebebis siste-

mas) gagagaganuwnuwnuwnuwyveyveyveyvettttlalalaladddd ar icvlides, maSin iqneboda uZraoba

da ara moZraoba. sivrciTi mimarTebebis (adgilis) cvli-

leba ki droSi xdeba. amrigad, adgilis relativisturi

cneba iolad xsnis moZraobis dialeqtikas _ erTsa da

imave dros yofnasac da aryofnasac erTsa da imave ad-

gilze. siZneles is qmnida, rom dro da adgilic gagebu-

li iyo klasikuri _ absoluturi sivrcisa da drois _

Teoriis mixedviT.

moZraobis winaaRmdegobrivi (dialeqtikuri) buneba

imaSic gamoixateba, rom moZraoba agreTve erTsa da imave

dros aris wyvetadic da uwyvetic. moZraobis wyvetadobi-

sa da uwyvetobis problema ZvelisZvelia. Zenonis aporie-

bi moZraobis Sesaxeb am problemasTan aris dakavSirebu-

li. es problema ki imdenad rTulia, rom dResac ar aris

amoxsnili.

jer kidev aristotele aRniSnavda, rom Zenonis apo-

riebs moZraobis Sesaxeb sivrcisa da drois uwyvetobis

daSveba iwvevs. Zenoni Tvlida, rom sivrce da dro uwyve-

138

tia, uwyveti ki usasrulod iyofa; swored amitom moZrao-

ba SeuZlebelia; moZrav sxeuls ar SeuZlia usasrulod

dayofadi sivrcisa da drois gavla. vidre igi mTel man-

Zils gaivlis, aucilebelia, rom jer am manZilis naxeva-

ri gaiaros. magram naxevari manZilic TavisTavad mTelia,

romlis gasavlelad aucilebelia kidev naxevari manZi-

lis gavla da a. S. usasrulod, moZravi sxeuli mocemul

manZils verasodes ver gaivlis. Tuki sivrce wyvetadi

iyos, e. i. gasavleli manZili rom wyvetadi wertilebisa-

gan Sedgebodes, maSin am wertilebis ricxvi ragind bev-

ric ar unda iyos, mainc sabolood sasruli iqneba, xo-

lo sasruli ricxvis wertilebis gavla SesaZlebelia.

magram sivrcis ganuwyvetloba usasrulod dayofis SesaZ-

leblobas qmnis, xolo am pirobebSi ki moZraoba SeuZle-

belia. am siZnelezea agebuli aporia “ku da aqilevsi~,

“gatyorcnili isari~ da sxv.

aristotele da hegeli SeniSnavdnen, rom Zenoni wi-

naswar sazRvars uwesebs aqilevss, romlis gadalaxvis

nebas ar aZlevs. “naxevari gzis gavla~ sazRvris dawese-

bas da misi gadalaxvis akrZalvas niSnavs. Tu aqilevss

sazRvris gadalaxvis nebas miscemT, maSin igi kus ara

marto daeweva, aramed kidec gauswrebs.

Zenoni, cxadia, ar uaryofda moZraobas, rogorc em-

piriul faqts; igi moZraobis SesaZleblobis martooden

logikur siZneleebs aCvenebda. es siZneleebi ki marTlac

iseTia, rom misi damakmayofilebeli axsna Tanamedrove

urTulesi logikur-maTematikuri meTodebiTac ki ar xer-

xdeba.

Zenonis aporiebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, sivrcisa da

drois uwyvetobis daSvebas emyareba. swored amitom jer

kidev aristotele sivrcisa da drois uwyvetobis uaryo-

fis safuZvelze cdilobda Zenonis aporiebis daZlevas.

igi “gatyorcnili isris~ Sesaxeb aRniSnavda, rom es apo-

ria ganuwyveteli “axlas~ daSvebas emyareba, rac swori

ar aris . dro ar Sedgeba ganuwyveteli “axlaebisagan~,

iseve rogorc sivrce ar Sedgeba ganuwyveteli wertile-

bisagan.

139

maSasadame, saWiroa gairkves, moZraoba, sivrce da

dro wyvetadia, Tu uwyveti an orive erTad?

moZraoba ori momentisagan Sedgeba _ cvalebadobisa

da mdgradobisagan. maTi erTmaneTisagan mowyvetis Sem-

TxvevaSi buneba gaurkveveli darCeba. Tu uarvyofT cva-

lebadobas da mxolod mdgradobas davuSvebT, maSin moZ-

raoba xelidan gagviqreba, vinaidan mdgradoba uZraobaa

da ara moZraoba. meore mxriv, Tu mxolod cvalebadobas

dauSvebT da mdgradobis moments gamovricxavT, maSin Se-

uZlebeli iqneba raime garkveulis Tqma moZravsa da cva-

lebad sagnebsa da movlenebze. swored aseT Secdomas uS-

vebda kratili, romelmac heraklites dialeqtika sofis-

tikad aqcia. kratilis mixedviT, sinamdvilis Sesaxeb

arafris Tqma ar SeiZleba, vinaidan raimes Tqma garkveu-

lis Tqmas niSnavs, xolo amis saSualebas ganuwyveteli

cvalebadoba ar iZleva; vidre raimes vityviT, igi Seic-

vleba, sxva gaxdeba. amitom araferze arafris Tqma ar Se-

iZleba. kratili aseT ukiduresobamde miiyvana moZraobi-

dan mdgradobis momentis gamoricxvam.

mdgradobisa da cvalebadobis momentebis erTianoba

moZraobaSi imas niSnavs, rom procesi, uwinares yovlisa,

rCeba rogorc procesi, e. i. igi grZeldeba, Tumca misi

Sinaarsi ganuwyvetlad icvleba. magram myisierad arc Si-

naarsi icvleba. cvalebadobis drouli xasiaTi mis xan-

grZlivobas niSnavs, es ki imis gamomTqmelia, rom cvale-

badoba Tavis TavSi mdgradobasac Seicavs.

cvalebadobisa da mdgradobis momentebis erTianoba

arsebiTad igivea, rac wyvetadobisa da uwyvetobis erTia-

noba moZraobaSi; amrigad, moZraoba absoluturisa da re-

latiuris, erTsa da imave adgilze yofnisa da aryofnis,

mdgradobisa da cvalebadobis anu wyvetadobisa da uwyve-

tobis momentebis erTianobas warmoadgens. amaSi mdgoma-

reobs moZraobis dialeqtikuri buneba.

140


dedededetertertertermimimiminiznizniznizmimimimi da da da da inininindedededetertertertermimimiminiznizniznizmimimimi

$$$$36. 36. 36. 36. auauauaucicicicilebleblebleblolololobibibibisasasasa da Sda Sda Sda SememememTxTxTxTxveveveveviviviviToToToTobibibibis s s s

ccccnenenenebebebebebibibibis ss ss ss sazazazazririririsisisisi

determinizmi da indeterminizmi, rogorc urTier-

Tdapirispirebuli Teoriebi, naturfilosofiaSi auci-

leblobisa da SemTxveviTobis cnebaTa mimarTebis alter-

natiul gagebebs emyareba. determinizmi aucileblobis

cnebidan amodis, indeterminizmi ki _ SemTxveviTobis cne-

bidan. brZolas am Teoriebs Soris mravalsaukunovani is-

toria aqvs, rac amJamad Cvens uSualo interess ar warmo-

adgens. Cveni mizania imis gamokvleva, Tu rogoria an ro-

gori unda iyos Tanamedrove naturfilosofiuri warmod-

genebi aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis Sesaxeb, rac,

Tavis mxriv, determinizmisa da indeterminizmis arsisa da

urTierTmimarTebis garkvevas emsaxureba.

aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis cnebis pirveli

seriozuli gansazRvreba aristotelem mogvca, romelic

dRemde Zalas inarCunebs. aucilebeli aris is, rac sagnis

arsebidan gamomdinareobs, xolo, piriqiT, rac ar gamom-

dinareobs, aris SemTxveviTi. saxlis mSeneblisaTvis au-

cilebelia mSeneblobis codna, magram SemTxveviTia, Tu

mas arfaze dakvra ecodineba, vinaidan igi misi, rogorc

mSeneblis, arsebidan ar gamomdinareobs. aseve musikosma

rom mSeneblobac icis SemTxveviTia, xolo musikis codna

_ aucilebeli. aqedan gamomdinareobs, jer erTi, is, rom

SemTxveviTi aris is, rasac SeuZlia arsebobac da ararse-

bobac. musikosma SeiZleba icodes an ar icodes mSeneb-

loba, iseve rogorc mSenebelma _ musika. SemTxveviTi

gulgrilia arseboba-ararsebobisadmi. meore, SemTxveviTo-

bac da aucileblobac relatiuria, mxolod garkveul mi-

marTebaSi arsebobs. musikis codna aucilebelia mxolod

musikosisaTvis, magram igi SemTxveviTia mSeneblisaTvis.

141

es niSnavs, rom aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis cne-

bebs ara aqvT absoluturi sazrisi anu ar arsebobs abso-

luturad SemTxveviTi an absoluturad aucilebeli.

zemoTqmulidan im daskvnis gakeTebac SeiZleba, rom

ar arsebobs wminda SemTxveviTi, e. i. iseTi, romelic Ta-

visTavSi araviTar aucileblobas ar Seicavs da aseve

wminda aucilebeli, romelic SemTxveviTobis natamalsac

Tavis TavSi ar atarebs. ase rom ar iyos, maSin pirvel

SemTxvevaSi sagani arsebobas ver SeZlebda, vinaidan ne-

bismieri arsebuli raRacdagvarad mizezobrivad ganpiro-

bebuli da amdenad aucilebelicaa, xolo meore (wminda

aucileblobis) SemTxvevaSi sagnis moZraoba da cvaleba-

doba SeuZlebeli iqneboda da, maSasadame, samyaro iqnebo-

da mkacri aucileblobiT Sekruli, uZravi, ucvleli ar-

si, romelsac ar eqneboda araviTari warsuli an momava-

li, araviTari istoria. ai, ra absurdul Sedegebamde miv-

yavarT absoluturi aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis

cnebebis daSvebas. ganuwyveteli da sayovelTao moZraobi-

sa da cvalebadobis faqti amgvari aucileblobisa da

SemTxveviTobis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs.

raki ar arsebobs absoluturi aucilebloba da Sem-

TxveviToba anu maTi “polusebi~, amitom unda davuSvaT

maTi sxvadasxva xaxaxaxarisrisrisrisxexexexebibibibis, s, s, s, dodododoneneneneeeeebibibibissss arseboba. zogi ram

metad aucilebelia da nakleb SemTxveviTi, zogi ki, piri-

qiT. erTi bavSvis dabadeba ufro aucilebelia, vidre

tyupebisa, miT umetes samtyupisa. mgzavrs rom manqana ar

daejaxos ufro aucilebelia, vidre dajaxebis SesaZleb-

loba, Tumca aseTi SesaZlebloba gamoricxuli ar aris.

aseve kamaTlebis eqvsi gagorebidan yvela eqvsianis mos-

vla ufro metad SemTxveviTia, vidre erTi gagorebiT eq-

vsianis miReba da a. S. albaTobis Teoria swored aseT

SemTxveviTobaTa kanonzomierebas swavlobs.

aqedan cxadia, rom realuri arsis sferoSi auci-

lebloba da SemTxveviToba cal-calke ki ar arsebobs,

aramed yovelTvis erTad aris mocemuli. logikurad _ ka-

tegoriebis doneze _ cxadia, SesaZlebelia aucileblobi-

sa da SemTxveviTobis cal-calke warmodgena, magram rea-

142

lurad (bunebaSi) isini yovelTvis erTadaa, erT mTlian

suraTs qmnis, rac relatiuri aucileblobisa da SemTxve-

viTobis cnebebidan gamomdinareobs.

zogjer SemTxveviTobas gansazRvraven rogorc auci-

leblobis gamovlenis formas, rac agreTve am cnebebis

relatiuri bunebidan gamomdinareobs. adamianis sikvdili

aucilebelia; magram is, rom mas dRes TavSi daeca aguri

da mokvda, SemTxveviTia. igi SeiZleboda momkvdariyo ara

dRes, aramed ramdenime wlis Semdeg, ara aguris TavSi

dacemiT, aramed raRac sxva daavadebiT. yvela am SemTxve-

vaSi aucilebloba ama Tu im konkretul (SemTxveviT)

formaSi gamovlindeba.

erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT mizezobrivi da

aramizezobrivi aucilebloba (determinacia). pirveli

warmoSobasTan, Zalis cnebasTan, moqmedebis gadacemasTan

aris dakavSirebuli, meore ki aseT niSnebs ar atarebs.

gaTboba rom aucileblad gafarToebas iwvevs an CaquCis

dartyma rom minas amsxvrevs mizezobrivi aucileblobaa,

magram matareblisa da TviTmfrinavebis ganrigsa da maT

moZraobas Soris aucilebeli kavSiri, aramizezobriv au-

cileblobas warmoadgens. aseTive aramizezobrivi auci-

leblobaa logikuri aucilebloba (wanamZRvrebidan da-

naskvis gamomdinareoba), teleologiuri xasiaTis auci-

lebloba (aucilebelia rom wavide megobarTan, bazarSi,

sxva qveyanaSi da a. S.), funqciuri aucilebloba (wrexa-

zis radiusis gazrda aucileblad iwvevs wrexazis gaz-

rdas) da sxva. am ori tipis aucileblobis gansxvaveba ki-

dev ufro naTeli gaxdeba momdevno paragrafSi, rodesac

mizezobrivi determinizmis fundamentur niSnebs davaxasi-

aTebT. determinizmi aris moZRvreba aucileblobis Sesa-

xeb, romelic Tanabrad exeba rogorc mizezobriv, ise

aramizezobriv aucileblobas. amitom swori ar arian isi-

ni, visac determinizmis cneba mizezobriv aucileblobaze

dahyavT, Tumca mizezobriv (kauzalur) determinizms sxva

tipis determinaciul kavSirebs Soris privilegiuri mniS-

vneloba aqvs.

143

$$$$37. 37. 37. 37. mimimimizezezezezobzobzobzobririririvivivivi dedededetertertertermimimiminiznizniznizmimimimis fs fs fs funununundadadadamenmenmenmentutututuriririri

nnnniSiSiSiSnenenenebibibibi

mizezobrioba, uwinares yovlisa, aris kavSiri; mag-

ram kavSiri SeiZleba iyos aucilebelic da SemTxveviTic.

mizezobrioba swored auauauaucicicicilelelelebebebebel kl kl kl kavavavavSiSiSiSirsrsrsrs warmoadgens. am

azriT laparakoben mizezobrivi determinizmis Sesaxeb.

mizezsa da safuZvels laibnicamde erTmaneTTan ai-

givebdnen (“Causa sive ratio~ _ “mizezi anu safuZveli~). mize-

zi marTlac aris Sedegis warmoSobis safuZveli; magram

safuZvlis cneba ufro farToa. magaliTad, arsebobs ise-

Ti realuri da logikuri safuZveli, romelic mizezi ar

aris. saxlis safuZveli (saZirkveli) ar aris saxlis aSe-

nebis mizezi. ase rom ar iyos, maSin saZirkvlis damTavre-

bas uSualod mohyveboda saxlis aSeneba, vinaidan mizezi

imTaviTve warmoSobs Sedegs. aseve logikur daskvnaSi wa-

namZRvrebi safuZvels warmoadgens, magram ara mizezs.

mizezi yovelTvis garkveul pirobebSi sruldeba,

romlis gareSe mizezobrivi kavSiri SeuZlebelia. piroba

ar aris mizezi, vinaidan Sedegs warmoSobs ara piroba,

aramed mizezi garkveul pirobebSi. atmosfero sicoc-

xlis arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa, magram ara mizezi;

atmosfero ar warmoSobs sicocxles.

zogjer mizans mizezTan aigiveben; jer kidev aris-

totele mizans erT-erT mizezad Tvlida. miuxedavad bev-

ri saerTo niSnisa, maTi gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba. mi-

zani cnobieri elementia; igi mxolod adamians aqvs, mize-

zobrioba ki obieqturi samyaros kanonzomierebaa. garda

amisa, mizani uSualod ar warmoSobs Sedegs, mizezobrio-

baSi ki warmoSoba ZiriTadia. mizezobrivi kavSiri mxo-

lod geneturi SeiZleba iyos.

mizezobrioba kakakakanonnonnonnonzozozozomimimimieeeererererebibibibissss arsebobis safuZve-

lia; maT Soris imdenad mWidro kavSiria, rom zogjer er-

TmaneTTan aigiveben (lukreciusi, bernuli, helmholci da

sxv.). magram maTi gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba, vinaidan ka-

nonis cneba kavSiris gamomxatvelia; mizezobrivi kavSiri

ki universaluri kavSirurTierTobebis erT-erTi saxea da

144

ara erTaderTi. arsebobs aramizezobrivi kavSiri, iseve

rogorc aramizezobrivi kanonebi.

mizezobriobis problemis erT-erTi urTulesi sa-

kiTxia kkkkririririteteteteririririuuuumimimimissss sakiTxi. arsebobs sxvadasxva Tval-

sazrisi mizezobriobis kriteriumis Sesaxeb. d. hiumem

aseT kriteriumad droSi Tanamimdevrobis ganmeorebadoba

miiCnia. gaTbobas yovelTvis mosdevs gafarToeba; amasTa-

nave pirveli droSi yovelTvis win uswrebs meores. dro-

Si Tanamimdevrobis mravalgzis ganmeorebis Sedegad Cven

miveCvieT, rom gaTbobas uTuod mohyveba gafarToeba. aqe-

dan keTdeba daskvna: gaTboba aris gafarToebis mizezi

(“post hoc, ergo, propter hoc~ _ “amis Semdeg, maSasadame, amis ga-

mo~). am ideas moric Slikic iziarebs, oRond aqcents mo-

mavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobaze akeTebs. “sityva

mizezi _ wers igi _ yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sxvas ara-

fers ar niSnavs, garda mimdevreobis regularobisa

(regularity of sequence) imitom, rom sxva araferi ar gamodgeba

im mtkicebis Sesamowmeblad, romelSic mizezobrioba ga-

moiTqmeba.~1 da Semdeg: “winaswarmetyvelebis dadastureba

aris mizezobriobis erT-erTi kriteriumi.~2

am koncefciis winaaRmdeg is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

arc droSi Tanamimdevroba da arc momavlis winaswarxed-

vis SesaZlebloba mizezobriobis sssspepepepecicicicififififikukukukuriririri niSani ar

aris. erTic da meorec SesaZlebelia mizezobriobis gare-

Sec; dRe-Ramis, zamTar-zafxulis Tanamimdevroba momav-

lis winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobas iZleva, magram maT

Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri ar aris. frinvelebis gadaf-

rena Tbil qveynebSi droSi win uswrebs zamTars da mis

safuZvelze zamTris mosvlac SeiZleba viwinaswarmetyve-

loT, magram frinvelebis gadafrena rodia zamTris mos-

vlis mizezi. kriteriumi ki uuuuTuTuTuTuodododod specifikuri unda

iyos.

1 Mozitz Schlick, Causality in everyday life and in recent science. ix. kr. Readings in

Philosophical Analysis (ed. by Herbert Feigl and Willfrid Sellars) N. Y. 1949, p. 516. 2 Moritz Schlik, Das Kausalgesetzt in der gegenwärtigen Physik, ix. Jurn. “Die

Naturwissenschaften”, 1931, H. 7, s. 150

145

ufro mizanSewonilia, rom mizezobriobis kriteriu-

mad miviCnioT wwwwararararmomomomoSoSoSoSobabababa, , , , gegegegenenenenetutututuriririri kkkkavavavavSiSiSiSiriririris s s s arseboba. mi-

zezi yovelTvis warmoSobs Sedegs; sadac mizezobriobaa,

iq uTuod geneturi kavSiria, xolo, piriqiT, sadac gene-

turi kavSiria, iq uTuod mizezobriobasTan gvaqvs saqme.

es niSnavs, rom geneturoba, warmoSoba aris mizez-Sede-

gobrivi kavSiris specifikuri niSani, misi kriteriumi. es

kriteriumi ki droSi Tanamimdevrobasac gulisxmobs da

momavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobasac iZleva.

cxadia, es kriteriumi unaklo rodia; yoveldRiur

cxovrebaSi saidan unda gavigoT, rom namdvilad gaTbobam

gamoiwvia gafarToeba? saRi azris doneze amas ver dava-

sabuTebT da SeiZleba mizezobriobis Sesaxeb kvlav mim-

devrobis regularobis mixedviT vilaparakoT, magram mec-

nierebas amis dasabuTeba SeuZlia.

mizezobriobis obieqtebi, cxadia, sagnebi da movle-

nebia, xolo TviTon mizezobrioba, rogorc procesi, aris

moqmedebis gadacema; geneturi kavSiri swored amas niS-

navs. minis gatexvis mizezi CaquCi ki ar aris, aramed Caqu-

Cis dartyma, adamianis sikvdilis mizezi maxvili ki ar

aris, aramed maxvilis Cacema. yovelgvari moqmedeba Zalas

saWiroebs. amitom Zalian xSirad mizezobriobis cnebas

Zalis cnebasTan akavSireben. “mizezebi... _ werda niutoni

_ aris is Zalebi, romelic sxeulze unda gamoviyenoT,

raTa moZraoba warmovSvaT~.1 pozitivizmi, piriqiT, uar-

yofda Zalis cnebas mizezobriobis koncefciaSi, ris Se-

degad mizezobrioba esmoda ara rogorc moqmedebis gada-

cema, aramed rogorc funqciuri kavSiri.

mizezobrioba, rogorc moqmedebis gadacema, dros

saWiroebs. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi Sorsmoqmedebis prin-

cipi axlomoqmedebis principma Secvala, romlis mixedviT

moqmedebis gadacema myisieri ki ar aris, aramed yoveli

Suamavali punqtis gavliT xdeba, rac sinaTlis siCqaris

sasrulobasa da moqmedebis gadacemisaTvis drois saWi-

1 И. Ньютон, Математические начала натуральной философии. Собрание трудов акад.

Ан. Крылова, т. VII, 1936, стр. 34

146

roebas asabuTebs. aqedan ki is gamomdinareobs, rom mize-

zi, rogorc warmomSobi, DdroSi win uswrebs Sedegs, ro-

gorc warmoSobils. am koncefcias zogjer “droSi win-

swrebis princips~ uwodeben. mizezisa da Sedegis erTdro-

ulad arseboba SeuZlebelia, Tumca am Tvalsazrissac

warsulSi bevri damcveli hyavda. erT-erT argumentad

TviTmizezobriobis cnebas asaxelebdnen. magram TviTmize-

zobrioba (magaliTad spinozasTan) niSnavs ara mizezob-

riobis erT-erT saxes, aramed TvTvTvTviTiTiTiTsasasasafuZfuZfuZfuZvevevevelslslsls. uazrobaa

imis daSveba, rom raime TviTon warmoSobs Tavis Tavs anu

TviTmizezia. miT umetes substanciis warmoSobaze lapa-

raki (spinozasTan da, saerTod) SeuZlebelia.

mizezobriobis kriteriumidan gamomdinareobs mizez-

Sedegobrivi kavSiris asimetriuloba. mizezi warmoSobs

Sedegs, magram ara piriqiT, Sedegi ar warmoSobs mizezs;

mizezobrivi kavSiri sworxazobrivia da, maSasadame, ara-

sodes wres ar qmnis. SeuZlebelia, rom Sedegma sakuTari

mizezi warmoSvas. es xom absurdia! mizezebi da Sedegebi

erTgvar jaWvs qmnis. erTi mizezi aris meoris Sedegi, xo-

lo Sedegi, Tavis mxriv, sxva Sedegis mizezia da a. S. mag-

ram es “jaWvi~ arasodes badiseburi ar aris, arasodes ar

aris daxSuli. mizezobrivi jaWvis Riaoba sworxazobriv

wesrigs warmoadgens.

amrigad, mizezobriobis fundamenturi niSnebia auci-

lebloba, kanonzomiereba, geneturoba, moqmedebis gadace-

ma, mizezsa da Sedegs Soris drois mixedviT Tanamimdev-

roba (e. w. “winswrebis principi~), asimetriuloba. magram

mizezobriobis fundamenturi niSnebi amiT ar amoiwureba.

erT-erT aseT fundamentur niSans albaToba warmoadgens,

romelzec qvemoT gveqneba laparaki. magram manamde saWi-

rod migvaCnia klasikuri warmodgenebis analizi aucileb-

lobis Sesaxeb saerTod da, kerZod, mizezobrivi auci-

leblobis Sesaxeb.

$$$$38. k38. k38. k38. klalalalasisisisikukukukuriririri dedededetertertertermimimiminiznizniznizmimimimi

147

klasikuri determinizmis istoria mraval saukunes

moicavs. igi, sul cota, demokritedan iwyeba da XX sau-

kunis ocian wlebamde grZeldeba. axal droSi igi lap-

lasma (1749-1827) Teoriad Camoayaliba da samyaros mecnie-

ruli suraTis saxiT warmoadgina, ris gamoc zogjer

“laplasis determinizms~ uwodeben. cxadia, am xangrZlivi

istoriis manZilze mas iseTi genialuri oponentebic hyav-

da, rogoric iyo aristotele, magram am garemoebas misi

popularobisaTvis xeli ar SeuSlia.

klasikur determinizms zogjer meqanistur Teoriad

Tvlian, vinaidan mas samyaro warmodgenili hqonda ro-

gorc mkacri mizezobrivi aucileblobiT Sekruli, saida-

nac SemTxveviToba da Tavisufleba absoluturad gamo-

ricxulia. adamians ar SeuZlia samyaroSi arsebuli usas-

rulo mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Semecneba, ris gamoc

igi SemTxveviTs uwodebs imas, risi mizezic ar icis. es

niSnavda SemTxveviTobis obieqturobis uaryofas, mis su-

bieqtivistur gagebas. erTi sityviT, klasikuri determi-

nizmi Tvlida, rom samyaroSi arsebobs mxolod absolu-

turi mizezobrivi aucilebloba da araviTari SemTxvevi-

Toba an Tavisufleba.

klasikuri determinizmis es mizezobrivi koncefcia

universaluri kanonzomierebis pretenziiT gamodioda, vi-

naidan igi emyareboda j. s. milis mier formulirebul

bunebis erTgvarobis kanons, romelic absoluturi siv-

rcisa da drois Teoriidan amodioda da amtkicebda, rom

bunebis kanonebi, maT Soris mizezobriobis kanonic, samya-

roSi erTnairad sruldeba sivrcisa da drois koordina-

tebisagan damoukideblad. absoluturi sivrce da dro

homogenuria (erTgvarovania), rac mizezobriobis kanonis

mdgradobas ganapirobebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, klasikuri determinizmi mizez-

Sedegobrivi kavSiris ZiriTad niSnad awmyos codnis sa-

fuZvelze momavali mdgomareobis zusti winaswarxedvis

SesaZleblobas Tvlida. mkacri determinaciuli kavSire-

bis arseboba imis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom Tu viciT

procesis sawyisi (awmyo) mdgomareoba, maSin iolad Sev-

148

ZlebT momavlis winaswarxedvas (gamoangariSebas), saxel-

dobr imas, Tu ra SedegiT SeiZleba es procesi damTav-

rdes; awmyo warmoSobs momavals; amitom awmyos sruli

codna momavlis sruli codnis garantia. mizezi yvelgan

da yovelTvis erTnairad moqmedebs, rac momavlis winas-

warxedvis saSualebas gvaZlevs. aseTia klasikuri deter-

minizmis koncefciis amosavali princepebi.

klasikuri determinizmi samyaroSi arsebuli univer-

saluri aucileblobis cnebis orgvari gagebis SesaZleb-

lobas iZleva; erTi mxriv, daSvebulia, rom arsebobs mar-

tooden absoluturi aucilebloba, rac moZraobisa da

cvalebadobis, warmoSobisa da mospobis (qmnadobis) anu

sxvagvarad yofnis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs; samyaro

aris statikuri, rkinis xundebiT Sekruli sinamdvile.

magram moZraobisa da cvalebadobis, qmnadobis arsebobis

faqti bunebis amgvar gagebas uaryofs.

meore mxriv, laplasi laparakobs kerZod mizezobri-

vi aucileblobis Sesaxeb, rac moZraobisa da cvalebado-

bis SesaZleblobas ara marto ar gamoricxavs, aramed, pi-

riqiT, gulisxmobs. mizezobrioba, rogorc geneturi kav-

Siri, qmnadobas warmoadgens, Tumca am qmnadobas fatalu-

ri aucileblobis xasiaTi aqvs. yvelafers aqvs mizezi da,

maSasadame, yvelaferi mkacrad determinirebulia. ar ar-

sebobs araviTari SemTxveviToba, araviTari nebis Tavi-

sufleba. SemTxveviToba da Tavisufleba laplasis samya-

ros mecnieruli suraTidan gamoricxulia.

zogjer klasikur determinizmsa da fatalizms er-

TmaneTTan aigiveben, rac swori ar aris. maT Soris “naTe-

saoba~ imiT amoiwureba, rom orive maTgani absoluturi

aucileblobis cnebidan amodis, magram sxva mxriv isini

principulad gansxvavdeba. klasikuri determinizmi SesaZ-

leblad Tvlis, rogorc momavlis, ise warsulis Semecne-

bas (“gamoangariSebas~) awmyos parametrebis safuZvelze.

fatalizmi ki yovelgvari Semecnebis SesaZleblobas uar-

yofs imis gamo, rom momavals awmyo ki ar gansazRvravs,

aramed bedi (fatalis – bediT gansazRvruloba), romelic Seu-

mecnebadia; drois momentebs (warsuli, awmyo da momavali)

149

Soris yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvetilia; amitom momavali

Seumecnebadia. Zveli berZnebi swored imitom mimarTavdnen

misnebs (orakulebs), rom momavlis Semecnebas SeuZleb-

lad Tvlidnen.

absoluturi mizezobrivi aucilebloba uaryofs ara

marto adamianis nebis Tavisuflebas, aramed istoriuli

procesebis Tavisuflebasac. adamiani da mTeli samyaro

gagebulia rogorc manqana, romelsac mxolod garegani

Zalebi marTavs (am koncefcias emyareboda frangi filo-

sofosis lametris Tezisi: “adamiani manqanaa~). advili

warmosadgenia am msoflmxedvelobis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.

aseT pirobebSi ar iarsebebs danaSaulisa da sasjelis

sistema, SeuZlebeli iqneba codvebis monanieba, vinaidan

miCneulia, rom danaSaulisa da codvebis mizezi adamian-

Si ki ar aris, aramed garemoSia; safuZveli ecleba ara

mxolod religias, aramed sazogadoebas saerTod. kidev

metic, Tu nebeloba ar aris Tavisufali, anu, rac igivea,

Tu ar arsebobs nebeloba (nebeloba Tavisuflebis gareSe

SeuZlebelia; cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia ara

absoluturi, aramed relatiuri Tavisufleba), maSin ar

iarsebebs arc adamiani, rogorc pirovneba. igi marTlac

manqana iqneba da ara cocxali arseba, vinaidan es ukanas-

kneli Sinagani Zalebis arsebobis gareSe warmoudgenelia.

ai, ra damRupvel Sedegebamde mivyavarT klasikur

determinizms.

miuxedavad am uaryofiTi Sedegebisa, klasikuri de-

terminizmis erT-erT ZiriTad damsaxurebas adamianis Se-

mecnebiTi unarebis sasrulobis, maTi SezRudulobis

mtkiceba warmoadgens. adamians ar SeuZlia samyaroSi ar-

sebuli usasrulo mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Semecne-

ba. amitom ar SeiZleba Cvens Semecnebas yvelaferSi ven-

doT da uarvyoT imis arseboba, rac misTvis miuwvdome-

lia. marTalia, am ideas klasikur determinizmSi mxolod

SemTxveviTobis uarsayofad xmarobdnen, magram mas gaci-

lebiT meti mniSvneloba aqvs. sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT,

es idea religiaSi udidesi mniSvnelobis mqonea. aTeis-

tebs religiuri saswaulebi imitom ar swamT, rom adamia-

150

nis gonebas maTi axsna, Semecneba, gageba ar SeuZlia. es

pozicia adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebis usasrulobas em-

yareba, rac, samwuxarod, swori ar aris. “saxareba~ gveub-

neba: “kacTa mier SeuZlebel ars, ara RmerTisaganaca, ra-

meTu yovelive SesaZlebel ars RmerTisa mier~ (mark. 10.

27). es niSnavs: rac kacisaTvis, rogorc sasruli arsebi-

saTvis SeuZlebelia, SesaZlebelia RmerTisaTvis, rogorc

usasrulo arsebisaTvis. amitom religiuri saswaulebis

uaryofa imis gamo, rom igi Cveni sasruli gonebisaTvis

miuwvdomelia, ar SeiZleba.

marTlac, adamianis rogorc fizikuri, aseve sulie-

ri Zalebis sasruloba faqtia. roca ainStaini amtkiceb-

da, rom kvanturi meqanika ar aris sruli, maSin mxedve-

lobaSi hqonda adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebis sasrulo-

ba. swored am sasrulobis gamo, ainStainis azriT, adami-

ans ar SeuZlia eleqtronis zusti koordinatisa da im-

pulsis erTdroulad gazomva (Semecneba), Tumca isini si-

namdvileSi arsebobs. kvanturi meqanika, rogorc mecniere-

ba, romelic adamianis sasruli gonebis nayofia, am mize-

ziT sruli ar aris.

$$$$39. 39. 39. 39. kakakakauuuuzazazazalulululuriririri inininindedededetertertertermimimiminiznizniznizmimimimi

klasikuri determinizmis winaaRmdeg kvanturma meqa-

nikam seriozuli argumentebi wamoayena. man aCvena, rom

samyaro ar aris agebuli iseT martiv, erTniSna mizez-Se-

degobriv kavSirebze, rogorc amas meqanisturi determi-

nizmi varaudobda. mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri rTuli da

mravalniSnaa. igi, kvanturi meqanikis fuZemdeblebis az-

riT, arc universaluria, vinaidan mikrosamyaroSi mize-

zobriobis kanoni ar moqmedebs. “maqsveli kriteriumi~

(erTi da igive mizezi, sivrcisa da drois koordinatebi-

sagan damoukideblad, erTsa da imave Sedegs iwvevs) ato-

mur samyaroSi Zalas hkargavs. haizenbergis ganuzRvrelo-

baTa Tanafardobis kanoni SeuZleblad Tvlis absolutu-

ri sizustiT momavlis winaswarxedvas awmyos parametre-

151

bis safuZvelze, rasac klasikuri determinizmi mizezob-

rivi kavSiris ZiriTad niSnad Tvlida. am kanonis mixed-

viT, mikronawilakebis zusti koordinatisa da impulsis

gazomva (Semecneba) erTdroulad SeuZlebelia. rac ufro

zustad ganvsazRvravT impulss, miT ufro arazusti iqne-

ba koordinatis gansazRvris SesaZlebloba da piriqiT. es

mimarTeba maTematikurad ase gamoixateba:

2x

hx P

π∆ ⋅∆ ≥

aq h aris plankis mudmiva, x∆ _ mikronawilakis ko-

ordinatis ganuzRvreloba, xolo x

P∆ impulsis ganuz-

Rvreloba. vinaidan principulad SeuZlebelia mikronawi-

lakis sawyisi mdgomarebis (zusti koordinatisa da im-

pulsis) codna, amitom misi momavali mdgomareobis winas-

warxedva SeuZlebelia. es niSnavs, rom klasikuri meqani-

kis mizezobriobis kanonis moTxovna daukmayofilebeli

rCeba. aqedan daskvna: “Tanamedrove atomuri fizika auq-

mebs mizezis da Sedegis kanons~ (v. haizenbergi).

erTi sityviT, mTeli am msjelobis arsi oriode

martivi debulebiT gamoiTqmeba: klasikuri mizezobrivi

determinizmis ZiriTad niSnad miCneulia momavlis winas-

warxedvis SesaZlebloba awmyoSi arsebuli parametrebis

safuZvelze. haizenbergis ganuzRvrelobaTa Tanafardobis

kanoni ki amtkicebs, rom mizezobrivi procesis sawyisi

mdgomareoba principulad ucnobia. aqedan keTdeba das-

kvna: SeuZlebelia sistemis momavali mdgomareobis winas-

warxedva, anu mizezobriobis kanoni kvantur sferoSi ar

funqcionirebs.

am argumentis Sesaxeb is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom momav-

lis winaswarxedva sruliadac ar aris mizezobrivi pro-

cesis sssspepepepecicicicififififikukukukuriririri ninininiSaSaSaSanininini. es niSani aqvs nebismier deter-

minaciul kavSirs _ aucileblobis gamomTqmel debule-

bas _ kidev metic, TviT ubralo determinaciul kavSireb-

sac ki (magaliTad, matareblebis, TviTmfrinavebis ganri-

152

gis mixedviT SeiZleba maTi mosvla an wasvla viwinaswar-

metyveloT; Teatris programis mixedviT mivxvdebiT speq-

taklis msvlelobas, romelic jer ar dawyebula da a. S.).

miT umetes, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT logikuri aucileblo-

bis, safuZvel-Sedegis, piroba-Sedegis, funqciisa da argu-

mentis aucilebeli kavSiris Sesaxeb. garda amisa, Tu mo-

mavlis winaswarxedvis SeuZleblobis safuZvelze uar-

vyofT aucilebeli (determinaciuli) kavSirebis arsebo-

bas, maSin unda vTqvaT, rom atomur samyaroSi ar arse-

bobs araviTari aucilebeli kavSiri da, maSasadame, aravi-

Tari kanonzomiereba, aramed mxolod qaosi. magram aseT

SemTxvevaSi rogor unda avxsnaT kvanturi meqanikis, ro-

gorc mecnierebis, arseboba? mecniereba xom aris Tavisi

sagnis kanonzomierebis asaxva, xolo sadac kanonzomiere-

ba ar aris, iq mecnierebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba gamo-

ricxulia. ai, ra absurdul Sedegebamde mivyavarT momav-

lis winaswarxedvis mixedviT mizezobrivi aucileblobis

uaryofas.

mizezobriobis kriteriumis Sesaxeb msjelobisas er-

TmaneTisagan unda gavarCioT misi ontologiuri da gno-

seologiuri aspeqtebi. rodesac neopozitivistebi da maTi

mimdevrebi momavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobas mize-

zobriobis kriteriumad Tvlian, maSin mxedvelobaSi aqvT

gnoseologiuri kriteriumi. Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT mo-

mavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZlebloba marTlac aris mize-

zobriobis erT-erTi (magram ara erTaderTi, ara specifi-

kuri) niSani. Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovania ganmeoreba-

doba (regularuloba), droSi Tanamimdevroba da sxv. mag-

ram ontologiuri TvalsazrisiT mizez-Sedegobrivi kav-

Siris kriteriumia geneturoba, warmoSoba. mizezi warmo-

Sobs Sedegs. amitom aris, rom mizezi yovelTvis droSi

win uswrebs Sedegs, Tumca droSi winswreba mizezobrio-

bis specifika mainc ar aris.

Tu mizezobriobis kategorias ontologiuri Tval-

TaxedviT SevxedavT, maSin moixsneba is argumenti, rasac

fizikosebi ganuzRvrelobis Tanafardobis kanonTan da-

kavSirebiT ayeneben. haizenbergis kanoni geneturobis Se-

153

saxeb arafers ar laparakobs. amasTan isic unda aRiniS-

nos, rom mizezobrivi kavSiris kriteriumis kvlevisas

upiratesoba ontologiur mxares ekuTvnis, vinaidan mize-

zobrioba ontologiuri kategoriaa; mas, cxadia, gnoseo-

logiuri aspeqtic aqvs, magram ZiriTads mainc pirveli

warmoadgens.

pozitivistebi da maTi mimdevari fizikosebi mize-

zobriobis kriteriumad momavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZ-

leblobas Tvlian, xolo atomur fizikaSi aseTi SesaZ-

leblobis arsebobas uaryofen, rasac isini “ukontrolo-

bis princips~ uwodeben. magram “ukontrolobis principi~

dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principidan amodis, ro-

melic samyaros mecnieruli suraTis kriteriumad princi-

pul dakvirvebadobas Tvlis. am SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs

gnoseologiur da ara ontologiur poziciasTan, rac ar

SeiZleba sakmaod miviCnioT. roca laparakia mizezobrio-

bis, rogorc realobis kanonis Sesaxeb, maSin logikur-

filosofiuri argumentacia aranakleb (Tu ufro mets

ara) rols TamaSobs, vidre specialur-mecnieruli mosaz-

rebani. logikurad ki mizezobriobis SemosazRvra, misi

universaluri mniSvnelobis uaryofa SeuZlebelia. mate-

rialuri samyaros sagnebi da movlenebi drosa da siv-

rceSi sasrulia. isini warmoiSoba, ganuwyvetlad cvale-

badobs da, bolos, iRupeba. es niSnavs, rom bunebis sagne-

bi da movlenebi, cocxali samyaros CaTvliT, ganuwyvete-

li qmnadobis procesSi imyofeba. qmnadoba ki mizezobrio-

bis ZiriTadi funqciaa; swored amitom aris geneturoba

mizezobriobis ontologiuri kriteriumi. aqedan gamomdi-

nareobs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris universaluroba. ar

aris da arc SeiZleba materialur samyaroSi arsebobdes

iseTi ram, rasac Tavisi warmomSobi (mizezi) ar hqondes.

es ki mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris universalurobas niS-

navs.

Cvens mizans, cxadia, klasikuri determinizmis dacva

ar warmoadgens, aramed im siZneleebis Cveneba, rac Tan

sdevs mis unaSTod uaryofas.

154

klasikuri mizezobrivi determinizmis winaaRmdeg me-

ore argumentad Tvlian e. w. “difraqciuli meseris~ cdis

Sedegebs. gatyorcnili eleqtronebis umravlesoba erTi

da igive traeqtoriiT moZraobs, meseris xvrelSi gadis

da ekranze aisaxeba. magram erTeuli eleqtronebi erTsa

da imave pirobebSi traeqtorias icvlis da sxva mimarTu-

lebiT moZraobs. maSasadame, erTsa da imave sawyis piro-

bebSi sxvadasxva Sedegs viRebT, rac miaCniaT “maqsvelis

principis~ darRvevad, romelic aseTi SemTxvevebis SesaZ-

leblobas gamoricxavs. rusi maTematikosi da fizikosi a.

d. aleqsandrovi wers: “Tu difraqciis cdebSi mocemuli

eleqtroni swored am adgilze moxvda, maSin bunebrivad

ibadeba kiTxva: “ratom?~ rogoria eqsperimentis pirobebis

detali, romelic swored mocemuli efeqtis mizezi gax-

da? magram ganviTarebis Tanamedrove doneze arc cda,

arc Teoria am kiTxvaze araviTar pasuxs ar gvaZlevs... un-

da vaRiaroT, rom saZiebeli mizezi ar arsebobs yovel

SemTxvevaSi kvantur doneze~.1

XX saukuneSi maTematikuri gamokvlevebiT dasabuT-

da SemTxveviTobis obieqturoba (r. mizesi), rac klasiku-

ri determinizmis uaryofas niSnavda. am aRmoCenamac udi-

desi roli iTamaSa Zveli determinizmis uaryofis saqme-

Si.

es mecnieruli faqtebi safuZvlad daedo kvanturi

meqanikis indeterministuli koncefciis Camoyalibebas _

mizezobriobis kanonis uaryofas atomur samyaroSi.

kauzaluri indeterminizmis erT-erT ZiriTad Secdo-

mas imaSic vxedavT, rom am koncefciis damcvelebi (neopo-

zitivistebis CaTvliT) mizezobriobis cnebaSi martooden

klasikuri (laplasis) determinizmis tipis mizezobrioba

esmiT da gamoricxaven sxva (araklasikuri) tipis mizezob-

riobis (magaliTad, albaTuri mizezobriobis) arsebobas.

klasikur determinizms mizezobrioba esmoda rogorc ab-

soluturi aucilebeli kavSiri, xolo Tanamedrove de-

1 А. Д. Александоов, Связь и причинность в квантовой области ix. wignSi: “Совре-менный, детерминизм, законы природы”, М., 1973, cтр. 349

155

terminizmi mizezsa da Sedegs Soris relatiuri aucileb-

lobis arsebobas amtkicebs.

Tu mizezobriobis kanonis universalurobas uar-

vyofT, maSin unda davuSvaT absoluturad SemTxveviTi

movlenebis arseboba, rac absurdul Sedegebamde migviy-

vans. zemoT vTqviT, rom materialur samyaroSi yvelaferi

qmnadobis (warmoSoba-mospobis) procesSi imyofeba, rac

mizezobriobis (mizezobrivi aucileblobis) arsebobis ga-

reSe SeuZlebelia. es ki, Tavis mxriv, absoluturi Sem-

TxveviTobis gamoricxvas niSnavs.

absoluturi SemTxveviTobis pirobebSi arsebobas ve-

raferi ver SeZlebda, vinaidan iqneboda mxolod cvaleba-

doba mdgradobis gareSe; aseT samyaroSi ar iarsebebda

araviTari kanonzomiereba, araviTari kanoni, vinaidan ne-

bismieri kanonis erT-erT ZiriTad niSans aucilebloba

warmoadgens. garkveuli kanonzomiereba TviTon SemTxve-

viT movlenebSic aris (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi albaTobis

Teoriis arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda). samyaros, ro-

gorc mowesrigebuli mTlianis _ sistemis _ arseboba ab-

soluturi SemTxveviTobis ararsebobas adasturebs.

absoluturi SemTxveviTobis uaryofa, cxadia, ar

niSnavs saerTod SemTxveviTobis uaryofas. jer kidev

aristoteles droidan cnobilia, rom SemTxveviTobas re-

latiuri da ara absoluturi Sinaarsi aqvs. aristotele

SemTxveviTs uwodebda imas, rac mocemuli sagnis arsebi-

dan ar gamomdinareobs. es niSnavs, rom SemTxveviTs Tavi-

si safuZveli sxvaSi aqvs, mxolod sxvasTan mimarTebaSi

arsebobs, Tumca TavisTavad masac aqvs mizezi da, maSasa-

dame, aucilebelia. kalatozma rom musika iswavla an mu-

sikosma _ kalatozoba, amas Tavisi mizezi hqonda, magram

imave dros erTmaneTis mimarT SemTxveviTia. amas niSnavs

SemTxveviTobis relatiuroba.

$$$$40. o40. o40. o40. obibibibieqeqeqeqtutututuriririri SSSSememememTxveTxveTxveTxveviviviviToToToTobabababa da mda mda mda mrarararavalvalvalvalniSniSniSniSnananana

mimimimizezezezezobzobzobzobririririoooobabababa

156

cnobilia, rom laplasma deterministiuli Teoriis

CamoyalibebasTan erTad, albaTobis subieqturi Teoriac

Seqmna. misi albaTobis Teoria arc SeiZleboda sxvagvari

yofiliyo, vinaidan, rogorc vTqviT, mas SemTxveviToba su-

bieqturad (Cveni codnis naklebobis Sedegi) esmoda, xolo

albaTobis Teoriis sagans SemTxveviToba warmoadgens. am

Teorias, neopozitivistebis azriT, SemTxveviT procesebSi

obieqturi kanonzomierebis arsebobis faqti uaryofs, rom-

lis aRmoCena obieqturi albaTobis Teoriis (“albaTobis

sixSiris Teoriis~) damsaxurebaa. am Teoriis Tanaxmad,

mravaljer ganmeorebuli erTi da igive cda garkveul ka-

nonzomierebas avlens. kamaTlebis 600 gagorebisas daaxlo-

ebiT asjer (1/6) erTsa da imave Sedegs viRebT. rac ufro

izrdeba kamaTlebis gagorebis ricxvi, miT ufro myardeba

1/6. am garemoebis axsna albaTobis subieqtivisturi pozi-

ciebidan SeuZlebelia. SemTxveviTobis obieqturoba Tana-

medrove mecnierebaSi udavod iTvleba.

magram aqedan sruliadac ar gamomdinareobs Sem-

TxveviTobis TavisTavadoba, damoukidebloba da, am az-

riT, obieqturoba. SemTxveviToba obieqturia mxolod da

mxolod adamianis cnobierebisagan (codnisagan) damouki-

deblobis azriT. sxva mxriv ki mas damoukidebloba _

obieqturoba _ ar gaaCnia. magram misi araobieqturoba

subieqturobas ki ar niSnavs, aramed martooden relatiu-

robas, rac, rogorc aRvniSneT, jer kidev aristotelem

SeniSna. SemTxveviTs aqvs mizezi, vinaidan yovel arse-

buls, maT Soris SemTxveviTad arsebulsac, aqvs mizezi

da, maSasadame, aucilebelia, vinaidan mizez-Sedegobrivi

kavSiris erT-erT ZiriTad niSans aucilebloba warmoad-

gens. magram es mizeziT ganpirobebuli da amdenad auci-

lebeli movlena sxva movlenis mimarT SeiZleba SemTxve-

viTi iyos. magaliTad, adamianis gardacvaleba aucilebe-

lia, magram igi rom ama da am daavadebiT (xoleriT, ti-

fiT da sxv.) mokvda, aucilebeli ar iyo, aramed mxolod

SemTxveviTi. magram am SemTxveviTobasac Tavisi mizezi

hqonda da, maSasadame, aucilebeli iyo. hegeli ambobda,

rom raime imitom ki ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom umizezoa,

157

aramed imitom, rom misi axsna Tavisi Tavidan SeuZlebe-

lia. es niSnavs, rom SemTxveviTs erTsa da imave dros,

magram sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi, aqvs da arc aqvs safuZve-

li. ramdenadac safuZveli aqvs, amdenad aucilebelia da

msoflio mizezobriobis jaWvSia CarTuli, xolo ramde-

nadac ara aqvs (Tavis TavSi) safuZveli, amdenad SemTxve-

viTia.

SemTxveviToba, miuxedavad misi unikalurobisa, mainc

meordeba; ganmeorebadoba ki kanonis arsebobis safuZve-

lia. amitom arsebobs SemTxveviTobis kanonebic (kanonzo-

miereba SemTxveviT movlenebSi), romelsac albaTobis Te-

oria swavlobs. bunebis kanonebi moicavs rogorc auci-

leblobis, aseve SemTxveviTobis kanonebs. SemTxveviTobis

kanoni, rogorc kanoni, SemTxveviTi rodia. mas iseve, ro-

gorc nebismier kanons, aucileblobis niSani axasiaTebs.

albaTobis Teoria SemTxveviTi movlenebis kanonzomiere-

bas swavlobs, kanonzomiereba ki yovelTvis aucileblo-

basTan aris dakavSirebuli. am gagebiT samyaroSi yvela-

feri kanonzomieria, anu araferi ar aris (absoluturad)

SemTxveviTi. TviT braunis moZraobaSic ki kanonzomiereba

da, maSasadame, garkveuli (statistikuri) aucilebloba

figurirebs. “SemTxveviTobis kanonebi iseve aucilebelia,

rogorc mizezobrivi kanonebi~.1

SemTxveviTobis relativistur gagebas mizezobrio-

bis koncefciaSi principuli cvlilebebi Seaqvs. mizezob-

riobis axali forma klasikuri tipis erTniSna mizezob-

riobisagan mravalniSnobiT gansxvavdeba. SemTxveviTobis

obieqturad arseboba, rogorc absoluturi SemTxveviTo-

bis, aseve absoluturi aucileblobis arsebobas uaryofs.

am azriT mizezobrivi aucileblobac relatiuria. ar

aris gamoricxuli mizezobrivi procesebis msvlelobaSi

SemTxveviTi xdomilobis CarTva da amis Sedegad proce-

sis mimarTulebis Secvla. amgvari intervencia marTlac

“ukontroloa~, rac mizezobrivi kavSiris albaTur xasi-

1 Д. Бом, Причинность и cлучайность в современной Физике, М., 1959, cтр. 48.

158

aTs ganapirobebs. magram amis Sesaxeb qvemoT ufro

vrclad gveqneba mjeloba.

albaToba ar aris mizezobrivi kavSiris specifika;

aseTia nebismieri aucilebloba, maT Soris mizezobrivic.

absoluturi aucileblobis SeuZleblobas SemTxveviTo-

bis obieqturoba ganapirobebs. amitom bunebis kanonebi ab-

soluturi aucileblobiT rodi sruldeba. TviTon niu-

tonis meqanikis kanonebic ki sxvadasxva met-naklebobiT

miaxloebiTia da amdenad relatiuria. am garemoebas

kvlav SemTxveviTi procesebis CarTva ganapirobebs. amis

saukeTeso magaliTs mecnieruli saswaulebi warmoadgens.

erT-erT aseT saswauls “jinzis saswauli~ ewodeba, rome-

lic amtkicebs, rom Teoriulad arsebobs imis SesaZleb-

loba, rom gaxurebul Rumelze dadgmuli wyali ki ar

aduRdes, aramed gaiyinos. marTalia, amgvari SesaZleblo-

ba ukiduresad mcirea, ris gamoc misi gamoricxva adamian-

Ta praqtikul cxovrebaSi ara marto saWiro, aramed auci-

lebelicaa, magram Teoriulad misi uaryofa SeuZlebe-

lia. es niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs cecxlze dadgmuli

wylis aduRebis absoluturi aucilebloba. vimeorebT,

rom am absoluturi aucileblobis gamoricxvaSi mTavar

rols obieqturi SemTxveviTobis arseboba asrulebs.

absoluturi aucileblobis uaryofidan saerTod au-

cileblobis (kerZod, mizezobrivi aucileblobis) uaryofa

ar gamomdinareobs. aucilebloba universaluria im azriT,

rom TviTon absoluturi aucileblobis SemzRudveli obi-

eqturi SemTxveviToba TavisTavad umizezo anu SemTxveviTi

rodia. ramdenadac mizezi SemTxveviTsac aqvs, amdenad isic

aucilebelia. am azriT samyaroSi yvelaferi aucilebelia;

araferi ar aris (absoluturad) SemTxveviTi, vinaidan ase-

Ti ram, usafuZvlobis gamo, arsebobas verc SeZlebda. mag-

ram universaluri aucileblobis arseboba absolutur au-

cileblobas rodi asabuTebs. am SemTxvevaSi universaluri

absoluturs ar niSnavs.

d. bomi laparakobs ara mxolod erTi-mravalniSna,

aramed agreTve mravalniSna-erTi mizezobrivi kanonebis

Sesaxeb, romlis qveS imas gulisxmobs, rom ara mxolod

159

erTi mizezi iwvevs sxvadasxva Sedegs, aramed, piriqiTac,

sxvadasxva mizezma SeiZleba erTi da igive Sedegi gamoiw-

vios. aseTi ram bunebasa da adamianTa cxovrebaSi xSirad

xdeba. rkinis gaTbobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios ara marto ga-

farToeba, aramed darbilebac da, sabolood, gadnoba. ada-

mianis organizmis gacivebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios surdoc

da filtvebis anTebac. aseve, piriqiT, adamianis sikvdilis

mizezi SeiZleba iyos gacivebac, infeqciuri daavadebac,

daxrCobac, tyviac da a. S. am SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva mize-

zi erTsa da imave Sedegs iwvevs. magram amgvar faqtebs

araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs mizezobriobis mravalniSnobis

problemasTan. saqme exeba imas, rom SeuZlia Tu ara erTsa

da imave mizezs erTi da igive pirobebis TanxlebiT sxva-

dasxva Sedegi mogvces? Tu aseTi ram SesaZlebelia, maSin

mizezobriobis kanoni marTlac Zalas kargavs, determi-

nizms cvlis indeterminizmi. es ki TavisTavad samyaros

mecnierul suraTSi dauZlevel winaaRmdegobebs warmo-

Sobs.

magram vidre am problemas SevexebodeT, rac Cveni

kvlevis mTavar mizans warmoadgens, gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom

albaTuri mizezobriobis cnebas, rac mizezobrivi kavSi-

ris mravalniSnobis Sedegia, yvela rodi iziarebs. am kon-

cefciis kritikosebs mizezobriobis albaTobis mtkiceba

saerTod mizezobrioobis uaryofad (“likvidaciad~) miaCni-

aT. albaTuri mizezobrioba, maTi azriT, iseTive uazro

cnebaa, rogorc “umizezo mizezobrioba~. aSkaraa, rom am

Tvalsazrisis damcvelebs mizezobriobis cnebis qveS mi-

zez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris absoluturi aucilebloba es-

miT, rogorc es klasikur determinizmSi iyo gagebuli. mi-

zezobriobis amgvari gageba, rarig konservatiulic ar un-

da iyos, mecnierul Rirebulebas ar aris moklebuli Tun-

dac imitom, rom obieqturi SemTxveviToba, romelsac alba-

Turi mizezobriobis cneba emyareba, absoluturi SemTxve-

viToba rodia. TavisTavad mas, rogorc yvela arsebuls,

mizezi aqvs da, maSasadame, aucilebelia. swored amitom

albaTuri mizezobriobisa da aucileblobis cnebebi ufro

nakleb Tanamimdevruli da racionaluria, vidre klasiku-

160

ri (laplasis) determinizmi. mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris

mravalniSnobis gageba friad rTulia. mizezobriobis lo-

gikur cnebas TiTqmis yovelTvis laplasis erTniSna mize-

zobriobis cnebamde mivyavarT. amaSi mdgomareobs klasiku-

ri mizezobrivi determinizmis mimzidveloba da popularo-

ba.

$$$$41. 41. 41. 41. inininintertertertervenvenvenvenciciciciisisisis TeTeTeTeooooririririaaaa

zemoT vaCveneT, rom mizezobriobis uaryofis mcde-

lobas ganuzRvrelobaTa Tanafardobis principis safuZ-

velze mTel rig logikur winaaRmdegobebamde, saxel-

dobr, TviTon bunebis kanonebisa da, kidev metic, mecnie-

rebis uaryofamde mivyavarT. momavlis winaswarxedvis

(prognozirebis) SeuZleblobis mtkicebis safuZvelze

mxolod mizezobriobis uaryofas ki ar miviRebT, aramed

nebismieri aucileblobis Semcveli kanonisa, rac, sabo-

lood, mecnierebis uaryofamde migviyvans. is avtorebi,

romlebic haizenbergis principis safuZvelze mizezobri-

obas uaryofen, ar iTvaliswineben im absurdul Sedegebs,

rac am uaryofas SeiZleba mohyves.

mizezobriobis klasikuri koncefciis winaaRmdeg meo-

re argumentad difraqciul meserSi TanamimdevrobiT gama-

vali eleqtronebis cdas miiCneven. viwro xvrelSi eleq-

tronebis umravlesoba TanamimdevrobiT garbis da ekranze

aisaxeba; magram calkeuli eleqtronebi erTsa da imave pi-

robebSic ki mimarTulebas icvlis da sxva xvrelSi garbis.

aqedan daskvnas akeTeben imis Sesaxeb, rom erTi da igive mi-

zezi erTsa da imave pirobebSi sxvadasxva Sedegs gvaZlevs,

amitom SeuZlebeli xdeba imis prognozireba, Tu romeli

eleqtroni romel xvrelSi gaZvreba. momavlis prognozire-

bis SeuZleblobas ki klasikuri determinizmis moTxovne-

bis darRvevad Tvlian, rasac isini atomur samyaroSi mize-

zobriobis kanonis uaryofad miiCneven.

klasikuri mizezobrivi determinizmis nacvlad la-

parakoben mizezobriobis axali formis Sesaxeb, romelic

Zveli, erTniSna determinizmisagan gansxvavebiT, mraval-

161

niSnobiT xasiaTdeba, anu albaTuri xasiaTi aqvs. albaTu-

ri mizezobrioba mravalniSnaa. difraqciis zemoaRniSnu-

li cda gvaCvenebs, amtkiceben albaTuri mizezobriobis

damcvelebi, rom erTi da igive mizezi yovelTvis rodi

gvaZlevs erTsa da imave Sedegs. Sredingeris gantolebeb-

ma daasabuTa, rom Cven ara gvaqvs da arc SeiZleba gvqon-

des mikronawilakis moZraobis winaswarxedvis absolutu-

ri SesaZlebloba. mxolod imis winaswarxedva SegviZlia,

Tu ras udris imis albaToba, rom mikronawilaki am ad-

gilsa da am dros vipovniT. aq, cxadia, mizezobrioba

gvaqvs, Tumca ara klasikuri tipisa. axali tipis _ alba-

Turi mizezobrioba _ ar atarebs absoluturi aucileb-

lobis xasiaTs; igi mravalniSnaa, relatiuria.

Tanamedrove mecnierebisa da mecnierebis filosofi-

is erT-erT did miRwevas marTlac warmoadgens klasiku-

ri (absoluturi) mizezobriobis cnebisagan gansxvavebuli

mizezobriobis cnebis _ albaTuri mizezobriobis _ aRmo-

Cena. es udavo faqtia da masze kamaTi ar SeiZleba. miuxe-

davad amisa, Cven vTvliT, rom albaTuri mizezobriobis

cneba Rrma filosofiur analizs saWiroebs, romlis Se-

degad iseTi siZneleebi aRmoCndeba, romelTa axsna _ ra-

cionaluri gaazreba _ aucilebelia. am SemTxvevaSi, uwi-

nares yovlisa, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs SemTxveviTobis cneba,

romlis Sesaxeb zemoT sakmaod vrclad vilaparakeT. saq-

me imaSia, rom albaTobis cneba yovelTvis SemTxveviTo-

bis arsebobas gulisxmobs; albaToba SemTxveviTobis zo-

maa. amitom albaTuri mizezobriobis cneba Tavis TavSi

SemTxveviTobasac gulisxmobs. fluqtuaciis movlenebi

difraqciuli meseris cdis pirobebSi SemTxveviTad anu

umizezod aris miCneuli. winaswar varaudoben, rom erTi

da igive mizezi ar SeiZleba sxvadasxva Sedegs iwvevdes.

maSasadame, is movlenebi (am SemTxvevaSi eleqtronebis

moZraoba), maTi azriT, romlebic saerTo kanonzomierebi-

dan gamoeTiSeba, SemTxveviTia. es niSnavs, maTi azriT,

umizezo anu SemTxveviTi movlenebis arsebobis daSvebas.

“bunebas marTavs _ wers d. bomi _ mizezobriobisa da Sem-

TxveviTobis kanonebis narevi~. magram, vfiqrobT, zemoT

162

sakmaod damajereblad vaCveneT SemTxveviTi (sruliad

umizezo) movlenebis arsebobis SeuZlebloba. samyaroSi

yvelaferi Seqmnilia da, maSasadame, aucilebelia (mize-

zobrivi aucileblobis azriT). am gagebiT absoluturi

SemTxveviToba ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes.

SemTxveviTobis cnebas mxolod relatiuri sazrisi SeiZ-

leba hqondes.

aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia inerciis kanoni, romelic

amtkicebs, rom garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebis gareSe sxe-

ulis mdgomareoba ar SeiZleba Seicvalos. fluqtuaciis

movlenebi, e. i. calkeuli eleqtronebis traeqtoriis

cvlileba _ mimarTulebis Secvla _ ar SeiZleba SemTxve-

viTi iyos. igi uTuod raRac sxva Zalebis zemoqmedebis

Sedegia.

marTlac, garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebis gareSe ro-

gor avxsnaT mizezobriobis albaToba, rogorc mraval-

niSnoba, rogor SeiZleba gavigoT is faqti, rom erTi da

igive mizezi SeiZleba sxvadasxva Sedegs iwvevdes? am Sem-

TxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia kvlav difraqciuli meseris cdis

Sedegebi.

mizezobrivi kavSiri im SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs, roca er-

Ti movlena (mizezi) aucileblobiT warmoSobs meore mov-

lenas (Sedegs). mizezobriobis erT-erT fundamentur ni-

Sans aucilebloba warmoadgens (magram yoveli aucilebe-

li kavSiri ar aris mizezobrivi). Tuki aseTi aucilebeli

kavSiri ar aris, maSin mizezobriobis Sesaxeb laparaki

SeuZlebelia. swored aucileblobis niSniT ukavSirdeba

mizezobrioba kanonzomierebas; kanonzomiereba mxolod im

pirobebSi SeiZleba arsebobdes, Tu erTi da igive mizezi

erTsa da imave pirobebSi yovelTvis erTsa da imave Se-

degs warmoSobs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu meordeba

mizezi (+ piroba) unda ganmeordes Sedegic. “bunebaSi _

wers n. bori _ erTi da igive movlenebi erTsa da imave

pirobebSi warmoiSoba~. Tu mizezi absoluturi sizustiT

meordeba, maSin aseve absoluturi sizustiT ganmeordeba

Sedegic. amaSi klasikuri determinizmi sworia.

163

magram bunebaSi ar arsebobs absoluturad ganmeore-

badi movlenebi da procesebi. samyaroSi yvelaferi indi-

vidualuria, unikaluria, ganumeorebelia. amis Sesabami-

sad mizezisa da Sedegis kompleqsi absoluturi sizus-

tiT arasodes ar meordeba. klasikuri determinizmi cde-

boda, roca bunebis erTgvarobis principis safuZvelze

mizezsa da Sedegs Soris absoluturad aucilebel, er-

TniSna kavSirs amyarebda. sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs da

arc SeiZleba arsebobdes aseTi aucilebloba da erTniS-

noba materialur samyaros xdomilobaTa ganumeorebado-

bisa da unikalurobis gamo.

amrigad, mizezis (da Sesabamisi pirobebis) absolu-

turi sizustiT ganmeoreba gamoricxulia. miuxedavad ami-

sa, mizezi miaxloebiT aucileblad meordeba. amis gareSe

pirobebis ganmeorebas araviTari azri ar eqneboda, vinai-

dan Sedegs warmoSobs mizezi da ara pirobebi. mizezisa

da pirobebis ganmeoreba ki Sedegis ganmeorebis aucile-

beli da sakmarisi pirobaa. amasTanave mizezobriv kavSirs

Tan axlavs sxvadasxva (mravali) piroba, romelTac, cxa-

dia, ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba ara aqvT. swored amitom

aucileblad migvaCnia am pirobebis kvalifikacia, raTa

vaCvenoT maTi roli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris ganxor-

cielebis saqmeSi.

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT ZiZiZiZiririririTaTaTaTadidididi da aaaararararaZiZiZiZi----

ririririTaTaTaTadidididi, anu ararararsesesesebibibibiTiTiTiTi da ararararararararsesesesebibibibiTiTiTiTi pirobebi. ZiriTadi

anu arsebiTia is pirobebi, romlebic, marTalia, ar war-

moSobs Sedegs, magram gansazRvravs mis warmoSobas; maT

gareSe mizezi ver warmoSobs Sedegs. magaliTad, Tesli

mcenaris aRmocenebis mizezia, magram niadagi, tenianoba

da a. S. aris Sedegis (mcenaris aRmocenebis) ZiriTadi anu

arsebiTi pirobebi. erTsa da imave mizezma sxvadasxva pi-

robebSi SeiZleba sxvadasxva Sedegi mogvces. magaliTad,

Tu adamians kuWi stkiva da Sesabamis wamals (mizezi) mii-

Rebs, morCeba. magram Tu sxva adamiani imave wamals mii-

Rebs, romelsac, garda kuWisa, iseTi daavadebac aqvs, ro-

melsac mocemuli wamali vnebs, maSin SeiZleba mkurnalo-

ba gamojanmrTelebiT ki ara, sikvdiliT damTavrdes. am-

164

rigad, erTma da imave mizezma sxvadasxva pirobebSi sxva-

dasxva Sedegi mogvca. amgvari pirobebi arsebiTia, ZiriTa-

dia, vinaidan isini mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris mimarTu-

lebas gansazRvravs,

magram arsebobs araZiriTadi, anu araarsebiTi piro-

bebic, romlebic xSirad mizezobriv process axlavs,

YTumca masze gavlenas ver axdens. magaliTad, avadmyofma

wamali SeiZleba miiRos diliT an saRamos, fexze mdgomma

an mjdomarem, mxiarul an sevdian gunebaze da a. S. amas

mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirze araviTari gavlenis moxdena

ar SeuZlia.

amrigad, erTsa da imave ZiriTad pirobebSi mizez-Se-

degobrivi kavSiri erTniSnad meordeba. es arsebiTi, Ziri-

Tadi pirobebi rom mudam meordebodes, maSin mizezsa da

Sedegs Soris iseTi mkacri aucilebloba iarsebebda, ro-

gorsac klasikuri determinizmi varaudobda. magram Se-

saZlebelia Tu ara sawyisi pirobebis absoluturi sizus-

tiT ganmeoreba? Tu aseTi SesaZlebloba ar arsebobs, ma-

Sin klasikuri (laplasis) determinizmi swori ar aris.

cnobilia, rom samyaros saganTa da movlenaTa So-

ris arsebobs universaluri, usasrulo (yovel SemTxveva-

Si “praqtikuli usasrulobis~ azriT) kavSir-urTierTobe-

bi. isini ganuwyvetlad moqmedeben erTmaneTze, cvlian

procesis mimarTulebasa da msvlelobas, iwveven maT de-

formacias. garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebis sisruliT ga-

moricxva rom SegveZlos, maSin mizezsa da Sedegs Soris

absoluturad aucilebeli kavSiri iarsebebda da SesaZ-

lebeli iqneboda absoluturi sizustiT momavlis winas-

warxedva. klasikuri determinizmi swored aseT abstraq-

cias mimarTavda da angariSs ar uwevda realur viTare-

bas. amJamad kargad cnobilia, rom aseTi izolirebuli

sistemebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs. yoveli sxeuli, yoveli

procesi gareSe Zalebis mudmivi zemoqmedebis qveS imyofe-

ba, rac mis mdgomareobas cvlis. swored amitom absolu-

turi sizustiT araferi ar meordeba. rasakvirvelia, ne-

bismieri procesis izolireba sxvadasxva met-naklebobiT

SeiZleba, magram ara mTlianad. es niSnavs, rom ama Tu im

165

sxeulis an procesis sisruliT gamoTiSva samyaros sa-

ganTa da movlenaTa universaluri kavSir-urTierTobebi-

dan SeuZlebelia.

am garemoebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mizezobri-

vi mravalniSnobis problemis kvlevisaTvis. ZiriTadi pi-

robebis ganmeorebis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi uTuod ganmeor-

deba. magram samyaroSi arsebuli usasrulo urTierTkav-

Sirebisa da urTierTganpirobebulobis gamo gamoricxu-

li ar aris axali, moulodneli xdomilobis CarTva mize-

zobriobis qselSi, romelsac SeuZlia mizez-Sedegobrivi

kavSiris mimarTulebis Secvla. vuwodoT am moulodnel

CarTvas kakakakauuuuzazazazalulululuriririri inininintertertertervenvenvenvenciciciciaaaa, vinaidan xdomiloba mou-

lodnelad SeiWreba mizezobriv procesSi da cvlis mis

mimarTulebas. mizezobrivi procesis sawyisi mdgomareo-

bisas es xdomiloba an saerTod ar Canda da an Canda, mag-

ram iyo araZiriTadi, ararsebiTi piroba, magram rodesac

igi mizezobriobis jaWvSi CaerTo, maSin igi arsebiTi gax-

da da kidec Secvala mizezobrivi procesis mimarTuleba

da miviReT moulodneli Sedegi. amaSi gamoixata mizezob-

riobis mravalniSnoba.

vinaidan intervenciis SesaZleblobis sruli gamo-

ricxva SeuZlebelia, amitom mizezsa da Sedegs Soris kav-

Siri ar SeiZleba absoluturi aucileblobis xasiaTs

atarebdes, e. i. ar SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom mocemuli mi-

zezi (+piroba) uTuod ama da am Sedegs warmoSobs. amaSi

mdgomareobs mizezobriobis mravalniSnobac, misi alba-

Turi xasiaTi da momavlis winaswarxedvis absoluturad

sizustiT SeuZleblobac. magaliTad, Tu avadmyofi Sesa-

bamis wamals miiRebs, maSin gamojanmrTeldeba. magram Tu

mas wamlis miRebis procesSi cxvirs daaceminebs an daax-

velebs, maSin SeiZleba wamalma ki ar moarCinos (Tu sa-

sunTq milSi gadascda), aramed daaxrCos. am SemTxvevaSi

mizezi da sawyisi pirobebi igive iyo, magram sxva xdomi-

lebis moulodneli intervenciis Sedegad sul sxva Sede-

gi miviReT. amrigad, absoluturi mizezobrivi aucileb-

lobis SeuZlebloba anu mizezobriobis mravalniSnoba,

upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia intervenciis SesaZ-

166

leblobasTan, anu mizez-Sedegobrivi procesis msvlelo-

baSi axali Zalebis CarTvis gamoricxvis SeuZleblobas-

Tan.

b. rasels aseTi magaliTi moaqvs: zeviT asrolili

qva Cveulebrivad Zirs vardeba; magram Tu igi arwivs Citi

egona da gadaylapa, maSin qva aRar Camovardeba. anu mi-

zez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris mimarTuleba Seicvleba. meore

magaliTi moaqvs d. boms; furceli Cveulebrivad zevidan

qveviT vardeba, magram YTu qarma daubera, SeiZleba fur-

celi qvevidan zeviT aitacos da ara miwaze daeSvas. ori-

ve SemTxvevaSi axali, moulodneli xdomilobis interven-

cia mizezobrivi jaWvis mimarTulebas cvlis.

zogjer sinoptikosebs vsayvedurobT, rom maTi vara-

udi yovelTvis ar marTldeba. Tu intervenciis Teorii-

dan amovalT, maSin Cveni sayveduri usafuZvlo aRmoCnde-

ba. sinoptikosebi sakmaod didi sizustiT angariSoben aw-

myoSi arsebuli atmosferuli monacemebis safuZvelze mo-

mavali dReebis aminds. gaTvaliswinebulia tendenciac

kvlav awmyoSi arsebuli pirobebis safuZvelze. magram Tu

gauTvaliswinebeli atmosferuli xdomilobani mizezob-

riv qselSi CaerTo, maSin advili SesaZlebelia progno-

zirebuli klimatis Secvla da, Sesabamisad, sinoptikose-

bis winaswarxedvis gayalbeba. amasTanave SeuZlebelia in-

tervenciis prognozireba, vinaidan awmyoSi misi kvali ar

Cans. am SemTxvevaSic mizezobrivi mravalniSnobis tipuri

SemTxveva gvaqvs. analogiuri magaliTebi SeiZleba movita-

noT samedicino praqtikidan.

cxadia, TviTon am intervencias garkveuli mizezi

aqvs da, maSasadame, aucilebelia. magram igi mocemuli mi-

zez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris mimarT SemTxveviTia, aucilebe-

li ar aris. cxviris daceminebas an daxvelebas, rasakvir-

velia, mizezi aqvs da, maSasadame, aucilebelia, magram

araviTari aucilebloba ar arsebobs imisa, rom igi dam-

Txveoda avadmyofis mier wamlis miRebis process. am ori

aucilebeli procesis (wamlis miReba da cxviris dacemi-

neba an daxveleba) mijnaze warmoiSoba SemTxveviToba, ro-

gorc mosalodneli Sedegis Secvla da, maSasadame, mize-

167

zobriobis mravalniSnoba. am SemTxvevaSic aSkarad Cans

SemTxveviTobis safuZvlianoba-usafuZvloba, anu misi re-

latiuri xasiaTi.

SeiZleba Tu ara intervenciis winaswarxedva? erTi

SexedviT, aseTi SesaZlebloba uTuod unda arsebobdes,

vinaidan intervencia mizezobrivi aqtia da, maSasadame, au-

cilebelia. magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. interven-

ciis SesaZleblobis winaswarxedva SeuZlebelia, vinaidan

misi warmoSoba ar aris winaswar gansazRvruli da arc

aucileblobas warmoadgens. TviTon intervencia, rogorc

xdomiloba, mizezobrivi da amdenad aucilebelia, magram

misi warmoSoba sruliadac ar aris winaswar aucilebeli.

aucilebeli ar aris, rom arwivma zeviT asrolili qva

gadaylapos da aseTis winaswarxedva arc aravis SeuZlia.

magram is, rom man qva gadaylapa, amas mizezi hqonda (Citi

egona) da TavisTavad arc SemTxveviTs warmoadgenda. aseve

aravis SeuZlia imis winaswarxedva, rom avadmyofi wamlis

miRebisas daaxvelebs an cxvirs daaceminebs. es marTlac

“ukontroloa~ (fizikosebis termini rom vixmaroT). winas-

warxedvis am SeuZleblobas obieqturi, principuli xasia-

Ti aqvs da Cveni codnis naklebobaze ar aris damokidebu-

li. es niSnavs SemTxveviTobis obieqturobas, Tumca misi

winaswarxedva absoluturi sizustiT SeuZlebelia. cxa-

dia, misi prognozireba garkveuli albaTobiT SeiZleba,

magram es sruliadac ar aris sakmarisi.

intervenciis Teoria, romelsac Cven mkiTxvels vTa-

vazobT, vfiqrobT, moxsnis im siZneleebs, rac mizezobri-

obis mravalniSnobis da albaTuri mizezobriobis cnebeb-

Tan aris dakavSirebuli. mizezobriobis mravalniSnobis

damcvelebi difraqciuli meseris cdis safuZvelze lapa-

rakoben umizezobis anu SemTxveviTobis Sesaxeb martoo-

den cdis sawyisi pirobebisa da Sedegis gaTvaliswinebis

safuZvelze, magram yuradRebas ar aqceven imas, Tu ra Se-

iZleba moxdes am or punqts Soris, kerZod, mxedvelobaSi

ar aris miRebuli axali, moulodneli xdomilobebis in-

tervencia mizezobriobis jaWvSi, romelic erTeuli

168

eleqtronebis traeqtorias Secvlis da gansxvavebul Se-

degebs mogvcems.

bunebis kanonebis relatiuroba, maTi miaxloebiTi

xasiaTi intervenciis SesaZleblobis gamoricxvis SeuZ-

leblobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tuki intervenciis Se-

saZleblobis zusti gansazRvra SegveZlos, maSin bunebis

kanonebis dadgena absoluturi sizustiT iqneboda SesaZ-

lebeli. intervenciis gamoricxva SemTxveviTobis gamo-

ricxvas niSnavs, xolo misi SeuZlebloba bunebis kanone-

bis miaxloebiT, relatiur xasiaTs asabuTebs.

maqs planki Tvlida, rom “kvanturi fizikis samyaros

suraTSi determinizmi iseve mkacrad batonobs, rogorc

klasikur fizikaSi~. vinaidan SemTxveviT xdomilobebsac

aqvs mizezi da, maSasadame, aucilebelia, amitom SemTxve-

viToba _ umizezobis azriT _ bunebaSi ar arsebobs. kla-

sikuri determinizmi swored amas amtkicebda mxolod im

gansxvavebiT, rom obieqtur SemTxveviTobas saerTod uar-

yofda da, maSasadame, aucileblobas absolutur mniSvne-

lobas aniWebda. Tanamedrove determinizmi ki uSvebs Sem-

TxveviTobis obieqturad arsebobas, magram am cnebis qveS

relatiuri da ara absoluturi Sinaarsi esmis. mizezob-

riobis uaryofa atomur samyaroSi klasikuri determiniz-

mis mimarT meore ukiduresobas warmoadgens. Tu es uka-

naskneli SemTxveviTobas obieqturi sinamdvilidan mTlia-

nad gamoricxavda, kvanturi meqanikis kopenhagenuri inter-

pretacia SemTxveviTobas (umizezobis azriT) kvantur sam-

yaroSi obieqtur statuss aniWebs. vimeorebT, rom Sem-

TxveviToba, rasakvirvelia, obieqturad arsebobs, magram

arsebobs relatiuri da ara absoluturi azriT.

is mosazreba, rom bunebaSi yvelafers aqvs Tavisi

mizezi, ar arsebobs absoluturi (umizezoba) SemTxvevi-

Toba da am azriT yvelaferi aucilebelia, Tanamedrove

determinizms klasikur determinizmTan aaxloebs, Tumca

maT Soris principuli gansxvavebaa. samyaroSi arsebuli

universaluri qmnadobis procesi mizezobriobis universa-

luri mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia. universaluri qmnadoba

169

swored mizezobriobis universalurobis safuZvelze Se-

iZleba.

amrigad, mizezobriobis mravalniSnobisa da masTan

mWidrod dakavSirebuli SemTxveviTobis statusis prob-

lemebi kauzaluri intervenciis Teoriis safuZvelze Se-

iZleba gadawydes. esec ar iyos, ara mxolod intuicia,

aramed gonebac (logika) gvkarnaxobs umizezo movlenebis

SeuZleblobasa da, maSasadame, mizezobriobis kanonis

universalurobas. swored amitom rarig damtkicebuli ar

unda iyos mecnieruli faqtebiT mizezobriobis kanonis

SezRudva, misi uaryofa sinamdvilis ama Tu im (vTqvaT,

atomur) sferoSi, misi ukritikod miReba SeuZlebelia. em-

piriuli faqtebi filosofiur ganzogadebas moiTxovs da

mxolod amis Sedegad SeiZleba gaxdes mecnieruli Teo-

riis safuZveli, miiRos mecnieruli faqtebis saxe.

170

TaTaTaTavivivivi memememeeqeqeqeqvsevsevsevse

gagagagazomzomzomzomvivivivis s s s TeTeTeTeooooririririisisisis fifififilolololososososofifififiuuuuriririri sasasasafuZfuZfuZfuZvlevlevlevlebibibibi

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gazomvis obieqts materialuri sinamdvilis raode-

nobrivi gansazRvruloba warmoadgens. raodenobrivi gan-

sazRvruloba aris sidide. am azriT vambobT, rom gazom-

vis obieqti aris sidide. sididis cnebas maTematikaSic

xmaroben. gazomvis obieqtebi ki aris fizikuri sidideebi,

Tumca Tu gazomvas gavigebT rogorc saerTod sidideebis

Sefardebas, maSin gazomvis cneba sinamdvilis yvela sfe-

ros moicavs. SesaZlebelia ara mxolod raodenobrivi,

aramed Tvisebrivi sidideebis Sefardeba anu gazomva.

yvelgan, sadac SeiZleba gamoviyenoT cnebebi: `ufro di-

di~ an `ufro mcire~, gazomvasTan gvaqvs saqme.

gazomvis proceduris Casatareblad aucilebelia ga-

sazomi sididisa da sazomi erTeulis arseboba. sazomi

erTeuli ewodeba im sidides, romelTan Sedarebis safuZ-

velze SesaZlebeli xdeba imave gvaris gasazomi sididis

raodenobrivi mxaris Sefaseba. sazomi erTeulebi buneba-

Si ar arsebobs. adamiani irCevs erT-erT fizikur sidides

da mas sazom erTeulad xmarobs. fizikuri sidide,

vTqvaT, metriani joxi, TavisTavad araviTari privilegie-

biT ar sargeblobs, mas araviTari upiratesoba ara aqvs

gasazom sidideebTan SedarebiT; magram mas Semdeg, rac

Cven igi sazom erTeulad avirCieT, iqceva etalonad anu

gaxdeba privilegiuri sidide, romelic Tavisi “Tvalsaz-

risiT~ afasebs yvelafers, magram TviTon ki arasodes ar

aris Sefasebis obieqti. aravin ar moiTxovs sazomi

erTeulis gazomvas, vinaidan aseTi moTxovna uazro iqne-

ba. Tu sazomi erTeulis gazomvas daviwyebT, maSin igi iq-

neba ara sazomi erTeuli, aramed gasazomi sidide, rom-

lis gasazomad sxva sazomi erTeulis arCeva dagvWirdeba.

amaSi mdgomareobs sazomi erTeulis privilegiuri mniS-

vneloba.

171

magram sazomi erTeulis arCevani mTlad Tavisufali

rodia; imisaTvis, raTa sidide sazom erTeulad avirCioT,

saWiroa garkveul moTxovnebs sxvebze metad akmayofileb-

des. erT-erTi aseTi moTxovnaa ucvleloba, mdgradoba.

Tu sazomi erTeuli icvleba, maSin igi gasazomi sididis

erTniSna aRweras ver mogvcems. bunebaSi arsebobs mrava-

li globaluri xasiaTis Zalebi (gravitaciuli, siTburi

da sxv.), romelTa zemoqmedebas yvela sxeuli eqvemdebare-

ba. swored amitom absoluturad mdgradi, ucvleli sidi-

deebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs. magram arsebul sidideTagan

adamiani irCevs naklebad cvalebads, ufro mdgrads an

uqmnis iseT pirobebs, rom maqsimalurad iyos daculi bu-

nebrivi Zalebis zemoqmedebisagan. aseTia, magaliTad, sig-

rZis sazomi etaloni _ metri _ romelic platinisa (90%)

da iridiumis (10%) narevisagan Sedgeba da specialurad

dacul xelsawyoSi inaxeba.

sazomi erTeulis meore fundamenturi moTxovna is

aris, rom igi unda iyos imave gvaris sidide, rogoricaa

gasazomi obieqti. sigrZes TermometriT an saaTiT ver

gavzomavT, iseve rogorc temperatura an dro metriani

joxiT ar gaizomeba. magram gasazomi sididisa da sazomi

erTeulis erTgvarovneba ar niSnavs maT igiveobas. Saqars

rkinis girebiT avwoniT, vinaidan maT saerTo Tviseba (wo-

na) aqvT, Tumca Tvisebrivad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebu-

lia.

gasazomi sididec garkveul moTxovnebs unda akmayo-

filebdes. erT-erTi aseTi fundamenturi moTxovnaa nulo-

vani mniSvnelobis arseboba. im sidideebs, romelTac nu-

lovani mniSvneloba aqvT, erTmaneTze dadebiT gavzomavT

(magaliTad sigrZes metriani joxiT), xolo sadac aseTi

nulovani mniSvneloba ar aris (temperatura, dro), saWi-

ro xdeba misi xelovnurad daweseba. magaliTad, tempera-

turis aTvlas viwyebT 00-dan, romelic yinulis dnobis

temperaturas Seesabameba, drois aTvlas viwyebT 24 saaTi-

dan da a. S. nulovani mniSvnelobis arCevani araviTar au-

cileblobasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. SeiZleba tempe-

raturis aTvla 5 an 7 (an sxva) gradusidan, aseve dro Se-

172

iZleba aviTvaloT 20 an 15 (an sxva) saaTidan. es arCevani

konvenciur xasiaTs atarebs, romelic mxolod simarjvisa

da moxerxebulobis mixedviT sruldeba. arCevanis erTa-

derT kriteriums swored es warmoadgens.

gazomvis Sedegebi damokidebulia sazomi erTeulis

arCevanze. erTi da igive sidide sxvadasxva sazomi erTeu-

liT gazomvisas sxvadasxva sididiT gamoisaxeb, romelTa-

gan yvela WeSmaritia an, ufro zustad, arc erTi araa

WeSmariti, vinaidan WeSmariteba-Secdomis cnebebi gazom-

vis proceduraSi ar gamoiyeneba. gazomvis WeSmariteba-

Secdomis Sesaxeb laparaki mxolod sazomi erTeulis mi-

marT SeiZleba da ara mis gareSe. sazomi erTeulis arCe-

vans ki SemecnebasTan saqme ara aqvs. igi TviTneburia, kon-

venciuri aqtia. magram pozitivizmi ar aris marTali, ro-

ca gazomvas saerTod ar Tvlis SemecnebiT aqtad. nebismi-

eri konvencia, maT Soris sazomi erTeulis arCeva, Tavis-

Tavad ar aris Semecneba, magram mas SemecnebiTi funqcia

aqvs. saxeldobr, vimecnebT gasazomi sididis Sefardebas

sazom erTeulTan. sxva gza, sxva saSualeba gasazomi si-

didis raodenobrivi gansazRvrulobis Sesamecneblad ar

arsebobs. gazomvas rom araviTari SemecnebiTi mniSvnelo-

ba ar hqondes, maSin bunebismecniereba, rogorc mecniere-

ba, SeuZlebeli iqneboda, vinaidan bunebismecnieruli Se-

mecnebis fundamentur meTodsa da saSualebas swored ga-

zomva warmoadgens.

sazomi erTeuli, rogorc privilegirebuli sidide,

absolutur mniSvnelobas iZens. misi absoluturoba pri-

vilegirebul mdgomareobaSi gamoixateba. igi aris etalo-

ni, sxvisi sididis Semfasebeli, xolo TviTon ki yovel-

gvari Sefasebis gareSe dgas. magram sazomi erTeulis ab-

soluturoba TviTarsi rodia. igi Cvens mier Seqmnilia,

Cven mivaniWeT mas privilegiuri mniSvneloba, vinaidan mis

gareSe gazomvis proceduris Catareba SeuZlebelia. erTi

sityviT, sazomi erTeuli Cvens mier gaabsoluturebuli

relatiuria anu fsevdoabsoluturia, romlis Semotana

aucilebelia adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRva-

173

weobisaTvis da romelic WeSmariti absoluturis yvela

funqcias asrulebs. am Temas qvemoT vrclad ganvixilavT.

vinaidan zoma aris sazom erTeulTan gasazomi sidi-

dis Sefardebis gamoxatuleba, amitom igi Tavisi bunebiT

relatiuria. roca vambobT, rom oTaxis farTobi aris 20

metri, maSin garkveul sazom erTeuls vgulisxmobT. sxva

sazomi erTeulis mimarT oTaxis zoma sxvagvarad warmos-

dgeba. amaSia misi relatiuroba. amave dros erTi da igive

gasazomi sididis sxvadasxva zoma sxvadasxva sazomi er-

Teulis mimarT ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobisaa. SeuZlebe-

lia kiTxvis dasma, Tu romelia maT Soris WeSmariti. isi-

ni yvela WeSmaritia TavianTi sazomi erTeulis mimarT an,

rac igivea, arc erTi ar aris WeSmariti, Tu WeSmaritebis

cnebis qveS vigulisxmebT gasazomi sididis zomas sazom

erTeulTan Sefardebis gareSe. sagans ara aqvs zoma Ta-

visTavad, misi zoma dgindeba mxolod garkveul sazom er-

TeulTan mimarTebaSi.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ar SeiZleba sididisa da

zomis gaigiveba, rogorc amas adgili aqvs zogierTi po-

zitivistis naazrevSi. sxeuls aqvs sidide yovelgvari ga-

zomvisagan damoukideblad, magram es sidide mxolod ga-

zomvis, rogorc subieqturi saqmianobis, Sedegad zomis

saxiT warmosdgeba, romelic, cxadia, gazomvis gareSe ar

arsebobs da warmoadgens sazom erTeulTan gasazomi si-

didis Sefardebis gamoxatulebas.

$$$$43. s43. s43. s43. sivivivivrcircircircisasasasa da dda dda dda drorororoisisisis mmmmeeeettttririririkikikikis prs prs prs proboboboblelelelemamamama

naturfilosofosebi davoben imis Sesaxeb, aqvs Tu

ara sivrcesa da dros Sinagani, sakuTari metrika; klasi-

kuri fizika, romelic sivrcesa da drois absolutur _

materiisagan damoukidebel _ sidideebad Tvlida, sivrci-

sa da drois Sinagani metrikis arsebobas amtkicebda. Tu

arsebobdes absoluturi sivrce da dro, mas, cxadia, Si-

nagani metrika eqneba da, rogorc absoluturi sidideebi,

araferze ar iqneba damokidebeli. magram sivrcisa da

174

drois relativisturma Teoriam absoluturi sivrcisa da

drois uaryofasTan erTad maTi Sinagani metrikis arsebo-

bac uaryo. sivrce da dro materialuri samyarosagan da-

moukideblad ar arsebobs. sivrce materialur sxeulTa

urTierTganlagebis wesrigia, xolo dro _ moZraobisa da

cvalebadobis mdgomareobaTa Tanamimdevrobis wesrigi. es

niSnavs, rom sivrcisa da drois metrikuli Tvisebebi da-

mokidebulia imaze, ris wesrigsac warmoadgens. es ki niS-

navs sivrcisa da drois Sinagani metrikis arsebobis uar-

yofas.

magram relativisturma Teoriam sivrcisa da drois

gazomvis sferoSi axali sirTuleebi warmoSva. erT-erT

aseT sirTules warmoadgens erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli

sigrZis monakveTebisa da drois momdevno intervalebis

tolobis dadgena. Tu ori sxeuli erTad imyofeba, maSin

maTi tolobis dadgena iolia. siZnele maSin warmoiSoba,

roca sivrceSi erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli sidideebis

tolobis dadgenas movisurvebT. rogor unda davadginoT

sivrceSi daSorebuli monakveTebis toloba? magaliTad,

rogor unda gavigoT, rom metri, romelsac sazom erTeu-

lad vxmarobT, tolia sigrZis sazomi saerTaSoriso eta-

lonisa (saarqivo metri), romelic sevrSi (parizis max-

loblad) imyofeba? Tu am joxs parizSi waviRebT da sa-

erTaSoriso etalons davazomebT, xolo Semdeg ukan wa-

moviRebT, amiT verafers davamtkicebT, vinaidan ar aris

gamoricxuli bunebrivi Zalebis (gravitaciuli, siTburi

da a. S.) zemoqmedebis Sedegad Cvens mier gazomili joxis

deformacia transportirebis procesSi. miT umetes es

sirTule Tavs iCens drois intervalebis gazomvis pro-

cesSi, vinaidan dro Tanamimdevrobis wesrigia da, maSasa-

dame, misi intervalebi TanamimdevrobaSi da ara erTdro-

ulad imyofeba; warsuli aRar arsebobs, momavali ki jer

ar damdgara. uSualod yovelTvis mocemuli gvaqvs mxo-

lod awmyo.

am siZneleebis safuZvelze raixenbaxi uaryofs sig-

rZis monakveTebisa da drois intervalebis tolobis Se-

mecnebis SesaZleblobas. marTlac, am SemTxvevaSi Semecne-

175

baze laparaki mxolod im pirobiT SeiZleba, Tu Sevimec-

nebT imas, gamoiwvia Tu ara bunebrivi Zalebis zemoqmede-

bam gazomili monakveTebis deformacia an ra intensivo-

biT moqmedebda maTze es Zalebi; amis gareSe ki maT Semec-

nebaze laparaki marTlac SeuZlebelia.

$$$$44. m44. m44. m44. mikikikikrorororonanananawiwiwiwilalalalakikikikis s s s gagagagazomzomzomzomvivivivis prs prs prs proboboboblelelelemamamama

kidev ufro did siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli

mikronawilakis gazomvis problema. mikronawilakis mdeba-

reobisa da siCqaris (koordinatisa da impulsis) gasazo-

mad saWiroa sazomi xelsawyos gamoyeneba, romlis saSua-

lebiT SesaZlebelia mikronawilakis mxolod zusti ko-

ordinatis an mxolod impulsis gazomva da ara orivesi

erTdroulad. garda amisa, sazomi xelsawyodan gaSvebu-

li sxivi _ fotonebi _ ecema gasazom mikronawilaks, iw-

vevs mis SeSfoTebas da cvlis mis koordinatsa da im-

pulss. amitom Cven moklebuli varT imis SesaZleblobas,

rom gavigoT, Tu sad imyofeboda an ra siCqariT moZraob-

da mikronawilaki Cvens dakvirvebamde. dakvirvebis pro-

cesSi Cven SevaSfoTeT mikronawilakis mdgomareoba da,

maSasadame, vxedavT ara imas, rac iyo TavisTavad (dakvir-

vebamde), aramed imas, rac Cveni Seqmnilia, Cveni Semoqmede-

bis produqtia. aqedan warmosdga subieqtisa da obieqtis

ganuyrelobis koncefcia, maSin roca subieqtis qveS sa-

zomi xelsawyo igulisxmeba. amis safuZvelze Camoyalibda

e. w. “xelsawyos idealizmi~, romelic cdilobs kvanturi

samyaros suraTSi subieqtis Seyvanas anu kvanturi proce-

sebis subieqtivistur axsnas. am koncefcias garkveulwi-

lad kvanturi meqanikis fuZemdeblebic, gansakuTrebiT n.

bori da v. haizenbergi TanaugrZnobdnen. es ukanaskneli

werda: “bunebis aRwera yovelTvis gulisxmobs adamians~.1

damkvirveblisa da dakvirvebis ganuyrelobis ideas icavs

n. boric. “cxovrebis harmoniis ZiebaSi ar unda dagvaviw-

1 W. Heisenberg, Das Naturbild der heutigen Physik, 1955, s. 12

176

ydes, rom yofierebis dramaSi Cven erTdroulad mayureb-

lebic varT da msaxiobebic.~1 manve SeimuSava e. w. damate-

biTobis principi, romelic mikrosamyaros kanonzomiere-

bis axsnas klasikuri fizikis enaze cdilobs. sinaTle

gazomvis procesSi xan talRur Tvisebebs avlens da xan

korpuskulurs, mikronawilakis xan zusti koordinati

Cans da xan zusti impulsi. imisaTvis, raTa kvanturi sam-

yaros axsnas mivaRwioT, saWiroa es urTierT gamomric-

xveli suraTebi erTmaneTs davumatoT da miviRoT sruli

suraTi. “cdis sxvadasxva pirobebSi miRebuli monacemebi...

unda ganvixiloT rogorc damatebiTni im azriT, rom mxo-

lod sxvadasxva movlenebis erTobliobas SeuZlia mog-

vces sinaTlis obieqtis Sesaxeb ufro sruli warmodge-

na.~2

subieqtisa da obieqtis ganuyrelobis ideis miuxeda-

vad, fizikisa da naturfilosofiis bevri TvalsaCino

warmomadgeneli Tvlis, rom samyaros fizikur suraTSi

damkvirvebeli subieqti ar SeiZleba figurirebdes. igive

haizenbergi wers, rom “damkvirveblis Semoyvana ar SeiZ-

leba arasworad gavigoT bunebis aRweraSi raRac subieq-

turi niSnebis Semotanis azriT. damkvirvebeli sivrcesa

da droSi mimdinare procesebis martooden maregistrire-

beli xelsawyos funqcias asrulebs da sruliadac ara

aqvs mniSvneloba imas, damkvirvebeli adamiania Tu xel-

sawyo.~3 aseve h. raixenbaxi Tvlis, rom damkvirvebeli su-

bieqti kvanturi samyarodan mTlianad unda gamoiricxos;

es imiT mtkicdeba, rom damkvirvebeli piri SeiZleba fi-

zikuri xelsawyoebiT SevcvaloT, magaliTad, fotoeleq-

truli kameriT.~4

1 Н. Бор, Атомная физика и человеческое познание, М., 1961, cтр. 89 2 iqve, gv. 60-61 3 Гейзенберг Вернер, Развитие интерпретации квантовой теории. ix. wignSi: Нильс Бор

и развитие физики. М., 1989, cтр. 36 4 H. Reichenbach, Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Berkley, Los. Angeles,

London, 1946, p. 15

177

gazomvis problema, gansakuTrebiT kvantur meqanika-

Si, kvlav problemad rCeba da dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvao-

bis obieqts warmoadgens.


1. sergi avaliani _ hans raixenbaxis filosofia (kriti-

kuli analizi), Tbilisi, 1961

2. sergi avaliani _ Tanamedrove pozitivizmis bunebis-

mecnierebis filosofia, Tbilisi, 1964

3. С. Ш. Авалиани – Очерки философии естествознания Тб., 1968

4. sergi avaliani _ bunebismecnierebis filosofia, Tbi-

lisi, 1974

5. maTe mirianaSvili, sergi avaliani _ albert ainStai-

ni, Tbilisi, 1972

6. sergi avaliani _ ainStaini, Tbilisi, 1983

7. sergi avaliani _ bunebismecnierebis filosofiis is-

toriis narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 1983

8. sergi avaliani _ qarTuli naturfilosofiis istori-

is narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 1984

9. sergi avaliani _ XX saukunis naturfilosofia, Tbi-

lisi, 2004

178

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l i m el i m el i m el i m e s as as as a m em em em e

s is is is i c o cc o cc o cc o c x l i s f ix l i s f ix l i s f ix l i s f i l ol ol ol o s os os os o f i af i af i af i a

$$$$45. wi45. wi45. wi45. winasnasnasnaswawawawari Seri Seri Seri SeniSniSniSniSvnevnevnevnebibibibi

uwinares yovlisa unda SevniSnoT, rom “sicocxlis filosofiis” cnebaSi am SemTxvevaSi sicocxlis Sesaxeb mecnierebis _ biologiis _ filosofiuri safuZvlebi igulisxmeba da ara XIX-XX saukuneebis erT-erTi gavrce-lebuli evropuli filosofiuri mimarTuleba, romlis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebia nicSe, dilTai, bergsoni, Spengleri da sxvebi. es imasac niSnavs, rom saqme gvaqvs ara filosofiis istoriasTan, aramed mecnierebis filo-sofiasTan.

biologiis filosofiuri problemebis kvlevas mra-valsaukunovani istoria aqvs. igi, sul cota, aristote-ledan iwyeba (Tu ufro adre ara). aristoteles moZRvre-ba entelexiaze sicocxlis filosofiis erT-erTi mniS-vnelovani niSansvetia, romelsac dResac ar daukargavs mecnieruli mniSvneloba. aristoteles Semdeg TiTqmis yvela filosofosi metad an naklebad exeboda sicoc-xlis filosofiis problemebs da sxvadasxva aspeqtiT ik-vlevda mas. XX saukuneSi ki am problemebiT biologebic dainteresdnen (h. driSi, l. fon bertalanfi, j. eklzi, C. Seringtoni da sxv.). erTi sityviT, sicocxlis filoso-fia anu biologiis filosofiuri problemebi soliduri mecnierebis saxiT warmosdga Tavisi mravalmxrivi da ur-Tulesi problemebiT. cxadia, sicocxlis filosofiis yvela ZiriTadi problema ar gvikvlevia da maTze arc am-Jamad gveqneba msjeloba. Cveni interesis sagans warmoad-genda da warmoadgens mxolod erTi ZiriTadze ZiriTadi problema _ sicocxlis arsebis problema _ romelic Zve-li droidan dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobis obieqts warmo-adgens. aqamde aravis hqonia da arc SeiZleba hqondes, maT Soris am striqonebis avtors, pretenzia am problemis sa-bolood gadaWrisa. jerjerobiT yvelaferi varaudebisa da hipoTezebis donezea. unda vifiqroT, rom momavali

179

mkvlevarebi ufro met sinaTles mohfenen am problemas da WeSmaritebas ufro miuaxlovdebian. am rTul gzaze ki sicocxlis filosofiis sferoSi Catarebul gamokvle-vebs fundamenturi rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT.

TaTaTaTavi pirvi pirvi pirvi pirvevevevelililili

coccoccoccocxaxaxaxali da arali da arali da arali da aracoccoccoccocxaxaxaxalililili

$$$$46. si46. si46. si46. sicoccoccoccocxlis cnexlis cnexlis cnexlis cnebis ganbis ganbis ganbis gansazsazsazsazRvreRvreRvreRvrebis probbis probbis probbis problelelelemamamama

nebismieri mecnieruli Teoriis amosavalsa da imave

dros Sedegs misi sagnis cnebis gansazRvreba warmoad-

gens. es exeba sicocxlis cnebasac. swored amitom sicoc-

xlis problemis mravalsaukunovanma istoriam am cnebis

gansazRvrebis mravali cda mogvca, Tumca arc erTi maT-

gani sayovelTao aRiarebiT ar sargeblobs. am garemoebam

zogierTi mkvlevari sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvrebis Se-

uZleblobis mtkicebamde miiyvana. cnebis gansazRvrebis

SeuZlebloba arsebis Seumecnebadobas niSnavs, vinaidan

cneba arsebis asaxvas warmoadgens. xolo Tu raimes arse-

ba Seumecnebadia, maSin masze mecniereba ar aigeba. magram

biologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, arsebobis faqti sicoc-

xlis arsebis Semecnebisa da misi cnebis gansazRvrebis

principul SesaZleblobasac asabuTebs.

miuxedavad amisa, sicocxlis problema biologiur

problemaTa ricxvs ar miekuTvneba; igi filosofiuri

problemaa, romlis gadawyveta biologiuri gamokvlevebis

filosofiuri analizis gziT SeiZleba. biologia sicoc-

xlis materialur substrats, organizmSi mimdinare bio-

logiur procesebs swavlobs da ara TviTon sicocxlis

problemas.

mecnierebis istoriaSi cnobili sicocxlis cnebis

gansazRvrebani meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT or jgu-

fad SeiZleba davyoT: substratulad da funqciurad. pir-

veli sicocxlis cnebas cocxal organizmSi mimdinare bi-

ologiuri an fizikur-qimiuri procesebis mixedviT gan-

sazRvravs, meore ki organizmis mier Sesrulebuli fun-

180

qciis mixedviT. sicocxlis cnebis substratul gansaz-

Rvrebas iZleodnen Zveli atomistebi, romlebic sicoc-

xles atomebis moZraobiT xsnidnen. aseve substratulia

f. engelsis mieer sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvreba, ro-

gorc “cilovani sxeulebis arsebobis wesisa”. am gansaz-

Rvrebebs aqcenti materialur mxareze gadaaqvT da ara-

fers amboben sicocxlis funqciis Sesaxeb. sicocxlis

cnebis funqciuri gansazRvreba ki meore ukiduresobaSi

vardeba; sicocxle mxolod funqciur gamovlinebaze dah-

yavs da arafers ambobs substratis Sesaxeb. aseTia, maga-

liTad, sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvreba kibernetikuli

kanonzomierebis safuZvelze, rasac adamianisa da manqanis

gaigivebamdec ki mivyavarT. amrigad, rogorc substratu-

li, aseve funqciuri gansazRvrebani calmxrivobis gamo

sicocxlis cnebis damakmayofilebel gansazRvrebas ver

iZleva.

sicocxlis cnebis funqciuri gansazRvreba gvxvdeba

aristotelesTan, roca igi amtkicebda, rom moWrili xe-

li aRar aris xeli, vinaidan Tavis funqcias veRar asru-

lebs. k. poperi ki, piriqiT, substratuli gansazRvrebis

momxrea; Citis bude, misi azriT, maSinac budea, Tu masSi

Citebi ar binadroben, wigni mainc wignia, Tu igi aravis

waukiTxavs da verc waikiTxavs.

sicocxlis cnebis funqciuri da substratuli gan-

sazRvrebani Tanabrad aradamakmayofilebelia. substrati-

sa da funqciis erTmaneTisagan mowyveta ar SeiZleba. sub-

strati funqciis substratia da igi mis gareSe ar arse-

bobs; aseve funqcia ar arsebobs substratis gareSe. raime

jer unda arsebobdes da Semdeg ifunqcios. ararsebuls

araviTari funqciis Sesruleba ar SeuZlia. Tu ar arse-

bobs bude, maSin Citebi an krazanebi versad dabinavdebi-

an.

amrigad, funqcia da substrati erTmaneTisagan ga-

nuyrelia; amitom funqciuri da substratuli gansazRvre-

bani erTmaneTs avsebs, urTierTdamatebiTia. aseve iTqmis

sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb, romelic er-

Tdroulad substratul-funqciuria. TviTon kibernetiku-

181

li manqanac, romelic organizmis calkeul funqciebs as-

rulebs, usubstrato rodia; misi substratia is struqtu-

ra, romelic gaaCnia. aseve organizmi asrulebs garkveul

funqcias imitom, rom mas garkveuli substrati aqvs or-

ganizmSi mimdinare fiziologiuri procesebis saxiT. meo-

re mxriv, Tu organizmi ar funqciobs (ar izrdeba, ar

mravldeba da. a. S.), maSin mas cocxals ver vuwodebT.

funqciis gareSe sicocxle SeuZlebelia, iseve rogorc

SeuZlebelia substratis gareSe. Tu substrati ar fun-

qciobs, maSin igi ar aris substrati, xolo, meore mxriv,

funqcias Semsrulebeli sWirdeba substratis saxiT; fun-

qcia substratis arsebobas gulisxmobs, ris funqciasac

igi warmoadgens.

sicocxlis substratis cnebis qveS xSirad materia-

lur procesebs (nivTierebaTa cvla, fizikur-qimiuri pro-

cesebi da a. S.) gulisxmoben; swored amitom sicocxles

zogjer gansazRvraven rogorc am materialuri procese-

bis safuZvelze funqciobas. organizmSi mimdinare fizio-

logiuri procesebi marTlac sicocxlis materialuri

substratia, romlis gareSe sicocxle SeuZlebelia. mag-

ram es procesebi sicocxlis arsebobisaTvis sakmarisi

rodia. ase rom ar iyos, mTeli samyaro cocxali iqnebo-

da, vinaidan analogiuri procesebi bunebaSic mimdinare-

obs. TviTon fiziologiuri procesebic _ metabolizmi _

garkveuli Zalebis arsebobas gulisxmobs. maSasadame, ar-

sebobs kidev raRac, rac SesaZlebels xdis sicocxlis

process da TviT sicocxlis materialuri substratis

funqcionirebas. es aris organizmSi arsebuli Sinagani

Zala anu entelexia, romelic sicocxlis aramaterialur

substrats warmoadgens.

$$$$47. coc47. coc47. coc47. cocxaxaxaxalilililisa da arasa da arasa da arasa da aracoccoccoccocxaxaxaxalis urlis urlis urlis urTiTiTiTiererererToToToTobis bis bis bis

probprobprobproblelelelemamamama

cocxalisa da aracocxalis urTierTobis problema

sicocxlis filosofiis umTavressa da urTules proble-

182

mas warmoadgens. ra aris cocxalis (sicocxlis) ZiriTa-

di niSani, misi arseba da riTi gansxvavdeba igi aracocxa-

lisagan? arsebobs Tu ara maT Soris gammijnavi zRvari?

cnobilia am problemis gadawyvetis ori _ alternatiuli

_ SesaZlebloba: an is unda vTqvaT, rom cocxalsa da

aracocxals Soris principuli gansxvavebaa da, maSasada-

me, maTi erTmaneTze dayvana SeuZlebelia; rac, Tavis

mxriv, niSnavs aracocxali anu materialuridan sicoc-

xlis warmoSobis SeuZleblobis mtkicebas, da an, piri-

qiT, unda uarvyoT maT Soris principuli gansxvavebis ar-

seboba da materialuridan (aracocxalidan) cocxalis _

aramaterialuris _ warmoSoba vamtkicoT, “xidi” gavdoT

cocxalsa da aracocxals anu materialursa da idea-

lurs Soris. pirvel Tvalsazriss vitalizmi, xolo meo-

res meqanicizmi icavda; pirveli idealisturi moZRvrebaa,

meore ki _ materialisturi.

cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris arsebobs msgavse-

bac da gansxvavebac, magram es garemoeba imis safuZvels

ar iZleva, rom isini erTmaneTze daviyvanoT an erTmaneTs

movwyvitoT. yvelaze fundamenturi msgavseba maT Soris

is aris, rom orive maTgani realuri arsis sferos kuT-

vnilebaa. cocxalic da aracocxalic, organulic da ara-

organulic movlenaTa samyaroSi arsebobs, uSualo

grZnobad sinamdviles warmoadgens; magram es garemoeba

arc maT igiveobas da, miT umetes, arc sicocxlis materi-

alurobas ar asabuTebs. organizmi, cxadia, materialuria,

magram TviTon sicocxle, romelic am materialur sxe-

uls axasiaTebs, materialuri rodia. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, organizmi materialuria, magram sicocxlis arse-

ba ar aris materialuri.

sicocxlis arsebis Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba msjelo-

ba; amJamad ki mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom cocxalisa

da aracocxalis fundamentur ganmasxvavebel niSans Sina-

gani Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis unaris arseboba-ararse-

boba warmoadgens. materialuri (aracocxali) sxeulebi

aseT unars moklebulia; maT uzenaes kanons inerciis ka-

noni warmoadgens, romelic odiTve gagebuli iyo rogorc

183

uZraobis, inertulobis, pasiurobis sinonimi. es kanoni

swored imas amtkicebs, rom materialuri sxeuli inarCu-

nebs Tavis (moZraobis an uZraobis) mdgomareobas, vidre

gareSe Zala ar gamoiyvans am mdgomareobidan. es niSnavs,

rom materialur (aracocxal) sxeuls TavisTavad, garega-

ni Zalebis zemoqmedebis gareSe, ar SeuZlia arc amoZrave-

ba da arc SeCereba; erTi sityviT, mas ara aqvs Sinagani

Zala, Sinagani aqtiurobis (TviTaqtiurobis) unari. amitom

uwodeben mas “mkvdar”, “usicocxlo” sxeuls.

swored es idea jer kidev antikur epoqaSi safuZ-

vlad daedo animisturi da hiloZoisturi Sexedulebebis

warmoSobas. erTic da meorec cnobierad Tu aracnobie-

rad iqidan amodioda, rom inertuli, pasiuri, TviTmoqme-

debis unars moklebuli mkvdaria, ar aris cocxali. moZ-

raoba da moqmedeba gareSe Zalebis zemoqmedebis gareSe,

mxolod cocxals SeuZlia, magram vinaidan isini xedav-

dnen, rom bunebaSi yvelaferi moZraobs, icvleba, Tvlid-

nen, rom bunebac cocxalia, masSi cocxali sulebi bu-

dobs. maSasadame, hiloZoizmisa da animizmis safuZvels is

genialuri idea warmoadgenda, rom sicocxlis fundamen-

tur niSans, mis ganmasxvavebels aracocxalisagan, Sinaga-

ni Zalis, TviTaqtiurobis unaris arseboba warmoadgens.

platonisa da aristoteles filosofiaSi am ideas sru-

lad gacnobierebuli xasiaTi aqvs. igive idea safuZvlad

daedo “garegani biZgis” Teoriis Camoyalibebas, romel-

sac niutonic ki iziarebda. samyaro inertulia, pasiuria

anu mkvdaria; amitom mis asamoZraveblad aucilebelia ga-

regani biZgi, romelic moZraobaSi moiyvans materialur

samyaros, xolo Semdeg energia inaxeba, sxeulidan sxe-

uls gadaecema. antikur filosofiaSi am poziciebze jer

kidev empedokle da anaqsagora idgnen. empedokle materia-

luri stiqionebis (cecxli, wyali, miwa da haeri) asamoZ-

raveblad siyvarulisa da siZulvilis Zalebs mimarTavda;

anaqsagora ki laparakobda gonebis (“nus”) Sesaxeb, rome-

lic inertul materialur masas biZgs aZlevs.

amrigad, udavod unda miviCnioT, rom Sinagani aqtiu-

robis, TviTaqtiurobis unaris arseboba cocxals diamet-

184

rulad ganasxvavebs aracocxalisagan. am koncefciis mo-

winaaRmdegeebi miuTiTeben materialur samyaroSi arse-

bul Zalebze, romelTac zogjer didi bunebrivi katas-

trofebis gamowvevac ki SeuZliaT (miwisZvrebi, vulkanebi,

wyaldidobebi da a. S.) da Tvlian, rom Sinagani Zala,

TviTaqtiurobis unari aracocxal materiasac axasiaTebs,

amitom am niSnis mixedviT cocxalisa da aracocxalis

gansxvaveba TiTqos SeuZlebelia. am Sexedulebis Secdo-

mas Cven imaSi vxedavT, rom TviTmoqmedeba da reaqcia er-

TmaneTSia areuli. bunebaSi arsebuli aqtiuroba ZalTa

urTierTqmedebis Sedegia da ara Sinagani Zalis gamovle-

na. ori _ sapirispiro _ Tviseba erTmaneTze moqmedebs da

iwvevs reaqcias. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi eleqtroba cal-

calke araviTar reaqcias ar iwvevs; reaqcia mxolod maTi

urTierTqmedebis Sedegia. TviT atomuri bombis mTavari

komponenti urani-235 bunebaSi “uwyinrad” arsebobs; igi

damangrevel Zalas mxolod maSin SeiZens, roca labora-

toriul pirobebSi sxva elementebTan mouxdeba Sexeba. ma-

Sasadame, materialur samyaroSi arsebuli TviT urTule-

si da uZlieresi reaqciebis arseboba arafers ar amtki-

cebs Sinagani Zalis (TviTaqtiurobis unaris), rogorc

cocxali sxeulis fundamenturi ganmasxvavebeli niSnis

winaaaRmdeg. es idea, rogorc vTqviT, Zveli droidan mom-

dinareobs da sicocxlis filosofiis dargSi erT-erT

did aRmoCenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. nebismieri materia-

lizmi (maT Soris marqsistulic) Zalisa da materiis ga-

nuyrelobis Teziss icavs, ris safuZvelzec materiis sub-

stanciurobis dasabuTebas cdilobs, magram yoveli amgva-

ri mcdeloba marcxiT mTavrdeba.

$$$$48. si48. si48. si48. sicoccoccoccocxlis maxlis maxlis maxlis mateteteteririririaaaalislislislistutututuri Teri Teri Teri Teooooriariariaria

sul sxvagvarad esmis materializms cocxalisa da

aracocxalis urTierToba; igi amodis Zalisa da materiis

ganuyrelobis mcdari Tezisidan, romelic ara marto lo-

gikurad dausabuTebelia, aramed mecnierebasac (kerZod

185

inerciis kanons) ewinaaRmdegeba da cdilobs materia gai-

gos rogorc aqtiuri, SemoqmedebiTi arsi, romelsac si-

cocxlis Seqmnac ki SeuZlia. materialuri anu aracocxa-

li arsisagan cocxalis warmoSobis SesaZleblobis mtki-

ceba cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris arsebiTi gansxvave-

bis uaryofas niSnavs. swored ase iqceva rusi bioqimikosi

a. i. oparini, romelmac SeimuSava sicocxlis warmoSobis

materialisturi Teoria. a. i. oparini, uwinares yovlisa,

uaryofs cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris arsebiT gan-

sxvavebas, rogorc aracocxali nivTierebidan sicocxlis

warmoSobis aucilebel pirobas. organizmebi, amtkicebs

igi, arafers iseTs ar Seicavs, rac araorganul bunebaSi

ar moipovebodes. es imas amtkicebs, rom cocxalsa da

aracocxals Soris bioqimiurad araviTari arsebiTi gan-

sxvaveba ar aris, swored amitom “qimikosebs... SeuZliaT

xelovnurad daamzadon TiTqmis yvela naerTi, romelic

organizmSi gvxvdeba”.1 misi msjeloba iqamdec ki midis,

rom laparakobs araorganuli sxeulebis (mTis zvavebis,

denTis da a. S.) gaRizianebis (?) Sesaxeb, rac sruli ab-

surdia. gaRizianeba cilovani sxeulebis arsebobasTan

aris dakavSirebuli, ris gamoc araorganuli sxeulebis

gaRizianebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. igi laparakobs ag-

reTve nivTierebaTa cvlis Sesaxeb rkinis naWerSi, rac ag-

reTve Seuwynarebeli Secdomaa, vinaidan nivTierebaTa

cvla martooden garemosTan urTierToba ki ar aris, ara-

med agreTve (rac mTavaria) TviTganaxlebis, TviTwarmoe-

bis procesi, romelic safuZvlad uZevs zrdas, gamravle-

bas, nivTierebaTa cvlis Sedegad asimilirebuli nivTie-

rebis Tavis nawilad gardaqmnas. erTi sityviT, es imdenad

rTuli procesia, romlis arsebobis daSvebas araorga-

nul sxeulebSi srul absurdamde mivyavarT.

mravali wlis win, a. i. oparinis azriT, dedamiwa ga-

varvarebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. Semdeg igi Tanda-

Tan gacivda da orTqlis mdgomareobidan Txevad mdgoma-

reobaSi gadavida. warmoiSva qimiuri elementebi, romelTa

1 А. И. Опарин, Происхождение жизни, Тбилиси, 1985, cтр. 15

186

Soris iyo karbidebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, dedami-

waze warmoSobili pirveli naerTebi iyo. xolo dedamiwis

Semdgomi gacivebisas sxva naerTebis sinTezirebac moxda.

karbidisagan SeiZleba naxSirwyalbadis miReba, rac,

a. i. oparinis azriT, dedamiwaze “pirvel organul naer-

Tebs” warmoadgenda. amis Semdeg igi iolad gadadis ci-

lebze, romelTa gundebi anu koacervatuli wveTebi si-

cocxlis pirvel niSnebs atarebs, rac bunebrivi gadarCe-

vis gziT gaizarda da gamravlda; bolos miviReT “orga-

nizmis is formebi, romelTac Cven amJamad vxedavT.”1

am koncefcias a. i. oparini pirvel xanebSi hipoTe-

zad Tvlida, Semdeg ki Teoriis pretenzia gauCnda, rac

srul unisonSi imyofeboda im dros gabatonebul mar-

qsistul materialistur ideologiasTan.

logikuri TvalsazrisiT oparinis Teoria mraval

Secdomas Seicavs, romelTa analizisaTvis aq adgili ar

aris.2 aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom igi meqanisturi msof-

lmxedvelobis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. sicocxle

a. i. oparins esmis, rogorc mxolod fizikur-qimiuri pro-

cesi, romelic araorganuli samyaros kanonzomierebiT

iolad aixsneba. es ki meqanicizmia; mas, iseve rogorc ne-

bismieri materialistur Teorias, saboloo jamSi meqanis-

turi xasiaTi aqvs.

sicocxlis warmoSobis materialisturi Teoriis

uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgens darvinis evoluciuri

Teoria, romelsac agreTve meqanisturi da, Tanamedrove

TvalTaxedviT, erTob primitiuli Cans.

darvinis mixedviT, evoluciis mamoZravebeli faqto-

rebia cvalebadoba, memkvidreoba da gadarCeva. am ukanas-

knels fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs organizmebis evo-

luciis procesSi. is organizmebi, romlebic garemos See-

guebian arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi gamarjvebuli gamodian,

gadarCeba da ganagrZobs gvaris arsebobas. susti ki iRu-

1 А. И. Опарин, Происхождение жизни, cтр. 44. 2 dainteresebul mkiTxvels mivuTiTebT Cvens wignze “sicocxlis arseba” (Tbilisi, 2000), sadac mocemulia am Teoriis kritikuli analizi.

187

peba. amdenad, bunebrivi gadarCeva cocxali samyaros evo-

luciis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens.

darvini antiteleologistia. igi uaryofs bunebrivi

gadarCevis miznobriv xasiaTs. polaruli daTvi, misi az-

riT, imitom ki ar aris TeTri, rom gadarCes, aramed imi-

tom gadarCa rom TeTria. aseve Jirafs kiseri daugrZelda

arsebobisaTvis brZolis procesSi. teleologias darvi-

nis evoluciur TeoriaSi meqanicizmi cvlis.

magram darvinis bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria obieq-

turad (misi avtoris msoflmxedvelobisagan damoukideb-

lad) SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc lamarkis tipis imanentu-

ri teleologiis dadasatureba. ratom ar SeiZleba rom

bunebrivi gadarCevis obieqtur miznad cocxali samyaros

evolucia miviCnioT? igi xom mizanSewonilobisagan araf-

riT ar gansxvavdeba? evoluciis procesi mimdinareobs

“gegmianad”, romelic TiTqmis winaswarganzraxulad coc-

xali samyaros gadarCenas emsaxureba. bunebrivi gadarCeva

da arsebobisaTvis brZola SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc si-

cocxlis gadarCenisa da Taobebis progresulad ganviTa-

rebis saSualebebi. erTi sityviT, darvinizmis teleolo-

giuri interpretacia sruliad SesaZlebelia. amitom fi-

losofosTa garkveuli nawili (g. veteri, o. Spiulbeki,

j. diui da sxv.) darvinizmis teleologiur xasiaTze la-

parakobs.

l. fon bertalanfi miuTiTebs, rom bunebrivi gadar-

Cevis Teoria meqanisturia, vinaidan igi ver xsnis cocxal

samyaroSi mizanSewonilobis faqts. organizmis tendenci-

as garemosTan Segueba ki ar warmoadgens, rogorc es

darvins hgonia, aramed, piriqiT, misgan ganTavisufleba,

tendencia avtonomiisaken.

darvinis evoluciuri Teoria mravalmxriv kritikas

imsaxurebs, romelTa Sesaxeb wignis am nawilis sxvadas-

xva TavSi gveqneba laparaki. saerTod ki darvinis evolu-

ciur Teorias axla gacilebiT ufro meti kritikosi

hyavs, vidre Tanamoazre. miuTiTeben, rom es iyo ara Teo-

ria, aramed hipoTeza, romelic bolo wlebSi “mSvidobia-

nad daingra”. laparakia im siyalbezec, romelsac am Teo-

188

riis damcvelebi ganzrax Cadiodnen. kategoriulad uar-

yofilia maimunidan adamianis warmoSobis hipoTeza. Tvli-

an, rom “maimunidan adamianis warmoSobis mecnierulad

dasabuTebuli arc erTi faqti ar arsebobs”. miuTiTeben,

rom adamianis msgavsi maimuni (piTekanTropi, sinanTropi,

eoanTropi da sxv.) “bunebaSi arasodes ar arsebobdnen.

aranairi gardamavali rgoli adamiansa da maimuns Soris

ar arsebobs.”1 dasavleT evropis specialur literatura-

Si xSirad vxvdebiT darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis mkacr

kritikas, romelic am Teoriis ara mxolod meTodologi-

ursa da msoflmxedvelobriv mxareebs Seexeba, aramed ag-

reTve faqtobrivsac. XIX saukuneSi f. engelsi darvinis

evoluciur Teorias miseuli (dialeqtikuri) materializ-

mis sabunebismetyvelo-mecnierul dasabuTebad Tvlida.

amJamad ki am “dasabuTebam” fiasko, ganicada.

$$$$49. si49. si49. si49. sicoccoccoccocxlis Zixlis Zixlis Zixlis ZiririririTaTaTaTadi niSdi niSdi niSdi niSnenenenebibibibi

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom sicocxlis uZiriTades, fun-

damentur niSans, riTac cocxali da aracocxali erTma-

neTisagan gansxvavdeba, warmoadgens Sinagani Zalis, Sina-

gani aqtiurobis unaris arseboba. organizmi, materialuri

sxeulebisagan gansxvavebiT, ara marto eqvemdebareba gare-

Se Zalebis zemoqmedebas, aramed TviTonac moqmedebs maT-

ze, dadebiTad an uaryofiTad “pasuxobs” maT zemoqmede-

bas da amiT avlens Tavis Tavs, Tavis damoukideblobas,

suverenulobas. es aris Tavisuflebis erTgvari silueti,

surogati, romelic sxvadasxva doziT gvxvdeba sicoc-

xlis ierarqiis sxvadasxva safexurze mdgom organizmeb-

Si. am ierarqiis umaRles safexurs ki adamiani warmoad-

gens. Sinagani Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis unaris doneebis

mixedviT SeiZleba vilaparakoT sicocxlis doneebis Se-

saxeb. cocxalia mikroorganizmebic, mcenareebic, cxove-

lebic da TviT adamianic, magram isini sicocxlis erTi

1 Пономарев В., Гамалов А. Дарвин гоу хоум, “огонек”, 33, 2000

189

da igive doniT rodi cocxloben da arc erTnairi xaris-

xis Sinagani aqtiurobis unars floben. gaRizianebis una-

ri, romelic TviT umartives organizmebs aqvT, Sinagani

Zalis gamovlenaa. rodesac, magaliTad, Wiayelas Sevexe-

biT da is daiklakneba, amiT igi Tavis Tavs avlens, Sina-

gani Zalis arsebobas adasturebs; igi xom amiT “pro-

tests” acxadebs Cveni zemoqmedebis gamo. aseve vardi ga-

iSleba siTbosa da mzis sxivebis gavleniT, ku Sexebisas

Tavs damalavs da a. S.; yovelive es Sinagani Zalis, damo-

ukideblobis, TavisTavadobis gamovlenaa da amdenad, gar-

kveuli azriT, Tavisuflebis surogatia, misi primitiuli

formaa, rac imas adasturebs, rom igi cocxalia; igi ara

marto eqvemdebareba gareSe Zalebs, aramed SeZlebisdagva-

rad kidec zemoqmedebs maTze. aseTi ram materialur sxe-

ulebs ar SeuZliaT. es Sinagani Zala, TviTaqtiurobis

unari, romelsac mxolod organizmi flobs, raRac sxva

warmomavlobisa, bunebrivi Zalebisagan gansxvavebulia da

amaSia cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris principuli gan-

sxvaveba.

garda am uzogadesi niSnisa, sicocxles, sxva arsebi-

Ti niSnebic aqvs, romlebic, erTad aRebuli, SeuZlebels

xdis cocxalisa da aracocxalis gaigivebas. erT-erTi

aseTi niSania TviTwarmoeba, TviTganaxleba. organizmSi

ganuwyvetlad mimdinareobs aRdgeniTi procesebi, TviTga-

naxleba. analogiuri procesebi materialur samyaroSic

gvxvdeba, magram isini garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebis Se-

degia. organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa cvla _ asimi-

laciisa da disimilaciis procesi _ aRdgeniTi procese-

bis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs. manqanac iRebs garedan niv-

Tierebas (benzinis, zeTis da a. S. saxiT), magram mas Tavis

nawilad ver gardaqmnis. amitom manqana mxolod cvdeba,

regeneracia misTvis ucxoa. roca organizmSi daSlis

procesi Warbobs aRdgeniTs, maSin igi berdeba, TandaTan

sustdeba da, bolos, roca aRdgeniTi procesebi mTlia-

nad Sewydeba, kvdeba.

sicocxlis Semdegi niSania antientropiuloba, rome-

lic TviTganaxlebis unarTan kavSirSia. materialur sam-

190

yaroSi entropia ganuwyvetlad izrdeba, warmoebs wesri-

gidan uwesrigobisaken svla, manqana cvTeba, rkina iJange-

ba, sagnebi Zveldeba da a. S. aRdgeniTi procesebi mxo-

lod organul samyaros axasiaTebs. organizmi “ebrZvis”

daavadebas. wamali mxolod damxmare saSualebaa gajansa-

RebisaTvis brZolaSi. Tu organizms aqtiurobis unari

zedmetad daqveiTebuli aqvs, maSin wamali amaoa, igi gar-

dacvlils ver gaacocxlebs. swored am aRdgeniT proce-

sebSi gamoixateba organizmis antientropiuloba.

cxadia, es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqmis organizmSi

mxolod antientropiuli _ ganaxlebis _ procesi arse-

bobs. ase rom iyos, maSin sikvdilic ar iarsebebda. orga-

nizmSi ganuwyvetlad mimdinareobs asimilaciisa da disi-

milaciis, aRdgeniTi da daSliTi procesebi. es niSnavs,

rom entropiis kanons organuli samyaroc emorCileba.

magram roca daSla Warbobs aRdgenas, maSin sicocxle

TandaTan qreba.

sicocxlis ZiriTad niSnebs warmoadgens, agreTve,

zrda, moZraoba da gaRizianeba. zogjer laparakoben ara-

organuli sxeulebis zrdis Sesaxebac (magaliTad: najer

xsnarSi kristalebi); magram organuli sxeulebis zrda

nivTierebaTa sinTezirebis anu anabolizmis Sedegia, ara-

organul sxeulebSi ki maT mxolod raodenobrivi xasia-

Ti aqvT. aseve iTqmis moZraobis Sesaxeb. materialuri sxe-

ulebis moZraobas meqanikuri xasiaTi aqvs, gareSe Zalebis

zemoqmedebis Sedegia; organizmi ki moZraobs gaRizianebis

Sedegad; mas umeteswilad `miznobrivi~ xasiaTi aqvs _ ga-

urbis mters, moipovebs sakvebs, ibrZvis sicocxlis Senar-

Cunebisa da gaxangrZlivebisaTvis. gaRizianeba aris orga-

nizmis reaqcia garegan zemoqmedebaze. gamRizianebeli Se-

iZleba iyos bgera, temperatura da a. S. gaRizianeba si-

cocxlis erT-erTi specifikuri niSania, mxolod orga-

nul samyaros axasiaTebs. amitom Rrma Secdomaa araorga-

nuli sxeulebis gaRizianebaze laparaki, rogorc amas a.

i. oparini amtkicebs. igi gaRizianebad Tvlis orTqlmav-

lis amoZravebas berketis SemobrunebiT, denTis sawyobis

afeTqebas naperwklis mier, zvavebis warmoqmnas haeris

191

mcire SerxeviT da a. S.1 etyoba, am mosazrebis avtors sa-

erTod ar esmis gaRizianebis arsi; meqanikur procesebTan

gaRizianebis gaigiveba elementaruli Secdomaa.

sicocxlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania mTlianoba da

mizanSewoniloba. cocxal sxeulebSi mimdinare procese-

bis, iseve rogorc organizmis nawilebis moqmedeba gasao-

cari mizanSewonilobiT, harmoniulobiT xasiaTdeba, rac

organizmis mTlianobas qmnis. cocxali samyaros mizanSe-

wonilobis erT-erT gamoxatulebas adaptacia _ garemos-

Tan Segueba _ warmoadgens. amitom darvini organizmebis

evoluciis erT-erT pirobad garemos Tvlida. garemos

mxolod Zlieri organizmebi egueba, rac bunebrivi gadar-

Cevis gziT evoluciis process ganapirobebs, romelic ma-

Rali kanonzomierebaTa da mizanSewonilobiT xasiaTdeba.

organizmi, amtkicebs l. fon bertalanfi, Ria sistemas

warmoadgens, romelsac garemosTan ganuwyveteli kavSiri

aqvs.

sicocxlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania gamravleba,

rogorc sicocxlis TviTwarmoebis mTavari saSualeba.

organizmis zrda misi Semadgeneli ujredebis gamravle-

bis gziT warmoebs. cxovelebi sqesobrivi gziT mravlde-

ba, romlis stimulsa da mamoZravebel Zalas sqesobrivi

instinqti warmoadgens, rac agreTve organizmis Sinagani

aqtivobis gamovlenaa. am instinqtis gareSe cxovelTa sam-

yaro, maT Soris adamianebic, sul male gadaSendebodnen.

sqesobrivi ltolva sicocxlis wyaros warmoadgens, sa-

xeldobr, gvaris sicocxlisa. platoni ganayofierebis

process “ukvdavebasTan ziarebas” uwodebda, xolo n. har-

tmani _ “ukvdavebisaken ltolvas.”

am niSanTan mWidro kavSirSia sicocxlis Sedegi ni-

Sani _ istorizmi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, memkvidreobas-

Tan aris dakavSirebuli. organizmi uaRresi dinamikuro-

biT xasiaTdeba; mas aqvs warsuli, awmyo da momavali, ro-

gorc misi evoluciuri ganviTarebis gamomxatveli; ganvi-

Tareba ki memkvidreobis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

1 А. И. ОпаринА. И. ОпаринА. И. ОпаринА. И. Опарин, Происхождение жизни, cтр. 25

192

$$$$50. TviT50. TviT50. TviT50. TviTSeSeSeSenaxnaxnaxnaxvavavava

organizmSi arsebuli Sinagani Zala, Sinagani aqtiu-

robis unari, uwinares yovlisa, mimarTulia sakuTari si-

cocxlis SenarCunebisa da gaxangrZlivebisaken. es buneb-

rivia, vinaidan biologiuri TvalsazrisiT sicocxle yve-

laze Rirebulia; TviTSenaxva aris sicocxlis yvelaze

fundamenturi niSani Sinagani Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis

unaris Semdeg; igi aris uZlieresi instinqti, romelic

sxvadasxva _ specifikuri _ formiT yvela cocxal arse-

bas axasiaTebs umartivesi organizmidan adamianis CaT-

vliT.

TviTSenaxvis instinqtis arseboba mcenareebSic ki

advili SesamCnevia. heliotropizmi, geotropizmi da sxva

msgavsi faqtebi am mosazrebas adasturebs. es, miT umetes,

iTqmis cxovelebze. adamianic, rogorc biologiuri arse-

ba, sakuTari sicocxlis gadasarCenad yvelas da yvela-

fers gawiravs. magram am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara sa-

kuTriv adamianTan, aramed cxovelTan. adamiani swored

maSin aris adamiani, rodesac am biologiur instinqts

daZlevs, roca TviTSenaxva misTvis ukve aRar warmoad-

gens umaRles Rirebulebas, aramed igi sxva _ ufro ma-

Ral _ Rirebulebebs daqvemdebarebulia. adamiani, ro-

gorc adaadaadaadamimimimiaaaanininini, Tavs gawiravs SvilebisaTvis, megobrisaT-

vis, samSoblos an sxva umaRlesi RirebulebebisaTvis. es

niSnavs, rom misTvis TviTSenaxva, sakuTari sicocxlis

SenarCuneba da gaxangrZliveba umaRles Rirebuleba ukve

aRar warmoadgens, anu igi amaRlda biologiur-cxove-

lur-instinqtebze da gaxda adaadaadaadamimimimiaaaanininini. TviTSenaxva biolo-

giuri fenomenia da ara anTropologiuri.

TviTSenaxva ZiriTadad aracnobieria. mas eswrafvis

mcenareebi, mwerebi, mikrobebi, organizmis calkeuli uj-

redebic ki. Wrilobis moSuSeba, daavadebuli organizmis

ltolva gajansaRebisaken da sxva msgavsi faqtebi TviT-

Senaxvis instinqtis universalurobis maCvenebelia bio-

logiur doneze. calkeul SemTxvevebSi TviTSenaxvas Se-

iZleba cnobieri xasiaTic hqondes; magaliTad, rodesac

193

adamiani mkurnalobs, wamlebs iRebs, isvenebs da a. S. ma-

Sin TviTSenaxvis mizniT xelmZRvanelobs, magram am Sem-

TxvevaSi TviTSenaxva gacnobierebulia. am calkeuli Sem-

Txvevebis gamoklebiT, TviTSenaxva, rogorc instinqti,

aracnobieri fenomenia. “gacnobierebuli instinqti” ukve

aRar aris instinqti.

TviTSenaxva, cxadia, organizmSi arsebuli sasicoc-

xlo Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis unaris gamovlenaa. swo-

red amitom organizmis TviTSenaxvis unari masSi arsebu-

li sasicocxlo Zalis proporciulia. vinaidan araorga-

nul sxeulebs araviTari Sinagani Zala, araviTari Sinaga-

ni aqtiurobis unari ar gaaCniaT, amitom TviTSenaxvis in-

stinqtic ara aqvT. materialuri sxeuli ar cdilobs Ta-

visi arsebobis SenarCunebas, vinaidan mas “Tavisi Tavi” ar

gaaCnia, mxolod garegan faqtorebze aris damokidebuli.

TviTSenaxvis universalurobas ar ewinaaRmdegeba

TviTmkvlelobis faqtebi, vinaidan TviTmkvleloba fsiqi-

kuri aqtia da ara biologiuri. adamianis organizmi

TviTSenaxvisaken maSinac ki iswrafvis, roca TviTmkvle-

lobis aqti sruldeba. es kanonzomiereba SesaniSnavad aR-

wera l. tolstoim TxzulebaSi “ana karenina”. rogorc ki

ana matareblis vagonebis borblebs qveS moeqca, maSinve

gamoiRviZa masSi TviTSenaxvis instinqtma, scada zeze wa-

modgoma, magram amaod.

TviTSenaxva da arsebobisaTvis brZola erTmaneTs

hgavs, magram igiveobrivi araa. yovel SemTxvevaSi darvin-

Tan maT Soris gansxvavebas ver vxedavT. arsebobisaTvis

brZolas TviTSenaxvis instinqti ganapirobebs. organizmi

imitom ibrZvis arsebobisaTvis, rom mas TviTSenaxvis in-

stinqti amoZravebs. arsebobisaTvis brZola empiriuli

faqtia, TviTSenaxva ki aseTi ar aris; igi arsebobisaTvis

brZolaSi gamovlindeba.

194

TaTaTaTavi mevi mevi mevi meoooorererere

memememeqaqaqaqaninininicizcizcizcizmi da nemi da nemi da nemi da neoooomemememeqaqaqaqaninininicizcizcizcizmimimimi

$$$$51. me51. me51. me51. meqaqaqaqaninininicizcizcizcizmis cnemis cnemis cnemis cnebabababa

meqanicizmi aris meqanikuri kanonzomierebis gaabso-

lutureba, mTeli sinamdvilis an cocxali samyaros ax-

snis mcdeloba meqanikis kanonebiT. istoriulad meqani-

cizmi sxvadasxva formiT arsebobda. erT SemTxvevaSi mas

hqonda globaluri xasiaTi _ mTeli sinamdvilis kanon-

zomiereba meqanikur procesebsa da kanonebze dahyavda.

aseTi iyo, magaliTad, demokrites materializmi, romelic

yvelafers, TviT Semecnebisa da cnobierebis, fsiqikisa da

azrovnebis procesebs atomebis moZraobiT xsnida. amgvar

meqanicizms SeiZleba koskoskoskosmomomomolololologigigigiuuuuri ri ri ri vuwodoT. misgan gan-

sxvavebulia bibibibioooolololologigigigiuuuuri meri meri meri meqaqaqaqaninininicizcizcizcizmimimimi, romelic sicoc-

xlis axsnas meqanikis kanonebiT cdilobs. aseTni iyvnen,

magaliTad, e. w. “vulgaruli materialistebi” (foxti, mo-

leSoti, biuxneri). cnobilia foxtis Tezisi: tvini iseve

gamoyofs azrs, rogorc RviZli naRvels. TviTon dekar-

tsac ki organizmi (gansakuTrebiT cxovelTa organizmi)

esmoda rogorc manqana, romelsac meqanikis kanonebi mar-

Tavs.

dekartis am poziciidan meqanicizmis mimarTulebiT

kidev ufro Sors wavidnen XVIII saukunis frangi materia-

listebi. lametrim adamianic manqanasTan gaaigiva (“adamia-

ni manqanaa”). es iyo ananananTroTroTroTropopopopolololologigigigiuuuuri meri meri meri meqaqaqaqaninininicizcizcizcizmimimimi. arse-

bobda, agreTve sosososocicicicioooolololologigigigiuuuuri meri meri meri meqaqaqaqaninininicizcizcizcizmimimimi (magaliTad, T.

hobzi), romelmac sazogadoebis kanonzomiereba meqaniciz-

mis poziciidan axsna.

meqanicizmi antikur epoqaSi warmoiSva, magram meqa-

nisturi ideebis aRorZinebas didad Seuwyo xeli galile-

isa da niutonis klasikuri meqanikis Camoyalibebam, rome-

lic TavisTavad kacobriobis azrovnebis udidesi miRweva

iyo. xSirad ise xdeba, rom did mecnierul aRmoCenas Tan

195

sdevs am aRmoCenis mniSvnelobis hipertrofireba da mis

safuZvelze mTeli sinamdvilis axsnis mcdeloba. klasi-

kuri meqanikis Camoyalibebam ganapiroba klasikuri meqa-

nisturi msoflmxedvelobis warmoSoba. ainStainis rela-

tiurobis Teoriam universaluri relativizmis koncefcia

warmoSva, boris damatebiTobis principi atomuri fiziki-

dan fsiqologiasa da enaTmecnierebaSic ki gadaitanes da

a. S. am did mecnierul aRmoCenebs, cxadia, araviTari

“brali” ar miuZRviT meqanisturi msoflmxedvelobis da-

fuZnebaSi; igi mxolod Tanmdevi movlenaa, meti araferi.

samyaroSi, cxadia, meqanikis kanonebi moqmedebs, mag-

ram samyarosa da, miT umetes, sicocxlis axsna martoo-

den meqanikis kanonebiT SeuZlebelia. reduqcionizmi yal-

bi meTodia, romlis saSualebiT arc araorganuli, da

miT umetes, organuli samyaros kanonzomierebis axsna Se-

uZlebelia.

$$$$52. ma52. ma52. ma52. mateteteteririririaaaalizlizlizlizmi da memi da memi da memi da meqaqaqaqaninininicizcizcizcizmimimimi

meqanicizmi materialisturi mimdinareobaa; meqanikis

kanonebi, romliTac igi mTeli sinamdvilis an am sinam-

dvilis ama Tu im sferos axsnas cdilobs, materialuri

samyaros kanonebia. amitom SemTxveviTi ar aris is, rom

meqanistebi materialistebi arian; TviT bunebismetyveli

meqanistebi materialisturi msoflmxedvelobis damcve-

lebs warmoadgenen. gamonakliss iSviaTad Tu SevxvdebiT.

erT-erTi aseTi gamonaklisi moazrovne Cvens droSi ber-

tran raseli iyo, romelic ukidures meqanistur pozici-

ebze idga. igi werda: “yvelaferi, rac cocxal materias

ganasxvavebs, SeiZleba qimiaze daviyvanoT da amiT, bolos

da bolos, fizikaze. ZiriTadi kanonebi, romlebic coc-

xal materias marTavs, albaT, igivea, romlebic wyalba-

dis atomis qcevas marTavs, saxeldobr, kvanturi meqanikis

kanonebi.”1 da, Semdeg: “araviTari safuZveli ara gvaqvs vi-

1 Рассел Б. Человеческое познание, М., 1957, cтр. 68.

196

varaudoT, rom cocxal materias aracocxali materiisa-

gan gansxvavebuli kanonebi marTavs. seriozuli safuZve-

li gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom yvelaferi, rac cocxal materi-

aSi arsebobs, Teoriulad SeiZleba fizikisa da qimiis

terminebiT avxsnaT.”1 ra msoflmxedvelobisac ar unda

iyos am striqonebis avtori, amjerad igi uTuod mkacri

meqanisti da tipuri materialistia. cocxali samyaros ka-

nonebis gaigiveba fizikisa da qimiis kanonebTan, garda

msoflmxedvelobrivi cTomilebisa, biologiis, rogorc

damoukidebeli mecnierebis arsebobis uaryofasac warmo-

adgens. Tu fizikisa da qimiis kanonebs universalur mniS-

vnelobas mivawerT, maSin biologiis kanonebisaTvis adgi-

li aRar rCeba.

ara marto meqanicizmia materializmi, aramed nebis-

mieri materializmic meqanicizmia. dialeqtikur (marqsis-

tul) materializms meqanicizmis daZlevis pretenzia

hqonda, magram es mxolod carieli sityvebi iyo. Tu mate-

rialuri samyaros kanonebs mTeli _ araorganuli da or-

ganuli _ samyaros safuZvlad gamoacxadeb, Tu CavTvli,

rom organuli (cocxali) samyaro araorganulis (materia-

luris) ganviTarebis Sedegia, maSin zRvari cocxalsa da

aracocxals Soris waSlilia. meqanicizmi ki sxva arafe-

ria, garda cocxali samyaros kanonzomierebis axsna ara-

cocxalis safuZvelze, pirvelis reduqcia meoreze. swo-

red amitom marqsistuli filosofiis antimeqanisturi

pretenziebi sruliad usafuZvloa.

klasikuri meqanicizmi dekartidan momdinareobs,

rac Semdgom ara marto frangma materialistebma (holba-

xi, didro, helveciusi), aramed bunebismetyvelTa erTma

jgufma (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT moleSotis, biuxneris,

foxtisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb) aitaca da ukiduresobamde ga-

naviTara. meqanicizmis mZlavri nakadi jer kidev lamarkis

evoluciur TeoriaSi Cans, Tumca laparakia meqanistTa

ricxvs ver mivakuTvnebT.

1 Рассел Б. Человеческое познание, cтр. 71.

197

ufro srulyofili formiT meqanicizmi darvinis

evoluciur TeoriaSi warmosdga. teleologiis gamoric-

xva evoluciuri Teoriidan da evoluciis mamoZravebel

erTaderT Zalad garemosTan Seguebis mtkiceba meqaniciz-

mia. darvins organuli samyaro faqtobrivad esmis ro-

gorc pasiuri, inertuli, Sinagan Zalas moklebuli, rome-

lic mTlianad garemo pirobebis zemoqmedebas eqvemdeba-

reba. amgvar koncefcias sxvas verafers davarqmevT, garda

meqanicizmisa. yovel SemTxvevaSi darvinis evoluciuri

Teoria meqanicizmis did dozas Seicavs.

sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli meqanicizmi refleq-

torul TeoriaSic gamovlinda, romlis fuZemdeblebia i.

m. seCenovi da i. p. pavlovi. am Teoriis winaprad r. de-

karts Tvlian, romlis refleqtoruli Teoria wmindad

meqanisturia. seCenovsa da gansakuTrebiT pavlovTan meqa-

nicizmi ufro zomieria; gaRizianebis gamomwvev pirvel

mizezad isinic, dekartis msgavsad, garegan faqtors

Tvlian, magram, dekartisagan gansxvavebiT, maT mixedviT,

`garegani mizezebi moqmedebs Sinagani pirobebis saSuale-

biT.”1

miuxedavad amisa, seCenovisa da pavlovis refleqto-

ruli Teoria Tavs ver aRwevs meqanicizms. es gansakuTre-

biT igrZnoba i. m. seCenovis moZRvrebaSi Tavis tvinis

refleqsebis Sesaxeb. seCenovi amtkicebda, rom “yovelgva-

ri adamianuri moqmedebis pirveli mizezi mis gareT mde-

bareobs.”2 sxva adgilze igi wers: “fsiqikuri aqtebi yo-

velgvari gamonaklisis gareSe, romlebic vnebiTi elemen-

tebiT ar aris garTulebuli... refleqsis gziT viTarde-

ba. maSasadame, am aqtebidan gamomdinare yvela cnobieri

moZraoba, romelTac Cveulebrivad nebelobiTs vuwodebT,

mkacri azriT asaxulia” (e. i. refleqsia).3 i. m. seCenovi

urTules fsiqikur aqtebsac refleqsebad Tvlida. rac

Seexeba i. p. pavlovis fiziologiur moZRvrebas, masSi me-

1 Рубинштейн, С. Л. Сознание и бытие, М., 1957, cтр. 176. 2 Сеченов И. М. Избранные философские и психологические произведения М., 1947, cтр.

174. 3 iqve, gv. 148.

198

qanicisturi ideebi gacilebiT ufro SeniRbuli da rafi-

nirebulia, Tumca uaryofili ar aris.

meqanicisturi msoflmxedveloba sisruliT gamov-

linda i. m. seCenovis mowafe ivane TarxniSvilis Sexedu-

lebebSi nebelobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, yovel SemTxve-

vaSi misi mecnieruli moRvaweobis pirvel wlebSi. Txzu-

lebaSi “nervuli sistemis roli cxovelTa moZraobaSi”,1

i. TarxniSvili mTlianad uaryofs nebelobis Tavisufle-

bas da klasikuri (mkacri) determinizmis poziciebze dge-

ba. determinizmi am SemTxvevaSic materializmis Tanmdevi

msoflmxedvelobaa.

$$$$53. ne53. ne53. ne53. neoooomemememeqaqaqaqaninininicizcizcizcizmimimimi

neomeqanicizmi, romelic XX saukuneSi Camoyalibda,

klasikuri meqanicizmis memkvidrea. mas raime axali prin-

cipuli xasiaTis mosazreba ar gamouTqvams klasikur me-

qanicizmTan SedarebiT. meqanicizmi klasikuri (niutonis)

meqanikidan amodioda da misi kanonebis hipertrofirebas

axdenda, neomeqanicizmi ki kibernetikis mier aRmoCenil

kanonzomierebas emyareba, mis safuZvelze cdilobs orga-

nuli samyaros axsnas.

Tu mecnierebis istorias gaviTvaliswinebT, neomeqa-

nicizmis warmoSoba arc SemTxveviTi da arc moulodneli

ar yofila. yovel did mecnierul aRmoCenas Tan axlavs

eqspansiuroba, dauokebeli ltolva mTeli sinamdvilis

mocvisaken, sakuTari daskvnebis eqstrapolaciisken sxva _

gansakuTrebiT momijnave _ mecnierebebze. es fundamentu-

ri Tavisebureba kibernetikuli kanonzomierebis aRmoCenis

procesSic gamovlinda. kibernetika aris mecniereba cxo-

velebisa da manqanis marTvisa da kavSiris Sesaxeb. magram

kibernetikosebi ar dakmayofildnen araorganuli samya-

ros (kerZod, manqanebis) marTvis kanonzomierebis Seswav-

liT da cocxali samyaros ara marto marTvis, aramed mi-

si mTeli funqcionirebis axsna scades. xelaxla aRorZin-

1 Тарханов И.М. Роль нервной системы в движении животных "Медицинский сборник",

Тб., 1972, №14.

199

da klasikur meqanicizmSi moaruli fraza “adamiani manqa-

naa”. neomeqanistebi laparakoben “xelovnuri inteleqtis”

Sesaxeb, rac sxva araferia, garda adamianisa da manqanis

gaigivebis mcdeloba. es erTxel kidev amJRavnebs meqani-

cizmisa da neomeqanicizmis “sisxliT naTesaobas”.

rasakvirvelia, SesaZlebelia msjeloba cxovelebisa

da manqanis marTvis saerTo kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb, mag-

ram aucilebelia TiToeuli maTganis specifikis gaTva-

liswineba. meqanikur moZraobas cxovelic (maT Soris ada-

mianic) asrulebs, magram organizmis funqcionirebis day-

vana meqanikur procesebze sruliad SeuZlebelia. coc-

xal samyaroSi mTavaria ara meqanikuri procesebi, aramed

Sinagani Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis, TviTaqtiurobis una-

ri, romlis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe cocxali samyaros

axsnis Sesaxeb laparakic ki SeuZlebelia.

kibernetikis centralur ideas warmoadgens “meqaniz-

mebis, organizmebisa da adamianebis garkveuli erTiano-

ba.”1 es erTianoba, cxadia, TiToeuli maTganis specifikas

ar iTvaliswinebs. amitom sicocxlis arsebis problema

kibernetikaSi ar dgas da arc SeiZleba idges. piriqiT,

igi, rogorc cocxali samyaros ZiriTadi niSani, ignori-

rebulia. es imiTac dasturdeba, rom kibernetikuli ka-

nonzomierebis sferodan teleologia gamoricxulia. ki-

bernetikosebi laparakoben ukukavSirebis Sesaxeb, romel-

Tac TiTqos miznobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, magram maTi gaigive-

ba miznis cnebasTan SeuZlebelia Tundac imitom, rom

“miznis misaRwevad saWiroa nebeloba... nebeloba mxolod

adamians ekuTvnis.”2 araorganul sagnebs ara aqvT da arc

SeiZleba hqondeT raime mizani.

neomeqanicizmis erT-erT centralur punqts adamia-

nisa da manqanis gaigiveba warmoadgens. marTalia, es idea

kibernetikaSi ise uxeSad ar aris warmodgenili, rogorc

amas adgili hqonda klasikur meqanicizmSi (lametri), mag-

ram maT Soris principuli gansxvaveba mainc ar aris. ro-

1 Новик И., Кибернетика, Философские и социологические проблемы, М., 1963, стр. 19. 2 Клаус Г., Кибернетика и философия, М., 1963, стр. 333.

200

gorc meqanistebi, aseve neomeqanistebi adamianisa da manqa-

nis igiveobis Sesaxeb daskvnas akeTeben funqciuri msgav-

sebis mixedviT. magaliTad, cnobili rusi maTematikosi a.

n. kolmogorovi svams kiTxvas da dadebiTad pasuxobs:

`Tu manqana yvela im funqcias asrulebs, rasac adamiani,

maSin ratom ar SeiZleba rom mas adamiani vuwodoT?1

funqciis mixedviT gansazRvrebis idea, rogorc ze-

viT vTqviT, aristoteledan momdinareobs. magram aristo-

telesTan funqciur gansazRvrebas garkveuli farglebi

hqonda. Semdgomi epoqis moazrovneebma ki igi metismetad

gaazviades, xolo substratuli gansazRvrebis mniSvnelo-

ba mTlianad daiviwyes. ase msjelobda k. marqsic, rode-

sac werda: “rkinigza, romelzec mimosvla ar warmoebs,

romelic, maSasadame, ar icviTeba, ar moixmareba, aris

rkinigza mxolod dinamei-s da ara sinamdvilis mixedviT.”2

aris meore ukiduresobac, roca funqcias mTlianad iviw-

yeben da sagans substratis mixedviT gansazRvraven. amis

nimuSs k. poperis obieqturi codnis TeoriaSi vxvdebiT.

rogorc funqciuri, aseve substratuli gansazRvrebani

WeSmaritebis marcvals Seicavs da mTlianobaSi erTma-

neTs avsebs, cal-calke orive mcdaria. amitom kiberneti-

kosebis mier cocxali samyaros, kerZod, adamianis arse-

bis gansazRvrebis mcdeloba martooden funqciis mixed-

viT, Secdomad unda CaiTvalos.

kibernetikis fuZemdebeli norbert vineri adamianisa

da manqanis gaigivebiTac ar kmayofildeba da varaudobs

“adamianze ufro gonieri manqanis” Seqmnis SesaZleblo-

bas. “doqtori eSbi fiqrobs, _ wers n. vineri, _ rom nam-

dvilad SeiZleba manqanis Seqmna, romelic mis Semqmnelze

ufro gonieria da amaSi me mas mTlianad veTanxmebi.”3

es erTxel kidev asabuTebs meqanicizmisa da neomeqa-

nicizmis ideur naTesaobas. kibernetikul meqanicizms anu

1 Колмогоров А. Н. Жизнь и мышление, как особые формы существования материи, kr.

“О сущности жизни”, М., 1964, стр. 50-52 2 marqsi k. politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis, Tb., 1953, gv. 267. 3 Винер Н., Кибернетика, как управление и связь в животном и машине, М., 1958, стр.

210

201

neomeqanicizms arsebiTad araferi axali ar uTqvams si-

cocxlis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb da arc SeeZlo eTqva

Tundac imitom, rom igi biologiis kompetenciaSi ar Se-

dis; biologiis “gauqmebis” mcdeloba anu kibernetikis eq-

spansia biologiaSi warumatebeli cdaa; aseTi cdebi mec-

nierebis istoriaSi mravalgzis cnobilia, romelTagan

yvela marcxiT damTavrda. unda movelodeT, rom momaval-

Si kibernetikuli kanonzomierebis farglebi ufro mkafi-

od gamoikveTeba, rasac Sedegad neomeqanicizmis marcxi

mohyveba. neomeqanicizmi droebiTi movlenaa. kibernetikis

ganviTarebis Sedegad igi iseve datovebs asparezs, ro-

gorc datova meqanicizmma meqanikis ganviTarebis kvaldak-

val.

$$$$54. ada54. ada54. ada54. adamimimimiaaaani da manni da manni da manni da manqaqaqaqanananana

neomeqanicizmi, iseve rogorc meqanicizmis mTavar mi-

zans adamiansa da manqanas Soris sazRvris waSla warmoad-

gens. orive maTganis meTodologiuri safuZveli materia-

lizmia. Tu sicocxle araorganuli materiis ganviTarebis

produqtia, rogoc amas materializmi Tvlis, maSin coc-

xalsa da aracocxals Soris wyalgamyofi waSlilia da

sicocxlis ganviTarebis TviT umaRlesi safexuri _ adami-

ani _ araorganuli (materialuri) samyaros kanonebiT SeiZ-

leba aixsnas. materialistebis mixedviT, rodesac materiis

ganviTareba Tavis tvinis struqturis dones miaRwevs, ma-

Sin warmoiSoba cnobiereba _ idealuri fenomeni. es niS-

navs, rom cnobiereba mTlianad da unaSTod materialuri

organos _ Tavis tvinis _ produqtia, misi funqciaa. neome-

qanistebi am SemTxvevaSi kibernetikul manqanebze miuTiTe-

ben, romlebic marTlac urTulesia dRemde cnobil manqa-

nebs Soris. isini iseT funqciebs asruleben, romelic ide-

alurisagan Znelad gansxvavdeba. neomeqanistebi amtkiceben,

rom Tu kibernetikuli manqanis struqturas Tavis tvinis

struqturis donemde aviyvanT, maSin mas warmoeqmneba adami-

202

anis cnobierebis tolfasi cnobiereba. amas gulisxmobs

“xelovnuri inteleqtis” cneba kibernetikaSi.

biologebi, piriqiT, Tvlian, rom manqanis struqtu-

ris garTuleba cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris zRvars

verasodes ver gadalaxavs, vinaidan “organuli siTxiT

savse boTli biologis xelSi tvinTan mniSvnelovnad uf-

ro axlosaa, vidre yvelaze srulqmnili eleqtronuli

manqana.”1

neomeqanicizmi (iseve rogorc Tavis droze darvini)

daskvnebs analogiis meTodis safuZvelze akeTebs, xolo

am meTodiT gakeTebuli daskvnebi friad saalbaToa, apo-

diqturobas moklebulia da, maSasadame, dasabuTebad ver

CaiTvleba. iseve rogorc C. darvini adamiansa da maRal-

ganviTarebul maimunebs Soris msgavsebis safuZvelze ake-

Tebda daskvnas maimunisagan adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb,

aseve neomeqanistebi yuradRebas amaxvileben adamianisa da

manqanis msgavsebaze. Sedegebis mixedviT safuZvlis Sesa-

xeb gakeTebuli daskvnebi apodiqturobas (aucileblobasa

da sayovelTaobas) moklebulia. izomorfizmi arasodes

ar aris problemis gadawyvetis sakmao safuZveli anu ga-

regani mxareebis analogia Sinagani procesebis Sesaxeb

daskvnis gakeTebis sakmao safuZvels ar iZleva. leqsebs

wers manqanac da poetic, magram poetur Semoqmedebas

Rrma esTetikuri gancdebi axlavs, xolo manqanis gan-

cdebze laparaki SeuZlebelia. “manqanur azrovnebaze”

laparaki arsebiTad biheviorizmia.

manqanasa da adamians marTlac bevri ram aqvT saer-

To: orives garkveuli kavSiri aqvT garemosTan, iReben

energiis wyaros, gardaqmnian da asruleben muSaobas. mag-

ram maT Soris mainc ufro meti principuli gansxvavebaa,

vidre msgavseba. adamianis organizmi ara marto gardaq-

mnis garedan miRebul nivTierebas, aramed mas Tavis nawi-

lad aqcevs, asimilacias axdens, rac organizmis TviTga-

naxlebas, zrdas da sicocxlisunarianobas ganapirobebs.

araferi amis msgavsi TviT urTules manqanaSic ki ar xde-

1 Ровенский З., Уемов А., Уемова Е., Машина и мысль, М., 1960, стр. 141

203

ba. marTalia, igi garedan miRebul nivTierebas gardaq-

mnis, magram Tavis nawilad ki ar aqcevs, aramed ubralod

moixmars. nivTierebaTa miReba da gardaqmna ar iwvevs man-

qanis TviTganaxlebas, zrdas, gamravlebas da a. S. yove-

live es niSnavs, rom garegani msgavsebis safuZvelze maTi

igiveobis mtkiceba SeuZlebelia.

manqana mxolod cvTeba, masSi entropiis zrda mimdi-

nareobs; adamiansa da cxovelSi entropiulis gverdiT an-

tientropiuli procesebic aris. amis dasturs regenera-

cia _ aRdgeniTi procesi _ warmoadgens. manqanaSi aravi-

Tari aRdgeniTi procesebi ar sruldeba, igi mxolod

cvTeba.

cocxal organizms, maT Soris adamians, TviTSenax-

vis instinqti aqvs; igi ibrZvis sakuTari sicocxlis, sa-

kuTari “mes” SenarCunebisa da gaxangrZlivebisaTvis. man-

qanisaTvis ki TviTSenaxvis instinqti ucxoa, vinaidan mas

“sakuTari Tavi”, “me” ar gaaCnia. igi pasiuri, inertuli

obieqtia, romelic adamianis mier micemuli programiT

muSaobs. TviTSemoqmedebis unari manqanas ara aqvs. manqa-

nis aqtiuroba adamianiseulia; yvelaferi, rasac manqana

akeTebs, adamianis mier aris daprogramebuli. sakuTriv

mas ki “ar SeuZlia TviT umartivesi operaciis Sesrule-

ba, magaliTad mimatebisa 1+1=2.”1

cnobili kibernetikosi tiuringi adamianisa da manqa-

nis identifikaciis SesaZleblobas algoriTmizaciis sa-

erTo unarSi xedavs. magram algoriTmizacia jer kidev

ar aris azrovneba. garda amisa, adamianisa da manqanis

algoriTmizacias Soris principuli gansxvavebaa. adamia-

nuri algoriTmizacia, iseve rogorc azrovnebis procesi,

idealuri fenomenia, manqanaSi ki idealuris arsebobaze

laparaki SeuZlebelia.

manqana TviTon _ adamianisagan damoukideblad _

arafers ar qmnis. yvelaferi winaswar daprogramebulia

adamianis mier. manqana aris “sufTa dafa”, romelzec ada-

miani programas “wers”. adamianis cnobiereba da, saerTod

1 Клаус Г. Кибернетика и Философия, стр. 57

204

misi organizmi ki memkvidruli TvisebebiT aris datvir-

Tuli; misi sxeulic da inteleqtic xangrZlivi filoge-

nezuri da ontogenezuri ganviTarebis produqtia. manqa-

nur “azrovnebas” ki araviTari istoria ara aqvs. igi mzam-

zareulad iRebs garedan yvelafers. adamiani Rirebule-

biT samyaroSi cxovrobs; mas, Teoriuli cnobierebis gar-

da, RirebulebiTi cnobierebac gaaCnia; aqvs emociebi, ra-

Rac moswons an ar moswons, uyvars an sZuls, erTmaneTi-

sagan arCevs keTilsa da borots, kargsa da cuds, mSveni-

ersa da maxinjs. manqanas ki araviTari RirebulebiTi

cnobiereba ar gaaCnia, rac mas aqvs, yvelaferi adamianise-

ulia. “manqanas _ wers erTi avtori _ iseve rogorc deda-

miwis Tanamgzavr mTvares, sakuTari sinaTle ara aqvs. man-

qana brwyinavs adamianis gonebis mier areklili sxiviT.”1

adamianis cnobiereba ar aris mxolod tvinis pro-

duqti, aramed mas socialuri warmomavlobac aqvs. manqa-

nas ki aseTi ram ara aqvs da arc SeiZleba hqondes, vinai-

dan “manqanaTa sazogadoeba” SeuZlebelia. kidec rom mo-

xerxdes “socialuris modelis” Seqmna, igi mainc ar iqne-

ba socialuri, vinaidan socialuris modeli da socialu-

ri sxvadasxvaa.

erT-erTi mTavari argumenti manqanisa da adamianis

igiveobis winaaRmdeg is aris, rom moazrovne adamians,

garda cnobierebisa, aqvs TviTcnobierebac, aqvs refleq-

siis unaric, SeuZlia Tavis Tavs miubrundes da Semecne-

bis sagnad gaixados. aseTi ram manqanisaTvis ucxoa. manqa-

nas ara mxolod TviTcnobiereba, aramed cnobierebac ki

ar gaaCnia.

kidev mravali argumentis motana SeiZleba manqanisa

da adamianis igiveobis winaaRmdeg, magram vfiqrobT, naT-

qvamic sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom neomeqanicizmis mier me-

qanicizmis “arqividan” amoRebuli es Tezisi uaryofil

iqnas.

TaTaTaTavi mevi mevi mevi mesasasasamemememe

1 Новик И., Кибернетика, философские и социологические проблемы, стр. 136

205

vivivivitatatatalizlizlizlizmi da nemi da nemi da nemi da neoooovivivivitatatatalizlizlizlizmimimimi

$$$$55. vi55. vi55. vi55. vitatatatalizlizlizlizmis cnemis cnemis cnemis cnebabababa

meore _ diametrulad sapirispiro koncefcia _ ro-

melsac vitalizmi ewoda, jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Camo-

yalibda. vitalizmi (vitalis _ sasicocxlo, cocxali) coc-

xalisa da aracocxalis principuli gansxvavebidan amo-

dis da pirvel maTganSi aramaterialuri sasicocxlo Za-

lis, sicocxlis mimniWebeli unaris arsebobas amtkicebs.

es sasicocxlo Zala, vitalizmis mixedviT, uwinares

yovlisa, TviTSenaxvaSi warmoCndeba. organizmi, rogorc

TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli arsi, cdilobs SeinarCunos

Tavisi Tavi, daicvas sakuTari sicocxle, ris gamoc igi

ewinaaRmdegeba yvelas da yvelafers, rac mis sicocxles

xelyofs.

cocxal sxeulSi Sinagani Zalis, Sinagani aqtiuro-

bis unaris arsebobas yvela aRiarebs _ materialistebic

da idealistebic. maT Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom materia-

listebi mas organizmSi mimdinare fizikur (fiziologi-

ur)-qimiuri procesebis Sedegad Tvlian, idealistebi ki

am Teziss uaryofen da amtkiceben, rom sasicocxlo Zala

ar SeiZleba “usicocxlo” materiis Sedegi iyos.

vitalizmi, cxadia, ar uaryofs organizmze gareSe

Zalebis zemoqmedebas da am zemoqmedebis Sedegad gamowve-

ul cvlilebebs, magram Tvlis, rom sicocxlis kanonzo-

mierebis axsna fizikur-qimiuri ZalebiT SeuZlebelia. sa-

sicocxlo Zalas _ sicocxlismomgvrel faqtors _ ara

aqvs materialuri warmomavloba.

vitalizmis fuZemdebel sasicocxlo Zalis cnebas

xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze sxvadasxva terminebiT aR-

niSnavdnen. aristotele mas “entelexias” anu “fsiqes”

uwodebda, bergsoni “élan vital”-s (“sasicocxlo ltolva”),

h. driSi “entelexias”, xan ki “fsiqoids”, raseli _ “fina-

lizms” da a. S. magram yvela SemTxvevaSi am terminebs er-

Ti da igive Sinaarsi hqonda.

206

$$$$56. vi56. vi56. vi56. vitatatatalizlizlizlizmis Camis Camis Camis Camomomomoyayayayalilililibebebebebabababa

vitalizmis warmoSobas win uswrebda adrindeli ci-

vilizaciis warmodgenebi sicocxlis Sesaxeb. aseTi iyo

animizmi da hiloZoizmi. pirveli maTganis mixedviT, bune-

bas sulebi marTavs. hiloZoizmi ki Tvlida, rom buneba

cocxalia; orive maTgani materiis inertulobis ideidan

amodiodnen da sicocxlis ZiriTad principad, cocxalisa

da aracocxalis wyalgamyofad Sinagan Zalas, TviTmoZra-

obis unars Tvlidnen. es genialuri idea safuZvlad dae-

do vitalisturi msoflmxedvelobis warmoSobas.

vitalizmis Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia aristote-

les saxelTan. misi vitalisturi moZRvreba emyareba ente-

lexiis cnebas, rac niSnavs ganxorcielebadobas. igi,

aristoteles mixedviT, aris Zala, moqmedi mizezi, miznis

ganxorcieleba. entelexia, ambobs aristotele, aris

“xorcSesxmuli energia, moZraobis mizani da Sedegi.”1 en-

telexia sulia, magram raki igi sxeuls amoZravebs, arse-

biTad sxeulisa da sulis erTianobas warmoadgens. ente-

lexia aris materiaSi formis ganxorcieleba, mizanmim-

swrafi moqmedeba, teleologiuri principi. suli aris

sxeulis entelexia, sicocxlis mimniWebeli Zala. gardac-

vlili adamianis sxeuli igive rCeba, “mkvdarsac aqvs ga-

regnulad igive forma, magram mainc ar aris adamiani.”2 es

amtkicebs, rom sicocxlis principi, sicocxlis mimniWebe-

li Zala aris suli. “sulis ganSorebis Semdeg cxoveli

aRar arsebobs da misi nawilebidan araferi ar rCeba igi-

ve, rac manamde iyo.”3

vitalisturi msoflmxedveloba embrionis ganviTare-

bis problemasTan aris dakavSirebuli, romlis mTavar

RerZs organizmebis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis procesi

warmoadgens. am problemis kvlevisas erTmaneTs daupiris-

pirda ori koncefcia _ preformizmi da epigenezi. pre-

1 s. wereTelis. wereTelis. wereTelis. wereTeli,,,, antikuri filosofia, Tb. 1968, gv. 394. 2 aristotelearistotelearistotelearistotele,,,, cxovelTa nawilebis Sesaxeb, 6, 640 b. 3 iqve, 6, 641 a.

207

formizmis mixedviT, sasqeso ujredebSi winaswar mocemu-

lia momavali organizmis formebi, xolo organizmis em-

brionuli ganviTareba sxva araferia, garda am formebis

gaSlisa, zrdisa da, maSasadame, raodenobrivi cvlilebe-

bisa. epigenezi ki, piriqiT, uaryofs raime winaswari for-

mebis arsebobas da Tvlis, rom organizmis ganviTareba

Casaxvidan dabadebamde axlis qmnadobis procesia. Tana-

mimdevrobiT yalibdeba iseTi axali struqturebi, romle-

bic ganayofierebul kvercxujredSi jer kidev ar aris.

am Teoriis fuZemdebelia aristotele. embrionidan coc-

xali organizmis ganviTareba, misi azriT, iseve TandaTa-

nobiT xdeba, rogorc biWidan mamakaci yalibdeba. cxadia,

aseTi SesaZlebloba potenciurad arsebobs, romlis gan-

xorcieleba anu SesaZleblobidan sinamdviled gardaqmna

aris entelexia.

cnobili Tanamedrove biologi ludvig fon berta-

lanfi preformizmsac da epigenezsac calmxriv Teorie-

bad Tvlis. misi azriT, ganviTareba principulad epigene-

zis mixedviT sruldeba, Tumca igi arc preformistul

niSnebs aris moklebuli. ganviTarebis procesSi myofi

sistema mTlianad homogenuria, magram adgili aqvs garkve-

ul diferenciasac TviT adreul stadiebzec ki. ganviTa-

rebas mTeli gansazRvravs da, maSasadame, mas mTlianobi-

Ti xasiaTi aqvs. embrioni unitarul sistemas warmoad-

gens.

rogorc preformizmi, aseve epigenezi cocxalisa da

aracocxalis principuli gansxvavebidan amodis. cocxali

mxolod cocxalma SeiZleba warmoSvas da ara araorga-

nulma, “mkvdarma” materiam. amrigad, orive koncefcia si-

cocxlis materialisturi axsnis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTu-

li. am koncefciebis damadasturebeli sabunebismetyvelo

argumenti u. harvim warmoadgina, romelmac Semoitana

principi “omne vivum ex ovo” (“yvela cocxali warmoiSoba

kvercxisagan”). ufro gvian ki pasterma es idea eqsperimen-

tulad daadastura, rac niSnavda araorganuli materiisa-

gan sicocxlis warmoSobis SeuZleblobis dasabuTebas.

209

$$$$57. ne57. ne57. ne57. neoooovivivivitatatatalizlizlizlizmimimimi

vitalisturi msoflmxedveloba, romelic meqaniciz-

mTan ganuwyvetel brZolas awarmoebda, xelaxla aRorZin-

da XX saukunis damdegs neovitalizmis saxelwodebiT. mi-

si fuZemdebelia hans driSi, romelmac mis mier Catarebu-

li eqsperimentebis safuZvelze vitalisturi ideebi xe-

laxla daafuZna. neovitalizms ar Semoutania raime axa-

li principi klasikur vitalizmTan SedarebiT. igi ente-

lexiis cnebas efuZneba, im cnebas, romelic jer kidev

aristotelem Semoitana. swored amitom neovitalizms vi-

talizmis memkvidred Tvlian, iseve rogorc neomeqaniciz-

mi klasikuri meqanicizmisagan principulad ar gansxvav-

deba.

neovitalizmis warmoSobaSi didi roli iTamaSa har-

vis mier Semotanilma principma “Omne vivum ex ovo” (“yvela

cocxali kvercxisagan”), romelic gamoricxavs araorganu-

li samyarodan sicocxlis warmoSobis SesaZleblobas.

neovitalizmis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli iTamaSa agreT-

ve Eernst Stalma (flogistonis Teoriis avtori), didma

bunebismetyvelebma biufonma da kaspar fridrix volfma.

h. driSi Tvlis, rom misi neovitalisturi koncefcia

amodis mTelisa da nawilis Taviseburi gagebidan. misi

azriT, cocxal sxeulSi mTeli marTavs nawilebs imiT,

rom igi TavisTavSi atarebs gansakuTrebul _ imateria-

lur _ sasicocxlo Zalas anu entelexias, romelic or-

ganizms ganagebs. entelexia “mTlianobis formis mimcem

faqtors”

warmoadgens, ris gamoc mTeli nawilebis jami ar aris,

masze metia. TviTon organizmi cocxali manqanaa, romel-

sac marTavs sasicocxlo Zala, sicocxles aniWebs am man-

qanas. es niSnavs, rom organizmSi mizezobriobis principi

funqcionirebs, Tumca igi miznobriobisadmia daqvemdeba-

rebuli. mizezobriobis principi cocxali samyaros asax-

snelad ar kmara. saWiroa mas miznobrioba daematos. neo-

vitalizmi, iseve rogorc vitalizmi, teleologiuri moZ-

Rvrebaa.

210

neovitalizmi sicocxlis avtonomiurobas amtkicebs.

cocxali ar daiyvaneba aracocxalze. maT Soris princi-

puli gansxvavebaa. cocxali sxeulebis _ organizmebis _

avtonomiuroba ZiriTadad mizanSewonilobaSi gamoixate-

ba.

organizmebs, amtkicebs driSi, ori specifikuri una-

ri aqvT: harmoniuloba da regularoba. harmoniuloba sa-

mi mimarTulebiT gamovlindeba: mizezobrivi, struqturu-

li da funqciuri. mizezobrivi harmonia maSin gvaqvs, ro-

ca organizmis erTi nawili meoreze moqmedebs da axal

Tvisebas iwvevs. struqturuli harmoniis dros organiz-

mis nawilebi erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, magram har-

moniulad viTardeba. funqciuri harmonia ki imas niSnavs,

rom organizmis nawilebi erTmaneTTan mkacr funqciur

harmoniaSi imyofeba. regularobis unari ki aris organiz-

mebis Tviseba “SeinarCunon TavianTi norma da funqcia

aranormaluri garegani faqtorebis zemoqmedebis pirobeb-

Si.”1

regularoba h. driSis azriT, niSnavs organizmebis

regeneraciis unars, e. i. im unars, rom dazianebuli orga-

no aRadginos da funqcionireba ganagrZos. zRvis zRarbis

(морской еж) gaWrili embrioni garkveuli drois Semdeg

gamTeldeba. regeneracia dazianebuli organoebis aRdge-

naa. organizmis nawilisagan mTelis warmoSobas h. driSi

restitucias uwodebs. am procesebs ar SeiZleba meqaniku-

ri Zalebi marTavdes. aRdgeniTi procesebi manqanaSi ar

mimdinareobs; igi mxolod da mxolod sicocxlis speci-

fikaa.

h. driSi Tvlis, rom restituciis dros organizmis

TiToeuli elementi ise viTardeba, rom mTeli aRdges. es

aris elementebis sruli harmonia, ris gamoc mas h. driSi

“harmoniul-ekvipotenciur sistemebs” uwodebs. amasTanave

“yvela kompleqsur-ekvipotenciuri sistema, romlebic

cocxali organizmis safuZvlad Zevs, erTi ujredis gan-

1 Дриш Г. Витализм, его история и система, М., 1925, стр. 201

211

meorebiTi dayofis gziT warmoiqmna.”1 am movlenis axsna

ki fizikur-qimiuri meTodebiT SeuZlebelia. “arc erTi

manqana ar SeiZleba ganmeorebiT gaiyos da imave dros

mTeli darCes.”2 aqedan h. driSi daaskvnis: “kompleqsur-ek-

vipotenciuri sistemebis safuZveli manqana ki ar aris,

aramed raRac, rac ar aris eqstensiuri mravalsaxeoba. am

sawyiss Cven vuwodebT entelexias.”3

entelexia individualuria, rac mis avtonomiurobas

niSnavs. igi, cxadia, ar aris empiriuli faqti, ar Cans

movlenaTa samyaroSi. igi sicocxlis safuZvlad Zevs. ami-

tom h. driSi mas zogjer “metafizikurs” uwodebs.

neovitalizms hyavs mravali kritikosic da mimdeva-

ric. mis kritikosebs ZiriTadad meqanistebi da materia-

listebi Seadgenen, momxreebs ki iseTi didi filosofose-

bi, rogorc iyvnen a. bergsoni, a. vencli. e. fon hartmani

da sxvebi. neovitalisturma ideebma ganapiroba iseTi

TvalsaCino filosofiuri mimarTulebis warmoSoba, ro-

goricaa holizmi da emerjentizmi. holizmi neovitaliz-

mis im debulebidan amodis, rom mTeli metia nawilebis

jamze. mas iseTi kanonzomiereba aqvs, rac mis nawilebs _

cal-calke aRebuls _ ar gaaCnia. evoluciis mamoZrave-

bel Zalas “mTlianobis faqtori” warmoadgens, romelic

aramaterialuria. entelexiis cnebas xmarobs a. venclic.

es ukanaskneli entelexias fsiqikur faqtorad Tvlis. en-

telexia dakavSirebulia TavisuflebasTan.

XX saukunis meore naxevarSi kibernetikuli neomeqa-

nicizmis zegavleniT neovitalizmis ideebma ukana planze

gadainacvla, Tumca misi gavlena ar gamqrala da arc mim-

devrebi Semoklebia.

1 iqve, gv. 235. 2 iqve, gv. 130. 3 iqve, gv. 236.

212

TaTaTaTavi mevi mevi mevi meoToToToTxexexexe

sisisisicoccoccoccocxlis arxlis arxlis arxlis arsesesesebabababa

$$$$58. bi58. bi58. bi58. bioooolololologigigigiuuuuri enri enri enri entetetetelelelelexiaxiaxiaxia

zemoT _ sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvrebis proble-

masTan dakavSirebiT _ aRvniSneT, rom sicocxles materi-

aluri substrati aqvs. es aris organizmSi mimdinare fi-

zikur-qimiuri procesebi, nivTierebaTa cvla, metaboliz-

mi. sicocxle maT gareSe SeuZlebelia. magram es procese-

bi (da, saerTod, nebismieri procesi) Zalas saWiroebs. es

Zala uTuod Sinagani unda iyos, vinaidan garegani Zalebi

organizmSi mimdinare materialuri procesebis arsebobas

ver uzrunvelyofda. es Sinagani Zala aris is, rac si-

cocxlis arsebas warmoadgens da sicocxlis materialu-

ri substratis funqcionirebas ganapirobebs. vuwodoT mas

aristotelesa da driSis termini “entelexia”, romelic

sicocxlis aramaterialur substrats warmoadgens.

amrigad, sicocxles orgvari _ materialuri da ara-

materialuri substrati aqvs. pirveli organizmSi mimdi-

nare nivTierebaTa cvlis (metabolizmi) procesia, meore

ki aris sasicocxlo Zala anu entelexia. es substratebi

erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia, urTierTarsebobas ganapi-

robebs. entelexia materialuri substratis gareSe mxo-

lod virtualur mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. aq-

tualurad ki sicocxle yovelTvis dakavSirebulia orga-

nizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebTan. am

procesebis mamoZravebeli Zala aris entelexia.

xSirad Tvlian, rom Zala, romelic metabolizms

esaWiroeba, TviTon metabolizmis procesSi gamomuSavde-

ba; disimilaciis Sedegad miRebuli energia asimilaciis

process xmardeba; maSasadame, sasicocxlo Zalas materia-

luri warmomavloba aqvs. aseTia sicocxlis materialis-

turi koncefcia, romelic, erTi SexedviT, unaklo Cans.

magram amgvari axsna auxsnels tovebs sakiTxs, Tu saidan

movida es Zala nivTierebaTa cvlis pirveladi procesis

213

dawyebisas, e. i. maSin, roca jer kidev araviTari sasi-

cocxlo Zala ar arsebobda? aq erTgvari “pirveli biZ-

gis” msgavs viTarebas vawydebiT, rac materializmis sa-

sargeblod sruliadac ar laparakobs.

organizmSi mimdinare urTierTSeTanxmebuli, kanon-

zomieri da mizanSewonili procesebis, aseve organoebis

harmoniuli funqcionireba, romlebic aracnobierad, Cveni

nebisa da gonebis gareSe sruldeba, ar SeiZleba bunebis

brma Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi iyos. sasicocxlo Zala

anu entelexia mTeli sicocxlis manZilze uzrunvelyofs

cocxali sxeulis ujredebis, organoebis funqcionire-

bas, regeneraciis process materialuri substratis dazi-

anebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo roca dazianebuli materialuri

substratis aRdgena SeuZlebeli xdeba, maSin igi tovebs

organizms, rac am ukanasknelis sikvdils niSnavs.

entelexiis cneba sakmaod mravalmniSvnelovani da,

maSasadame, bundovanicaa jer kidev mis avtorTan _ aris-

totelesTan. masTan igi aRniSnavs ganxorcielebas, dam-

Tavrebas, SesaZleblobis gadasvlas (ganxorcielebas) si-

namdvileSi, formas, energias, suls da a. S. SedarebiT

ufro naTlad es cneba warmodgenilia laibnicis filo-

sofiaSi, sadac igi mxolod Zalas, energias warmoadgens.

hans driSma am bundovanebaSi erTgvari sinaTle Seitana,

Tumca bolomde ver gafanta. siZneles isic qmnis, rom

yvela avtors entelexiis cneba Taviseburad esmis.

entelexiis cnebis qveS Cven sxvas arafers ar vgu-

lisxmobT, garda organizmis Sinagani Zalisa, TviTmoqme-

debis unarisa, riTac cocxali aracocxalisagan gansxvav-

deba. es is Zalaa, romelic organizmSi materialur (bio-

logiur, fizikur-qimiur), gansakuTrebiT nivTierebaTa

cvlis process ganapirobebs. igi ar aris arc materialu-

ri (nivTobrivi) da arc materialuris produqti, Tumca

masSi araferi ar aris mistikuri, iracionaluri. vinaidan

entelexia sicocxlis aucilebeli pirobaa, amitom zog-

jer mas “sasicocxlo Zalasac” uwodeben, rac agreTve

protests ar unda iwvevdes.

214

entelexia, rogorc Sinagani Zala, TviTaqtivobis

unari, sicocxlis yvela donezea; igi aris mcenareebSic,

cxovelebSic, adamianSic. kidev metic, TviT embrionebSic

ki misi arseboba sruliad udavoa. ase rom ar iyos, maSin

ganayofiereba SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

marTalia, entelexia mizanSewonilad moqmedebs, mag-

ram mas sakuTriv arc mizani aqvs da arc cnobieria (miza-

ni cnobierebis gareSe SeuZlebelia). misi mizanSewonilo-

ba Tandayolilia, igi cocxali samyaros kreaciis pro-

cesSi miznobrivad daprogramda. swored amitom entelexi-

is mier ganxorcielebuli aqtebi garegnulad cnobieri

da miznobrivi qcevis STabeWdilebas tovebs, Tumca isini

sinamdvileSi instinqtebia _ aracnobieri mizanSewonili

qcevaa. roca axalSobili bavSvi ZuZus wovs, an cxoveli

(frinveli) mosalodneli safrTxisagan ifaravs Svilebs,

Tagvebi da WianWvelebi imarageben sazrdos _ yvelaferi

es mainc instinqturi, aracnobieri qcevaa rarig ar unda

hgavdes miznobriv, cnobier qcevas. igive iTqmis TviTSe-

naxvis Sesaxeb, romelic entelexiis umTavresi daniSnu-

lebaa.

cxadia, entelexia, rogorc Sinagani Zala, adamianSi

kidev ufro intensiurad funqcionirebs, magram kvlav

aracnobierad. janmrTeli adamiani ver grZnobs gulis,

kuWis, filtvis, Tirkmelebis da sxva organoebis “muSao-

bas”. igi xom Zilis procesSic ar wydeba, maSasadame,

aracnobieria. magram adamiani, cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT,

gonieri arsebaa; mas aqvs gonieri suli (дух, Geist) anu go-

ni, romlis saSualebiT araiSviaTad ereva entelexiis

“saqmianobaSi” _ mis zogierT funqcias aZlierebs, zogs

ki Trgunavs. roca adamiani mkurnalobs, maSin igi xels

uwyobs entelexias sicocxlis dacvis procesSi, xolo

roca TviTSenaxvis instinqtis mavne gamovlinebebs eb-

rZvis, maSin igi entelexiis mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegod

moqmedebs. adamiani teleologiuri arsebaa, misi goneba,

cnobiereba, gonieri suli, organizmis qcevas marTavs. go-

nieri sulis saSualebiT saWiro SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia

uari Tqvas sakuTar sicocxlezec. marTalia, sicocxlis

215

arseba aris entelexia _ Sinagani Zala, _ magram sakuTriv

adamianis arseba gonieri sulia, romelic flobs Tavi-

suflebasac, nebelobasac da, rac mTavaria, cnobiereba-

sac. mxolod es xdis mas adamianad, amaRlebs cxovelTa

samyaroze, im samyaroze, sadac entelexia ganuyoflad ba-

tonobs.

sasicocxlo Zalis anu entelexiis mTavar funqcias

rogorc vTqviT, sicocxlis dacva anu TviTSenaxva warmo-

adgens. arsebobs TviTSenaxvis sxvadasxva forma _ adapta-

ciidan (garemosTan Segueba) dawyebuli kvebis, sunTqvis,

nivTierebaTa cvlis, mkurnalobisa da sxva msgavsi proce-

sebiT damTavrebuli. TviTSenaxva ZiriTadad aracnobieri

procesia, igi mcenareebsa da dabali ganviTarebis cxove-

lebsac ki axasiaTebs. arsebobisaTvis brZola, romelsac

darvini bunebrivi gadarCevis ZiriTad faqtorad Tvlida,

TviTSenaxvis gamovlenas warmoadgens. mcenare, cxoveli

da adamiani arsebobisaTvis imitom ibrZvis, rom sicoc-

xle SeinarCunos. TviTSenaxva biosferoSi universalur

xasiaTs atarebs, igi sicocxlis yvela doneze arsebobs.

TviTSenaxvas, romelic biologiuri samyaros uzenae-

si kanonia, marTavs entelexia, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZ-

leba bibibibioooolololologigigigiuuuuri enri enri enri entetetetelelelelexiaxiaxiaxia vuwodoT. am biologiuri ka-

nonzomierebidan gadaxras mxolod anTropul doneze

vxvdebiT, sadac TviTSenaxva uzenaes kanons ukve aRar

warmoadgens.

TviTSenaxvas biosferoSi centraluri adgili uWi-

ravs, romelsac teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs, rac isev da

isev sasicocxlo Zalidan anu entelexiidan momdinare-

obs. entelexia teleologiuri fenomenia. marTalia, mas

sakuTriv arc mizani aqvs da arc cnobiereba, magram imTa-

viTve miznobrivad daprogramebulia, rac mas teleologi-

ur xasiaTs aZlevs. aseTia biologiuri teleologia.

$$$$59. an59. an59. an59. anTroTroTroTropupupupuli enli enli enli entetetetelelelelexiaxiaxiaxia

216

entelexia anu sasicocxlo, Sinagani Zala, romelic

biosferos yvela doneze gvxvdeba, mTel cocxal samya-

ros aerTianebs da cocxalisa da aracocxalis ZiriTad

ganmasxvavebel niSans warmoadgens. meore mxriv igi si-

cocxlis sxvadasxva doneze sxvadasxva intensivobiT ga-

movlindeba, ris gamoc cocxali samyaros fenomenebs ara-

marto aerTianebs, aramed kidec ganasxvavebs. es erTiano-

baca da gansxvavebac TviTSenaxvis intensivobis doneebis

gansxvavebaSi gamoixateba. TviTSenaxva, rogorc entelexi-

is gamovlena, biologiuri kanonzomierebaa; TviTon ente-

lexiac biologiuris specifikuri niSania, sicocxlis ar-

sebaa.

TviTSenaxva adamiansac axasiaTebs, imdenad, ramdena-

dac isic biologiuri arsebaa (cxovelia); magram adamiani

ar aris mxolod biologiuri arseba, aramed igi swored

imitom aris adamiani _ moraluri arseba _ rom biologi-

urze maRla dgas; biologiuri yofiereba biosferos maxa-

siaTebelia, noosferoSi ki igi daZleulia, moxsnili sa-

xiT inaxeba. adamians SeuZlia sakuTari sicocxlis gawir-

va sxvisTvis, ufro maRali idealebisaTvis. es ukve niS-

navs TviTSenaxvis daZlevas, masze amaRlebas. amaSia ada-

mianis specifika, cxovelisagan misi ganmasxvavebeli niSa-

ni.

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, adamians aqvs goneba, goni-

eri suli anu rogorc mas zogjer uwodeben “goni”. goni-

eri suli aris swored is, rac adamians akeTebinebs imas,

rac mis uSualo moTxovnilebas ar warmoadgens. suls

aqvs nebelobac, mizanic, RirebulebaTa garCevis unaric.

gonieri suli ar aris igive, rac cnobiereba; igi masze

metia, vinaidan aracnobieric sulis sferos kuTvnilebaa.

aristotele erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda empiriul

suls anu fsiqikas da RvTaebriv suls anu imas, rasac

Cven zemoT “gonieri suli” vuwodeT. pirveli qreba sxeu-

lis sikvdilTan erTad, meore ki sxeulisagan damoukide-

belia, marTavs sxeuls, uzrunvelyofs adamiani Camoyali-

bebas pirovnebad.

217

ar SeiZleba entelexiisa da gonieri sulis gaigive-

ba Tundac imitom, rom entelexia sicocxlis yvela done-

zea, TviT mcenareebSic ki; gonieri suli mxolod adami-

ans axasiaTebs. xSirad amboben: adamianis arseba aris Ta-

visufleba. es sxvas arafers niSnavs, garda imisa, rom

adamianis arseba aris gonieri, RvTaebrivi suli, vinaidan

Tavisufleba swored mis atributs warmoadgens. rasakvir-

velia, Tavisuflebas sazRvrebi aqvs. igi determinirebu-

lia bunebisa da sazogadoebis kanonebiT. magram adamians

aqvs nebeloba _ garkveul farglebSi Tavisi qcevis Tavi-

sufali arCevis unari. TviTon nebelobis arsebobac Tavi-

suflebis maCvenebelia. ar arsebobs nebeloba Tavisufle-

bis gareSe. nebeloba gonieri sulis erT-erTi funqciaa.

kidev metic, adamianis yvela specifikuri niSani, anu no-

osferos gansxvaveba biosferosagan gonier sulTan aris

dakavSirebuli. misi bunebis axsna meqanicizmis poziciebi-

dan SeuZlebelia. amdenad gauvali zRvari arsebobs ara

marto cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris, aramed agreTve

biosferosa da noosferos Soris. vitalizmi anTropul

doneze srulad specifikuri niSnebiT warmosdgeba.


1. sergi avaliani, sicocxlis arseba, Tbilisi, 2000.

218

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l i m el i m el i m el i m e o To To To T x ex ex ex e

t et et et e l el el el e oooo l ol ol ol o g i ag i ag i ag i a


teteteteleleleleoooolololologigigigiis sais sais sais safuZfuZfuZfuZvlevlevlevlebibibibi

$$$$60. mi60. mi60. mi60. mizazazazani _ teni _ teni _ teni _ teleleleleoooolololologigigigiuuuuri moZri moZri moZri moZRvreRvreRvreRvrebis bis bis bis

fufufufuZemZemZemZemdedededebebebebeli cneli cneli cneli cnebabababa

teleologia, rogorc miznisa da miznobriobis Sesa-

xeb moZRvrebis aRmniSvneli termini, kr. volfma Semoita-

na, Tumca teleologiis cneba, sul cota, platonisa da

aristoteles filosofiaSi sruli saxiT figurirebs.

platoni Tvlida, rom buneba ideebis samyaros aCrdilia,

misi mibaZvaa. mibaZvis cnebas am SemTxvevaSi miswrafebis

mniSvnelobac aqvs. materialuri samyaro arasrulia, nak-

lovania, swored amitom igi srulqmnilisaken _ ideebis

samyarosaken _ miiswrafvis. es miswrafeba aris qmnadoba.

aristotelem platonis teleologiuri ideebi kidev

ufro ganavrco da mTeli sinamdvilis moZraoba-cvaleba-

doba-ganviTareba mis safuZvelze axsna. igi erTmaneTisa-

gan ganasxvavebs Sinagansa da garegan miznebs. Sinagani

miznebi cocxal samyaros aqvs, garegani ki materialurs.

najaxis mizania xis moWra; igi amisTvis aris damzadebu-

li. aristotele gveubneba, rom buneba “amaod arafers ar

akeTebs.” samyaro ar aris SemTxveviT warmoSobili. “ara

SemTxveviToba, aramed mizanSewoniloba aris bunebis yve-

la saqmeSi.”1

miznis erT-erTi mTavari niSania jerarsuloba, mo-

mavlisadmi kuTvnileba. mizani awmyoSi ar aris, igi momav-

lis binadaria. magram yvelaferi, rac momavals ekuTvnis,

mizani ar aris. momavalSi SeiZleba moxdes bunebrivi da

1 aristotelearistotelearistotelearistotele, cxovelTa nawilebis Sesaxeb, 1, 5, 645 a

219

socialuri kataklizmebi, magram igi ar aris mizani. miz-

nis jerarsuloba imas niSnavs, rom igi aris is, rac amJa-

mad ar aris, magram sasurvelia rom iyos. mizani dadebi-

Ti Rirebulebis matarebelia; amdenad igi idealsac war-

moadgens.

magram arc yovelgvari idealia mizani. arsebobs ga-

nuxorcielebadi da ganxorcielebadi idealebi. ganuxor-

cielebad ideals utopia ewodeba. aseTi iyo, magaliTad,

komunisturi sazogadoeba, romelic, rogorc komunistebi

amtkicebdnen, unda agebuliyo principze: “TiToeuli Tavi-

si unaris mixedviT (unda Sromobdes) da TiToeuls Tavi-

si moTxovnilebis mixedviT (unda eZleodes).” mizani aris

ganxorcielebadi ideali, risTvisac adamiani Sromobs,

mis ganxorcielebas eswrafvis. mizani ar aris mizani, Tu

mis miRwevas aravin ar cdilobs.

mizansa da ideals survili aerTianebs. nebismieri

ideali sasurvelia, swored amitom vcdilobT mis gan-

xorcielebas, amitom aris igi Cveni mizani. mizani sasur-

velia, magram ara piriqiT, yoveli sasurveli ar aris mi-

zani. sasurvelia wvima gvalvebis Semdeg, magram igi Cveni

mizani ar aris, vinaidan Cveni mcdeloba am mimarTulebiT

amaoa. mizania is sasurveli, romlis ganxorcielebisaT-

vis viRwviT; mizani aqtiurobasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

magram arc yovelgvari aqtiuroba aris miznobrivi; iZu-

lebiTi Sromac aqtiurobaa, magram igi mizani ar aris.

miznobrivi qceva yovelTvis sasurvelTan kavSirSia.

miznisa da idealis erT-erT ganmasxvavebel niSans

is warmoadgens, rom mizani yovelTvis cnobieria. ideali

ki SeiZleba iyos cnobieric da aracnobieric; utopiste-

bisaTvis cnobieri ideali iyo utopiuri sazogadoeba.

amis gareSe isini mas ver aRwerdnen. magram arsebobs

aracnobieri idealic. magaliTad, Cven gvaqvs mSvenieris,

sikeTis, aRmatebulis da a. S. idealebi. empiriul faqteb-

ze apelirebis gareSe Cven ar SegviZlia vTqvaT, Tu ra

aris mSvenieri, keTili da a. S. magram roca vxedavT, rom

adamiani maTxovrebs asaCuqrebs, uZlurs mfarvelobs,

avadmyofs uvlis da a. S. maSin mas keTils vuwodebT, vi-

220

naidan es qceva sikeTis Cvens ideals Seesabameba, im ide-

als, romelic CvenSi aracnobieradaa. igive qmedeba SeiZ-

leba sxva adamianisaTvis ar iyos sikeTe, vinaidan mas

sxva ideali aqvs.

mizani, romelic Cvens moqmedebas iwvevs, aris mizezi.

mizani mizezis erT-erTi saxea, rac aristotelem sruli-

ad garkveviT gamoTqva. magram, cxadia, yvela mizezi ar

aris mizani. mizezi awmyoSi arsebobs, mizani ki _ moma-

valSi. magram es ar ewinaaRmdegeba mizez-Sedegobrivi kav-

Siris droul asimetriulobas. mizezi warmoSobs Sedegs,

maSasadame, mizezi droSi win uswrebs Sedegs. am ideas

“winswrebis princips” uwodeben, razec ukve gvqonda msje-

loba am wignis meore nawilSi. rodesac vlaparakobT mi-

zanze, rogorc mizezze, maSin mxedvelobaSia ara is, rac

jer kidev ar aris (momavals ekuTvnis), aramed mizandasa-

xuloba, romelic droSi yovelTvis win uswrebs da iw-

vevs Cvens moqmedebas. roca mSenebeli saxls aSenebs, ma-

Sin misi moqmedebis mizezs saxli ki ar warmoadgens, ro-

melic jer kidev ar arsebobs, aramed mizandasaxuloba,

romelic awmyoSia da ara momavalSi.

$$$$61. mi61. mi61. mi61. mizanzanzanzanSeSeSeSewowowowoninininilolololoba da kaba da kaba da kaba da kanonnonnonnonzozozozomimimimieeeererererebabababa

miznis cneba mizanSewonilobis cnebasTan mWidro

kavSirSia, magram igiveobrivi ar aris. mizanSewonili qce-

va an arseboba miznis mixedviT qcevasa da arsebobas niS-

navs. mizanSewoniloba miznis arsebobas gulisxmobs, mag-

ram misi identuri rodia. mizani momavals ekuTvnis; igi

awmyoSi ar arsebobs; mizanSewoniloba ki awmyoSia. amaSia

maTi mTavari gansxvaveba.

kidev ufro SeuZlebelia mizanSewonilobisa da ka-

nonzomierebis cnebebis gaigiveba. kanonzomiereba kanonis

mixedviT arsebobas niSnavs; igi SeiZleba iyos rogorc

mizanSewonili, ise miznis cnebis gareSe (magaliTad, meqa-

nikuri kanonzomiereba). maSasadame, mizanSewonili imave

dros kanonzomiericaa, magram yvela kanonzomieri mizan-

221

Sewonili rodia. es niSnavs, rom kanonzomierebis cneba

mizanSewonilobis cnebaze farToa. aq, cxadia, laparakia

bunebrivi kanonzomierebisa da mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb.

magram Tu erTsac da meoresac RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis

produqtad gavigebT (rogorc amas adgili aqvs bevr fi-

losofosTan), maSin isini identur cnebebad warmogvidge-

ba.

mizanSewoniloba SeiZleba iyos subieqturic da obi-

eqturic. roca adamiani raRac miznis gansaxorcieleblad

iRwvis, maSin misi mizanSewonili qceva subieqturia, raki

subieqtisagan momdinareobs. magram mizanSewoniloba SeiZ-

leba iyos obieqturic. obieqtur idealizms miznisa da

mizanSewonilobis cnebebi swored ase esmis. Selingi da

hegeli obieqturi mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb laparakob-

dnen. aseve fiqrobdnen dekarti, niutoni, laibnici, keple-

ri da sxvebi. RmerTis mier dadgenili kanoni, cxadia,

miznobrivia. roca sakiTxi daismis kosmosuri kanonzomie-

rebis Sesaxeb, maSin bevri moazrovne, maT Soris dekar-

tic, mis RvTaebriv warmomavlobas amtkicebs. am SemTxve-

vaSi ki mizanSewonilobisa da kanonzomierebis cnebebi

erTmaneTs emTxveva; samyaros universaluri kanonzomiere-

ba imave dros mizanSewonilobis universalurobasac niS-

navs.

samyaros universaluri kanonzomierebis cnebasTan

Tavsebadia SemTxveviTobis cnebac. maT Tavsebadobas jer

kidev aristotele amtkicebda. SemTxveviToba ori (mize-

zobrivi) aucileblobis gadakveTaze warmoiSoba; auci-

lebloba ki kanonzomierebis fundamenturi niSania. Tana-

medrove mecnierebaSi cnobilia, rom qaosisa da uwesri-

gobis SemTxvevaSic ki kanonzomiereba dominirebs. es niS-

navs, rom uwesrigobaSic garkveuli wesrigia da, maSasada-

me, kvlav kanonzomiereba gvaqvs. sxvagvarad albaTobis

Teoria ar iarsebebda. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

umizezo movlenebi bunebaSi ar aris, maSin cxadi gaxdeba,

rom samyaroSi universaluri kanonzomiereba sufevs.

uwesrigobas mxolod da mxolod relatiuri mniSvneloba

aqvs.

222

es, cxadia, ar niSnavs absoluturi aucileblobis

mtkicebas anu klasikuri (laplasis) determinizmis gamar-

Tlebas. SemTxveviTobis obieqturobis daSveba laplasur

(absolutur) determinizms gamoricxavs, rac ara mxolod

SemTxveviTobis, aramed agreTve aucileblobis relatiu-

robis mtkicebas gulisxmobs. SemTxveviTobis obieqturo-

bis gamo bunebaSi absoluturi aucilebloba ar arse-

bobs, magram uzenaesi donis albaTuri aucilebloba

praqtikulad absoluturi aucileblobis tolfasia, rac

kanonzomierebis universalurobas uzrunvelyofs. am

(praqtikuli) aucileblobidan gadaxras (fluqtuacias)

saswauli ewodeba, romlis gamoricxva Teoriulad SeuZ-

lebelia.

albaTobis Teoria swored aseT fluqtuaciur situ-

aciebs swavlobs, rac SeuZlebeli iqneboda kanonzomiere-

bis cnebis sruli ignorirebis SemTxvevaSi. amrigad, ka-

nonzomierebis cnebas nebismier mecnierebaSi, codnis ne-

bismier sistemaSi fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs.

$$$$ 62. te62. te62. te62. teleleleleoooolololologigigigiis struqis struqis struqis struqtutututurararara

teleologiuri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis

pirvel safexurebze miznobrioba mTeli sinamdvilis

uzogades kanonzomierebad ganixileboda, ris gamoc te-

leologia gagebuli iyo rogorc erTmniSvnelovani da

ustruqturo. marTalia, aristotele _ pirveli didi te-

leologisti _ ikvlevda rogorc kosmologiuri, aseve

biologiuri teleologiis sakiTxebs, magram mis nawereb-

Si aseT specifikas ver vxvdebiT. teleologiis struqtu-

ruli gansxvaveba ufro gvian moxda.

teleologiis pirvel struqturul elementebad miC-

neuli iyo obiobiobiobieqeqeqeqtutututuriririri da susususubibibibieqeqeqeqtutututuri teri teri teri teleleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia. pirve-

lis qveS araorganul (aracocxal) samyaroSi arsebuli

miznobriobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas gulisxmobdnen, xolo

subieqturi teleologiis cnebis qveS cocxali samyaros

teleologiuri gansazRvruloba moiazreboda, romelic

223

moicavda mTel organul samyaros calkeuli adamianisa

da adamianTa sazogadoebis CaTvliT.

obieqturi teleologia, Tavis mxriv, or sferod

iyofa: trantrantrantranscenscenscenscendendendendentutututuriririri da imaimaimaimanennennennentutututuri teri teri teri teleleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia.

transcendenturi teleologia iseT miznebze msjelobs,

romelic samyaros garedan marTavs. aseTia, ZiriTadad,

Tomisturi da neoTomisturi teleologia, Tumca ara

marto igi. aseve msjelobdnen dekarti, laibnici, uaithe-

di da a. S. magaliTad, uaithedi wers: “unda arsebobdes

RmerTi _ samyaroze maRla mdgomi Zala _ saxeldobr

usasrulo Zala, romelic swored samyaros msvlelobas

gansazRvravs.”1 es niSnavs, rom RmerTi, romelic tran-

scendenturia, miznobrivad gansazRvravs samyaros ganvi-

Tarebas; mTeli samyaro teleologiurad aris mowyobili.

imanenturi teleologia teleologiur princips

TviTon samyaroSi eZebs. aseTia panTeisturi moZRvreba,

romlis mixedviT, RmerTi, rogorc samyaros miznobrivad

mamoZravebeli, TviTon samyaroSi imyofeba. am tipis tele-

ologias zogjer avtoteleologiasac uwodebdnen, vinai-

dan mizani Sinagania, imanenturia.

transcendenturi da imanenturi teleologiis cnebe-

bi imdenad farToa, zogadia, rom masSi teleologiis yve-

la forma TiTqmis srulyofilad Tavsdeba. transcenden-

tur teleologias sxvagvarad SeiZleba koskoskoskosmomomomolololologigigigiuuuuri teri teri teri te----

leleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia vuwodoT, vinaidan igi samyaros Seqmnis ideidan

amodis. cocxal samyaroSi mizanSewonilobis Semswavlel

disciplinas bibibibioooolololologigigigiur teur teur teur teleleleleoooolololologigigigiasasasas uwodeben. misgan

unda gansxvavdes ananananTroTroTroTropopopopolololologigigigiuuuuri teri teri teri teleleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia, romelic

adamians ganixilavs, rogorc teleologiur arsebas. da-

sasrul, SeiZleba vilaparakoT sosososociciciciaaaalur telur telur telur teleleleleoooolololologigigigiaaaazezezeze,

vinaidan mizani aqvs ara mxolod calkeul adamians, ara-

med agreTve adamianTa socialur jgufs. teleologiis es

oTxi forma SeiZleba teleologiis struqturul elemen-

tebad ganvixiloT.

1 citirebuli i. m.citirebuli i. m.citirebuli i. m.citirebuli i. m. boxenskis statiidan “absoluturi” (Targmani v. rcxi-laZisa), `religia”. 1992, #9, gv. 62

224

teleologiur msoflmxedvelobas bevri oponenti

hyavs, gansakuTrebiT meqanicizmisa da, saerTod, materia-

lizmis banakidan. empiristuli da pozitivisturi mimar-

Tulebebic agreTve antiteleologiur xasiaTs atarebs.

magaliTad, b. raselis Tvalsazrisi am sakiTxSi arafriT

gansxvavdeba ukiduresi meqanistebis Tvalsazrisisagan.

teleologizms zogierTi bunebismetyvelic ebrZvis. maT-

gan gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa darvinis antiteleolo-

giuri ideebi, Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tu darvi-

nis bunebrivi gadarCevis Teorias obieqturad _ misi av-

toris subieqturi ideebisagan damoukideblad _ ganvixi-

lavT, maSin teleologizms Tavs ver davaRwevT.


koskoskoskosmomomomolololologigigigiuuuuri teri teri teri teleleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia

$$$$ 63. iu63. iu63. iu63. iudadadadaisisisisturturturtur----qrisqrisqrisqristitititiaaaanunununuli kreli kreli kreli kreaaaacicicicioooonisnisnisnistutututuli li li li

teteteteleleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia

kreacionizmis idea erT-erTi uZvelesia civilizaci-

is istoriaSi. igi dasabams iRebs jer kidev filosofiam-

del msoflmxedvelobaSi, kerZod, miTologiaSi. VIII sau-

kuneSi qristes win hesiode laparakobda qaosidan kosmo-

sis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. qaosis qveS araraoba igulisxmeboda

da, maSasadame, hesiode araraobidan samyaros Seqmnas am-

tkicebda. es ki kreacionizmia. gvian kreacionizmis ideam

miTologiidan filosofiaSi gadainacvla da mTeli rigi

filosofosebisa kreacionizmis poziciebze dadgnen.

magram kreacionistuli msoflmxedveloba teleolo-

giasTan mWidro kavSirSi yvelaze metad iudaistur-qris-

tianul religiaSi warmoCnda. “biblia”, kerZod “Zveli aR-

Tqma” iwyeba sityvebiT: “dasabamad hqmnna RmerTman cai da

queyanai” (1.1). ase iwyeba samyaros kreacia _ araraobidan

qmnadoba. manamde ki “queyanai iyo uxilav da ganumzade-

bel” (1.2). “ganumzadebeli” imas niSnavs, rom igi jer ki-

dev ar iyo mzad adamianis sacxovreblad. aseT “ganumza-

225

debel” da “uxilav” (cariel) anu qaosur mdgomareobaSi,

cariel dedamiwaze adamianis cxovreba SeuZlebeli iyo.

ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom samyaros kreacia, arara-

obidan qmnadoba anu RvTaebrivi Semoqmedeba iyo umizno,

garToba, bavSvuri TamaSi. es xom “bibliis” mTel Sina-

arss ewinaaRmdegeba! samyaros qmnadoba iyo miznobrivi,

teleologiuri. RmerTis mizans adamianis Seqmna warmoad-

gens da mTeli misi Semoqmedebis _ kreaciis _ aqti am mi-

zans emsaxureba. man jer unda Seqmnas da “gaamzados” qve-

yana (dedamiwa) adamianis sacxovreblad da mxolod mas

Semdeg Seqmnis adamians.

marTlac samyaros mTeli eqvsdRiani qmnadoba adami-

anisaTvis cxovrebis pirobebis momzadebas emsaxureba. eq-

vsi dRis ganmavlobaSi TandaTan iqmneba yvelaferi, rac

adamians esaWiroeba. samyaros qmnadoba ki imiT iwyeba,

rom pirvel dRes “Tqva RmerTman iqmnenin naTeli da iqmna

naTeli” (1.3). man erTmaneTisagan ganacalkeva naTeli da

bneli, riTac pirveli garkveuloba Seitana “ganumzade-

bel” qveyanaze, Seqmna dRe da Rame. meore dRes RmerTma

Seqmna ca da dedamiwa. mesame dRes ganacalkeva zRva da

xmeleTi. xmeleTze Seqmna mcenareebi, msxmoiare xeebi, rac

agreTve adamianisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. meoTxe dRes Seq-

mna mze da mTvare, varskvlavebi, mnaTobebi. “dasxna isini

RmerTman samyarosa cisasa, raTa Candes queyanasa zeda”

(1.17). mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi imisaTvis Seiqmna, rom

isini dedamiwidan Candes. ase TandaTan yalibdeba adamia-

nisaTvis sacxovrebeli pirobebi, mzaddeba samyaro adami-

anis Sesaqmnelad. mexuTe dRes RmerTma Seqmna cxovelebi

da frinvelebi, daloca isini da gamravleba usurva, xo-

lo roca samyaro adamianis sacxovreblad “ganmzadda”,

maSin RmerTma meeqvse dRes Seqmna adamiani (adami) “xatisa-

ebr” da “msgavsebisaebr” RmerTisa, romelic unda “mTav-

robdes TevzTa zRuisasa da frinvelTa cisaTa da pirut-

yuTa da mxecTa yovlisa qveyanasa, yovelTa quewarmaval-

Ta mavalTa queyanasa zeda” (1,26). es niSnavs, rom yvelafe-

ri adamianisaTvis Seiqmna; adamianma unda ibatonos (“mTav-

robdes”) mTel samyaroze, yvelaferi mis arsebobas unda

226

emsaxurebodes. is garemoeba, rom RmerTma adamiani sul

bolos (meeqvse dRes) Seqmna, imaze mianiSnebs, rom yvela-

feri adamianisaTvis Seiqmna, kreaciis aqti miznobrivi, te-

leologiuri iyo. adamiani samyaros centrSi dgas. es

aris erTdroulad teleologizmic da anTropocentriz-

mic.

RmerTma adami miwisagan (mtvrisagan) Seqmna da `STa-

bera pirsa missa suli sicocxlisai da iqmna kaci sulad

cxovelad” (2,7). es niSnavs, rom adamiani amqveyniuri arse-

baa, miwisagan aris Seqmnili, magram mas aqvs RvTis mier

STaberili suli; maSasadame, sxeuli materialuria, suli

ki _ idealuri, RvTiuri. amaSi Cans adamianis ormagi bune-

ba.

RmerTi kvlav adamze fiqrobs; igi edemSia, magram

martod yofna gauZneldeba. “da Tqua RmerTman: ara keTil

ars yofad kacisa amisa martosa; uqmeniT magas Semwe,

msgavsi misi” (2, 18). RmerTs surs samyaro ise moawyos,

rom adami srul bednierebas grZnobdes. es “Semwe” ar Se-

iZleba sul sxva iyos; igi unda iyos sxvac (adamisagan

gansxvavebuli) da arc sxva, Torem erTmaneTs verafers

gaugeben. amitom RmerTma eva adamis neknidan amoiyvana. eva

adamisagan gansxvavebulia _ mdedria, magram misi “xorci

xorcTagani” igi adamis “Semwed” Seiqmna, rogorc misi

coli, romelTac RmerTma gamravleba usurva: “aRorZin-

diT da gamravldiT da aRavseT queyanai da eufleniT

mas” (1,28).

edemSi mraval xeTa Soris ori xea: “xe cxovrebisa”

da xe “cnobad keTilisa da borotisa.” adams ekrZaleba

mxolod meore xis nayofis Wama. RmerTs ar surs, rom

adamma boroteba Caidinos, Tumca adams amis Cadena SeuZ-

lia. es niSnavs adamianis nebelobis Tavisuflebas; wina-

aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adami akrZaluli xilis SeWmas ver

SeZlebda. magram adamians nebelobis Tavisufleba pasu-

xismgeblobasac akisrebs. RmerTi scdis adams: SeWams Tu

ara akrZalul xils, gadava Tu ara RvTis nebas. adamis

nebeloba Tavisufalia, magram garkveul farglebSi. aq

Tavisufleba da aucilebloba, determinizmi da indeter-

227

minizmi erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. adamiani ar aris abso-

luturad Tavisufali; mas neba ara aqvs, rom gaakeTos

yvelaferi, risi gakeTebac SeuZlia. am aucileblobas

pirvel codvamde mxolod normatiuli xasiaTi aqvs; adam-

ma ar unda Wamos akrZaluli xili, Tumca misi SeWma SeuZ-

lia; misma Tavisuflebam ar unda gadalaxos akrZaluli

zona, Torem usasrulo Tavisufleba mas ubedurebas mou-

tans. yvelaze didi ubedureba ki sikvdilia. Tu adams si-

cocxle surs, man Tavis nebas zRvari unda daudos. es

moraluri imperativi yvela sazogadoebaSi unda funqcio-

nirebdes. adamianma Tavisufleba gonivrulad unda gamoi-

yenos; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi daiRupeba.

gvelma Seacdina eva, evam ki _ adami; SeWames akrZa-

luli xili, rasac maTi edemidan gandevna mohyva. RmerTma

daswyevla adamic da evac, da sikvdilic male gacxadda;

kaeni hklavs abels. adamis sulSi sikeTe da boroteba Ca-

saxlda. amitom man Sva keTili da boroti Svilebi. pirve-

li sikvdili abelma Zmisgan igema. kacobrioba kaenis mod-

gmaa, mkvlelis, borotis.

TviTon gvelic _ borotebis simbolo _ RmerTma

adamis gamosacdelad Seqmna. pirveli adamianebi _ adami

da eva _ gvelis cTunebas ahyvnen da RmerTs ganudgnen,

borotebas Seekedlnen. Semdeg ki gveli misTvis borote-

bis simbolo gaxda, SeiZula da kvlav RmerTs daubrunda.

es idea brwyinvaled asaxa goeTem “faustSi”. RmerTi

scdis fausts, mefistofels miuCens, romelic cdilobs

mis mxareze faustis gadayvanas. fausti jer cdeba, mefis-

tofels megobrobs, Semdeg ki Tavis Secdomas mixvdeba da

kvlav RmerTs ubrundeba. es niSnavs, rom adamians SeuZ-

lia borotebis daZleva, codvidan Tavis xsna. adamiani

bunebiT keTilia, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi kaenis STamo-

mavalia. magram keTili saqmis gasakeTeblad gonebisa da

nebelobis daZabvaa saWiro.

amrigad, religiuri kreacionizmi teleologiiTaa

ganmsWvaluli. RmerTis Semoqmedeba arc SeiZleba sxvagva-

ri iyos. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom kosmologiuri kreacionizmi

religiur kreacionizmTan srul SesabamisobaSi imyofeba.

228

$$$$64. kos64. kos64. kos64. kosmomomomolololologigigigiuuuuri kreri kreri kreri kreaaaaciciciciooooniznizniznizmmmmi da tei da tei da tei da teleleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia

kosmologiuri anu mecnieruli kreacionizmis Ziri-

Tadi ideebi materiis maradiulobis problemasTan dakav-

SirebiT gadmoveciT. amJamad “didi afeTqebis Teorias”

teleologiis poziciidan ganvixilavT. am ganxilvis mi-

zans ki imis Cveneba warmoadgens, rom arc didi afeTqeba

da arc samyaros gafarToeba ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTi,

brma bunebrivi Zalebis Sedegi iyos. kosmologiuri krea-

cionizmi iseT faqtebs warmoaCens, romelTa axsna, yovel

SemTxvevaSi jerjerobiT, mxolod da mxolod zebunebri-

vi (RvTaebrivi) Zalebis daSvebis safuZvelze SeiZleba.

pirvelsa da umTavres kosmologiur gamocanas war-

moadgens is, Tu ra afeTqda, risgan warmoiSva samyaro. is,

rac afeTqda, ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo materia, vinaidan

materia elementaruli nawilakebisagan Sedgeba, romel-

Tac, rogorc fizikosebi amtkiceben, uzarmazari gravita-

ciuli Zalebisa da aseve uzarmazari temperaturis piro-

bebSi arseboba ar SeeZloT. maSasadame, is, rac afeTqda,

ar iyo arc materia da arc dRemde cnobili realobis

raime saxeoba. amas emyareba kreacionizmi _ araraobidan

samyaros qmnadobis koncefcia.

aseve urTules kosmologiur gamocanas warmoadgens

imis axsna, Tu ram gamoiwvia afeTqeba, rogor an sad gaq-

ra uzarmazari gravitaciuli Zala an saidan movida aseve

uzarmazari antigravitaciuli Zala, romelmac afeTqebac

gamoiwvia da zebunebrivi siCqariT samyaros gafarToebac.

didi afeTqebisa da samyaros gafarToebis faqti ufro

religiur saswauls hgavs, vidre bunebriv movlenas.

upasuxod rCeba kiTxva imis Sesaxebac, Tu rogor

warmoiSva ase mwyobri, urTierTmorgebuli, simetriul

elementarul nawilakTa samyaro, misi atomuri Sedgeni-

loba, aseve atomis infrastruqtura; ra Zalam Seqmna sam-

yaros Semadgeneli elementebis aseTi gasaocrad zusti

kanonzomiereba, romlis gareSe samyaro arsebobas ver

229

SeZlebda? aseve auxsnelia ciuri mnaTobebis, galaqtike-

bis warmoSobac da ganlagebac, rac samyaros mTlianobas

uzrunvelyofs, TiToeuli maTganis urTierTdamokidebu-

lebasa da urTierTganpirobebulobas iwvevs. aRarafers

vambobT dedamiwaze, romelic kosmosur sivrceSi isea

mowyobili, yvelaferi winaswargaangariSebuli, rom masze

sicocxle SesaZlebeli gaxdes.

SeiZleboda Tu ara, SemTxveviT kreaciis Sedegad

kosmosis warmoqmna? mecniereba am kiTxvaze uaryofiT pa-

suxs iZleva. niutoni Tvlida, rom kosmosis Semoqmedi Se-

iZleba yofiliyo mxolod meqanikasa da geometriaSi sa-

ocrad gawafuli absoluturi arsi anu RmerTi. am ideas

igi ueWvelad kidev ufro mtkiced gamoTqvamda im Sem-

TxvevaSi, Tu misTvis (mis dros) cnobili yofiliyo didi

afeTqebisa da samyaros gafarToebis Teoria. Y

Tu miviRebT imas, rom samyaros Seqmna ar yofila

SemTxveviTi aqti, maSin isic unda miviRoT, rom mas miz-

nobrivi, teleologiuri xasiaTi hqonda. sxvagvarad aravi-

Tar bunebriv aucileblobas ar SeeZlo kosmosis Seqmna;

igi SeiZleba yofiliyo ara bunebrivi, aramed miznobrivi

aucilebloba da, maSasadame, kvlav teleologiis sfero-

Si davrCebiT.

samyaros kreaciis teleologiuri axsna faqtobri-

vad Teologiur axsnas warmoadgens. arasodes ise axlos

ar yofilan erTmaneTTan mecnieruli da Teologiuri

msoflmxedvelobani, codna da rwmena, rogorc amJamad

kosmologiuri kreacionizmis safuZvelze. mecniereba re-

ligiis sferoSi SeiWra da misi sabunebismetyvelo safuZ-

veli gaxda. TviTon RmerTis arsebobis ontologiurma

argumentma, romelic jer kidev kiTxvis qveS idga, axali,

mecnieruli dasabuTeba da, maSasadame, apodiqturoba Sei-

Zina da Teologiis sferodan mecnierebis sferoSi gadai-

nacvla.

$$$$ 65. kos65. kos65. kos65. kosmomomomolololologigigigiurururur----teteteteleleleleoooolololologigigigiuuuuri diri diri diri dizazazazaiiiinininini

230

kosmologiuri dizainis idea jer kidev antikur epo-

qaSi Camoyalibda. heraklites droidan cnobilia logo-

sis cneba, romelic, uwinares yovlisa, aRniSnavda samya-

roSi arsebul harmonias, wesrigs, kanonzomierebas, rasac

filosofosTa umravlesoba RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis pro-

duqtad Tvlida. Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebam mtkiced

daasabuTa samyaroSi gansacvifrebeli wesrigis, uzenaesi

kanonzomierebis arseboba, rogorc aracocxal, ise coc-

xal bunebaSi.

kosmologiuri dizainis mTavar arguments samyaros

struqtura warmoadgens. garesamyaros kanonzomiereba im-

denad zustia, imdenad Rrmaa, rom genialuri arqiteqto-

ris Semoqmedebis produqtis STabeWdilebas tovebs. samya-

ros uzenaesi kanonzomierebiTa da mizanSewonilobiT gan-

cvifrebuli niutoni werda: “mzis, planetebisa da komete-

bis esoden gamaognebeli SeerTeba SeuZlebelia sxvagva-

rad momxdariyo, Tu ara mZleTa-mZle da brZenTa-ubrZene-

si arsebis zraxviT da nebiT... arsebisa, romelic marTavs

yvelafers ara rogorc samyaros suli, aramed rogorc

kosmosis mbrZanebeli da Tavisi mbrZaneblobis mixedviT

unda iwodebodes rogorc ufali yovlismpyrobeli.”1

bunebis Semswavleli mecnierebani da maTi sagnebi

rarig gansxvavebulic da SeuTavsebadic ar unda Candes,

Tu maT safuZvlebs CavwvdebiT, erTianobas, Rrma kavSirs

aRmovaCenT. swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli mecnierTa

(magaliTad, ainStainis, haizenbergis da sxv.) miswrafeba

erTiani velis Teoriis Seqmnisaken, romelic fizikis

sxvadasxva dargs gaaerTianebda da fizikuri kanonebis

Sinagan kavSirs gamoavlenda. es kavSiri imdenad Rrmaa,

rom mis aRmosaCenad didi wiaRsvla araa saWiro. gravita-

ciis gareSe ar iarsebebda galaqtikebi, varskvlavebi da

planetebi; TviTon didi afeTqebac gravitaciuli Zalebis

moqmedebis Sedegia. aseve eleqtromagnituri urTierTqme-

debis gareSe ar iqneboda atomebi, qimiuri elementebi, ar

1 citirebulia wignidan: М. Клайн, Математика. Утрата определенности, М.,1984,

стр. 73.

231

iqneboda mzis siTbo da sinaTle, rac sicocxlis arsebo-

bisaTvis aucilebelia. Zlieri birTvuli urTierTqmede-

bis gareSe ar iarsebebda birTvebi, atomebi, molekulebi;

mze da varskvlavebi siTbosa da sinaTles ver mogvcem-

dnen da sxva da sxva.

saerTod, megasamyaros struqtura bevr kiTxvebs ba-

debs moazrovne adamianis cnobierebaSi; samyaro ara mar-

to kanonzomierebad, mizanSewonilad, aramed agreTve mi-

zandasaxuladac Cans mowyobili. igi isea agebuli, rom

TiTqos adamianis sicocxlis SenarCunebas emsaxureba. mze

rom ar iyos, maSin dedamiwa srul sibnelesa da yinvaSi

iqneboda, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida sicocxlis arsebobas.

aseve SeuZlebeli iqneboda dedamiwaze sicocxle, Tuki

erTze meti mze iyos, vinaidan dedamiwa maSin gavarvarebu-

li iqneboda, ar iarsebebda flora, fauna, miT umetes,

adamiani. aseve mTvare rom ar iyos (mze ar anaTebdes

mTvaris zedapirs), maSin Rame yovelTvis bneli iqneboda.

dedamiwa rom ar brunavdes RerZis garSemo, maSin ar iqne-

boda dRisa da Ramis monacvleoba; dedamiwis erTi naxeva-

ri sul naTeli iqneboda, meore ki _ bneli. Tu dedamiwa

ar brunavdes mzis garSemo, maSin dedamiwis erT naxevar-

sferoze sul zamTari iqneboda, meoreze ki _ zafxuli

da a. S. yvelaferi, rac samyaroSi arsebobs, isea mowesri-

gebuli, rom adamianma sicocxle SeZlos. amitom ambobda

laibnici, rom SesaZlebel samyaroTa Soris Cveni samyaro

yvelaze ukeTesiao.

yovelive amis safuZvelze klasikuri dizainis prin-

cips ase gamoTqvamen: “samyaroSi yvelaferi isea Seqmnili,

rom Cven SegveZlos samyaroSi sicocxle, da Tuki samya-

ro Tundac odnav gansxvavebuli iyos, maSin sicocxles

ver SevZlebdiT.”1 rogorc vxedavT, am princips aSkarad

anTropocentristuli xasiaTi aqvs, romlis Sesaxeb qve-

moT gveqneba msjeloba.

kosmologiuri dizainis arsebobas samyaroSi dapi-

rispirebuli Zalebis balansis arsebobac adasturebs. aq,

1 J. D. Barrow, F. J. Tipler, The anthropic cosmological principle, Oxford, N. Y., 1996, p. 31

232

uwinares yovlisa, mxedvelobaSia mizidulobisa da gan-

zidvis anu gravitaciuli da antigravitaciuli Zalebis

balansi. ainStaini varaudobda gravitaciuli Zalebis

proporciulad antigravitaciuli Zalebis arsebobas, rac

samyaros statikurobis garanti iqneboda. am Zalebis ba-

lansis sakiTxi niutonis winaSec idga. igi fiqrobda, rom

samyaros arsebobis faqti gravitaciuli da antigravita-

ciuli Zalebis balansis arsebobis Sedegia. etyoba, niu-

tonis es Sexeduleba hqonda mxedvelobaSi kants, roca

Tvlida, rom am balansis darRvevas samyaros dangreva

mohyveba.

maqsimaluri sizustiT xasiaTdeba varskvlavebis,

planetebis, galaqtikebis moZraoba. galaqtikebi RerZis

garSemo brunavs da erT srul Semobrunebas daaxloebiT

erTsa da imave dros (180 milioni weli) andomebs. miuxe-

davad amisa, nebismieri ciuri sxeulis moZraoba indivi-

dualuria. TviTon dedamiwis brunva mzis garSemo abso-

luturad rodi meordeba, magram es umniSvnelo cvlile-

bebi ver arRvevs ciuri sxeulebis moZraobis erTgvarov-

nebasa da izotropobas.

kidev mravali magaliTis motana SeiZleba kosmolo-

giuri dizainis saCveneblad, magram misi arseboba, vfiq-

rob, imdenad cxadia, rom specialur dasabuTebas arc sa-

Wiroebs. isic udavo unda iyos, rom mas mizanSewonili

xasiaTi aqvs da, maSasadame, teleologiuria. bunebis brma

Zalebs aseTi gansacvifrebeli kanonzomierebis Seqmna ar

SeuZlia. SemTxveviTad damyarebuli wesrigi ar SeiZleba

universaluri da maradiuli iyos.

cnobieria Tu ara samyaroSi arsebuli universaluri

kanonzomiereba da mizanSewoniloba? arsebobs Tu ara ma-

terialur samyaroSi miznebi, romlebic dizainirebuli

samyaros arsebobas ganapirobebs? es problema jer kidev

platonisa da aristoteles winaSec idga, romelsac isini

sxvadasxvagvarad wyvetdnen. platoni fiqrobda, rom kos-

mologiuri mizanSewoniloba cnobieria, igi aris samya-

ros sulis mizanSewoniloba, xolo samyaros suli yo-

velTvis cnobierad moqmedebs. aristotele ki amtkicebda,

233

rom samyaroSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba da mizanSewoni-

loba aracnobieria; igi bunebrivi procesia, magram Rmer-

Tis Semoqmedebaa, RvTiuri warmomavlobisaa; mizani samya-

roSi ki ar aris, aramed RmerTSia, romelic dizainire-

bul samyaros cnobierad qmnis.

Cven vfiqrobT, rom ufro misaRebia aristoteles te-

leologiuri koncefcia. materialur samyaroSi mizani ar

SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan mizani yovelTvis cnobieria. miu-

xedavad amisa, samyaro kanonzomierad da mizanSewonilad

moewyo imTaviTve, TviT kreaciis pirvelad aqtSi. amas

adasturebs ara marto religiuri, aramed kosmologiuri

(mecnieruli) kreacionizmic. pirveli gveubneba, rom “das-

xna igini (ciuri sxeulebi, mnaTobebi _ s. a.) RmerTman

samyarosa cisasa raTa Cndnen queyanasa zeda” (dab. 1, 17).

e. i. RmerTma kanonzomierad ganalaga ciuri sxeulebi da

Seqmna mwyobri, mizanSewonili kosmosi. kosmologiuri

kreacionizmic imas amtkicebs, rom milioni da miliardi

wlebis Semdeg Camoyalibda ciuri sistema, Seiqmna mze,

mTvare, varskvlavebi, galaqtikebi anu Camoyalibda kanon-

zomieri da mizanSewonili kosmosi. erTi sityviT, orive

koncefciis mixedviT, samyaroSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba

_ dizainirebuli samyaro _ kreaciis momentSi miznobri-

vad Seiqmna. samyaro Seqmnilia mizanSewonilad, magram

TviTon masSi ki miznobrioba ar arsebobs, vinaidan mizani

ar SeiZleba aracnobieri iyos. materialuri samyarosaT-

vis miznobrioba ucxoa. samyaro mowyobilia gonierad,

magram TviTon ar aris amis mizezi.

$$$$66. kos66. kos66. kos66. kosmomomomolololologigigigiuuuuri diri diri diri dizazazazaiiiineneneneriririri

dizaini (design) raimes daproeqtebas, dagegmvas niS-

navs, rac, bunebrivia, gulisxmobs misi avtoris _ dizaine-

ris _ arsebobas. Tu arsebobs dizaini, unda arsebobdes

dizaineric. kanti ar iyo marTali, rodesac am elementa-

rul WeSmaritebas uaryofda. kosmologiuri dizainis ar-

guments igi “fizikur-Teologiurs” uwodebda da amtki-

234

cebda, rom am argumentiT martooden imis dasabuTeba Se-

iZleba, rom “arsebobs samyaros xuroTmoZRvari... magram

ara samyaros Semoqmedi.”1 am mosazrebis winaaRmdeg unda

iTqvas, rom nebismieri dizaineri, miT umetes kosmologi-

uri, ubralod damproeqtebeli ki ar aris, aramed Semoq-

medic; wesrigi misi Seqmnilia. swored amitom xuroTmoZ-

Rvrisa da Semoqmedis gaTiSva SeuZlebelia.

RmerTis, rogorc kosmologiuri dizaineris, winaaR-

mdeg mimarTulia agreTve kantis mier RmerTis arsebobis

ontologiuri argumentis kritika, im argumentisa, rome-

lic anselm kenterberielma da dekartma sxvadasxva vari-

antiT SemogvTavazes. RmerTi srulqmnili arsebaa da, ma-

Sasadame, mas arsebobac ar aklia (anselmi); adamianis go-

nebaSi aris usasrulo arsebis _ RmerTis _ idea, risi mi-

zezic ar SeiZleba sasruli unarebis mqone adamiani iyos.

RmerTis am ideidan gamoiyvaneba misi arseboba (dekarti).

kanti Tvlis, rom cnebidan arseboba ar gamoiyvaneba; SeiZ-

leba mqondes asi taleris cneba, magram ar mqondes arc

erTi taleri. kantis es argumenti hegelma safuZvlianad

gaakritika; kants, misi azriT, mxedvelobaSi aqvs sasruli

sagnebi, romelTa cnebidan maTi arseboba marTlac ar ga-

moiyvaneba, magram igive ar iTqmis usasrulo arsebis _

RmerTis _ ideis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi ontologiuri

argumenti sworia.

hegelis argumenti kantis winaaRmdeg CvenTvis sru-

liad damajerebelia, magram arasakmarisi. Cveni azriT,

RmerTis arseboba cnebidan ar unda gamoviyvanoT, aramed

misi Semoqmedebis produqtidan _ samyaros arsebobis faq-

tidan. bunebis gamokvlevas _ bunebismecnierebas _ mivya-

varT RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebamde. amaSi mdgomare-

obs bunebrivi Teologiis axali sazrisi, romlis Sesaxeb

pirveli miniSneba laibnicma gaakeTa, romelic amtkiceb-

da, rom RmerTi bunebaSi unda amovikiTxoTo. bunebriv Te-

ologias klasikur azrovnebaSi spekulaciuri xasiaTi

hqonda; axal droSi ki man mecnieruli Sinaarsi SeiZina,

1 И. Кант, Сочинения в шести томах, стр. 541,

235

roca bunebismecnierebis aRmoCenebs daefuZna. kosmologi-

uri kreacionizmis Teoria swored bunebrivi Teologiis

axali sazrisis ilustracias warmoadgens.

kosmologiuri dizainis faqtidan kosmologiuri di-

zaineris Sesaxeb mosazrebani jer kidev Zveli drois mo-

azrovneebma gamoTqves. anaqsagora pirveli iyo, romelmac

kosmologiuri dizainis axsna scada gonebis da ara ato-

mebis SemTxveviTi Tavmoyris safuZvelze, rogorc amas

atomisturi Teoria varaudobda. uwesrigo, Tvisebrivi

atomebis (“homeomeriebis”) narevs, romelic inertulia,

goneba (“nus”) pirvel biZgs aZlevs, aamoZravebs, xolo

Semdeg grigaliseburi moZraobis Sedegad kanonzomiereba

myardeba. platoni da aristotele ki Tvlidnen, rom sam-

yaros kanonzomiereba RmerTis arsebobis damadasturebe-

lia. “maS gavsajoT _ wers platoni _ ra Zalas SeeZlo

aeZulebina esoden didi masebi wriulad ebrunaT erTi da

igive drois ganmavlobaSi, rogorc dRes brunavs? me vam-

tkiceb, rom amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos mxolod RmerTi.

sxvagvarad es SeuZlebelia.”1 analogiur azrs gamoTqvamen

men dekarti, laibnici, niutoni, kepleri da sxv. dekarti

Tavis megobars mersens werda: “nu SiSobT yvelgan ganac-

xadoT, rom RmerTma ise daadgina bunebis kanonebi, ro-

gorc suvereni (umaRlesi xelisufali _ s. a.) awesebs ka-

nonebs Tavis samflobeloSi.”2 niutoni werilSi bentli-

sadmi kategoriulad uaryofs bunebis brma, SemTxveviTi

Zalebisagan kosmologiuri dizainis warmomavlobas. “es

mizezi brma da SemTxveviTi ar yofila, aramed gansacvif-

reblad gawafuli meqanikasa da geometriaSi.”3 kosmolo-

giuri dizainis, rogorc RmerTis Semoqmedebis produq-

tis, idea farTod figurirebs laibnicisa da klarkis (ni-

utonis) cnobil kamaTSi, romelic 1715-1716 wlebSi warmo-

ebda samyaroSi arsebuli kanonzomierebis Semoqmedis Se-

saxeb. klarki, romelic niutonis azrs gamoxatavda, am-

1 platoniplatoniplatoniplatoni, epinomisi, 983b-983c 2 citirebulia wignidan: М. Клайн, Математикаю Утрата определенности, стр. 55. 3 iqve, gv. 73

236

tkicebda, rom RmerTi sistematurad ereva bunebis kanon-

zomierebaSi iseve, rogorc mesaaTe dro da dro marTavs

saaTs, raTa ar gaCerdes. laibnici ki _ prestabiluri Te-

oriis avtori _ Tvlida, rom RmerTma ise zustad moawyo

es samyaro, rom Semdgom “Sesworebas~ aRar saWiroebs. am-

rigad, erTic da meorec udavod Tvlis RmerTis, rogorc

kosmologiuri dizaineris arsebobas.

nebismieri dizaini miznobrivi moqmedebaa; sxvagvarad

igi ubralo, bavSvuri TamaSi iqneboda. es niSnavs, rom

dizaini teleologiuri aqtia, dizaineri teleologistia.

es miT umetes iTqmis kosmologiur dizainsa da dizainer-

ze. jer kidev bibliur kreacionizms aSkara teleologi-

uri xasiaTi aqvs. aseve iTqmis kosmologiur dizainerze.

teleologia nebismieri dizainis saerTo kanonzomierebaa.

dizaini daprogramebuli moqmedebaa; programas ki

yovelTvis miznobrivi, teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. aseve

kosmologiuri dizaini daprogramebas gulisxmobs; dam-

programebels garkveuli mizani aqvs, romelsac igi idea-

luri formiT _ codnis saxiT _ atarebs. kosmologiuri

dizaineris mizans kanonzomieri samyaros Seqmna warmoad-

gens. kosmologiuri teleologia sxvas arafers ar gu-

lisxmobs; magram am mosazrebis mkacri mecnieruli dasa-

buTeba jerjerobiT SeuZlebelia; amitom kosmologiur

teleologias jer kidev spekulaciuri xasiaTi aqvs.

237


bibibibioooolololologigigigiuuuuri teri teri teri teleleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia

$$$$67. or67. or67. or67. orgagagaganunununuli teli teli teli teleleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia

organuli samyaros teleologiuri buneba jer kidev

antikur filosofiaSi sruliad naTlad SeniSnes. qseno-

fonti gadmogvcems sokratis saubris Sinaarss aristode-

mesTan, romelSic srulyofilad Camoyalibebulia adamia-

nis sxeulis organoebis miznobrivi daniSnuleba.1 “rogor

gor fiqrob, _ eubneba sokrate aristodemes _ vinc dasa-

bamidan adamiani Seqmna, gana ar aRWurva sxeuli grZnobi-

saTvis saWiro da sasargeblo yvela nawiliT, romelTa

meSveobiTac garemos yvela movlena aRiqmeba”? Semdeg sok-

rate akonkretebs am azrs da amtkicebs, rom Tvali dasa-

naxavad arsebobs, yuri _ mosasmenad, cxviri _ sunis aR-

saqmelad, ena _ gemovnebis SesagrZnobad da a. S. Tvalis

quTuToebi imitom gvaqvs, rom Tvali daicvan, wina kbile-

bis daniSnulebaa mokbeCa, ukana kbilebisa _ ReWva. am ma-

galiTebis safuZvelze sokrate daaskvnis: “nuTu kvlav

gagiWirdeba gansajo, ase brZnulad nakeTebi saqme Sem-

TxveviTia Tu gonebis namoqmedari?” cxadia, sokrate meo-

re Tvalsazriss iziarebs; igi uaryofs teleologiurad

agebuli adamianis sxeulis SemTxveviTobas da mas Rmer-

Tis miznobrivi Semoqmedebis Sedegad Tvlis.

aristotelem srulyofilad SeiTvisa sokrates te-

leologiuri koncefcia da mTel samyaroze ganavrco. man

kosmologiuri teleologia Camoayaliba da yvelaferi _

sagnebi, movlenebi, procesebi _ miznobriobas dauqvemde-

bara.

sokrates organuli teleologia axal droSi uili-

am pelim aaRorZina wignSi “bunebrivi Teologia” (londo-

ni, 1836). igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tval-

ze da absurduls uwodebs imis mtkicebas, rom TiTqos

1 qsenofontiqsenofontiqsenofontiqsenofonti, mogonebani sokrateze, 64, 1, IV, 5-6

238

Tvalis agebuleba SemTxveviTobis produqti iyos. Rmer-

Tma miznobrivad aago adamianis sxeuli _ amtkicebs u. pe-

li. imdenad didi iyo u. pelis teleologiuri koncefci-

is rezonansi, rom mis gavlenas erTxans C. darvinic ga-

nicdida.

cocxali samyaros teleologiuri bunebis erT-erT

umniSvnelovanes dadasturebas warmoadgens miswrafeba

mTlianobisaken, dazianebuli ujredebis aRdgenisaken (re-

generacia) an mTeli organos restavraciisaken (restitu-

cia). am garemoebas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs e.

w. “organizmuli Teoria” (l. fon bertalanfi da sxv.),

romelic amtkicebs, rom sxeulis organoebi da TviT uj-

redebic ki erTmaneTzea damokidebuli, urTierTarsebobas

ganapirobebs da am gziT qmnis erT mTlian organizmul

sistemas. TiToeuli maTganis funqcionireba damokidebu-

lia ara mxolod masze, aramed sxva organoebisa da uj-

redebis arsebobazec. mTeli es procesi ki organizmis um-

Tavres funqcias _ TviTSenaxvas _ emsaxureba.

rasakvirvelia, organizmis calkeul nawilebs, orga-

noebs araviTari mizani ara aqvT da arc SeiZleba hqon-

deT. miznobrioba mTel organizms axasiaTebs da ara mis

calkeul nawilebs.

xSirad laparakoben cocxali arsebis anatomiuri

struqturis teleologiur xasiaTze. magaliTad, amboben,

rom ZaRlsa da mgels tuCi, cxviri da yurebi win aqvT wa-

moweuli, raki isini mtaceblebia da sxvas Tavs esxmian,

kurdRels ki, piriqiT, tuCic Seweuli aqvs da yurebic

ukan mimarTuli, raTa zurgidan aravin mieparos. kur-

dRels ukana fexebi winaze grZeli aqvs, ris gamoc aRmar-

TSi iolad garbis. mtacebel cxovelebs ki es ar emarjve-

baT. darvini laparakobda Jirafze, romelsac grZeli ki-

seri aqvs, riTac igi ufro Sorsac xedavs da xis kenwe-

roebsac iolad wvdeba. marTalia, amas darvini mizanSewo-

nil struqturad Tvlida, magram mis teleologiur xasi-

aTs uaryofda; igi bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad miaCnda.

miuTiTeben agreTve cocxali samyaros miswrafebaze

wonasworobis, balansis SenarCunebisaken. sxvadasxva

239

frinveli sxvadasxva sididisa da raodenobis kvercxs

debs; qariSxala _ erTs, mtredi _ ors, Tolia _ sams da

a. S. es raodenoba TiTqmis ucvlelia, rac SemTxveviTi ar

aris. Tu erTi kvercxi daikargeba, maSin frinveli axals

dadebs, raTa norma ar dairRves. cnobili biologi m. ri-

uzi am faqtis gaanalezebis Sedegad aseT daskvnas ake-

Tebs: “aq Cven uTuod mizanmimarTulobis magaliTi

gvaqvs.”1

darvinis mimdevrebi am faqtebs bunebrivi gadarCevis

poziciebidan xsnian: maTi azriT, amis axsna imaSi unda ve-

ZioT, rom bunebas ar SeuZlia imaze metis gamokveba, vid-

re normiT ibadeba. amgvari axsna, cxadia, dasaSvebia, mag-

ram teleologias mainc ver avcdebiT. gamodis, rom bune-

bas aqvs mizani, rom imdeni warmoSvas, ramdensac gamokve-

bavs. mis mizans normis dacva warmoadgens. es ki sxva ara-

feria, garda teleologiisa.

harvardis universitetis bioqimiis profesorma lou-

rens hendersonma eqsperimentulad gamoikvlia cocxali

sistemebisaTvis garemo pirobebis vargisianobis sakiTxi;

man daadgina, rom mTeli rigi qimiuri naerTebisa iseTia,

rom TiTqos sicocxlis damkvidrebas emsaxureba. erTgan

igi wers: “elementebis Tvisebebi unda ganvixiloT ro-

gorc teleologiuri xasiaTis mqone.”2

cocxali sxeulis organoebis harmoniul funqcioni-

rebas, maT mizanSewonilobas zogjer daprogramebiT xsni-

an. magram daprogrameba uTuod cnobieri aqtia da miznis

arsebobas gulisxmobs. programebs yovelTvis garkveuli

mizniT qmnian. kosmosis “damprogrameblad” jer kidev la-

ibnici RmerTs Tvlida. programis cneba instinqtis asax-

sneladac gamodgeba. instinqti aracnobieri aqtia, rome-

lic miznobrivad aris daprogramebuli. magram am Sem-

TxvevaSi damprogramebeli adamiani rodia, aramed uzenae-

si damprogramebeli-dizaineri, romelic TviTSenaxvas

miznobriv xasiaTs aZlevs.

1 М. Рьюз, Философия биологии, М., 1977, стр. 252. 2 L. J. Henderson, The fitness of the environment, Gloucester, 1970, p. 192

240

dasasrul, biologiuri teleologiis erT-erT sabu-

Tad, gansakuTrebiT h. driSis Semdeg, miCneulia biologi-

ur sistemebSi ekvifinaloba, e. i. sxvadasxva sawyisi piro-

bebidan erTi da igive Sedegis miReba. es movlena, h. dri-

Sis azriT, biologiuri sistemebis teleologiur xasi-

aTs asabuTebs. organizmma raRac mizani (TviTSenaxva) un-

da ganaxorcielos; amisaTvis ki arsebiTi mniSvneloba

ara aqvs imas, Tu ra saSualebiT iqna es mizani miRweuli.

$$$$68. dar68. dar68. dar68. darvivivivinis evonis evonis evonis evolulululuciciciciuuuuri Teri Teri Teri Teooooria da teria da teria da teria da teleleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia

darvinis evoluciuri Teoria im debulebidan amo-

dis, rom cocxali arsebebi imaze meti ibadeba, vidre bu-

nebas misi gamokveba SeuZlia. amitom warmoebs brZola,

konkurencia sakvebsa da adgilsamyofelze. am brZolaSi

Zlieri imarjvebs. gadarCena garemosTan Seguebas niSnavs.

gadarCenili cocxali arsebebi Zlier STamomavlobas

warmoSoben, rac Taobebs memkvidreobiT gadaecema da am

gziT xdeba bunebrivi gadarCeva _ Zlieri gadarCeba, sus-

tebi iRupeba; yoveli momavali Taoba bunebasTan (garemos-

Tan) ufro Seguebulia, vidre wina.

darvini laparakobs cocxal samyaroSi mizanSewoni-

lobis Sesaxeb, rogorc bunebrivi gadarCwevis Sedegze,

mizanze ki uars ambobs. magram miznis cnebis gareSe mi-

zanSewonilobaze laparaki SeuZlebelia.

magram es ar aris mTavari; darvinis evoluciuri Te-

oria mTel rig faqtobrivsa da logikur Secdomebs Sei-

cavs. daviwyoT imiT, rom TviTon arsebobisaTvis brZola

darvinis mier ukiduresad hipertrofirebulia; organuli

samyarodan mTlianad gamoricxulia urTierTxelSewyobi-

sa da urTierTTanamSromlobis faqtebi. es Secdoma imde-

nad TvalSisacemia, rom TviTon darvinis Tayvanismcemel-

ma fr. engelsmac ki SeniSna da gaakritika.1

vinaidan arsebobisaTvis brZolas ara aqvs universa-

luri xasiaTi, amitom igi ver gamodgeba mTeli organuli

samyaros progresis wyarod. maS, rogor unda avxsnaT evo-

1 fr. engelsifr. engelsifr. engelsifr. engelsi, bunebis dialeqtika, Tbilisi, 1954, gv. 327

241

luciuri procesis arseboba cocxali samyaros im sfero-

Si, sadac arsebobisaTvis brZolas sapirispiro procesi

cvlis? es garemoeba eWvis qveS ayenebs evoluciis mamoZ-

ravebel Zalad arsebobisaTvis brZolis dasaxvas.

bunebrivi gadarCevis winapirobad darvini garemos-

Tan Seguebas (adaptacia) Tvlis, magram Seguebis cnebac

sadavoa. l. fon bertalanfis azriT, organizmi ki ar

egueba garemos, aramed ebrZvis mas; Tu am brZolaSi da-

marcxda _ daiRupeba, Tu gaimarjvebs _ gadarCeba. Segueba

damorCilebas niSnavs. cocxali arseba ki damorCilebas

rodi eswrafvis.

darvins evoluciis procesi sworxazovnad, zigzagis

gareSe warmoudgenia. magram arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi ga-

marjvebuli yovelTvis Zlier Taobas rodi warmoSobs.

Zlieris STamomavali SeiZleba uZluri da susti iyos. es

niSnavs, rom bunebriv gadarCevas ara aqvs aucilebeli xa-

siaTi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gadarCeva yovelTvis prog-

resiT unda damTavrdes. analogiur SeniSvnas gamoTqvams

k. poperi. misi azriT, “evolucia, marTalia, zogjer

“progresulia”, magram ufro xSirad ar aris aseTi.”1 Sem-

deg: “zogierTi” formis evolucia zogierT SemTxvevaSi

progresulia, umravlesobisa ki aseTi ar aris... biologi-

uri progresi, ase vTqvaT, SemTxveviTi ramaa.”2 aqedan keT-

deba sruliad marTebuli daskvna: “evoluciuri hipoTeza

bunebis universaluri kanoni araa.”3 aseve v. vindelbandi

marTali iyo, roca amtkicebda, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis

Teoria cocxali arsebebis mxolod cvalebadobas aCve-

nebs da ara progress.4

bunebriv gadarCevaSi, darvinis mixedviT, did rols

TamaSobs SemTxveviToba. “garkveuli saxesxvaobis anu sa-

xeobis warmoSobas _ wers igi _ me TiTqmis mTlianad

imis gadarCevas mivawer, rasac SeiZleba friad arazustad

1 k. poperik. poperik. poperik. poperi, istoricizmis siRatake, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 127. 2 iqve, gv. 150. 3 iqve, gv. 126. 4 В. Виндельбанд, История новой философии, т. II, СПБ., стр. 363.

242

SemTxveviTi cvlilebebi an cvalebadoba vuwodoT.”1 mag-

ram SemTxveviToba kanonzomierebis safuZvlad ar gamod-

geba, mis safuZvelze verc evoluciis process axsni da

verc evoluciis Teorias aageb.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom darvini uaryofs teleologi-

as, magram faqtobrivad bunebrivi gadarCevis teleologi-

uri axsna sruliad SesaZlebelia. arsebobisaTvis brZo-

la, romelsac darvini esoden mniSvnelobas aniWebs, TviT-

Senaxvas emsaxureba, mis mizans sicocxlis SenarCuneba

warmoadgens. es niSnavs, rom arsebobisaTvis brZolas aS-

karad gamoxatuli teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. TviTon

bunebrivi gadarCevis mizani xom Zlieri Taobis warmoSo-

baa? garemosTan Seguebac sxvagvarad ar SeiZleba gavi-

goT, Tu ara gadarCenis mcdeloba. es ki sxva araferia,

garda teleologiuri procesisa. Tu teleologias mainc

gamovricxavT, maSin kidev uaress miviRebT _ meqanicizms.

meqanicizmisaTvis ki mizanSewoniloba ucxoa. nuTu SesaZ-

lebelia seriozulad vamtkicoT, rom organul samyaroSi

arsebuli gamaognebeli kanonzomiereba, kidev metic, mi-

zanSewoniloba _ bunebis brma, meqanikuri moqmedebis pro-

duqtia?

darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis am xarvezebis gamo

bevri mkvlevari darvinizms “erT-erT SesaZlebel hipoTe-

zad” Tvlis da ara mecnierul Teoriad.

1 Ч. Дарвин,Избранные письма, М., 1950, стр. 75.

243


ananananTroTroTroTropupupupuli teli teli teli teleleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia

$$$$69. ada69. ada69. ada69. adamimimimiaaaani da cxoni da cxoni da cxoni da cxoveveveveli. li. li. li. Homo teleologicus

biologiuri kanonzomierebidan anTropul kanonzo-

mierebaze gadasvla yvelaze naTlad Cans adamianisa da

cxovelis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis dadgenis procesSi.

adamianisa da cxovelis gansxvaveba, erTi SexedviT,

Zalian iolia. praqtikul cxovrebaSi maT erTmaneTSi ara-

vin urevs. magram Teoriulad es sakiTxi did siZneleeb-

Tan aris dakavSirebuli. darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis

damcvelebi, romlebic anTropologiuri genezisis saTave-

ebs adamianebis msgavs maimunebSi eZeben, faqtobrivad ada-

miansa da cxovelebs Soris arsebiT gansxvavebas Slian.

darvini adamianisa da anTropoidebis msgavsebis safuZ-

velze maimunisagan adamianis warmoSobas amtkicebda. mag-

ram analogiis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebi albaTu-

ria, apodiqturobas moklebulia. swored amitom amtkice-

ben, rom “maimunidan adamianis warmoSobis mecnierulad

dasabuTebuli arc erTi faqti ar arsebobs.”1

Tu dausabuTebelia Tezisi maimunidan adamianis war-

moSobis Sesaxeb, maSin darCa erTi gza: vaCvenoT adamiansa

da cxovels Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba, cxovelisagan

adamianis ganmasxvavebeli ararararsesesesebibibibiTiTiTiTi da spespespespecicicicififififikukukukuri niri niri niri niSaSaSaSa----

nininini, romelic adamianTa sazogadoebas cxovelTa samyaro-

sagan gamoyofs. qvemoT am problemis gadaWris ramdenime

variants kritikulad ganvixilavT.

zogierTi fiqrobs, rom cxovelisagan adamianis gan-

masxvavebel niSans azrovneba warmoadgens (hegeli). adami-

ani aris Homo Sapiens (moazrovne adamiani). amis winaaRmdeg

is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom azrovneba, marTalia, adamianis

arsebiTi niSania, magram ara specifikuri, vinaidan azrov-

nebis elementebs cxovelTa samyaroSic vxvdebiT.

1 В. Пономарев, А. Гамалов, Дарвин, гоу хоум, “Oгонек”, 33, 2000.

244

adamianisa da cxovelis ganmasxvavebel niSnad xSi-

rad iaraRis mkeTeblobas, Semoqmedebas (Homo faber _ adami-

ani Semoqmedi) Tvlian (franklini, marqsi). es gansazRvre-

bac naklovania, vinaidan gamoCenili fsiqologis v. kele-

ris cdebidan cnobilia, rom anTropoidebSic SeiniSneba

azrovnebisa da iaraRis mkeTeblobis garkveuli elemente-

bi.

zogjer adamiansa da cxovels TviTSemecnebis, ref-

leqsis unariT ganasxvaveben. magram TviTSemecnebis unari

yvela adamians ara aqvs; arian adamianebi, romelTac ase-

Ti unari ar gaaCniaT. adamianis arsebiTi da specifikuri

niSani yvela adamians unda axasiaTebdes. swored amitom

es niSanic adamianisa da cxovelis wyalgamyofad ar ga-

modgeba.

igive iTqmis religiis Sesaxeb. religiuroba adamia-

nis specifikuri niSania, magram ara arsebiTi, vinaidan ar-

seboben arareligiuri adamianebic (aTeistebi).

aristotele adamians “politikur cxovels” (Zoon

politikon) uwodebda, es ki igivea, rac “animal sociale” (“so-

cialuri cxoveli”). magram, rogorc e. kasireri aRniS-

navs, “socialuroba ar aris adamianis erTaderTi Tviseba

da arc marto adamianis upiratesobaze miuTiTebs.”1 swo-

red amitom igi ganmasxvavebel niSnad ar gamodgeba.

arc Tavisuflebis mixedviT (“Homo liber” _ Tavisufa-

li adamiani) SeiZleba adamianisa da cxovelis gansxvaveba

Tundac imitom, rom yvela adamiani Tavisufali rodia

(mona, patimari).

igive iTqmis “Homo moralis” (“zneobrivi adamiani”) da

uangarobis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, arian uzneo da angarebi-

ani adamianebi, ris gamoc es niSnebi adamianis arsebiT

niSnad ver CaiTvleba.

e. kasireris azriT, adamiani simbolur samyaroSi

cxovrobs: igi aris “animal symbolicum” (“simboluri cxove-

li”), riTac sxva cxovelebisagan gansxvavdeba. simboluri

samyaros elementebs ki ena, miTosi, xelovneba, religia

1 e. kasiresie. kasiresie. kasiresie. kasiresi, ra aris adamiani?, Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 343.

245

warmoadgens.1 kasireris es mosazreba, Cveni azriT, unak-

lo rodia. simboluri samyaros zemoT CamoTvlili ele-

mentebidan arc erTi ar aris adamianis arsebiTi da spe-

cifikuri niSani. kasireri TviTon gveubneba, rom “simbo-

lur procesebs adgili aqvs adamianismagvar maimunTa qce-

vaSi.”2 Tu asea, maSin es procesi adamianisaTvis specifi-

kuri ver iqneba. cxovelebs aqvT Taviseburi enac, mis ga-

reSe cxovelTa urTierToba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. miTo-

si, xelovneba da religia yvela adamians rodi gaaCnia,

ris gamoc maTi CaTvla adamianis arsebiT niSnebad SeuZ-

lebelia.

aba, sad unda vipovnoT adamianisa da cxovelis gam-

mijnavi kriteriumi?

xSirad amboben, rom adamiani aris Tavisufali; Tum-

ca Tavisuflebis niSani adamianis arsebiTi niSani ar

aris (vinaidan adamiani yovelTvis, miT umetes yvelafri-

sagan, Tavisufali rodia), magram Tu Tavisuflebis cne-

bis qveS mxolod nebelobis Tavisuflebas vigulisxmebT,

maSin adamianisa da cxovelis ganmasxvavebel niSans mivu-

axlovdebiT. nebelobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb mravalsau-

kunovani brZola warmoebs determinizmsa da indetermi-

nizms (voluntarizms) Soris, romelTagan orive calmxri-

vi da hipertrofirebulia. nebeloba arc mTlianad deter-

minirebulia da arc mTlianad Tavisufali. TviTon nebe-

lobis cneba mis Tavisuflebaze miuTiTebs; araTavisufa-

li nebeloba ar arsebobs, miuxedavad Tavisuflebis saz-

Rvrebisa.

nebeloba cnobierebisa da azrovnebis gareSe ar ar-

sebobs. igi aris Zala, romelic gvakeTebinebs imas, rac

Cvens uSualo moTxovnilebas ar warmoadgens. adamiani

aSenebs saxls, xomalds da a. S. amisaTvis igi Sromobs,

iRwvis, rac misi uSualo moTxovnileba ar aris. magram

mas aSromebs is, rac jer kidev ar aris _ saxli, xomal-

di da a. S. aqedan cxadia, rom nebelobiTi aqtebi miznob-

1 iqve, gv. 61. 2 e. kasiresie. kasiresie. kasiresie. kasiresi, ra aris adamiani?, gv.59.

246

rivia, mizandasaxulia anu teleologiuria. adamiani ra-

sac ar unda akeTebdes Tavisi nebiT, Zaldatanebis, iZule-

bis gareSe, yvelaferi miznobrivia. nebelobiTi aqtebi te-

leologiurobiT xasiaTdeba. amitom adamianis arsebiT,

specifikur niSans, adamianisa da cxovelis gammijnav kri-

teriums miznobrioba warmoadgens. erTaderTi, rac adami-

ans cxovelisagan principulad ganasxvavebs, aris miznob-

rioba, mizandasaxuloba. adamiani aris “Homo teleologicus”

(“teleologiuri adamiani”).

miznis cnebaSi koncentrirebulia cnobierebac, nebe-

lobac, azrovnebac da Tavisuflebac. cxovels ara aqvs

mizani, vinaidan mas ara aqvs nebeloba, xolo nebelobis

gareSe miznobrivi qceva SeuZlebelia. cxovelis qceva im-

pulsuria, garedan determinirebulia da ara Tavisufali,

nebelobiTi. cxovelic asrulebs raRac qcevas (Tagvi sak-

vebs imaragebs, Citi budes aSenebs da a. S.), magram es in-

stinqturi qcevaa da ara nebelobiTi, ara miznobrivi. miz-

nobrioba, romelic nebelobis Tanmxlebia, adamianuri fe-

nomenia.

cxovelisa da adamianis gammijnavi zRvari gadaukve-

Tadia; cxoveli verasodes ver gaxdeba adamiani, am

zRvars verasodes ver gadaabijebs, “cxovelis ganviTare-

bis mwvervali mainc cxovelad rCeba.”1 es imasac niSnavs,

rom maimunidan adamianis evoluciis hipoTeza uniadago

aRmoCnda.

$$$$70. kos70. kos70. kos70. kosmomomomolololologigigigiurururur----ananananTroTroTroTropupupupuli prinli prinli prinli princicicicipepepepebibibibi

filosofiis erT-erT ZiriTad problemas warmoad-

gens ara mxolod adamianTa Soris urTierTmimarTeba,

aramed agreTve adamianis mimarTeba samyarosTan. is gare-

moeba, rom samyaros adamianisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba

aqvs, igi cxovrobs samyaroSi da, maSasadame, mas mWidro

urTierToba aqvs am sacxovrisTan, faqtia da davas ar iw-

1 a. bregaZea. bregaZea. bregaZea. bregaZe,,,, ra aris adamiani? Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 107.

247

vevs. magram, meore mxriv, Tanamedrove kosmologiuri Te-

oriebis logikuri analizis Sedegad bevri astronomi,

kosmologi da, miT umetes filosofosi im daskvnamde mi-

vida, rom ara marto adamiani saWiroebs samyaros, aramed,

piriqiTac, samyaro saWiroebs adamians. rarig ucnauric

ar unda Candes es azri, igi farTod figurirebs Tanamed-

rove mecnierebasa da mecnierebis filosofiaSi.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom Tanamedrove kosmologiuri

Teoriebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda klasikuri dizainis

principi, romelic faqtobrivad imas amtkicebs, rom samya-

ro, “morgebulia” adamians; igi isea Seqmnili, rom masSi

adamianma arseboba SeZlos. cnobilma mecnierma hender-

sonma am faqts “garemos vargisianoba” (“Fitness of the

environment”) uwoda. amiT igi miuTiTebs samyaros teleo-

logiur xasiaTze. yovel SemTxvevaSi imaze, rom samyaros

wyoba mimarTulia ara adamianis winaaRmdeg, aramed mis

sasargeblod.

Tu ufro gabedul daskvnebs gavakeTebT, maSin SeiZ-

leba vTqvaT, rom kosmologiuri dizaini adamianis gareSe

ar moiazreba. marTalia, mis Semoqmeds uzenaesi arsi _

RmerTi_ warmoadgens, magram dizainis mizani adamiania.

SeuZlebelia, rom kosmologiuri dizaini umizno, Sem-

TxveviTi, bavSvuri TamaSi iyos. am ideas anTropocen-

trizmamde mivyavarT, romelzec qvemoT gveqneba saubari.

klasikur azrovnebaSi anTropocentrizmis idea geo-

centrul sistemasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. kopernikma am

sistemis uaryofasTan erTad adamianic gandevna samyaros

centridan. magram uaxlesma kosmologiurma Teoriebma

bevri gamoCenili mecnieri im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom Tu-

ki samyaro Tundac odnav sxvagvarad iyos dizainirebuli,

e. i. Tuki igi Tundac odnav gansxvavebuli iyos, maSin

masSi “adamiani arsebobas ver SeZlebda... am principis mi-

xedviT, sicocxlis momcemi faqtori samyaros mTeli or-

ganizaciisa da dizainis centrSi Zevs.”1 ase axasiaTebs

1 citirebulia wignidan: J. D. Barrow, F. J. Tipler, The anthropic cosmological

principle, p. VII.

248

kosmologiur-anTropul princips erT-erTi didi fiziko-

si jon uileri (John D. Wheeler).

aqedan j. uileri ufro radikalur daskvnebs ake-

Tebs: “ara mxolod adamiania samyarosTan Seguebuli

(adapted), aramed samyaroc aris adamianTan Seguebuli.” ama-

Si mdgomareobs, misi azriT, “anTropuli principis cen-

traluri azri”, romlis Tanaxmad, “sicocxlis momcemi (a

life giving) faqtori mTeli samyaros organizaciisa

(machinery) da dizainis centrSi Zevs.”1

kosmologiur-anTropul princips gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba miaqcia astronomma brandon karterma (1974).

amis Semdeg erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaves ramdenime kosmo-

logiur-anTropuli principi. maTgan mTavaria am princi-

pis ori varianti; susti (weak) da Zlieri (strong). pirveli

maTgani upiratesobas im fizikursa da kosmologiur si-

dideebs akuTvnebs, romlebzec SesaZlebelia sicocxle.

sicocxle aZlevs sazriss (Rirebulebas) fizikursa da

kosmologiur sidideebs. susti anTropuli principi didi

afeTqebis Teoriidan amodis, romlis mixedviT, varskvla-

vebis pirveli formebi Camoyalibebis procesSi ukve Sei-

cavs wyalbads _ adamianis organizmis erT-erT ZiriTad

Semadgenel elements. es ki niSnavs, rom sicocxlisaTvis

aucilebeli pirobebi samyaros qmnadobis procesSi imTa-

viTve isaxeba; maSasadame, sicocxle samyarosaTvis ar

aris SemTxveviTi, aramed igi sruliad kanonzomieria.

susti anTropuli principi mxolod im samyaros upi-

ratesobas amtkicebs, romelic sicocxlis SesaZleblobas

Seicavs. Zlier anTropul princips ki ufro zogadi xasi-

aTi aqvs. igi kategoriulad moiTxovs, rom samyaros unda

(must) hqondes adamianis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli piro-

bebi; “samyaros is Tvisebebi unda hqondes, romelic nebas

aZlevs sicocxles masSi ganviTardes misi istoriis gar-

kveul etapze” (“The universe must have those properties, which allow

1 iqve.

249

life to develop within it at some stage in its history”).1 swored amitom

ewodeba am princips “Zlieri”.

Zlier anTropul princips faqtobrivad anTropocen-

truli Sinaarsi aqvs. igi, cxadia, Tvlis, rom samyaro ar-

sebobda adamianamde, magram igi adamianis Sesaqmnelad im-

TaviTve “emzadeboda”.

garda susti da Zlieri anTropuli principebisa, ar-

sebobs, magaliTad, finaluri anTropuli principic, ro-

melic adamians kidev ufro akavSirebs samyarosTan. j. ui-

lerma SeimuSava “nawilobrivi anTropuli principi”

(“participatory anthropic principle”), romelic amtkicebs, rom “dam-

kvirveblebi aucilebelia samyaros arsebobisaTvis”

(observers are necessary to bring the universe into being”). es principi,

albaT, ise unda gavigoT, rogorc laparakoben pozitivis-

tebi samyaros arsebobis Sesaxeb. samyaros cnebaSi dak-

virvebaSi mocemuli realoba igulisxmeba da, cxadia, mis

arsebobas dakvirveba aZlevs sazriss.

kosmologiur-anTropul principebs, romlebic sabu-

nebismetyvelo gamokvlevebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda, an-

Tropocentrizmis ideasTan uSualo kavSiri aqvs. arse-

bobs anTropocentrizmis ori varianti: religiuri da

kosmologiuri. pirvelis Sesaxeb zemoT religiur krea-

cionizmTan dakavSirebiT gvqonda msjeloba; amJamad ki

mis meore variants _ kosmologiuri anTropocentrizmis

ideas ganvixilavT.

$$$$71. kos71. kos71. kos71. kosmomomomolololologgggiiiiurururur----ananananTroTroTroTropupupupuli teli teli teli teleleleleoooolololologia. gia. gia. gia.

ananananTroTroTroTropopopopocencencencentriztriztriztrizmimimimi

kosmologiuri dizainisa da dizaineris ideas, ra-

zec zemoT gvqonda laparaki, teleologiamde mivyavarT.

nebismieri dizaini teleologiuria. dizainers yovelTvis

raRac mizani amoZravebs. sxvagvarad misi saqmianoba uaz-

1 citirebulia wignidan: J. D. Barrow, F. J. Tipler, The anthropic cosmological

principle, p. 21

250

ro iqneboda. es, miT umetes, iTqmis kosmologiuri dizai-

nisa da dizaineris Sesaxeb. kosmologiur-anTropulma

principma gviCvena, rom samyaro isea mowyobili, rom ada-

mianis sicocxle SesaZlebeli iyos. am ideas ki anTropo-

centrizmamde mivyavarT, romelic amtkicebs, rom samyaro

arsebobs adamianisaTvis anu samyaros centrSi adamiania.

zemoT vnaxeT, rom iudaur-qristianuli religia mtkiced

dgas am Tvalsazrisze. religiuri kreacionizmi swored

anTropocentrizmis dacvasa da dasabuTebas emsaxureba.

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT onononontotototolololologigigigiuuuuriririri da

gnognognognoseseseseoooolololologigigigiuuuuri anri anri anri anTroTroTroTropopopopocencencencentriztriztriztrizmimimimi. pirveli amtkicebs,

rom adamiani samyaros centrSi dgas, igi arsebulTagan

yvelaze Rirebulia da amitom yvelaferi mas emsaxureba.

samyaros Seqmnis (kreaciis) mizans adamiani warmoadgens.

es Sexeduleba TiTqos Zalian gulubryviloa, magram mas

sinamdvileSi sakmaod Zlieri argumentebi aqvs, rac TiT-

qmis yvela drois didi moazrovnis msjelobis sagania.

gnoseologiur anTropocentrizms ki saqme aqvs Teo-

riul subieqtTan da amtkicebs, rom samyaros Sesaxeb

msjeloba mxolod da mxolod misi mocemulobis mixed-

viT SeiZleba. samyaro iseTia, rogoric SegrZnebebSi gveZ-

leva; am gagebiT Semmecnebeli subieqti samyaros centrSi

dgas, vinaidan samyaro, romelic mas eZleva, misi Seqmni-

lia. sxva samyaro misTvis arc arsebobs. am tipis anTro-

pocentrizms SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT yvela subieqtivistu-

ri koncefcia protagoradan dawyebuli, romelic amtki-

cebda, rom yvelafris sazomi aris adamiani, berklisa da

Tundac neopozitivizmis CaTvliT, romlisTvisac obieq-

turi, adamianisagan damoukidebeli realobis Sesaxeb

msjeloba miuRebelia.

magram amJamad CvenTvis mTavaria ontologiuri an-

Tropocentrizmi, romelic samyaros centrSi adamians

aTavsebs. zogierTi moazrovne Tvlis, rom anTropocen-

trizmis ideis sabunebismetyvelo safuZvels geocentru-

li sistema warmoadgenda, romelic dedamiwas, adamianTan

erTad, samyaros centrSi moiazrebda. kopernikma uaryo

geocentrizmi da amiT TiTqos adamianic gandevna samya-

251

ros centridan. magram isic faqtia, rom TviTon koperni-

kic anTropocentristul msoflmxedvelobas iziarebda.

es niSnavs, rom geocentrizmidan heliocentrizmze gadas-

vla, misi azriT, anTropocentrizmis ideas ar xelyofs.

antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebSi anTropocentrizms

icavdnen sokrate, diogene kreteli, galenosi, rojer be-

koni, Toma akvineli, albert didi da sxv. es idea axal

droSic mZlavrobda ara marto filosofiaSi, aramed bu-

nebismetyvelebaSic. robert boili bunebis kanonzomiere-

bas, “RvTiuri daxelovnebis ucnaursa da SesaniSnav nimu-

Sad, efeqtad” Tvlida. mas miaCnda, rom samyaros arsebo-

bis mTavari daniSnuleba adamianis samsaxuria. kepleri

mtkiced idga anTropocentrizmis poziciebze da amtki-

cebda, rom “yvela nivTi Seqmnilia adamianisaTvis.” ana-

logiurad msjelobda niutonic, romelic Teologiuri

dizainisa da teleologiis ideebs icavda. aseve fiqrobda

volteric, romelic samyarosac da adamiansac RvTaebrivi

Semoqmedebis produqtad Tvlida da a. S.

magram anTropocentrizmis ideas bevri oponentic

hyavda. sakvirvelia, magram faqtia, rom jer kidev Teof-

raste _ aristoteles mowafe _ eWvis TvaliT uyurebda

anTropocentrizmis ideas. daaxloebiT aseve iTqmis ave-

roesisa da maimonidis Sesaxeb. es ukanaskneli aRniSnavda,

rom yvela cxoveli da mcenare rodia adamianisaTvis Seq-

mnili; magaliTad, veluri cxovelebi adamians ki ar emsa-

xurebian, aramed, piriqiT, zians ayeneben. daaxloebiT ase-

ve fiqrobda dekartic, romelic arc teleologias uar-

yofda da arc kosmologiur dizainsa da dizainerze am-

bobs uars. igi, erTi mxriv, amtkicebs, rom “RmerTma yve-

laferi CvenTvis Seqmna”, magram, meore mxriv, saeWvod mi-

aCnia, rom “yvelaferi CvenTvis iyos Seqmnili da rom

RmerTs samyaros Seqmnisas sxva miznebi ar hqondes.” arse-

bobs da arsebobda bevri ram, rasac adamianisaTvis “ara-

viTari sargebloba ar moutania.” dekarti amtkicebs, rom

252

adamians ar SeuZlia im miznebis Semecneba, risTvisac

RmerTma samyaro Seqmna.1

dekartis argumenti anTropocentrizmis winaaRmdeg

sakmaod sustia. cxadia, bunebaSi bevri ram arsebobs ise-

Ti, rasac adamianisaTvis sargebloba ar moutania, adami-

ans ar gamouyenebia; magram SeeZlo Tu ara adamians am

nivTebiT sargebloba saWiro SemTxvevaSi? qva, romelic

sadRac Zevs, arasodes ar gvinaxavs, miT umetes, ar gamog-

viyenebia, imis SesaZleblobas Seicavs, rom saWiro Sem-

TxvevaSi mxecis Tavdasxma movigerioT, e. i. sasargeblo

da saWiro aRmoCndes. amrigad, dekartis argumenti anTro-

pocentrizms ver uaryofs.

spinoza anTropocentrizmisa da, saerTod, teleo-

logiis winaaRmdeg logikur arguments gamoTqvams. “es

moZRvreba _ wers igi _ ugulebelyofs RmerTis srul-

qmnilobas, vinaidan Tu RmerTi qmnis raimes miznisaTvis,

maSin is imisken iltvis, rac mas ara aqvs.”2 es niSnavs,

rom TiTqos teleologia RmerTis srulqmnilobis wina-

aRmdeg aris mimarTuli, vinaidan mizandasaxuloba imas

niSnavs, rom raRac aklia imas, vinc mizans isaxavs. Cven

vfiqrobT, rom es logikuri argumenti logikur Secdo-

mas Seicavs. teleologia da anTropocentrizmi imas ki

ar amtkicebs, rom samyaro da adamiani, romelTac RmerTi

miznobrivad qmnis, TviTon RmerTs sWirdeba, aramed imas,

rom samyaro sWirdeba adamians da ara RmerTs; RmerTi

samyaros qmnis ara TavisTvis, aramed adamianisTvis. maSa-

sadame, samyaros miznobrivi qmnadoba RmerTis srulqmni-

lobas rodi uaryofs. spinoza am SemTxvevaSi msjelobs

adamianis _ sasruli arsebis _ poziciebidan: roca adami-

ani raimes cnobierad qmnis, maSin misi qceva uTuod miz-

nobrivia (TviTon iZulebis SemTxvevaSic ki). adamiani te-

leologiuri arsebaa. mizani, riskenac igi iltvis, mas ak-

lia, sWirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi miznobrioba marTlac miz-

nis matareblis (adamianis) arasrulqmnilobas, mis sasru-

1 Р. Декарт, Избранные произведения, М., 1950, стр. 506-507. 2 Б. Спиноза, Избранные произведения, т. I, 1957, стр. 397.

253

lobas amtkicebs; magram usasrulo arsebis _ RmerTis _

mimarT es argumenti ar gamodgeba. religiuri kreacio-

nizmi teleologiuri aqtia; misi mizania adamianisaTvis

dizainirebuli samyaros Seqmna. magram RvTaebrivi mizani

adamianuri miznebisagan principulad gansxvavebulia; ami-

tom RvTaebrivi kreacia, Semoqmedeba Semoqmedis arasrul-

qmnadobas rodi amtkicebs.

davuSvaT, rom mcdaria anTropocentrizmis idea; sam-

yaro ki ar aris mowyobili adamianisaTvis, aramed adamia-

ni xangrZlivi evoluciis procesSi Seegua, “moergo” sam-

yaros. ase Ffiqroben materialistebi darvinis evoluciu-

ri Teoriis safuZvelze. magram aseTi daSveba logikurad

gaumarTlebelia. Seguebas garkveuli sazRvrebi aqvs, rom-

lis miRma igi SeuZlebeli xdeba. organizmi mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi Seegueba garemos, Tu es ukanasknelic mzad

aris, rom igi Seiguos. davuSvaT, rom ar arsebobs wyali,

atmosfero, mcenareebi, cxovelebi da a. S. aris ori an me-

ti an arc erTi mze, aseT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqnebo-

da cocxali arsebis garemosTan Segueba, sicocxlis ar-

seboba dedamiwaze. amrigad, Seguebis (adaptaciis) Teoria

am SemTxvevaSi ar gamogvadgeba. cxadia, adamianic egueba

garemos, magram es Segueba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom Tvi-

Ton garemoc ar iyos mzad SeguebisaTvis. anTropocen-

trizmisa da teleologizmis idea, kerZod, kosmologiur-

anTropuli principebi mets arafers ar amtkicebs.

254

TaTaTaTavi mevi mevi mevi mexuxuxuxuTeTeTeTe

sosososociciciciaaaalulululuri teri teri teri teleleleleoooolololologiagiagiagia

$$$$72. in72. in72. in72. indidididivivivividudududuaaaalulululuri da sori da sori da sori da sociciciciaaaalulululuri mizri mizri mizri miznobnobnobnobririririoooobabababa

zemoT vnaxeT, rom adamianis nebelobiTi qceva yo-

velTvis miznobrivia, teleologiuria. mxolod araTavi-

sufali, iZulebiTi qceva, ramdenadac igi mkacrad deter-

minirebulia, ar aris teleologiuri. magram adamianis

qceva arasodes ar aris absoluturad determinirebuli;

aseTi mxolod manqana SeiZleba iyos. adamianad yofna

imas niSnavs, rom igi Tundac mcire dozis Tavisuflebas

flobs. adamiani ar arsebobs nebelobis gareSe, nebeloba

ki yovelTvis Tavisuflebis matarebelia. amdenad adamia-

nis erT-erT fundamentur niSans miznobrioba warmoad-

gens.

adamianTa sazogadoeba calkeuli pirovnebebisagan

Sedgeba, Tumca igi ar aris adamianTa mxolod erToblio-

ba, aramed specifikuri niSnebiT xasiaTdeba. miuxedavad

amisa, calkeul adamianTa iseTi fundamenturi Tavisebu-

rebani, rogoricaa miznobrioba, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi

Taviseburad aisaxeba. sazogadoebasac aqvs miznebi, maSa-

sadame, teleologiuria. magram socialuri teleologia

individualurisagan gansxvavebulia. individs upiratesad

sakuTari, piradi miznebi aqvs, socialuri miznobrioba ki

adamianTa didi an mcire jgufis miznobriobaa. rasakvir-

velia, SesaZlebelia individualuri da socialuri mizne-

bi erTmaneTs emTxveodes Tundac nawilobriv, magram arc

isaa gamoricxuli, rom maTi miznebi ara mxolod gansxva-

vebuli, aramed dapirispirebulic ki iyos. aseTia, magali-

Tad yoveli socialuri danaSauli, romelic mimarTulia

sazogadoebis saerTo interesebis winaaRmdeg. xdeba piri-

qiTac, roca saxelmwifoSi arsebuli antidemokratiuli

da despoturi wyobis miznebi calkeul adamianTa an mTe-

li sazogdoebis miznebs upirispirdeba. arc erT SemTxve-

vaSi saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba iyos Zlieri. “saxelmwifo

255

mxolod im SemTxvevaSia keTilgamarTuli da Tavis TavSi

Zlieri _ wers hegeli _ Tu mis interesebTan Serwymulia

moqalaqeTa kerZo interesebi.”1

cxadia, individebisa da sazogadoebis yvela intere-

sebisa da miznebis Tanxvdena praqtikulad gamoricxulia,

raki individebs ufro xSirad privatuli, yoveldRiuri

miznebi aqvT (bazarSi wasvla, megobris naxva, wignis wa-

kiTxva da sxv.), magram am privatuli miznebis gverdiT

xSirad adamianebs iseTi miznebic aqvT, romelic maT er-

Tian sazogadoebad ayalibebs da rac sazogadoebis, ro-

gorc damoukidebeli erTeulis, arsebobas uzrunvel-

yofs. aseTia, magaliTad, mSvidoba, materialuri keTil-

dReoba, Tavisufleba da sxv. es iseTi miznebia, romlebic,

mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda, individebisa da sazoga-

doebis interesebs unda emTxvevodes da xelisufleba

axorcielebdes. saxelmwifos Zlierebis safuZvels swo-

red am miznebisa da interesebis Tanxvdena warmoadgens;

sadac es ar aris, iq saxelmwifos Zliereba moCvenebiTia,

efemerulia.

magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom TiTqos adamianebi sa-

zogadoebas miznobrivad qmnian. cxadia, ama Tu im adamian-

Ta jgufebis (mweralTa, kompozitorTa, JurnalistTa da

a. S.) kavSirebi xelovnurad, cnobierad, Segnebulad iqmne-

ba garkveuli miznis misaRwevad, magram aseve ar SeiZleba

iTqvas adamianTa globalur sazogadoebaze, romelic

aracnobierad yalibdeba calkeuli adamianebis moTxovni-

lebebisa da miznebis safuZvelze. swored amitom ara mxo-

lod individis, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis qcevac miz-

nobrivia, teleologiuria; omi, mSvidoba, ekonomikuri Tu

socialuri procesebi yovelTvis mizandasaxulia. saxel-

mwifos miznebi SeiZleba individebis an, Tundac, mTeli

sazogadoebis miznebs emTxvevodes an, piriqiT, upirispir-

debodes, magram sazogadoeba aramiznobrivi ki ar SeiZle-

ba iyos. teleologiuroba ara mxolod calkeuli adamia-

1 hegelihegelihegelihegeli, istoriis filosofia, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 15.

256

nis, aramed agreTve adamianTa sazogadoebis erT-erTi

fundamenturi niSania.

257

$$$$73. sa73. sa73. sa73. sazozozozogagagagadodododoeeeebis struqbis struqbis struqbis struqtutututururururuli eleli eleli eleli elemenmenmenmentetetetebi bi bi bi

da mada mada mada maTi mizTi mizTi mizTi miznenenenebibibibi

Tu sazogadoebas empiriuli poziciebidan ganvixi-

lavT, SevamCnevT sam struqturul elements: masas, brbosa

da pirovnebas, romelTa erTobliobas xalxs uwodeben.

masa aris adamianTa jgufi, romelsac dakarguli aqvs in-

dividualoba; misi TiToeuli wevri gaTqvefilia mis

msgavs sxva adamianebSi. masa saSualo adamianTa erTobli-

obaa, romelsac upiratesad sakuTari, privatuli miznebi

amoZravebs, yoveldRiurobiT cxovrobs, xolo yvela da-

narCens uyurebs rogorc misi miznebis ganxorcielebis

saSualebas. Ootega i gasetma xazi gausva masebis gansa-

kuTrebiT aqtiurobas Tanamedrove epoqaSi, romelsac man

“masebis amboxi” uwoda. es “amboxi” gamoixateba masebis

dauokebel ltolvaSi civilizaciis monapovrebis dauf-

lebisaken. isini arc politikur moRvaweobaze amboben

uars; zogjer parlamentSic sxedan da ministrebis savar-

Zelic uWiravT, romelTac sakuTari miznebis gansaxorci-

eleblad iyeneben, xolo sakacobrio idealebi maTTvis

ucxoa. maTi moRvaweobisagan sazogadoeba mxolod wage-

bas naxulobs. isini civilizaciis mxolod momxmareble-

bia da ara Semqmnelebi. miuxedavad amisa, masebi ar arian

politikuri meamboxeni; isini TavianTi cxovrebiT cxov-

roben da arsebuli wyobileba kidec awyobT. saSualo

adamiani imitom aris saSualo, rom eqstremizmi misTvis

ucxoa, sazogadoebriv qaossa da areulobas “oqros Sua-

gulSi” yofnas amjobineben.

sul sxvaa brbo; isini meamboxe, ukritiko da ganus-

jelad mebrZoli adamianiebis grovaa. maTi erTaderTi mi-

zani is aris, rasac maTi “sulieri moZRvari” sTavazobs,

romelsac isini uyureben rogorc mesias, absoluturi

WeSmaritebisa da simarTlis mqadagebels. isini gamoirCe-

vian emociebiT, taSs ukraven, stvenen, yvirian. maT ara

aqvT sakuTari azri, aramed maTi azri “beladidan” momdi-

nareobs, romelsac isini usityvod endobian. maTTan kama-

Ti SeuZlebelia. es aris egzaltirebuli adamianebis

258

grova. bunebrivia, rom brbos ar SeuZlia saxelmwifos

marTva, vinaidan mas sazogadoebrivi miznebi da sakuTari

cnobiereba ar gaaCnia. Tu SemTxveviT xelmZRvanel pos-

tze moxvda, kargs arafers moitans da didxans ver gaZ-

lebs.

sul sxvaa pirovneba; mas aqvs cnobierebac da TviT-

cnobierebac, TviTkritikis unari, sakuTari azri, avtori-

tetebisadmi daumorCileblobis Cvevac, ris gamoc iolad

ar eqceva sxvisi gavlenis qveS. pirovneba SeiZleba cxov-

robdes sazogadoebaSi, rogorc misi erT-erTi wevri, up-

retenzio da Zalauflebas moklebuli, da an iyos Zala-

uflebis mpyrobeli, didi politikuri an samxedro moRva-

we, romelsac mindobili aqvs xalxTa bedi. aseT pirovne-

bas ara aqvs an TiTqmis ara aqvs sakuTari miznebi, aramed

sazogadoebrivi, zepirovnuli interesebi, rac mas pirov-

nebad xdis da rasac SeuZlia sakuTari sicocxlec ki Se-

wiros. swored amitom aris igi didi istoriuli pirovne-

ba. isini epoqebs qmnian; ostaturad iyeneben masebsa da

brbos TavianTi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad; xalxi io-

lad eqceva maTi gavlenis qveS; ubralo adamianebi mxo-

lod gvian xvdebian TavianT Secdomas.

didi istoriuli pirovnebis saqmianobis Semfasebels

istoria warmoadgens. momavali Taobebi gaarkveven, Tu

ramdenad swori iyo is miznebi da am miznebis ganxorcie-

lebis saSualebani, romelTac es pirovneba iyenebda. Tum-

ca istoria ufro xSirad iwonebs, vidre kicxavs maT saq-

mianobas. amis magaliTebia aleqsandre makedonelis, iu-

lius keisaris, napoleonis, stalinisa da hitleris moR-

vaweoba, romelTa sisxlian istorias mematianeebi ara Tu

kritikulad ganixilaven, aramed zogjer xotbasac ki as-

xamen.

amrigad, Tu sazogadoebis istorias CavukvirdebiT,

yvelgan miznobriv moqmedebas, miznebis ganxorcielebasa

da ngrevas vxvdebiT. adamiani miznobrivi arsebaa, istoria

ki adamianebis istorias warmoadgens. sazogadoebis isto-

ria Tavisi bunebiT teleologiuria.

259

$$$$74. Ta74. Ta74. Ta74. Tavivivivisufsufsufsufleleleleba, auba, auba, auba, aucicicicilebleblebleblolololoba da mizba da mizba da mizba da miznobnobnobnobririririoooobbbbaaaa

didixania cnobilia, rom adamianis erT-erT aucile-

belsa da specifikur niSans Tavisufleba warmoadgens. he-

geli ambobda, rom “adamiani Tavisufalia rogorc adamia-

ni.”1 Tumca, hegeli imasac aRniSnavda, rom adamians Segne-

buli ara aqvs misi Tavisufleba; TviT platonsa da aris-

totelesac ki azrad ar mosvliaT, rom “Tavisufalia

adamiani rogorc aseTi.”2 miuxedavad amisa, Zveli romae-

lebi adamianis ZiriTad niSnad Tavisuflebas miiCnevdnen,

swored amitom isini monebs adamianebad ar Tvlidnen, vi-

naidan mona ar iyo Tavisufali.

magram Tavisufleba usazRvro rodia; adamianis Ta-

visuflebas garkveul CarCoebSi aqcevs sxvadasxva buneb-

rivi, socialuri, ekonomikuri, erovnuli da politikuri

faqtorebi. swored amitom adamianis Tavisuflebis Sesa-

xeb laparaki mxolod garkveuli pirobiT SeiZleba. Tavi-

sufleba da aucilebloba adamianSi erTmaneTs Serwymu-

lia anu, rogorc fizikosebi ityvian, urTierTdamatebiT-

nia.

rodesac adamianis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb msjeloben,

maSin, uwinares yovlisa, mxedvelobaSi aqvT nebelobis

Tavisufleba. nebeloba arc mTlianad Tavisufalia da

arc mTlianad determinirebuli. aqac Tavisufleba da au-

cilebloba urTierTTavsebadia. adamianis Tavisuflebac

da determinirebac yvelaze srulad nebelobaSi gamov-

lindeba. adamianis Tavisuflebas SezRudva misi qcevis

Tavisufali arCevanis SezRudvas niSnavs. nebelobis arse-

boba TviTon aris Tavisufleba. nebelobas ki yvela Sem-

TxvevaSi teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. nebelobiTi aqtebi

yovelTvis miznobrivia, mis motivs mizani warmoadgens,

romelic jerarsulia, jer ar arsebobs, magram mniSvne-

lobs rogorc mizandasaxuloba.

1 hegelihegelihegelihegeli, istoriis filosofia, gv. 11 2 iqve.

260

igive mdgomareobaa socialur sferoSi; nebeloba

iseve rogorc miznobrioba, ara mxolod calkeuli adami-

anis niSan-Tvisebaa, aramed agreTve mTeli sazogadoebisa.

Tu sazogadoeba raimesken iltvis, maSin ltolvis sagani

misi mizania, da, piriqiT, Tu sazogadoebas raime “nebavs”,

maSin is misken, rogorc miznisken iltvis. ltolvis, mis-

wrafebis sagnad yofna miznis ZiriTadi niSania.

nebeloba azrovnebis gareSe ar arsebobs; nebismieri

qceva azrovnebis safuZvelze sruldeba, cnobieri aqtia.

es imasac niSnavs, rom miznobrioba cnobierebis gareSe

ar aris. aracnobieri ltolva ar aris mizani. mcenarec

iltvis mzisken, tenisaken, magram mcenaris miznebze lapa-

raki SeuZlebelia. mizans isaxavs adamiani an adamianTa

sazogadoeba da, maSasadame, misi qceva yovelTvis teleo-

logiuria.

hegeli amtkicebda, rom “samyaros marTavs goneba da

aseve istoriac aqamde mis mier yofila marTuli... yvela

danarCeni mas emsaxureba da misi saSualebaa.”1 marTva miz-

miznis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Tu goneba marTavs istorias,

maSin igi mas miznis mixedviT marTavs. es ki imas niSnavs,

rom marTuli istoriuli procesebi teleologiuri xasi-

aTisaa.

magram istoriaSi iseTi movlenebi, zogjer epoqebic,

warmoCndeba, romlebic aravis miznad ar dausaxavs da

arc gaucnobierebia. monas, romelic piradi Tavisuflebi-

saTvis ibrZoda, sruliadac ar hqonda gacnobierebuli,

rom amiT Zirs uTxrida monaTmflobelobas. ymaglexi, ro-

melic mebatones gamoeqca da qalaqSi dasaxlda, vaWroba-

xelosnobas mihyo xeli. sruliadac ar fiqrobda imaze,

rom amiT feodalizmis ngrevasa da kapitalisturi wyobi-

lebis Camoyalibebas, urbanizaciis procesis daCqarebas

uwyobda xels. istoriaSi individualuri da privatuli

faqtebi xSirad droTa ganmavlobaSi globalur proce-

sebs warmoSobs. es istoriuli aucileblobaa, romelic

1 hegelihegelihegelihegeli, istoriis filosofia, gv. 16.

261

adamianis gonebis mizandasaxuli qmedebis gareSe srul-

deba.

k. poperi uaryofs istoriul aucileblobas da, Se-

sabamisad, istoriuli movlenebis prognozirebis SesaZ-

leblobas.1 Tu popers am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi aqvs

absoluturi aucilebloba an aseve absoluturad zusti

prognozireba, maSin igi uTuod marTalia. magram xom

cnobilia, rom aseTi ram ar arsebobs? rac Seexeba rela-

tiur aucileblobasa da prognozirebas, misi uaryofa

aravis ar SeuZlia da es verc k. poperma SeZlo. Tuki is-

toriuli aucilebloba saerTod ar arsebobdes da, Sesa-

bamisad, momavlis prognozirebis SesaZlebloba saerTod

gamoricxuli iyos, maSin istoria SemTxveviTi, erTmaneT-

Tan daukavSirebeli istoriuli faqtebis grova iqneboda,

xolo momavali burusiT iqneboda faruli. aseT viTare-

baSi ki istoriuli mecnierebis arsebobaze laparaki Se-

uZlebelia. ai, ra absurdul Sedegebamde mivyavarT isto-

riuli aucileblobis mTlianad gamoricxvas.


1111.... sersersersergi avagi avagi avagi avalilililiaaaanininini, teleologia, Tb., 2003

1 karl poperikarl poperikarl poperikarl poperi, istoricizmis siRatake.

262

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l i m el i m el i m el i m e x ux ux ux u T eT eT eT e

S eS eS eS e m e cm e cm e cm e c n en en en e b i s T eb i s T eb i s T eb i s T e oooo r ir ir ir i i s Z ii s Z ii s Z ii s Z i r er er er e uuuu l i l i l i l i

p r o bp r o bp r o bp r o b l el el el e m em em em e b ib ib ib i

SeSeSeSesasasasavavavavalililili

$$$$75. Te75. Te75. Te75. Teooooririririuuuuli goli goli goli gonenenenebis struqbis struqbis struqbis struqtutututurararara

Teoriuli goneba sami ZiriTadi sferosagan Sedgeba:

SeSeSeSemecmecmecmecneneneneba, codba, codba, codba, codnnnna zoa zoa zoa zogagagagadaddaddaddad da mecmecmecmecninininieeeerurururuli codli codli codli codnananana. amis Se-

sabamisad erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT sami Teoriul-

filosofiuri disciplina: SeSeSeSemecmecmecmecnenenenebis Tebis Tebis Tebis Teooooriariariaria, gnognognognoseseseseoooololololo----

giagiagiagia anu codnis Teoria da episepisepisepistetetetemomomomolololologiagiagiagia anu mecnieruli

codnis Teoria. Cvens axlandel mizans am sami filoso-

fiuri mecnierebis sferoebs gamijvna warmoadgens.

filosofiur literaturaSi xSirad es sami mecnie-

reba _ Semecnebis Teoria, gnoseologia da epistemolo-

gia _ erTi da igive mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. gansakuTre-

biT Tanamedrove inglisurenovan filosofiur mwerloba-

Si “gnoseologia” Zalian iSviaTad, TiTqmis aRarc

gvxvdeba, xolo Semecnebis Teoria epistemologiasTan

aris gaigivebuli. terminebis aseTi aRreva azrobriv Sec-

domebs iwvevs, vinaidan am sami filosofiuri mecnierebi-

dan TiToeuls Tavisi sagani aqvs da specifikuri niSnebi-

Tac erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba. klasikur filosofiaSi

es mecnierebani sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo da maT erTma-

neTSi aravin ar urevda, Tanamedrove filosofosebis mi-

er ki es tradicia ratomRac daviwyebul iqna.

daviwyoT iqidan, rom Semecnebis Teoriis sagans Se-

mecnebis procesis kanonzomiereba warmoadgens. igi swav-

lobs imas, Tu rogor imecnebs adamiani sinamdviles, ra

meTodebi da saSualebebi gaaCnia mas amisaTvis. Semecnebis

process arc erTi sxva mecniereba ar swavlobs, garda

Semecnebis Teoriisa. amdenad igi sruliad suverenul fi-

losofiur disciplinas warmoadgens.

263

Semecnebis Sedegad codna yalibdeba; codnas ki sa-

kuTari kanonzomiereba aqvs; igi aris WeSmariti an araWeS-

mariti, obieqturi an subieqturi, winamecnieruli, mecnie-

ruli an filosofiuri da a. S. am sakiTxebs Semecnebis

Teoria ar Seiswavlis. misi Semswavleli filosofiuri

mecniereba aris gnoseologia (gnosis-codna). es filosofi-

uri mecniereba iwyeba iq, sadac Semecnebis Teoria mTav-

rdeba, vinaidan codna Semecnebis Sedegs warmoadgens. Se-

mecnebis Teorias ar SeuZlia codnis kanonzomierebis

kvleva, vinaidan mas codna jer kidev ar SeumuSavebia.

Tundac amitom am ori mecnierebis erTmaneTSi aRreva, ma-

Ti gaigiveba ar SeiZleba.

zemoT vTqviT, rom codna sxvadasxvanairia: winamec-

nieruli, mecnieruli da filosofiuri. gnoseologia ne-

bismieri codnis kanonzomierebas ikvlevs. winamecnieruli

codna mas iseve ainteresebs, rogorc yvela danarCeni,

Tumca codnis es forma upiratesad warmodgenebisagan da

ara cnebebisagan Sedgeba. es niSnavs, rom gnoseologia

zogadi mecnierebaa da amiTac igi codnis sxva formebisa-

gan principulad gansxvavdeba.

sul sxva _ specifikuri _ kanonzomiereba aqvs mec-

nierul codnas; mis mTavar niSansa da mizans apodiqtu-

roba warmoadgens. mecnierul codnas aucilebloba da

sayovelTaoba unda axasiaTebdes, rac gnoseologias ar

moeTxoveba, vinaidan igi, garda mecnierulisa, winamecnie-

rul codnasac ikvlevs. marTalia, absoluturi apodiqtu-

robis anu absoluturi WeSmaritebis wvdomis SesaZleb-

loba praqtikulad gamoricxulia, magram mis mizans, misi

ltolvis sagans es warmoadgens. amgvar codnas Zveli

berZnebi (magaliTad, platoni) “epistemes” uwodebdnen da

ganasxvavebdnen “doqsasagan”, romelsac apodiqturobis

niSani ar miewereba, SemTxveviTia anu, laibnicis sityve-

biT rom vTqvaT, “faqtis WeSmaritebaa”. aqedan warmosdga

“epistemologia” (epistemi _ codna), romelic Seiswavlis

ara codnas saerTod, aramed mxolod da mxolod mecnie-

rul codnas. es niSnavs, rom epistemologias sakuTari

264

sagani aqvs da misi aRreva gnoseologiaSi, miT umetes, mi-

si gaigiveba Semecnebis TeoriasTan SeuZlebelia.

ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom raki gnoseologia cod-

nis zogad kanonzomierebas swavlobs, igi TiTqos episte-

mologiasac moicavs, radgan codnis zogadi kanonzomie-

reba mecnierul codnasac exeba. magram swored imis gamo,

rom gnoseologia codnis zogad (da ara specifikur) ka-

nonzomierebas swavlobs, anu swavlobs codnas saerTod,

igi ar SeiZleba epistemologiasTan gavaigivoT, vinaidan

epistemologia ki emyareba gnoseologias (iseve rogorc

yoveli kerZo emyareba zogads), magram Tavisi specifiku-

ri niSnebiT misgan gansxvavebulia. swored mecnieruli

codnis es specifika aris epistemologiis sagani. es debu-

leba kidev ufro cxadi gaxdeba am wignis bolo nawilSi,

sadac epistemologiaze vrclad vimsjelebT.

amrigad, Semecnebis Teoria, gnoseologia da epistem-

ologia erTmaneTisagan principulad gansxvavebuli fi-

losofiuri disciplinebia da maTi erTmaneTSi aRreva ar

SeiZleba.

265


dakdakdakdakvvvviriririrvevevevebabababadodododobis probbis probbis probbis problelelelemamamama

$$$$76. Se76. Se76. Se76. Semecmecmecmecnenenenebis gebis gebis gebis genenenenezizizizisis probsis probsis probsis problelelelemamamama

Semecnebis genezisis problema filosofiis mraval-

saukunovani istoriis manZilze idga da dRemde proble-

mad rCeba. jer kidev winasokratul filosofiaSi gamoiT-

qva Tvalsazrisi Semecnebis procesis grZnobadi warmomav-

lobis Sesaxeb. ufro gvian ki amis safuZvelze Camoyalib-

da empiristuli Teoria, romelic Semecnebis erTaderT

an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mTavar wyarod SegrZnebebs Tvli-

da. empirizmma klasikur filosofiaSi ganviTarebis umaR-

les wertils j. lokis filosofiaSi miaRwia, romelmac

Camoayaliba principi: “araferi ar aris gonebaSi iseTi,

rac winaswar SegrZnebebSi ar iyos mocemuli.” Cvens dro-

Si ki am empiristulma principma transformacia ganicada

da empiriuli verifikaciis (neopozitivizmi) da an misgan

odnav gansxvavebuli empiriuli falsifikaciis (k. poperi)

saxiT warmosdga, Tumca ZiriTadi empiristuli pozicia

ucvleli darCa.

imave antikur filosofiaSi Camoyalibda alternati-

uli Tvalsazrisi Semecnebis sadaveebis Sesaxeb, romel-

sac Semdgom racionalizmi ewoda. am filosofiuri mimar-

Tulebis mixedviT, Semecnebis mTavar wyaros goneba da

ara SegrZnebebi warmoadgens. antikur filosofiaSi misi

warmomadgeneli iyo platoni, Tumca demokritec raciona-

lizmis poziciebze idga. Semecneba _ codnis dabadeba _

platonis (aseve sokrates) azriT, aris im codnis mogone-

ba, romelic mas dabadebamde hqonda. SegrZnebebi ki Semec-

nebis procesSi mxolod erTgvari “biZgis” rols asru-

lebs. platoni codnis Tandayolilobis Tvalsazriss

icavda.

empirizmmac da racionalizmmac transformacia gani-

cada. racionalisti dekarti mxolod RmerTis ideis Tan-

dayolilobas amtkicebda, xolo laibnici _ Semecnebis

266

unaris (gonebis) Tandayolilobas. laibnicma lokis zemo-

aRniSnul princips “araferi ar aris gonebaSi iseTi, rac

winaswar SegrZnebebSi ar iyos mocemuli”, mxolod sami

sityva daumata: “nisi ipse intellectus” (“garda TviTon gonebi-

sa”), ramac empirizmi racionalizmiT Secvala.

empirizmica da racionalizmic calmxrivi moZRvrebe-

bi iyo; TiToeuli maTgani Semecnebis mxolod erTi wya-

ros rols azviadebda, xolo meores amcirebda. am alter-

nativis moxsna kantma scada. “mTeli Cveni Semecneba rom

cdiT iwyeba _ wers kanti _ es araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs,

magram aqedan sruliadac ar gamomdinareobs, rom igi

mTlianad cdidan warmoiSoba.”1 kanti laparakobda Semec-

nebis apriorul principebze, romelic cdiseuli ar aris.

magram apriorizmi mSvenivrad Tavsdeba racionalizmis

farglebSi da, maSasadame, empirizmisa da racionalizmis

winaaRmdegobis daZleva verc transcendentalurma filo-

sofiam SeZlo.

codnis genezisis problemis gadawyveta dakvirveba-

dobis principSi unda veZioT, romelic TavisTavad uZve-

lesi principia, Tumca Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebisa

da mecnierebis filosofiis safuZvelze axleburad war-

mosdga da mecnieruli Sinaarsi SeiZina.

$$$$77. dak77. dak77. dak77. dakvirvirvirvirvevevevebabababadodododobis prinbis prinbis prinbis princicicicipis onpis onpis onpis ontotototolololologigigigiuuuuri ri ri ri

ininininterterterterprepreprepretatatataciciciciis kriis kriis kriis krititititikakakaka

dakvirveba aris cnobierebis mimarTuloba obieqtze;

es obieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc bunebis sagnebi da mov-

lenebi, aseve adamianis Sinagani samyaros (fsiqikis, cno-

bierebis) fenomenebi. magram rodesac Semecnebis TeoriaSi

dakvirvebadobis principis Sesaxeb laparakoben, maSin

mxedvelobaSia garegani, empiriuli dakvirveba. swored

amitom dakvirvebadobis princips istoriulad empiristu-

li Sinaarsi hqonda, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi dak-

1 I. Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, A. Messer, 27

267

virvebis cnebis qveS mxolod garegan, grZnobad dakvirve-

bas gulisxmobda, romelsac igi Semecnebisa da codnis

sawyisad, mis mTavar wyarod Tvlida. bunebismecnierebis

(gansakuTrebiT kvanturi meqanikis) ganviTarebam poziti-

vistebs sababi misca, rom yuradReba gaemaxvilebiaT dak-

virvebadobis principze, Tavis aRmoCenad CaeTvalaT da

TavianTi filosofiuri ideebis safuZvlad eqciaT. Tana-

medrove pozitivistebis empiriuli verifikaciis principi

swored dakvirvebadobis tradiciuli principis reabili-

tacias warmoadgens. kerZod maT gamoavlines jer kidev

berklis filosofiaSi impliciturad arsebuli dakvirve-

badobis gageba, rogorc rererereaaaalolololobis kribis kribis kribis kriteteteteririririuuuumimimimisasasasa. berklis

filosofiis ZiriTadi principi “esse est percipi” (“arseboba

aris aRqma”) grZnobad aRqmas realobis kriteriumad acxa-

debs. berklis filosofiaSi aseve impliciturad mocemu-

lia prinprinprinprincicicicipupupupuli dakli dakli dakli dakvirvirvirvirvevevevebabababadodododobisbisbisbis cnebac, romelmac neo-

pozitivizmSi swored rom principuli mniSvneloba SeiZi-

na. “me vamtkiceb _ wers berkli _ rom magida, romelzec

me vwer, arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom me vxedav, vexebi mas.

Tuki me Cems Cabinets gareT vimyofebode, me mainc vityo-

di, rom magida arsebobs im azriT, rom Tuki Cems kabinet-

Si vyofiliyav, me SevZlebdi mis aRqmas an romelime sxva

suli namdvilad aRiqvamda mas.”1 aq, rogorc vxedavT, ber-

kli laparakobs aRqmis principul SesaZleblobaze, ra-

sac igi realobais kriteriumad Tvlis.

pozitivistebma da, gansakuTrebiT, neopozitivistebma

berklis principis esse est percipi transformireba moaxdines,

magram misTvis arsebiTad axali araferi daumatebiaT.

transformireba ZiriTadad imaSi gamoixata, rom (magali-

Tad, m. Slikma) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaves principuli da

teqnikuri (anu praqtikuli) dakvirvebadoba da daukvirve-

badoba. teqnikurad anu praqtikulad daukvirvebadi iseT

sagans an movlenas uwodebs, romelic daukvirvebadia mec-

nierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove doneze,

magram dakvirvebadi gaxdeba maSin, roca mecniereba da

1 Дж. Беркли, Трактат о началах человеческого знания, СПб. 1905. стр. 62

268

teqnika ufro ganviTardeba. magram principulad daukvir-

vebadi ki iseTs ewodeba, romelzec mecnierebisa da teqni-

kis ganviTareba gavlenas ver axdens da, maSasadame, igi

samudamod daukvirvebadi darCeba. amiT amoiwureba neopo-

zitivizmis mier Semotanili siaxle berklis subieqtivis-

tur filosofiaSi.

im koncefcias, romelic grZnobad dakvirvebas rea-

lobis kriteriumad Tvlis, Cven vuwodeT ~dakdakdakdakvirvirvirvirvevevevebabababadodododo----

bis prinbis prinbis prinbis princicicicipis onpis onpis onpis ontotototolololologigigigiuuuuri inri inri inri interterterterprepreprepretatatataciaciaciacia~ da aseTad

realobis neopozitivisturi koncefcia miviCnieT. amgvari

kvalifikacia, erTi mxriv, ucnauri Cans, vinaidan subieq-

turi idealizmis _ rogorc berklis, aseve neopozitivis-

tebis _ ontologiaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. isini xom

TavisTavadi _ subieqtisagan damoukidebeli _ realobis

Sesaxeb msjelobisagan Tavs ikaveben, Tvlian mas usazri-

sod. swored amas niSnavs empiriuli verifikaciis princi-

pi; risi empiriuli verificireba anu uSualo grZnobad

monacemebze dayvana ar SeiZleba, “masze unda vdumdeT”,

rac faqtobrivad uaryofas niSnavs. magram ramdenadac

berklic da neopozitivizmic rererereaaaalolololobisbisbisbis sazrisis krite-

riumze msjelobs, amdenad SesaZlebelia maTi filosofi-

is ontologiur aspeqtze laparaki. berklisaTvis, iseve

rogorc neopozitivistebisaTvis, amgvari araTanamimdev-

roba da Sinagani winaaRmdegobani xom ucxo ar aris!

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom neopozitivizmi arc amtki-

cebs da arc uaryofs realobas, igi am sakiTxs TiTqos

saerTod ar exeba, ris gamoc mis ontologiaze laparaki

ar SeiZleba. erTi SexedviT es marTlac ase Cans. magram

neopozitivistebi xom imas amtkiceben, rom raimes arsebo-

baze msjeloba mxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tu igi grZnobad

dakvirvebaSi gveZleva an Tu principulad SeiZleba gveZ-

leodes? Tu es SeuZlebelia, maSin misi arsebobis Sesaxeb

verafers ver vityviT. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara grZno-

badi dakvirvebis CaTvla arseboba-ararsebobis anu rea-

lobis kriteriumad. am koncefcias ki sxvas verafers vu-

wodebT, garda dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri

interpretaciisa. vimeorebT, rom amaSi vlindeba poziti-

269

visturi filosofiis Sinagani winaaRmdegoba, misi pozi-

ciuri araTanamimdevroba.

dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri interpre-

tacia mTel rig faqtobrivsa da logikur winaaRmdego-

bebs Seicavs, ris gamoc misi miReba SeuZlebelia.

daviwyoT imiT, rom am principis mixedviT realuri-

sa da ararealuris erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba SeuZlebe-

lia. moCvenebas, miraJs, sizmars subieqti iseve aRiqvams,

rogorc realur sagnebsa da movlenebs. kidev metic, pa-

Tologiuri cnobierebis halucinaciebi garegnulad _

dakvirvebis, rogorc subieqturi aqtis mxriv _ normalu-

ri cnobierebis aRqmebisagan arafriT ar gansxvavdeba. am-

rigad, dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri inter-

pretacia Tavis funqcias ver asrulebs, erTmaneTisagan

ver mijnavs realursa da ararealurs. Tundac amitom mi-

si CaTvla realobis kriteriumad SeuZlebelia.


taciis erT-erT nakls isic warmoadgens, rom igi ultra-

sensualizmia, rac garegani grZnobadi STabeWdilebebi-

sadmi usazRvro ndobaSi gamoixateba. SegrZnebebi, STabeW-

dilebebi, aRqmebi Tundac Semecnebis wyaro da amosavali

iyos, maTi usazRvro ndoba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan isini

xSirad Secdomebis wyaro xdeba. es garemoeba kargad aCve-

nes jer kidev Zvelma skeptikosebma (pironi, karneade, seq-

stus empirikusi) da damatebiT dasabuTebas aRar saWiro-

ebs.

dakvirvebadobis gamocxadeba realobis kriteriumad

subieqturi idealizmisa da solifsizmis wyaroa. empiris-

tulad gagebuli dakvirveba subieqturi fenomenia, rome-

lic realobis Semfaseblis rolSi gamodis. ufro zus-

tad rom vTqvaT, Semfasebeli (kriteriumi) am SemTxvevaSi

damkvirvebeli subieqtia; subieqts ki yvelaze ukeT saku-

Tari arsebobis mtkiceba SeuZlia, xolo garegani samya-

ros arseboba an saerTod uariyofa da an, ukidures Sem-

TxvevaSi, saeWvo xdeba. sakuTari arsebobis erTaderT re-

alobad miCneva ki solifsizmia, romelic hipertrofire-

bul subieqtur idealizms warmoadgens. ai, ra odiozur

270

Sedegebamde mivyavarT dakvirvebadobis principis onto-

logiur interpretacias.

Semdeg, am interpretacias idealuri fenomenebis ar-

sebobis uaryofamde mivyavarT, rac agreTve sruliad Se-

uwynarebelia. SemTxveviTi ar aris is, rom empiristuli

filosofia an saerTod uaryofs idealuri fenomenebis

arsebobas da an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, eWvis qveS ayenebs.

marTlac, rogor SeiZleba saganTa arsebis, substanciis,

RmerTis arsebobis mtkiceba, Tu realobis kriteriums

grZnobadi dakvirveba warmoadgens? isini xom grZnobad

cdaSi arasodes ar gveZleva! Tanamimdevrulad ganviTare-

bul subieqtur idealizms ara marto aTeizmamde, aramed

saerTod idealuris uaryofamde mivyavarT. Tu saganTa

arsebas uarvyofT, raki grZnobad dakvirvebaSi ar gveZle-

va, maSin miviRebT wminda fenomenalizms, xolo fenomena-

lizmi alogikuri moZRvrebaa, vinaidan SeuZlebelia mov-

lenebis arsebobis daSveba, xolo misi (arsebis) uaryofa,

ris movlenasac isini warmoadgens. movlenebis saxiT xom

maTi arseba gvevlineba? amrigad, arsebis uaryofa movle-

nebis uaryofasac iwvevs. ase miviReT absurduli mdgoma-

reoba.

garda amisa, fenomenalizmis siyalbes isic adastu-

rebs, rom mas mecnierebis, mecnieruli Semecnebis uaryo-

famde mivyavarT. mecnieruli Semecnebis sagans arsebaTa

samyaro warmoadgens; mecnierebas ainteresebs ara uSua-

lod movlenebi, aramed am movlenebis arseba, kanoni. mov-

lenebi arsebis Semecnebis saSualebania da meti araferi.

aqedan cxadia, rom Tu arsebas uarvyofT an misi Semecne-

bis SesaZleblobas gamovricxavT, rogorc amas poziti-

vizmi akeTebs, maSin mecnieruli Semecnebis pretenziazec

xeli unda aviRoT. magram mecnierebis, mecnieruli Semec-

nebis faqti fenomenalizmis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli.

pozitivisturad (ontologiurad) gagebuli dakvir-

vebadobis principis erT-erT ZiriTad nakls, rasac prin-

cipuli mniSvneloba aqvs, isic warmoadgens, rom mas dak-

virvebis cnebis qveS uSuuSuuSuuSuaaaalod daklod daklod daklod dakvirvirvirvirvevevevebabababa esmis. marTa-

lia, neopozitivistebi laparakoben principuli dakvirve-

271

badobis Sesaxeb, magram am SemTxvevaSic mxedvelobaSi

aqvT uSualo dakvirveba. m. Sliki amtkicebda, rom mTva-

ris meore mxare principulad dakvirvebadia (Tumca maSin

igi teqnikurad daukvirvebadi iyo). amis qveS igi imas gu-

lisxmobda, rom odesme adamiani sakuTari TvaliT (uSua-

lod) naxavs mTvaris meore mxares. “termini “dakvirveba-

di” _ wers r. karnapi _ xSirad ixmareba nebismieri mov-

lenis aRsaniSnavad, romelic SeiZleba aRviqvaT.”1 maSasa-

dame, neopozitivistebs yvela SemTxvevaSi dakvirveba es-

miT rogorc uSualo dakvirveba, rasac pozitivisturi

msoflmxedvelobisaTvis principuli mniSvneloba aqvs.

dakvirvebadobis principis pozitivisturi (ontolo-

giuri) interpretaciis zemoaRniSnuli naklovanebani ima-

ze metyvelebs, rom misi gamoyeneba Semecnebis TeoriaSi

SeuZlebelia. dakvirvebis SesaZleblobis mixedviT rea-

lobaze msjeloba ar SeiZleba, vinaidan es ukanaskneli

yovelgvari dakvirvebisagan damoukideblad arsebobs. es

garemoeba ki dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri in-

terpretaciis siyalbes asabuTebs.

$$$$78. dak78. dak78. dak78. dakvirvirvirvirvevevevebabababadodododobis gnobis gnobis gnobis gnoseseseseoooolololologigigigiuuuuri prinri prinri prinri princicicicipi da pi da pi da pi da

samsamsamsamyayayayaros mecros mecros mecros mecninininieeeerurururuli suli suli suli surarararaTiTiTiTi


taciis kritika ar SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc dakvirveba-

dobis principis uaryofa. zemoT aRvniSneT da kargad

cnobilia, rom Semecneba grZnobadi dakvirvebiT iwyeba,

magram miT ar mTavrdeba. SegrZnebebi Semecnebis pirvel-

wyaros warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom unda ar-

sebobdes dakvirvebadobis principis sxvagvari interpre-

taciac, romelic am princips saTanado adgils miuCens

Semecnebis procesSi.

dakvirvebadobis principis axali interpretaciis mi-

xedviT, dakvirvebadoba aris ara realobis, aramed samya-

1 Р. Карнап, Философские основания физики, М., 1963, стр. 301.

272

ros mecnieruli suraTis kriteriumi. amgvarad gagebul

dakvirvebadobis princips Cven vuwodeT “dakdakdakdakvirvirvirvirvevevevebabababadodododobis bis bis bis

gnognognognoseseseseoooolololologigigigiuuuuri prinri prinri prinri princicicicipipipipi” anu dakvirvebadobis principis

gnoseologiuri interpretacia. am principis Tanaxmad,

samyaros mecnierul suraTSi Sedis mxolod iseTi mtki-

cebani (msjelobebi, debulebebi), romlebic uSualod an

gaSualebiT dakvirvebadia. es niSnavs, rom samyaros mecni-

eruli suraTi Sedgenilia uSuuSuuSuuSuaaaalodlodlodlod an gagagagaSuSuSuSuaaaalelelelebiTbiTbiTbiT dak-

virvebadi movlenebis Sesaxeb mtkicebebisagan; xolo is,

rac aseTi ar aris, e. i. rac principulad daukvirvebadia,

ar SeiZleba mecnierebis (saerTod, codnis) sagani iyos.

magaliTad, astronoms ar SeuZlia msjeloba iseT ciur

sxeulebze, romlebic principulad daukvirvebadia, e. i.

arasodes ar iqneba dakvirvebadi. aseve istorikoss ar Se-

uZlia msjeloba iseT istoriul movlenebze, romelTa

Sesaxeb araviTari cnoba (pirdapiri an arapirdapiri) ar

moipoveba. amdenad dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri prin-

cipi samyaros mecnieruli suraTis safuZveldebuleba da

misi meTodologiuri principi xdeba.

dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principi ar gamo-

ricxavs mecnieruli winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobas, e. i.

iseTi movlenebis winaswarxedvas, romlebic jer kidev ar

arsebobs, magram momavalSi iarsebebs. am SemTxvevaSi wi-

naswarxedva kvlav uSualod mocemulis safuZvelze xde-

ba. d. i. mendeleevma maSin ucnobi qimiuri elementebis ar-

seboba iwinaswarmetyvela cnobil elementebs Soris arse-

bul urTierTobebze dakvirvebis Sedegad. aseTive xasiaTi

hqonda leveries mier planeta neptunis arsebobis winas-

warxedvas. amrigad, mecnieruli winaswarxedvis faqti

sruliad uTavsdeba dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiur prin-

cips.

dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiurma principma arsebiTi

roli iTamaSa ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriisa da

kvanturi meqanikis Camoyalibebis procesSi. Tanamedrove

fizikis fuZemdeblebma _ ainStainma, borma, haizenbergma

da sxvebma _ fizika gawmindes principulad daukvirvebadi

obieqtebis Sesaxeb msjelobebisagan. samyaros mecnieruli

273

suraTi, maTi azriT, mxolod da mxolod principulad

dakvirvebadi movlenebis Sesaxeb msjelobebisagan unda

Sedgebodes. “fizikuri realobis elementebi _ wers ain-

Staini _ ar SeiZleba gansazRvruli iqnas aprioruli fi-

losofiuri msjelobebis saSualebiT, isini napovni unda

iqnas eqsperimentebisa da gazomvebis safuZvelze.”1 sxva

adgilze ainStaini wers, rom relatiurobis Teorias sa-

fuZvlad daedo “gnoseologiuri postulati”, romlis mi-

xedviT “cnebebsa da msjelobebs mxolod imdenad aqvT

azri, ramdenadac dakvirvebadi faqti Seesabameba.”2 niuto-

nis moZRvreba absoluturi sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis

Sesaxeb ainStainma imitom uaryo, rom maT grZnobad dak-

virvebaSi araferi Seesabameba. amave safuZvelze iqna uar-

yofili sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis absolutu-

ri erTdrouloba, absoluturi moZraoba, msoflio eTeri

da, saerTod, amave safuZvelze aigo relatiurobis speci-

aluri da zogadi Teoria gravitaciis Teoriis CaTvliT.

dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiurma principma meTodo-

logiuri roli iTamaSa agreTve kvanturi meqanikis Camo-

yalibebis procesSi. haizenbergis ganuzRvrelobaTa Tana-

fardobis principi swored maszea agebuli. mikronawila-

kis koordinati da impulsi erTdroulad ar izomeba.

cdaSi, dakvirvebaSi gveZleva an zusti impulsi da Sesaba-

misad arazusti koordinati da an, piriqiT, zusti koor-

dinati da arazusti impulsi. amis safuZvelze haizenber-

gma zusti koordinatisa da impulsis erTdroulad arse-

bobis SesaZlebloba fizikidan gamoricxa. m. borni wers:

“Tanaxmad im evristikuli principisa, romelic ainStainma

relatiurobis TeoriaSi da haizenbergma kvantur meqanika-

Si gamoiyenes, koncefciebi, romlebic araviTar dakvirve-

bas ar Seesabameba, fizikidan unda gamoiricxos.”3 amri-

gad, dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiurma principma arsebiTi

roli iTamaSa Tanamedrove samyaros mecnieruli suraTis

1 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов, т. III. М., 1966, стр. 605. 2 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов, т. II. М., 1966, стр. 120. 3 М. Борн, Физика в жизни моего поколения, М., 1963, стр. 312.

274

SemuSavebaSi, rac sruliad udavod xdis filosofiuri

ideebis did evristikul mniSvnelobas samyaros mecnieru-

li suraTis Camoyalibebis procesSi.

$$$$79. prin79. prin79. prin79. princicicicipupupupuli dakli dakli dakli dakvirvirvirvirvevevevebabababadodododobis cnebis cnebis cnebis cnebis bis bis bis

axaaxaaxaaxali sazli sazli sazli sazririririsisisisi

principuli dakvirvebadobis cneba neopozitivizmma

(m. Sliki) Semoitana, romlis qveS yvela SemTxvevaSi uSu-

alo dakvirveba esmoda. dakvirvebis principuloba marto-

oden mis SesaZleblobas niSnavda da sxvas arafers. sa-

dac aseTi SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia, iq, pozitiviste-

bis azriT, principuli daukvirvebadoba gvaqvs.

Cvens mier Semotanili dakvirvebadobis gnoseologi-

uri principis arsebiT siaxles isic warmoadgens, rom

Cven dakvirvebadoba farfarfarfarTo azTo azTo azTo azriTriTriTriT gvesmis; saxeldobr,

principuli dakvirvebadobis cnebis qveS vgulisxmobT

rogorc uSualo, aseve gagagagaSuSuSuSuaaaalelelelebubububulililili dakvirvebis SesaZ-

leblobas. am principis mixedviT, dakvirvebadia ara mxo-

lod movlenebi, romlebic uSualod cdaSi gveZleva, ara-

med am movlenaTa arsebac, romelic gaSualebiT _ movle-

nebis Semecnebis gziT _ Seimecneba. arsebas uSualod ver

vwvdebiT; igi grZnobad cdaSi ar gveZleva, aramed racio-

naluri meTodebiT Seimecneba, saxeldobr, Seimecneba

grZnobad cdaSi gamovlenis gziT. sxva gza arsebis Semec-

nebisa ar arsebobs. amas niSnavs principuli dakvirveba-

doba, romelmac dakvirvebadobis principis gnoseologi-

ur interpretaciaSi axali sazrisi SeiZina da saidanac

Zalian mniSvnelovani daskvnebi gamomdinareobs. am prin-

cipis mixedviT, principulad dakvirvebadia yvelaferi,

rac uSualo cdaSi gamovlineba. principulad dakvirveba-

dia mesaaTis arseboba, roca saaTs uSualod vakvirdebiT.

Semoqmedebis produqti amJRavnebs misi Semoqmedis arsebo-

bas. aseve principulad dakvirvebadia TviT substanciuri

arseba _ RmerTi _ ramdenadac igi bunebaSi _ misi Semoq-

medebis produqtSi _ “Cans”. magram movlenaSi misi arse-

275

bis mxolod arseboba gvevlineba da ara am arsebis speci-

fikuri niSnebi. dizainirebuli samyaro misi Semoqmedis

arsebobas avlens da mets arafers. amas niSnavs dakvirve-

badobis cnebis gafarToeba, riTac es principi empirizmis

farglebidan gadis da sruliad axal Sinaarss iZens.

codna principulad daukvirvebadis Sesaxeb, e. i.

imis Sesaxeb, rac arc uSualod da arc gaSualebiT (ga-

movlenis gziT) ar gveZleva, SeuZlebelia. principulad

daukvirvebadi rwmenis sferoa da ara codnisa. aseTia me-

tafizikuri sinamdvile, metafizikis sagani. swored ami-

tom metafizika aris rwmenis da ara codnis sfero. igi

ar aris mecniereba (kanti), kidev metic, ar aris arc fi-

losofiuri disciplina, vinaidan filosofia aris cod-

nis sfero, mecniereba (Tumca specialuri mecnierebebisa-

gan principulad gansxvavebuli). ai, ra gamomdinareobs

dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principidan.

meore, agreTve fundamenturi mniSvnelobis daskvna,

romelic dakvirvebadobis principis zemoaRniSnuli gage-

bidan gamomdinareobs, erTi mxriv, mecnieruli ontologi-

is, xolo, meore mxriv, filosofiuri da religiuri Teo-

logiis cnebebis dafuZnebas Seexeba. ukve aRvniSneT, rom

arseba uTuod gamovlindeba (hegeli); gamouvleneli arse-

ba ar arsebobs. es Seexeba ara mxolod specialur (maga-

liTad, adamianis, cxovelis da a. S.) arsebebs, aramed mTe-

li sinamdvilis arsebasac _ substanciur arsebas. sub-

stanciuri arsebac gamovlindeba da, maSasadame (gaSuale-

biT, gamovlenis gziT) principulad dakvirvebadia da ami-

tom igi aris codcodcodcodnisnisnisnis da ara rwmenis sagani. moZRvrebas

absoluturi, substanciuri arsebis Sesaxeb ki ontolo-

gia ewodeba, romelic erTsa da imave dros aris filoso-

fiuri disciplinac (“pirveli filosofia”) da mecniere-

bac, codnis dargi. aseTia mecnieruli ontologia, rome-

lic principulad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli ontologiu-

ri sistemebisagan, romelTac spekulaciuri, aramecnieru-

li Sinaarsi hqondaT, da, maSasadame, codnis sferos ar

miekuTvneboda. dakvirvebadobis principis gnoseologiuri

interpretaciis mTavar damsaxurebas Cven mainc imaSi vxe-

276

davT, rom mis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda axali fi-

losofiuri disciplinis _ mecnieruli ontologiis _ Ca-

moyalibeba. ontologiis mecnierulobas is qmnis, rom mi-

si sagani _ substanciuri arseba _ principulad (gaSua-

lebiT) dakvirvebadia. principuli dakvirvebadoba ki Se-

mecnebis amosavalia, misi aucilebeli pirobaa.

meore mxriv, substanciuri arseba, romelic mecnie-

ruli ontologiis sagania, aris RmerTi; RmerTze moZ-

Rvreba ki aris Teologia. amdenad mecnieruli ontolo-

gia aris Teologia. aqve gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileb-

lad erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT fifififilolololososososofifififiuuuuriririri da

rrrreeeelilililigigigigiuuuuri Teri Teri Teri Teoooolololologiagiagiagia. filosofiuri Teologia aris fi-

losofiuri mecniereba, codnis dargi, dasabuTebadi sis-

tema. aseTia, magaliTad, platonis, aristoteles, dekar-

tis, spinozas, laibnicis, hegelis da a. S. filosofiuri

moZRvrebebi absoluturi, substanciuri arsebis anu Rmer-

Tis Sesaxeb. misgan principulad gansxvavebulia religiu-

ri Teologia, romelic rwmenis da ara codnis sferoa.

orive maTganis sagania RmerTi, magram filosofiuri Teo-

logia, rogorc codnis dargi, asabuTebs RmerTis arsebo-

bas, religiuri Teologia ki mas dausabuTeblad iRebs;

rwmenis sferoSi dasabuTeba gamoricxulia. swored

amitom filosofiur TeologiaSi RmerTis cneba gvian Se-

modis, rogorc dasabuTebis procesis bolo punqti, das-

kvna; xolo religiur TeologiaSi RmerTis arseboba im-

TaviTve igulisxmeba da igi dasabuTebas arc eqvemdebare-

ba. cxadia, filosofiursa da religiur Teologias So-

ris mWidro kavSiria. sadac Tavdeba filosofiuri Teo-

logia, iq iwyeba religiuri Teologia. es ukanaskneli em-

yareba pirvels, rac religiuri Teologiis dogmatebs

met damajereblobas aniWebs. aTeizmis winaaRmdeg warmate-

buli brZola mxolod am gziT SeiZleba. martooden re-

ligiuri Teologia aTeizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ar Se-

iZleba mainc da mainc warmatebuli iyos.

$$$$80. prin80. prin80. prin80. princicicicipupupupuli dakli dakli dakli dakvirvirvirvirvevevevebabababadodododobis orbis orbis orbis ormamamamagi bugi bugi bugi bunenenenebabababa

277

principuli dakvirvebadobis Cveneuli interpreta-

cia, pozitivisturisagan gansxvavebiT, ormagi bunebisaa;

igi, erTi mxriv, rogorc uSualo grZnobadi dakvirveba,

empiriulia, magram, meore mxriv, rogorc gaSualebuli

dakvirveba, ar SeiZleba empiriuli iyos. grZnobad cdaSi

mxolod is gveZleva, rasac uSualod aRviqvamT, rogorc

realurs, da ara is, rac am realobis “ukan” imyofeba.

swored amitom gaSualebuli dakvirveba racionaluris

monawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. niutonma vaSlis Camo-

vardna TvaliT (uSualod) dainaxa, magram is, rac am faq-

tSi gamovlinda, saxeldobr, msoflio mizidulobis kano-

ni, empiriul cdaSi mxolod gaSualebiT aRmoaCina, rac

racionaluri Semecnebis unaris gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo.

TviTon gaSualebuli dakvirvebac ar aris mxolod empi-

riuli an mxolod racionaluri, aramed orives niSnebs

atarebs. igi empiriulia im azriT, rom movlenaTa samya-

roSi “Cans” is, rac gamovlinda (arseba), magram ar aris

empiriuli imdenad, ramdenadac arseba uSualo dakvirve-

bisaTvis, Cveni grZnobis organoebisaTvis _ farulia, mis

“dasanaxavad” saWiroa abstraqtuli Semecnebis unaris

(gonebis) daxmareba. erTi sityviT uSualo dakvirveba

aris empiriulidan racionalur Semecnebaze gardamavali

safexuri.

gaSualebuli dakvirveba rogorRac intuiciur Se-

mecnebas hgavs. movlenebze uSualo dakvirvebis Sedegad

xdeba, e. huserlis termini rom vixmaroT, Wesenschau _ “ar-

sebis Wvreta”, im arsebisa, romelic gamovlinda da mov-

lenebis saxiT uSualo dakvirvebaSi gveZleva. miuxedavad

am msgavsebisa, igi ar aris intuiciuri, vinaidan intuici-

is ZiriTadi niSani uSualobaa; gaSualebuli dakvirveba

swored gaSualebulia movlenaTa samyaroze uSualo dak-

virvebis mier. marTalia, movlenebSi xdeba “arsebis Wvre-

ta”, magram es procesi gaSualebulia da, maSasadame, ar

aris intuiciuri. garda amisa, intuicia “cariel adgil-

ze” ar Cndeba; mas amzadebs diskursia; Tu araferze gi-

fiqria, verafers ver “mixvdebi”. araviTari amis msgavsi

278

gaSualebuli dakvirvebis procesSi ar aris. arseba “Cans”

movlenebSi, igi movlenebis saxiT gvevlineba. aseTia uSu-

alo dakvirvebis buneba.

amgvarad gagebuli dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri

principi, erTi mxriv, kantis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, “koper-

nikul gadatrialebas” warmoadgens dakvirvebadobis prin-

cipis gagebaSi. am “gadatrialebis” arsi imaSi mdgomare-

obs, rom dakvirvebas eqvemdebareba ara mxolod realuri _

uSualod mocemuli _ arsi, aramed agreTve idealur ar-

sTa samyaro, romelic agreTve grZnobad dakvirvebaSi ga-

SualebiT _ movlenebSi gamovlenis gziT _ gveZleva. aqe-

dan ki, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, qreba ufskruli mecnierebsa

da religias Soris.

rasakvirvelia, es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos raci-

onaluri Semecnebis safexuri zedmeti iyos; dakvirvebaSi

_ empiriuli (uSualo) iqneba igi Tu racionaluri (gaSua-

lebuli) _ Semecnebis sagani mxolod gveZgveZgveZgveZlelelelevavavava da meti

araferi. mocemulobis moazreba, misi logikuri gadamuSa-

veba, gonebis, rogorc racionaluri Semecnebis unaris,

prerogativaa.

meore mxriv, dakvirvebadobis cnebis axali sazrisi

auqmebs tradiciul winaaRmdegobas empirizmsa da raciona-

lizms Soris, vinaidan principul dakvirvebadobas er-

Tdroulad empiriuli Sinaarsic aqvs da racionaluric,

anu masSi empiriuli da racionaluri erT principad erTi-

andeba da, maSasadame, qreba maT Soris moCvenebiTi winaaR-

mdegoba. magaliTad, vaSlis Camovardna empiriuli faqtia,

romelic uSualo grZnobad dakvirvebaSi gveZleva; magram

misi arseba _ msoflio mizidulobis kanoni, _ romelic

uSualod ar gveZleva, agreTve dakdakdakdakvirvirvirvirvevevevebabababadia gadia gadia gadia gaSuSuSuSuaaaalelelelebiTbiTbiTbiT

_ gamovlenis gziT; amgvar dakvirvebas ki racionaluri xa-

siaTi aqvs. grZnobad dakvirvebaSi uSualod mocemuli mov-

lenebis arsebis wvdoma gonebas SeuZlia gaSualeburi dak-

virvebis safuZvelze. amrigad, principuli dakvirvebadoba

erTdroulad empiriulic aris da racionaluric; igi empi-

riulisa da racionaluris erTianobas warmoadgens.

279

empirizmisa da racionalizmis mravalsaukunovanma

davam TiToeuli maTganis naklovanebani gamoavlina. Se-

mecnebis wyaros arc mxolod SegrZneba warmoadgens da

arc mxolod goneba im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom isini

erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli ar aris. TiToeul maTgans

meorisagan damoukideblad arafris Semecneba ar SeuZlia.

SegrZnebebi adamians garegan samyarosTan akavSirebs, ro-

melic cnobierebas informacias awvdis garegani arsis Se-

saxeb. am informaciis gareSe, cxadia, Semecnebaze lapara-

ki SeuZlebelia. magram, meore mxriv, nebismieri informa-

cia fuWia, Tu ar arsebobs is, rac am informacias mii-

Rebs da gadaamuSavebs. uSualo grZnobadi dakvirvebebisa-

gan momdinare informaciebis miRebisa da logikuri gada-

muSavebis unars ki goneba warmoadgens. es unari adamians

memkvidreobiT (geneturad) gadaecema, romelic ontogene-

zis procesSi isev SegrZnebebidan momdinare informacie-

bis aTvisebisa da gaazrebis Sedegad permanentulad ya-

libdeba. amave dros _ da es mTavaria _ racionaluri

moRvaweoba empiriulis Semdeg ki ar iwyeba, aramed igi

TviT grZnobadi dakvirvebis safuZvelzec funqcionirebs.

gaSualebuli dakvirveba swored racionaluris funqcio-

nirebis Sedegia. amaSi mdgomareobs dakvirvebadobis gno-

seologiuri principis ormagi buneba.

pozitivisturad gagebuli principuli dakvirvebado-

bis cneba empirizmis farglebs ver gascilda da mas ase-

Ti mizani arc dausaxavs. piriqiT, man empirizmisa da ra-

cionalizmis winaaRmdegoba kidev ufro gaamwvava. dakvir-

vebadobis gnoseologiuri principi dakvirvebadobis cne-

bis gafarToebiT saerTod xsnis maT Soris winaaRmdego-

bas, vinaidan principuli dakvirvebadoba orniSnaa _ empi-

riulic aris da racionaluric. gaSualebuli dakvirveba,

rogorc dakdakdakdakvirvirvirvirvevevevebabababa, empiriulia, magram rogorc gagagagaSuSuSuSuaaaalllleeee----

bubububuli li li li dakvirveba, racionaluria.

aseTi xasiaTi aqvs Semecnebis geneziss.


opeopeopeoperarararacicicicioooonanananalulululuri Seri Seri Seri Semecmecmecmecnenenenebabababa

280

$$$$81. wi81. wi81. wi81. winasnasnasnaswawawawari Seri Seri Seri SeniSniSniSniSvnevnevnevnebibibibi

grZnobadi dakvirveba Tumca Semecnebis dasabamsa da

safuZvels warmoadgens, magram igi codnis, gansakuTrebiT

mecnieruli codnis, SesamuSaveblad sakmarisi ar aris.

igi saWiroebs sxva damxmare saSualebebs, romlebic Cveni

grZnobadi SemecnebiTi unarebis naklovanebaTa kompensa-

cias moaxdens. erT-erT aseT fundamentur damxmare saSua-

lebas operacia warmoadgens. amis saWiroeba gansakuTre-

biT aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebis

mZlavri ganviTarebis Sedegad. grZnobadi cda Secvala

urTulesma eqsperimentulma operaciebma, romelTa daniS-

nulebas axali mecnieruli cnebebis Camoyalibeba an ukve

cnobili codnis Semowmeba warmoadgens.

eqsperimentuli operaciebis Sedegad miRebuli cod-

na, cxadia, empiriul xasiaTs atarebs da racionalur ga-

damuSavebas saWiroebs. swored amitom cnebebi da mecnie-

ruli Teoriebi, romelTac mecnieri-mkvlevari eqsperimen-

tuli operaciebis safuZvelze ayalibebs, empiriuli war-

momavlobisaa, rac erTxel kidev asabuTebs Semecnebis

procesSi dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principis did

mniSvnelobas.

eqsperimentuli operaciis cneba farTo azriT unda

gavigoT. igi aris ara mxolod mecnieruli, kerZod, sabu-

nebismetyvelo-mecnieruli codnis amosavali, aramed ne-

bismieri codnisa, maT Soris winamecnierulisac. adamiani

yoveldRiur Teoriulsa da praqtikul moRvaweobaSi, cxa-

dia, laboratoriul operaciebs rodi mimarTavs; magram

misi praqtikuli moRvaweoba TviTon aris eqsperimentul-

operacionaluri sistema, rac misi Teoriuli codnis

dagrovebis wyaros warmoadgens. es niSnavs, rom gnoseo-

logiuri tipis operaciebi adamianis ganuwyveteli Tan-

mxlebi movlenaa, ris gamoc igi Semecnebis Teoriis erT-

erT ZiriTad kategoriad unda iqnes miCneuli.

Semecnebis procesis operacionalur analizze ga-

sul saukuneSi pirvelad operacionalizmma gaamaxvila

281

yuradReba, romelic Tanamedrove Teoriuli filosofiis

erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad iTvleba. amitom vidre

operaciis cnebis Sinaarss gavaanalizebT, saWirod migvaC-

nia im Tvalsazrisebisa da argumentebis gacnoba, rac

operacionalizmma sistemuri saxiT Camoayaliba.

$$$$82. ope82. ope82. ope82. operarararacicicicioooonanananalizlizlizlizmi, romi, romi, romi, rogorc figorc figorc figorc filolololososososofifififiuuuuri ri ri ri

mimimimimarmarmarmarTuTuTuTulelelelebabababa

operacionalizmis idea Semoitana cnobilma ameri-

kelma fizikosma persi uiliam brijmenma (1882-1961), ro-

melmac 1927 wels gamoaqveyna filosofiuri xasiaTis

Txzuleba “Tanamedrove fizikis logika”. male operacio-

nalizmma didi popularoba moipova gansakuTrebiT pozi-

tivisturad moazrovne filosofosTa da bunebismetyvel-

Ta wreebSi swored imis gamo, rom igi arsebiTad neopozi-

tivizmis empiriuli verifikaciis principis axal vari-

ants warmoadgenda. operacionalizmi, iseve rogorc neo-

pozitivizmi, ikvlevs sazrisis da ara WeSmaritebis prob-

lemas.

brijmeni iwyebs kiTxvis dasmiT: rogor azrovnebs

fizikosi, rogor qmnis fizikur cnebebs, Teoriebs? kla-

sikuri fizika, kerZod ainStainamde, amtkicebda brijmeni,

fizikur cnebebs gansazRvravdnen misi Tvisebebis mixed-

viT. magaliTad, niutoni dros gansazRvravda rogorc

iseT Tvisebas, romelic intuiciurad gvaqvs mocemuli,

rogorc xangrZlivoba. apriorulad gansazRvrul cnebebs

cdaSi araferi ar Seesabameboda. Tvisebebis mixedviT cne-

bebis gansazRvreba am cnebebis ganuwyvetel cvalebadobas

iwvevda. brijmenis mizania iseTi meTodis povna, romelic

fizikuri cnebebis mdgradobas uzrunvelyofs.

brijmeni zemoaRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxs eZebs fizi-

kosis moqmedebaze dakvirvebaSi. rogor ayalibebs fiziko-

si cnebebs? igi Tvlis, rom fizikosi cnebebs ayalibebs

ara Tvisebebis mixedviT, aramed mis mier Sesrulebuli

operaciebis mixedviT. amitom yoveli fizikuri cneba gar-

282

kveuli operaciis gamomxatvelia. brijmeni Tvlis, rom

cnebebi unda ganvsazRvroT ara zogadad, aramed konkre-

tulad. cneba yovelTvis konkretulia, vinaidan igi ama

Tu im konkretul operacias gamoxatavs. operaciis obieq-

ti yovelTvis konkretuli, drosa da sivrceSi lokali-

zebulia, amitom misi Sesabamisi cnebac aseve konkretuli

iqneba. fizikosisaTvis cneba arsebobs imdenad, ramdena-

dac arsebobs misi povnis SesaZlebloba konkretul situ-

aciaSi. “cneba aris Sesabamisi operaciebis sinonimi.”1

brijmeni gveubneba, rom fizikoss gazomvis gareSe

ar SeuZlia, magaliTad, sigrZis cnebaze laparaki. igi

mxolod gazomvis operaciis safuZvelze adgens sigrZis

cnebas. sigrZe SeiZleba gaizomos rogorc sigrZis sazomi

erTeuliT, aseve sinaTlis siCqariT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi

miviRebT taqtilur, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi optikur

sigrZes. es niSnavs, rom sigrZis cnebaze ver vilaparakebT

im operaciis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, romlis safuZvel-

zec sigrZis cnebas vadgenT. amaSi mdgomareobs cnebis

konkretuloba, misi damokidebuleba operaciaze. amitom

yoveli fizikuri cneba winaswar gulisxmobs garkveuli

tipis operacias. es operacia aZlevs cnebas azrs; Tu cne-

bas araviTari operacia ar Seesabameba, maSin igi usazri-

soa da mecnierebaSi ar gamodgeba. aseT usazriso cnebe-

bad brijmeni Tvlis klasikuri fizikis cnebebs absolu-

turi drois, sivrcis, moZraobis Sesaxeb. aq ukve sruliad

aSkaraa, rom brijmenis operacionalizmi, yovel SemTxve-

vaSi am doneze, neopozitivisturi sazrisis koncefciis

axal variants warmoadgens.

am operacionalisturi Tvalsazrisidan brijmeni or

daskvnas akeTebs: pirveli, “mTeli Cveni codna aris rela-

tiuri.” codnis relatiuroba mas esmis farTo da viwro

azriT. farTo azriT codna relatiuria imitom, rom igi

konkretul operaciebze aris agebuli da mxolod maT mi-

marT aqvT sazrisi. brijmeni uaryofs absolutur WeSma-

ritebas; sxvadasxva operaciebi sxvadasxva WeSmaritebas

1 P. W. Bridgman, The Logic of Modern Physics, N.Y. 1954, p. 5.

283

iZleva. viwro azriT codnis relatiuroba imas niSnavs,

rom codna relatiuria TviTon operaciebis relatiuro-

bis gamoc, codnis relatiurobis mtkicebas brijmeni ope-

racionalizmis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Sedegad Tvlis.

operacionalizmis meore _ aseTive umniSvnelovanes

_ miRwevad brijmens operacionaluri sazrisis povna mi-

aCnia. igi Tvlis, rom sazrisebs operaciebi qmnis. magali-

Tad, cneba eleqtronis diametris Sesaxeb, romelic ud-

ris 10-13 santimetrs, usazrisia, vidre ar vipovniT im ope-

racias, romliTac es ricxvi miiReba. operaciebis gziT

dadgenil sazriss brijmeni “operacionalur sazriss”

uwodebs da amtkicebs, rom “sazrisebi aris operaciona-

luri.”

aqedan cxadia, rom operaciebi Semecnebas ki ar emsa-

xureba, aramed sazriss. WeSmaritebis sakiTxi ugulebel-

yofilia; mTavari yuradReba sazriszea gadatanili. aq

yvelaze naTlad Cans operacionalizmisa da neopoziti-

vizmis “sisxliT naTesaoba.”

farTo azriT, gveubneba brijmeni, arc erTi cneba

ar aris usazriso, vinaidan subieqts yovelTvis raRac

azri aqvs TavSi, raRac gonebriv operaciebs asrulebs;

magram viwro azriT, yvela cnebas operacia ar Seesabame-

ba, ris gamoc aseTi cnebebi usazrisoa.

operacionalizmisa da neopozitivizmis sazrisiano-

bis kriteriumebis naTesaobis Sesaxeb mxolod da mxo-

lod maSin SeiZleba, vidre brijmeni mxolod erTi _ in-

strumentuli anu laboratoriuli _ operaciiT sargeb-

lobs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs empiriul kriteriumTan.

magram roca brijmeni sxva _ gonebriv _ operaciebs Semo-

itans, maSin am ori filosofiuri mimarTulebis naTesao-

baze laparaki SeuZlebeli xdeba.

brijmeni amtkicebs, rom cnebebsa da operaciebs So-

ris erTniSna Sesabamisoba arsebobs. erT cnebas erTi

operacia Seesabameba; SeuZlebelia rom or cnebas erTi

operacia adgendes an, piriqiT, or operacias erTi cneba

eTanadebodes. taqtiluri sigrZis cnebas mxolod taqti-

luri da ara optikuri operacia aZlevs sazriss. amaSi

284

mdgomareobs cnebebsa da operaciebs Soris unikaluri Se-

sabamisoba.

operacia aris moqmedeba, saxeldobr, mizandasaxuli,

cnobieri moqmedeba. es moqmedeba yovelTvis konkretulia,

individualuria, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi yovel-

Tvis garkveul sivrcesa da droSi sruldeba. arc erTi

operacia ar meordeba. miuxedavad amisa, brijmeni mainc

laparakobs “erTi klasis operaciebis” Sesaxeb. erTi da

igive klasis sxvadasxva operaciam SesaZlebelia erTi da

igive cneba mogvces an erTi da igive cneba SeiZleba erTi

da igive klasis sxvadasxva operaciebiT ganisazRvros. ma-

galiTad, ori wevris jamis cnebas miviRebT am wevrebis

sxvadasxva wesiT Sekrebis Sedegad. erTi da igive klasis

operaciebs erTi da igive cnebis dadgena SeuZliaT. ioli

SesamCnevia, rom am SemTxvevaSi brijmeni operaciebisa da

cnebebis unikaluri Sesabamisobis princips “arbilebs”,

Tumca, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, am araTanamimdevrobasac

Tanamimdevrulad ver icavs.

operaciebis ricxvi usasruloa; magram vinaidan am

usasrulo ricxvis operaciebs adamianis goneba ver wvde-

ba, amitom maTgan irCevs ufro marjve, moxerxebul opera-

ciebs, iseTs, romelic ukeT emsaxureba mis mizans. amaSi

vlindeba operacionalizmis konvencionaluri xasiaTi.

instrumentuli operaciebi ZiriTadad gazomvis ope-

raciebia, romelTa arasrulqmniloba Cveni empiriuli Se-

mecnebis bundovanebas iwvevs. fizikur cnebebs yovelTvis

Tan axlavs bundovaneba. “Cven arasodes ar gvaqvs mTlia-

nad naTeli codna raimes Sesaxeb, aramed mTeli Cveni

codna garemoculia bundovanebis garkveuli zoniT, gaur-

kvevlobis bundovanebiT, romelSic Cven jer kidev ar Sev-

WrilvarT.”1 gazomvis operacias garkveuli sazRvrebi

aqvs, romelTa gadalaxva Cven ar ZalgviZs. swored amitom

“gazomvis yvela Sedegi mxolod miaxloebiTia.” es ki imas

niSnavs, rom Cveni codna, gansakuTrebiT empiriuli mecni-

erebebis dargSi, relatiuria. relatiuroba ki imas niS-

1 P. W. Bridgman, The Logic of modern Physics, p. 33.

285

navs, rom Cvens mier mopovebuli codna obieqturi sinam-

dvilis asaxvas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed mas mxolod Se-

sabamisi operaciebis mimarT aqvs sazrisi. brijmens is ki

ar ainteresebs, Tu rogoria sinamdvile TavisTavad, ara-

med martooden is, Seesabameba Tu ara cnebebs operaciebi.

Semecnebis sakiTxi sazrisis Sesaxeb sakiTxiT aris Sec-

vlili. imis dasadgenad, Tu ra aris sigrZe, saWiroa vi-

codeT, Tu rogori operacia Seesabameba mas. erTi sit-

yviT, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia operaciaze da ara imaze,

rac operaciis obieqts warmoadgens. amis Sesabamisad Se-

mecnebis TeoriaSi brijmens ainteresebs ara WeSmariteba,

aramed is, Tu rogor unda davadginoT esa Tu is cneba,

miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara igi obieqturi sinamdvilis

asaxva.

$$$$83. ope83. ope83. ope83. operarararaciciciciis tiis tiis tiis tipepepepebibibibi

pirvel wignSi “Tanamedrove fizikis logika” brij-

meni mxolod erTi tipis _ instrumentul anu laborato-

riul _ operaciebze laparakobs. SemdgomSi kritikosebma

(r. lindsei) SeniSnes, rom fizikuri cnebebis sazrisi

martooden instrumentuli operaciebiT ar ganisazRvreba;

fizika iseT cnebebsac xmarobs, romlebic instrumentuli

operaciebis Sedegi ar SeiZleba iyos. kritikis Sedegad

brijmenma gaafarTova operaciis cneba da momdevno gamok-

vlevebSi laparakobs sami tipis operaciaze: instrumentu-

li anu laboratoriuli, qaRaldisa da fanqris da verba-

luri operaciebi. ukanaskneli ori tipis operaciebs igi

“gonebrivs” uwodebs, vinaidan maTi ganxorcieleba mxo-

lod da mxolod gonebaSi xdeba. amrigad, operaciis cne-

baSi Sevida ara mxolod realur sinamdvileSi Sesrule-

buli an Sesrulebadi operaciebi, aramed agreTve yovel-

gvari Teoriuli da lingvisturi saqmianoba, romelsac

adamiani asrulebs. amis Semdeg brijmeni uaryofs im

azrs, rom TiTqos fizikuri cnebebis sazrisi martooden

instrumentuli anu laboratoriuli operaciebiT dginde-

286

bodes, Tumca am tipis operaciebs igi mainc gansakuTre-

bul mniSvnelobas aniWebs gonebriv operaciebTan Sedare-

biT.

gonebrivi operaciebis ganxorcieleba mxolod da

mxolod gonebaSi SeiZleba. eleqtronis diametrs sazomi

joxiT ver gavzomavT. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa maTematiku-

ri gamoangariSeba. swored amitom ewodeba maT “qaRaldi-

sa da fanqris operaciebi.” am tipis operaciebs maTematika

da logika moixmars da qaRaldze sruldeba fanqris sa-

SualebiT. es imas niSnavs, amtkicebs brijmeni, rom maTe-

matikuri cnebebic operaciebzea damokidebuli. magali-

Tad, jamis cneba damokidebulia Sejamebis operaciaze. ma-

Tematikuri operaciebi aRmoCenebis samyaroa; maTi saSua-

lebiT SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva aRmoCenis gakeTeba, ro-

melTac SeuZliaT instrumentul samyaroSi axali cdebi

STagvagonos. es aris gamogonebis samyaro, riTac xSirad

bunebis ukeTes gagebas vaRwevT. maT, instrumentul opera-

ciebTan SedarebiT, meti sizuste da, maSasadame, naklebi

bundovaneba axasiaTebT.

verbaluri operaciebic, sxva tipis operaciebis

msgavsad, aqtivobaa, saxeldobr, verbaluri aqtivoba. am

tipis operaciebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia im pirobebis

dadgena, romlebic aucilebelia ama Tu im terminis da-

sadgenad. aseT operaciebs movixmarT maSin, rodesac Cvens

Tavs vekiTxebiT: “ras vityodi aseT da aseT pirobebSi?”

an: “ras gavakeTeb momavalSi?” verbalizacia did rols

asrulebs adamianTa socialur cxovrebaSi. maTi saSuale-

biT adamiani gamoavlens Tavisi qcevis nimuSs, winaswar

(verbalurad) Seamowmebs, Tu rogor moiqceva mosalod-

nel viTarebaSi. aseTia verbaluri eqsperimenti. socialu-

ri sakiTxebis operacionaluri analizi niSnavs verbalu-

ri operaciebis gamoyenebas socialur sferoSi. yvela

operacia, maT Soris verbaluric, konkretul viTarebaSi

sruldeba. es niSnavs, rom verbaluri operaciac, sxva ti-

pis operaciebis msgavsad, cdiseuli, empiriuli saqmiano-

baa; maT Soris gansxvaveba martooden cdis xasiaTSia.

287

zemoT aRvniSneT brijmenis operacionalizmis naTe-

saoba neopozitivistur filosofiasTan. magram mas Sem-

deg, rac brijmenma “gonebrivi operaciebi” Semoitana, es

naTesaoba ara marto Sesustda, aramed sityvieri gaxda.

neopozitivizmis empiriuli verifikaciis principi sazri-

sis kriteriumad uSualo grZnobad monacemebs (sense data)

Tvlis; gonebrivi operaciebi ki aseTi ar aris.

operaciebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, cnobieri aqtia,

rasac, brijmenis azriT, subieqturi Sinaarsi aqvs. operi-

rebas subieqti awarmoebs Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad. ami-

tom mis Sedegad miRebul cnebasac sazrisi aqvs opera-

tor subieqtis mimarT. magaliTad, sivrceSi daSorebuli

xdomilobebis erTdrouloba, romelic operaciis Sede-

gad dgindeba, “xdomilobebis absoluturi Tviseba ki ar

aris yvela damkvirveblisaTvis, aramed igi relatiuria

dakvirvebis mimarT.”1 cnebaTa sazrisianobis sakiTxi

brijmens subieqturad esmis; samyaros mecnierul suraTSi

subieqts centraluri adgili uWiravs. operacionaluri

kriteriumi arsebiTad subieqturi kriteriumia. yvela aman

ganapiroba brijmenis individualisturi da solifsistu-

ri Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibeba. mas miaCnia, rom ainStai-

nis relatiurobis Teoria da kvanturi meqanika swored

am Tvalsazriss asabuTebs. elementaruli xdomilobani

dakvirvebis obieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTxel da

isic erTi damkvirveblis mier; mikroxdomilobebze ganme-

orebiTi dakvirveba SeuZlebelia. “Cvens garSemo arsebu-

li samyaro _ wers igi _ aris individualuri xdomilo-

bebis samyaro.”2

brijmeni Tvlis, rom vinaidan operacia subieqturi

aqtivobaa, xolo atomur samyaroSi damkvirvebeli gansaz-

Rvravs kvanturi xdomilobebis qcevas, amitom samyaroSi

subieqti arsebiT rols TamaSobs. obieqti ar SeiZleba

movwyviToT subieqts, vinaidan “damkvirvebeli aris fizi-

kuri sistemis aucilebeli nawili.”3 sxva SemTxvevaSi ki-

1 P. W. Bridgman, Science and Common Sense, “The Scientific Monthly”, 1954, vol. 79, p. 32. 2 P. W. Bridgman, The Way Things are, Cambidge, Mass, 1959, p. 39. 3 P. W. Bridgman, The Nature of Physical Theory, N.Y., 1949, p. 13.

288

dev ufro naTlad gamoTqvams am subieqtivistur koncef-

cias. “damkvirvebeli aris imis nawili, rasac igi akvirde-

ba da moazrovne aris imis nawili, rasac igi azrovnebs...

Cven vdgevarT adamianis azrovnebaSi axali eras zRur-

blze.”1 brijmeni saerTod gabedulad gamoTqvams Tavis

eqstravagantur azrebs.

subieqtisa da obieqtis ganuyrelobis ideidan brij-

meni mTel rig ukiduresad subieqtivistursa da solif-

sistur daskvnebs gamoTqvams. vinaidan operacias subieq-

turi xasiaTi aqvs, `Cven arasodes ar SegviZlia gavcil-

deT Cvens Tavs.” uSualo dakvirvebani Cemi dakvirvebania

da meti araferi. ar arsebobs raime “sazogadoebrivi cno-

biereba”, “xalxis cnobiereba”. cnobiereba subieqturia da

mxolod me mekuTvnis. cnobierebis cneba umaRlesia da

amitom Semdgom analizs ar eqvemdebareba. “rodesac Cven

vcdilobT gamovxatoT mis farglebs gareT gasvlis Se-

saZlebloba, amiT Cven SeuZlebelis gakeTebas vcdi-

lobT.”2 brijmeni kidev ufro Sors midis. igi amtkicebs,

rom mecnierebas, xelovnebas, religiasa da cnobierebis

sxva formebs individualuri xasiaTi aqvT. “saboloo ana-

lizSi mecniereba aris mxolod Cemi kerZo mecniereba, xe-

lovneba aris Cemi kerZo xelovneba, religia _ Cemi kerZo

religia da a. S.”3 brijmeni Semecnebis obieqtur Sinaarss

uaryofs da amiT uaryofs saerTod Semecnebas, Tvlis,

rom mecniereba Tavisi bunebiT privatulia da ara socia-

luri. “Cemi mecniereba _ wers igi _ operacionalurad

raRac savsebiT gansxvavebulia Tqveni mecnierebisagan

msgavsad imisa, rogorc Cemi tkivili gansxvavdeba Tqveni

tkivilisagan. amas mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom arsebobs

imdeni mecniereba, xelovneba da religia, ramdeni indivi-

dicaa.”4 iqve kidev ufro radikalur mosazrebas vxvdebiT,

“Tuki me ukacriel kunZulze vimyofebode, sadac sxva ara-

viTari adamiani ar aris, me vfiqrob, mainc SevZlebdi

1 P. W. Bridgman, Science and Common Sense, “The Scientific Monthly”, 1954, vol. 79. p. 37. 2 P. W. Bridgman, The Intelligent and Society, 1938, p. 142. 3 P. W. Bridgman, The Nature of Physical Theory, p. 13-14. 4 P. W. Bridgman, The Intelligent and Society, p. 158

289

srulfasovani sistemis, namdvili mecnieruli fizikis Seq-

mnas... kriteriums, saboloo angariSSi, Cemi sakuTari kerZo

kriteriumi warmoadgens da am azriT, fizika an maTematika,

rogorc yvela sxva mecniereba, aris Cemi piradi mecniere-

ba.”1 es aSkara solifsisturi Tvalsazrisia, rasac brijme-

ni arc faravs. “Tvalsazrisi, romelsac me vicav, solif-

sizmiao” _ acxadebs igi daufaravad.

mkacrma solifsizmma da individualizmma, romelic,

Tavis mxriv, sazrisianobis operacionaluri kriteriumis

gamoyenebis Sedegia, brijmeni iracionalizmis qadagebamde

miiyvana. Tu mecniereba individualuria da ar arsebobs

misi sazogadoebrivi Semowmebis saSualeba, maSin WeSmari-

tebasa da Secdomas Soris sazRvari waiSleba da Semecne-

bis SesaZleblobac saeWvo gaxdeba. “revolucia _ wers

igi _ romlis mowme Cven amJamad varT, axali faqtebis aR-

moCenis Sedegia, romelTa erTaderTi axsna imaSi mdgoma-

reobs, rom Cveni rwmena bunebis Semecnebisa da misi kanon-

zomierebisadmi damorCilebisa Cveni msoflmxedvelobis

siviwrovis Sedegia da Tuki sakmaod gavafarToebT mas,

maSin aRmovaCenT, rom buneba Tavisi arsebiT da Tavis Se-

madgenel nawilebSi arc Semecnebadia da arc kanonzomie-

rebas emorCileba.”2 es azri imis mtkicebiT mTavrdeba,

rom “samyaro ar aris gonebis samyaro, adamianis inteleq-

tisaTvis misawvdomi samyaro.”3 am iracionalistur mosaz-

rebas mosdevs mtkiceba mecnieruli Semecnebis warmavlo-

bis Sesaxeb. “mecnieruloba _ wers igi _ SesaZlebelia

adamianis evoluciaSi gardamaval stadias warmoadgens.”

dasasrul, aRvniSnavT, rom brijmenis individualis-

tur-solifsisturi da iracionalisturi mosazrebani ase

vrclad imitom gadmoveciT, raTa gveCvenebina Tu sanamde

mivyavarT operacionaluri sazrisis Teorias, ramdenad

yalbia Semecnebis Secvla sazrisiT. es garemoeba kidev

ufro naTeli gaxdeba brijmenis operacionalizmis kriti-

kuli analizis Sedegad.

1 iqve, gv. 157-158 2 P. W. Bridgman, Reflection of a Physicist, 1955, p. 83 3 iqve, gv. 100

290

$$$$84. brij84. brij84. brij84. brijmemememenis openis openis openis operarararacicicicioooonanananalizlizlizlizmis krimis krimis krimis krititititikakakaka

brijmenis damsaxurebas uTuod warmoadgens opera-

cionalur analizze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, operaciebis

tipebis diferenciacia da maTi sakmaod detaluri daxasi-

aTeba. igi maSinac sworia, rodesac fizikur (saerTod,

mecnierul) cnebaTa apriorul warmomavlobas uaryofs.

nebismieri codna, maT Soris mecnierulic, principuli

dakvirvebidan amodis da misi atana “apriorobis miuwvdo-

mel simaRleze” (ainStaini) dauSvebelia. magram brijmeni

meore ukiduresobaSi vardeba, roca fizikuri cnebebis

sazrisis dadgenas martooden empiriuli meTodebiT (ope-

raciebiT) cdilobs. empiriulisa da racionaluris er-

TmaneTisagan mowyveta, maTi cal-calke warmodgena Sec-

domaa.

brijmeni faqtobrivad uaryofs cnebaTa zogadobas,

roca igi cnebebsa da operaciebs Soris unikalur Sesaba-

misobaze laparakobs. cxadia, taqtiluri da optikuri

operaciebiT dadgenili cnebebi sxvadasxvaa, magram es

gansxvaveba TiToeuli maTganis specifikas warmoadgens,

rac ar gamoricxavs maTi saerTo niSnebis arsebobas. taq-

tiluri da optikuri operaciebis Sedegad dadgenili

cnebebi xom cnebebia da, maSasadame, maT bevri ram aqvT

saerTo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi orTaves “cnebas” ver vu-

wodebdiT. brijmeni arsebiT zogadobas uaryofs da yu-

radRebas mxolod specifikurze amaxvilebs. TviTon ope-

raciis cnebac zogadia, romelic yvela saxis operacias

moicavs. aseve zogadia Zalis, siCqaris, aCqarebis da sxva

fizikuri cnebebi, romelTac brijmeni unikalurad

Tvlis. zogadoba cnebis arsebiTi niSania, romlis gareSe

mecnieruli codnis dafuZneba SeuZlebelia.

operacionaluri analizis mTavar mizans fizikuri

cnebebis mdgradobis miRweva warmoadgens. brijmens ar

moswons is, rom axali eqsperimentuli aRmoCenebis Sede-

gad mecnierebaSi Zveli cnebebi icvleba. amis mizezs igi

291

imaSi xedavs, rom ainStainamde cnebebs gansazRvravdnen

Tvisebebis da ara operaciebis mixedviT. Cven vfiqrobT,

rom brijmenis es mosazreba swori ar aris. etyoba, igi

mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis kumulaciuri modelis

momxrea, romelsac mecnierebis ganviTareba esmis rogorc

absoluturi codnis “marcvlebis” dagroveba, romelic

Semdgom cvlilebas aRar ganicdis. magram es modeli Ta-

namedrove epistemologiaSi uaryofilia. mecnieruli

codna ganuwyvetlad viTardeba rogorc eqstensiurad,

aseve intensiurad. ar arsebobs erTxel da samudamod

dadgenili WeSmaritebani. mecnierebis istoriam bevri ise-

Ti SemTxveva icis, roca saukuneobiT damkvidrebuli “sa-

maradiso WeSmaritebani” axali aRmoCenebis Sedegad uar-

yofil iqna. evkliduri geometriis, rogorc erTaderTi

SesaZlebeli geometriuli sistemis idea araevkliduri

geometriis aRmoCenis Semdeg uaryves. niutonis absolu-

turi sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis Teoria, romelic or

saukuneze metxans absolutur WeSmaritebad miaCndaT, ain-

Stainis relatiurobis Teoriam uaryo da a. S. mecnieru-

li codna ganuwyveteli qmnadobis, srulqmnis procesSi

imyofeba, rac mis nakls ki ara, Rirsebas warmoadgens.

operacionalizmis kritikosebma (r. lindsei, h. mar-

genau) miuTiTes, rom operacionaluri analizi, romelic

cnebebsa da operaciebs Soris unikalur Sesabamisobas

moiTxovs, zrdis cnebaTa ricxvs. vinaidan erTi da igive

sidide ramdenime operaciis sagani SeiZleba iyos, amitom

erTsa da imave sidideze ramdenime cneba yalibdeba. es ki

ewinaaRmdegeba TviTon operacionaluri analizis mizans,

rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gamoiyenos rac SeiZleba mci-

re ricxvis cnebebi.1

operacionaluri analizi iwvevs ara mxolod cneba-

Ta ricxvis gazrdas, aramed maT Soris logikuri kavSi-

ris gauqmebasac. erT cnebas, romelic dadgenilia opera-

ciis safuZvelze, arsebiTi kavSiri ara aqvs meore cnebas-

Tan. optikuri da taqtiluri sigrZis cnebebi erTmaneTi-

1 R. B. Lindsey, “Philosophy of Science”, 1937, vol. 4, N4, p. 458.

292

sagan sruliad gansxvavebulia, xolo maT Soris saerTos

_ zogadis _ arsebobas brijmeni uaryofs. amaSi Cans ope-

racionalizmis wminda empiristuli xasiaTi, rac mecnie-

ruli azrovnebisaTvis ara mxolod miuRebeli, aramed

mavnebelic kia. r. lindsei da h. margenau weren, rom

“wminda operacionaluri definiciebis safuZvelze yvela

cneba mtkiced empiriuli da izolirebulia.”1

r. lindsei miuTiTebda, rom iseTi cnebebis sazrisi,

rogoricaa eleqtronis koordinati, impulsi da a. S. ga-

nisazRvreba ara gazomvebiT, aramed fizikuri Teoriis Si-

naarsiT. operacionalizmis poziciebidan SeuZlebelia

kvanturi meqanikis TviT iseTi cnebis gansazRvrebac ki,

rogoricaa elementaruli nawilaki. maqs plankic aRniS-

navda, rom gazomva ar aris martooden empiriuli saqmia-

noba, aramed igi yovelTvis TeoriasTan aris dakavSirebu-

li. operacionaluri analizi ainStainisaTvis miuRebeli

aRmoCnda. misi azriT, aucilebeli ar aris fizikuri Teo-

riis yvela debulebis operacionaluri axsna da Semowme-

ba. aseTi ram, amtkicebs ainStaini, arc erT mecniers ar

gaukeTebia da arc gaakeTebs.

brijmenis cda, operacionalizmis enaze aexsna ain-

Stainis relatiurobis Teoria, warumatebeli aRmoCnda.

magaliTad, mas miaCnia, rom vinaidan sivrceSi daSorebu-

li xdomilobebis erTdrouloba sxvadasxva sistemis mi-

marT sxvadasxvagvarad ganisazRvreba, amitom TiTqos er-

Tdroulobis cneba obieqtur Sinaarss hkargavs da adami-

anis mier warmoebul operacias ukavSirdeba. “erTdrou-

loba _ wers igi _ ar aris ori xdomilobis absoluturi

Tviseba... aramed unda Seicavdes agreTve xdomilobebis mi-

marTebas damkvirvebelTan.”2 ainStainis erTdroulobis

Teoriis amgvari _ subieqtivisturi _ interpretacia sa-

fuZvelmoklebulia. am TeoriaSi saqme gvaqvs obieqtur da

ara subieqtur relatiurobasTan. damkvirvebeli subieqti

ainStainis relatiurobis TeoriaSi obieqturi viTarebis

1 R. B. Lindsey and H. Margenau, Foundations of physics, N.Y. 1936. 2 P. W. Bridgman, The Logic of Modern Physics, p. 8.

293

martooden registratoris rols TamaSobs da sxvas ara-

fers.

brijmeni, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, ara mxolod er-

Tdroulobis Teoriis obieqturobas uaryofs, aramed ne-

bismieri mecnierebisa. igi mecnieruli azrovnebis indivi-

dualistursa da solifsistur interpretacias iZleva,

rasac araviTari logikuri da realuri safuZveli ara

aqvs. mecnieruli codnis erT-erT fundamentur niSans

obieqturoba warmoadgens. subieqturi WeSmariteba ar ar-

sebobs, subieqturi codna ar aris codna. Tu am fundamen-

tur niSans uarvyofT, rogorc brijmeni akeTebs, maSin

ara mxolod mecnieruli, aramed nebismieri codna xeli-

dan gagviqreba. individualizmi da solifsizmi auqmebs

mecnierebas. amasTanave brijmeni winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba,

rodesac igi, erTi mxriv, mecnierebis arsebobis faqts

aRiarebs, xolo, meore mxriv, mecnierebas wminda priva-

tul codnad Tvlis.

brijmeni cdilobs erTmaneTs daukavSiros operacie-

bis tipebi, magram mis mier naCvenebi kavSiri erTob zere-

le da xelovnuria. arsaidan ar Cans, Tu ra saerTo aqvs,

garda saxelebisa, operaciis am sxvadasxva formas. verba-

lur qcevas SeiZleba cda davarqvaT, magram amiT misi kav-

Siri instrumentul operaciebTan ver iqneba napovni. er-

TaderTi, ris gamoc maT operaciebs vuwodebT, aris is,

rom yvela maTgani cnobieri da mizanSewonili moqmedebaa.

magram es niSani bundovanebas ver xsnis.

TviTon operaciis cneba brijmenis filosofiaSi Za-

lian gaurkvevelia. erTi avtori samarTlianad SeniSnavs,

rom brijmenis wignSi “Tanamedrove fizikis logika” mo-

cemulia operacionaluri analizis mravali magaliTi,

magram imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris TviTon operacia, arafe-

ri naTqvami ar aris.1

brijmenis operacionalizmis kritikis mimarTulebiT

kidev bevri ram SeiZleba iTqvas, magram mTavari isaa, rom

1 S. S. Stevens, Philosophy and Science of Science. ix. kr. Readings in philosophy of

Science, 1953, Ph. Wiener (ed.), gv. 161

294

brijmenis operacionalizmi Semecnebas ki ar emsaxureba,

aramed martooden sazrisis dadgenas. Cven es pozicia

principulad miuReblad migvaCnia.

$$$$85. ope85. ope85. ope85. operarararaciciciciis ris ris ris rooooli Seli Seli Seli Semecmecmecmecnenenenebis probis probis probis procescescescesSiSiSiSi

brijmenis udavo damsaxurebas warmoadgens yuradRe-

bis gamaxvileba operaciis Sesaxeb. marTalia, operaciona-

lizms win uswrebda sakmaod soliduri codna eqsperimen-

tisa da gazomvis rolis Sesaxeb sabunebismetyvelo mec-

nierebaSi, magram operaciis cneba, romelsac brijmeni ik-

vlevs, axal sityvas warmoadgens bunebismecnieruli Se-

mecnebis istoriaSi. magram, samwuxarod, brijmenma opera-

cionalur analizs cudi mimarTuleba misca _ miznad da-

usaxa ara codnis, aramed sazrisis dadgena. Cven zemoT

vaCveneT am Tvalsazrisis naklovanebani; amJamad saWirod

migvaCnia operaciis rolis gamokvleva Semecnebis proces-

Si.

operacia da dakvirveba sxvadasxvaa; operacia gulis-

xmobs dakvirvebas, magram dakvirvebis cneba operaciis

cnebaze ufro farToa. miuxedavad amisa, maT Soris bevri

saerToa. erTi mxriv, operacia, iseve rogorc grZnobadi

dakvirveba, uSualoa. kerZod, instrumentuli operacia,

rogorc praqtikuli saqmianoba, aris instrumentis uSua-

lo kavSiri, uSualo dakvirveba obieqtze. meore mxriv

operacia TviTon aris gamaSualebeli damkvirvebelsa da

dakvirvebis obieqts Soris; sigrZis sazomi erTeuli _

metri _ aSualebs damkvirveblis mimarTebas dakvirvebis

(gazomvis) obieqtTan. amdenad operacia dakvirvebas enaTe-

saveba, romelic erTdroulad uSualoc aris da gaSua-

lebulic.

garda amisa, operaciasa da dakvirvebas Soris sxva

msgavsebacaa. saxeldobr, operacia, iseve rogorc dakvir-

veba, empiriuli saqmianobaa. magram arc erTi da arc meo-

re racionaluris gareSe ar arsebobs. iseve rogorc ar

arsebobs wminda SegrZneba racionaluri elementebis ga-

295

reSe, aseve ar arsebobs mis gareSe wminda operacionalu-

ri saqmianoba. operacias win uswrebs raRac idea, Teoria.

operacia miznobrivia da, maSasadame, cnobierebis monawi-

leobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. igi ar aris brma, SemTxvevi-

Ti aqti, aramed, piriqiT, kargad mofiqrebuli ideis da-

dasturebis an uaryofis mcdeloba. operacia iaraRia, sa-

Sualebaa racionaluri azrovnebis xelSi. amitom opera-

cionalizmi ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc wminda

empiristuli moZRvreba.

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sakuTriv operacias ar

SeuZlia cnebebis arc gansazRvra da, miT umetes, arc ma-

Ti sazrisis dadgena. erTic da meorec racionaluri Se-

mecnebis prerogativaa; operacia ki ZiriTadad mainc empi-

riuli xasiaTisaa. misi gnoseologiuri roli mxolod

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom racionalur Semecnebas miawodos

empiriuli masala cnebaTa sistemis SesamuSaveblad. empi-

riuli Semecneba apodiqtur codnas arasodes ar gvaZ-

levs. ase rom ar iyos, maSin mecniereba da, saerTod, Teo-

riuli moRvaweoba zedmeti iqneboda.

operacias yovelTvis win uswrebs idea, romlis da-

dasturebas an uaryofas igi emsaxureba. dadasturebis

SemTxvevaSi idea mecnierul statuss SeiZens, uaryofis

SemTxvevaSi ki igi asparezidan qreba. 1919 wlis 29 maiss

mzis sruli dabnelebis dros a. s. edingtonis mier Cata-

rebulma astronomiulma operaciam (dakvirvebam) daadas-

tura ainStainis idea sinaTlis sxivis gravitaciuli ma-

sis Sesaxeb, ris Sedegad am ideam sayovelTao aRiareba

moipova.

brijmenma operaciis tipebidan sruliad marTebulad

upiratesoba instrumentul anu laboratoriul operaci-

as miakuTvna. es operacia arsebiTad gazomvas warmoad-

gens, romelsac bunebismecnierebaSi marTlac fundamentu-

ri mniSvneloba aqvs. magram zemoT vaCveneT, rom gazomva

sxva araferia, garda Semecnebisa; gazomvis mizans Semec-

neba warmoadgens. rodesac vilsonis kameraSi eleqtronis

impulssa da koordinats akvirdebian, maSin saqme gvaqvs

instrumentul operaciasTan; instruments anu xelsawyos

296

vilsonis kamera warmoadgens, xolo am operaciis mizans

_ eleqtronis impulsisa da koordinatis gazomva (Semec-

neba). araviTar sazrisze laparaki iq ar aris. cxadia, Se-

mecnebas Tan axlavs sazrisis povnac, Semecneba sazris-

sac gulisxmobs, magram operaciis mizans Semecneba da

ara sazrisi warmoadgens.

laboratoriuli anu instrumentaluri operacia ar-

sebiTad eqsperimentuli xasiaTisaa, romelsac SeiZleba

praqtikuli operaciac vuwodoT, vinaidan mas mimarTavs

ara mxolod mecnieri, aramed rigiTi adamianic Tavisi

praqtikuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad; rodesac mebaRe

sxvadasxva jiSis mcenareebs ajvarebs (amynobs) an diasax-

lisi samzareuloSi misTvis uCveulo kerZs amzadebs, ma-

Sin isini “instrumentul~ operacias atareben, aqvT gar-

kveuli idea, mizani, romlis ganxorcielebas ara mxolod

SemecnebiTi, aramed praqtikuli mniSvnelobac aqvs. es ima-

sac niSnavs, rom operacionaluri analizi martooden

mecnierul Semecnebas rodi emsaxureba, aramed saerTod

adamianis Teoriulsa da praqtikul moRvaweobas. magram

operacionalur analizSi prioriteti mainc Semecnebas

ekuTvnis, romelic am analizs yovelTvis Tan axlavs.

brijmeni maSinac marTalia, rodesac operacionalu-

ri analizis Sedegad miRebuli codnis relatiurobaze

laparakobs, Tumca am faqts igi individualizmsa da so-

lifsizmamde mihyavs. operaciis Sedegad mopovebuli cod-

na marTlac relatiuria; mis relatiurobas ori wyaro

aqvs; erTi mxriv, sazomi xelsawyo, romelic operaciis

iaraRs warmoadgens, SeiZleba cvlides dakvirvebis obi-

eqts, rogorc es kvantur meqanikaSi xdeba da, maSasadame,

iseT suraTs gvaZlevdes, romelic operirebis procesSi

Cven SevqmeniT. aseTi codna uTuod relatiuria. meore

mxriv, isic kargad cnobilia, rom mTeli Cveni codna misi

ganviTarebis nebismier etapze relatiuria, arasrulia,

Secdomebis Semcvelia, romelTa permanentuli eliminacia

codnis evoluciuri (da, Tu gnebavT, revoluciuri) ganvi-

Tarebis procesSi xdeba.

297

ar SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom nebismieri adamianuri moq-

medeba aris operacia. kidev metic, operacia ar aris

TviT yvela cnobieri, miznobrivi moqmedeba. magaliTad,

glexi yanas Toxnis, moswavle gakveTils amzadebs, eqimi

mkurnalobs da a. S., yvela isini cnobieri da miznobrivi

moqmedebaa, magram operacia ar aris imis gamo, rom maT

mizans Semecneba ar warmoadgens. operaciis erTaderT

(yovel SemTxvevaSi mTavar) mizans Semecneba, axali cod-

nis mopoveba, raime (didi Tu patara) aRmoCenis gakeTeba

warmoadgens. samwuxarod, brijmenma, romelmac operacio-

nalizmis sistema Seqmna da bevri saintereso mosazreba

gamoTqva, operaciis es mTavari niSani daiviwya an cnobie-

rad uaryo da yuradReba sazrisze gaamaxvila, romelic

operacionalur analizSi meorexarisxovan rols Tama-

Sobs. sazrisis gulisaTvis aravin operacias ar atarebs.

rodesac galileim TviTnakeTi teleskopi mTvarisaken mi-

marTa, maSin mas mTvaris zedapiris cnebis sazrisi ki ar

ainteresebda, aramed TviTon am zedapiris Semecneba. aseve

iTqmis nebismier fizikur Tu arafizikur operaciaze.

SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva operaciam erTi da igive

codna mogvces, magram is ki SeuZlebelia, rom erTi da

igive operacia sxvadasxva SedegiT damTavrdes. rodesac

sxvadasxva operacia erTsa da imave Sedegs gvaZlevs, ma-

Sin es Sedegi ufro metad damajerebelia da igi mecnie-

ruli (apodiqturi) codnis statuss iZens. magram codnis

apodiqturoba poluss verasodes ver aRwevs, vinaidan

Cvens codnas, romelic induqciuria, mudam Tan axlavs

ukmarobis Saravandedi, ar aris gamoricxuli mravalgzis

miRebuli kanonzomierebidan gadaxveva imave gziT, ro-

gorc igi mravalniSna mizezobriobasTan dakavSirebiT

vnaxeT; moulodneli xdomilobis intervenciam _ mizezob-

riv jaWvSi CarTvam _ SeiZleba Cveni kargad dadasturebu-

li molodini gaamtyunos. aseTia adamianuri codnis bune-

ba, romelic absoluturi codnis statuss verasodes ver

moipovebs codnis relatiurobis obieqturi da subieqtu-

ri wyaroebis gamo. amrigad, operacia SemecnebisTeoriuli

cnebaa; igi Semecnebis process emsaxureba da amaSi mdgo-

298

mareobs misi roli Semecnebis procesSi. es niSnavs, rom

brijmenis operacionalurma analizma Cveni interpretaci-

iT sul sxva Sinaarsi miiRo, vidre masSi misi avtori gu-

lisxmobda. amgvarad gagebul operacionalur analizs ki

araferi saerTo ara aqvs pozitivizmis empiriuli verifi-

kaciis principTan, romelic agreTve gagebuli iyo ro-

gorc sazrisis da ara codnis kriteriumi.


1. sergi avaliani, Tanamedrove pozitivizmis bunebismec-

nierebis filosofia, Tbilisi, 1964.

2. sergi avaliani, mecnierebis filosofiis Sesavali,

Tbilisi, 1991.

3. sergi avaliani, dakvirvebadobis principis axali saz-

risi, “filosofiuri Ziebani”, III, 1999.

299

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l i m el i m el i m el i m e e qe qe qe q v s ev s ev s ev s e

f s e vf s e vf s e vf s e v d od od od o a ba ba ba b s os os os o l ul ul ul u t ut ut ut u r i g n or i g n or i g n or i g n o s es es es e oooo l ol ol ol o g i ag i ag i ag i a


codcodcodcodnis renis renis renis relalalalatitititiuuuurorororobabababa

$$$$86. ab86. ab86. ab86. absosososolulululututututuririririsa dsa dsa dsa da rea rea rea relalalalatitititiuuuuris cneris cneris cneris cnebebebebebis sazbis sazbis sazbis sazririririsisisisi

absoluturisa da relatiuris kategoriebi arsisa

da azris uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Semswavleli filo-

sofiuri disciplinis _ ontologiis _ fundamentur kate-

goriebs warmoadgens. kidev metic, yvela mecniereba _ eq-

spliciturad an impliciturad _ absoluturisa da re-

latiuris garkveul mniSvnelobas gulisxmobs, romelsac

mTeli Teoriuli azrovneba unda daemyaros. swored ami-

tom gnoseologiuri problemebis analizs win unda us-

wrebdes am kategoriebis sazrisis analizi.

absoluturi niSnavs upirobo (absolutus _ upirobo),

damoukidebel, maradiul, Sinagani aucileblobis mqone

realobas. upirobo, damoukidebeli aris usasrulo. amas

niSnavs substanciuri usasruloba, romelsac hegeli

“WeSmarit usasrulobas” (Wahre Unendlicheit) uwodebda imis

gamo, rom igi arafriT ar aris gansazRvruli, dasrule-

buli. absoluturi arsi aris substanciuri arseba, gan-

sxvavebiT specialuri arsebebisagan, romlebic sasrulo-

bisa da usasrulobis erTianobas warmoadgens da, maSasa-

dame, ar aris “sruli (anu WeSmariti) usasruloba.” ase-

Tia, mokled, absoluturis cnebis onononontotototolololologigigigiuuuuri dari dari dari daxaxaxaxasisisisiaaaa----

TeTeTeTebabababa.

absoluturis, rogorc ontologiuri realobis, Se-

sabamisad da mis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia CamovayaliboT

absoluturis cnebis ananananTroTroTroTropopopopolololologigigigiuuuuri dari dari dari daxaxaxaxasisisisiaaaaTeTeTeTebabababa, rome-

lic moicavs gnognognognoseseseseoooolololologigigigiurururursasasasa da aqaqaqaqsisisisioooolololologigigigiurururur formebs.

300

anTropologiis enaze absoluturi niSnavs ererererTniSTniSTniSTniSnasnasnasnas,

garkveuls, araorazrovans. absoluturi, cxadia, erTniSna

unda iyos; sxvagvarad igi absoluturi ver iqneba. er-

TniSnoba ki garkveulobis safuZvelia anu TviTon aris

garkveuloba. amrigad, absoluturi, rogorc erTniSna _

erTaderTi mniSvnelobis mqone _ gnoseologiuri Tval-

sazrisiT garkveulobis da, maSasadame, Semecnebis auci-

lebeli pirobaa, xolo aqsiologiuri TvalsazrisiT ab-

solutur Rirebulebas warmoadgens, romelic agreTve

erTniSnaa da romlis gareSe RirebulebiTi cnobierebis

arseboba SeuZlebelia.

relatiuri absoluturis sapirispiro niSnebiT xasi-

aTdeba. relatiuroba, onononontotototolololologigigigiuuuuri azri azri azri azriTriTriTriT, sxvasTan mi-

marTebaSi yofnas, sxvaze damokidebulobas niSnavs. igi

aris is, rac Tavis arsebobas sxvasTan mimarTebaSi iZens,

mxolod sxvasTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs da, maSasadame,

TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli arseboba ar gaaCnia. relati-

uri cvalebadia, icvleba sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi, xolo

mimarTebis cvlileba cvlis mimarTebis substrats. erTi

da igive mamakaci sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi SeiZleba iyos

qmaric, mamac, Svilic, megobaric, mteric da a. S. amas niS-

navs relatiuris cvalebadoba da, rac mTavaria, mramramramravalvalvalval----

niSniSniSniSnonononobabababa. relatiuri mravalniSnaa, rac imaSic vlindeba,

rom igi damokidebulia sxvaze, sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi

sxvadasxva, zogjer principulad gansxvavebulia. mas mxo-

lod sxvasTan mimarTebaSi SeuZlia arseboba da ara gan-

calkevebiT. siTbos, sinaTlisa da tenianobis gareSe ar

iarsebebs flora, xolo floris gareSe ar iarsebebs fa-

una da a. S. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs obieqtur anu on-

tologiur relatiurobasTan.

magram absoluturis msgavsad, arsebobs ananananTroTroTroTropopopopololololo----

gigigigiuuuuri reri reri reri relalalalatitititiuuuurorororobacbacbacbac; am SemTxvevaSi relatiurobas ada-

mianTan mimarTeba qmnis, misi Zirebi adamianSia. swored

amitom vuwodebT mas anTropologiurs. Tavis mxriv an-

Tropologiur relatiurobas ori forma aqvs: gnognognognoseseseseoooololololo----

gigigigiuuuuriririri da aqaqaqaqsisisisioooolololologigigigiuuuuriririri. gnoseologiuri relatiuroba

adamianis codnis maxasiaTebelia, romlisTvisac absolu-

301

turi WeSmariteba miuwvdomelia. Cveni Semecnebis nebismie-

ri safexuri relatiuria, Secdomebis Semcvelia. relati-

uroba am SemTxvevaSi Secdomebis Semcvelobas, arasisru-

les niSnavs. Semecnebis procesSi Secdomebis permanentu-

li eliminacia (gamoricxva) absoluturi WeSmaritebis

miRwevas ver uzrunvelyofs. gnoseologiur subieqtTan

mimarTeba, masze damokidebuleba am SemTxvevaSi arsebiT

rols TamaSobs.

anTropologiuri relatiurobis meore formas _ aq-

siologiur relatiurobas _ miekuTvneba eTikuri, esTeti-

kuri, kulturuli da sxva Rirebulebani, romlebic mxo-

lod adamianTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs. maT safuZvelze iq-

mneba RiRiRiRirerererebubububulelelelebibibibiTi cnoTi cnoTi cnoTi cnobibibibieeeererererebabababa, romelic adamianis suli-

eri samyaros erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia.

Tu absoluturis erTniSnoba garkveulobis, Semecne-

bis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens, relatiuris mraval-

niSnoba ki, piriqiT, gaurkvevlobas, bundovanebas iwvevs,

SeuZlebels xdis Semecnebas. jer kidev sokratem, pla-

tonma da aristotelem kargad gaacnobieres, rom relati-

vizmi angrevs mecnierebas, SeuZlebels xdis Semecnebas,

iwvevs skepticizmsa da nihilizms. protagoras relati-

vizms gorgias nihilizmi mohyva. sofistebis relativizmis

winaaRmdeg aristotelem Camoayaliba winaaRmdegobis Se-

uZleblobis kanoni, romelic gamoricxavs relativiste-

bis mier Semotanil bundovanebasa da gaurkvevlobas da

erTniSnas, anu absoluturis safuZvelze SesaZlebels

xdis Semecnebas. aristotelem kargad gaacnobiera, rom

absoluturi, erTniSna is javSania, romelic relativiz-

mis damangreveli Zalisagan gvicavs.

$$$$87. cod87. cod87. cod87. codnis struqnis struqnis struqnis struqtutututurararara

codna aris arsis asaxva; amitom arsis kanonzomiere-

ba codnis kanonzomierebas gansazRvravs, cxadia, garkveu-

li specifikis SenarCunebiT. es niSnavs, rom codnas, azrs

aqvs ontologiuri safuZveli. arsis erT-erT arsebiT ka-

302

nonzomierebas misi struqtura warmoadgens, romelic sa-

fuZvlad uZevs misi amsaxveli codnis struqturul ka-

nonzomierebas.

zemoT ($2) davaxasiaTeT arsis sami struqturuli

done: realuri arsi anu movlenaTa samyaro, specialur

arsebaTa samyaro da substanciuri arsi anu ukanaskneli

instanciis arseba. arsis am struqturul doneebs Seesaba-

meba codnis aseve sami struqturuli done, romlebic, ar-

sis msgavsad, ierarqiuli wesrigiT aris ganlagebuli. es

doneebia: wiwiwiwinanananamecmecmecmecninininieeeerurururuli, mecli, mecli, mecli, mecninininieeeerurururulililili da fifififilolololososososofifififiuuuuri ri ri ri

codcodcodcodnananana.

is codna, romelsac adamiani moipovebs realuri ar-

sis anu movlenaTa samyaros aRqmis Sedegad da garkveuli

warmodgenebis saxiT Camoayalibebs, aris winamecnieruli

codna. igi winamecnierulia imitom, rom martooden mov-

lenaTa samyaros _ sinamdvilis yvelaze zedapiruli fe-

nis _ asaxvaa, xolo am samyaros arseba anu specialur

arsebaTa samyaro misTvis ucnobia. es ukanaskneli mecnie-

ruli Semecnebis sagans warmoadgens. amrigad, winamecnie-

ruli codnis sagania realuri arsi anu movlenaTa samya-

ro, xolo mis Sesaxeb codna Camoyalibebulia warmodge-

nebis saxiT. winamecnieruli azrovneba aris warwarwarwarmodmodmodmodgegegegenenenene----

biT azbiT azbiT azbiT azrovrovrovrovnenenenebabababa. igi cnebebs ar saWiroebs. cnebebiT mxo-

lod mecnieri azrovnebs, vinaidan cneba arsebis asaxvaa,

xolo arseba mecnieruli Semecnebis sagania.

magram is warmodgenebi, romelic winamecnieruli Se-

mecnebis formaa, imdenad zogadia, rom cnebis zogadobas

TiTqmis arc Camouvardeba. miuxedavad amisa, igi mainc

warmodgenaa da ara cneba, raki igi arsebis asaxvas ar

warmoadgens. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi adamiani azrovnebs

ara cnebebiT, aramed zogadi warmodgenebiT.1 es niSnavs,

rom samyaroSi orientaciis asaRebad cnebiTi azrovneba

aucilebeli ar aris. ase rom ar iyos, maSin qveynad arse-

bobas mxolod mecnierebi SeZlebdnen.

1 am garemoebas pirvelad yuradReba miaqcia jer j. lokma, xolo Semdeg n. loskim.

303

codnis ufro maRali _ siRrmiseuli _ sferoa mec-

nieruli Semecneba, romlis sagania specialur arsebaTa

samyaro, xolo forma _ cneba. mecnieruli Semecneba cnecnecnecne----

bibibibiseseseseuuuulialialialia. cneba zogadia imitom, rom misi sagani _ specia-

luri arsebani _ zogadia. arsebis zogadoba misi amsaxve-

li codnis zogadobas iwvevs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs

SiSiSiSinanananaararararseseseseul zoul zoul zoul zogagagagadodododobasbasbasbasTan.Tan.Tan.Tan. arsebisa da misi amsaxveli

cnebis zogadoba Sinaarseulia. mecnieruli codna gaSua-

lebulia, xolo gamaSualebels winamecnieruli codna

warmoadgens, vinaidan arsebis Semecneba movlenebis Semec-

nebis gziT SeiZleba. aseve arsebis amsaxveli cneba mov-

lenaTa Sesaxeb grZnobad-empiriuli warmodgenebis racio-

naluri gadamuSavebis Sedegia. winamecnieruli da mecnie-

ruli codna, arsis doneebis Sesabamisad, codnis sxvadas-

xva dones qmnis, romlebic erTmaneTisagan siRrmisa da

zogadobis mixedviT gansxvavdeba.

mecnieruli codna, romlis sagans specialur arse-

baTa samyaro warmoadgens da cneba, msjeloba, daskvnis

saxiT yalibdeba, aris spespespespeciciciciaaaalurlurlurlur----mecmecmecmecninininieeeerurururuli codli codli codli codnananana, vina-

idan misi sagania specialuri arsebani. aseTia fizika, qi-

mia, biologia da a. S. yvela mecniereba, garda filosofi-

isa.

filosofiis sagania absoluturi arsi, substanciu-

ri arseba, romelic arsebaTa Soris uzogadesi da uRrme-

sia. filosofia uzogadesi cnebebiT anu kategoriebiT az-

rovnebs. filosofiuri codna aris kakakakatetetetegogogogoririririaaaalulululuri codri codri codri cod----

nananana, vinaidan mis uzogadesobas misi sagnis _ substanciuri

arsebis _ uzogadesoba ganapirobebs. filosofia specia-

lur mecnierebebs emyareba, maT Sedegebs ganazogadebs,

awarmoebs maT filosofiur analizs da adgens sinamdvi-

lis uzogades kanonzomierebas. analizi mis mizans ki ar

warmoadgens, aramed sinamdvilis ufro Rrmad Semecnebis

saSualebas. es niSnavs, rom filosofias aqvs Tavisi saga-

ni, meTodi da saSualebani, rac arc erTi sxva mecniere-

bis sagans, meTodsa da saSualebas ar emTxveva. am Sem-

TxvevaSi filosofiis cnebis qveS igulisxmeba ontolo-

gia, rogorc mecniereba absoluturi arsis Sesaxeb, ro-

304

gorc “pirveli filosofia”, rogorc mas tradiciulad

uwodebdnen.

amrigad, arsebobs codnis sami erTmaneTTan mWidrod

dakavSirebuli sfero: winamecnieruli, mecnieruli da fi-

losofiuri, romlebic siRrmisa da zogadobis ierarqi-

ul kibeze sxvadasxva doneebs qmnis. mecnieruli codna

saSualo zogadobisaa, filosofiuri ki _ uzogadesi.

codnis samive sfero mWidro kavSirSia, erTianobaSia. ama-

Si mdgomareobs codnis erTianobis idea. filosofiuri

codna uzogadesobis gamo zereled moazrovne adamianebs

zedmeti eCvenebaT, magram sinamdvileSi misi mniSvneloba

adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi ganuzomelia. “yvela mecnie-

reba masze (filosofiaze _ s. a.) ufro saWiroa, magram

masze ukeTesi arc erTi ar aris” (aristotele).

$$$$88. cod88. cod88. cod88. codnis renis renis renis relalalalatitititiuuuurorororobis wyabis wyabis wyabis wyarorororoeeeebibibibi

nebismieri codna _ aramecnierulic da mecnierulic

_ ganuwyvetlad viTardeba, arcodnidan codnisaken mie-

marTeba. amasTanave codnis ganviTareba usasrulo pro-

cess warmoadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom absolutur WeS-

maritebas verasodes ver vwvdebiT. codnis ganviTarebis

faqti mis relatiurobas asabuTebs. saerTod, viTardeba

is, rac sruli ar aris, rasac raRac aklia anu rac ar

aris absoluturi. aseTi ki aris relatiuri. es Seexeba

arssac da azrsac, obieqtursa da subieqtur sinamdviles.

magram ontologiuri relatiuroba anu relatiuroba ar-

sis sferoSi mimarTebaSi yofnas niSnavs, xolo azris

(codnis) sferoSi relatiurobis specifikas arasisrule

warmoadgens. marTlac, codna misi ganviTarebis yvela

etapze arasasrulia, naklovania, Secdomebis Semcvelia;

swored es garemoeba warmoadgens misi usasrulo ganviTa-

rebis SesaZleblobas. codnis relatiuroba misi ganviTa-

rebis aucilebeli pirobaa da, piriqiT, codnis ganviTare-

bis faqti mis relatiurobas asabuTebs.

codnis relatiurobas ori wyaro aqvs: subieqturi

da obieqturi. subieqtur wyaros warmoadgens Cveni Semec-

nebiTi unarebis sasruloba. adamiani sasruli arsebaa;

305

rarig warmatebulic ar unda iyos misi praqtikuli da

Teoriuli moRvaweoba, misi unarebi yvela mxriv SezRudu-

lia. swored amitom aris, rom adamians ar ZaluZs usas-

rulobis Semecneba. sasruli arseba usasrulos ver miw-

vdeba. laplasma albaTobis (subieqturi) Teoria am idea-

ze daafuZna.

absoluturi WeSmaritebis mouxelTebloba araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs WeSmaritebis uaryofas. Cvens cod-

nas misi ganviTarebis nebismier etapze WeSmariteba-Secdo-

mis niSnebi axasiaTebs. TviT im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca saq-

me gvaqvs konvenciebTan, romlebic obieqturi sinamdvilis

uSualo asaxvas ar warmoadgens, WeSmariteba-Secdomis mi-

xedviT msjeloba mainc aucilebeli xdeba, magram, cxadia,

garkveuli mimarTebis an SeTanxmebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rac mis relatiur bunebas kidev ufro asabuTebs.

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom SeuZlebelia relatiuri

WeSmaritebis uaryofa, WeSmaritebis cnebis gaigiveba ab-

soluturi WeSmaritebis cnebasTan. marTalia, codnis

usasrulo ganviTarebis procesSi absolutur WeSmarite-

bas verasodes ver vwvdebiT, magram yvela konkretul Sem-

TxvevaSi relatiuri WeSmaritebis mflobelni varT.

aseTia Cveni codnis relatiurobis subieqturi wya-

ro da misi Sedegi.

codnis relatiurobas aqvs meore _ aseve fundamen-

turi _ obieqturi wyaroc. TviT im SemTxvevaSic ki adami-

anis SemecnebiTi unarebi, rom usasrulo iyos, Cveni cod-

na mainc relatiuri iqneboda misi sagnis relatiurobis

gamo. zemoT vaCveneT winamecnieruli da mecnieruli cod-

nis sagnebis _ realuri arsisa (movlenaTa samyarosa) da

specialur arsebaTa samyaros _ relatiuroba, rac wina-

mecnieruli da mecnieruli codnis relatiurobis onto-

logiur safuZvels warmoadgens. relatiuroba arsis ori-

ve sferos arsebiT gansazRvrulobas warmoadgens. amitom

bunebrivia, rom misi amsaxveli codnac relatiuri iyos;

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi codna ar iqneba sagnis asaxva. ise-

Ti fundamenturi niSani, rogoricaa relatiuroba, codna-

Si uTuod unda aisaxebodes; sxvagvarad asaxvaze lapa-

306

raks azri ar eqneboda da verc Semecnebaze vilaparakeb-

diT.

rac Seexeba filosofiur codnas, romlis sagans

substanciuri arseba warmoadgens, mis relatiurobas ara

aqvs ontologiuri anu obieqturi safuZvlebi, vinaidan

substanciuri arseba absoluturia da ara relatiuri.

magram vinaidan filosofiur Semecnebas adamianebi axor-

cieleben, romelTa SemecnebiTi unarebi iseve gansazRvru-

lia, rogorc yvela adamianisa, filosofiuri codnac re-

latiuria, Tumca mis relatiurobas martooden subieqtu-

ri safuZvlebi aqvs. amrigad, mTeli Cveni codna _ wina-

mecnieruli, mecnieruli da filosofiuri _ relatiuria.

relatiuroba codnis fundamentur gansazRvrebas warmo-

adgens.

307

$$$$89. wi89. wi89. wi89. winanananamecmecmecmecninininieeeerurururuli da mecli da mecli da mecli da mecninininieeeerurururuli codli codli codli codnananana

codnis relatiurobis Teziss, romelic zemoT Camo-vayalibeT, davamatebT ramdenime mosazrebas winamecnieru-li da mecnieruli codnis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.

winamecnieruli codnis relatiurobis mTavar safuZ-vels misi sagnis _ realuri arsis anu movlenaTa samya-ros _ relatiuroba warmoadgens. movlena arsebis gamov-lenaa da mas mxolod masTan mimarTebaSi aqvs azri. ama-Sia misi relatiuroba. meore mxriv movlenaTa samyaro drosa da sivrceSi arsebul saganTa da movlenaTa samya-roa, rac mis relatiurobas asabuTebs. winamecnieruli codna ki, rogorc relatiuri arsis asaxva, ar SeiZleba TviTonac relatiuri ar iyos.

garda amisa, zemoT vaCveneT codnis relatiurobis subieqturi safuZvelic _ Cveni SemecnebiTi unarebis ara-sisrule, gansazRvruloba. winamecnieruli codnis rela-tiurobis am mxareze gansakuTrebiT gaamaxviles yuradRe-ba Zvelma skeptikosebma da Camoayalibes sensualuri skefsisis tropebi, romlis ZiriTad mizans gnoseologiu-ri dogmatizmis daZleva warmoadgenda, romlis pozicieb-zec ZiriTadad materialistebi idgnen. Semmecnebeli subi-eqtis Semecnebis unarebis SezRudulobas Semdegi epoqis filosofosTa umravlesobac (gansakuTrebiT agnostikose-bi) aRniSnavda. marTlac, subieqtur prizmaSi gadamtydari codna arasodes ar aris Secdomebisagan dazRveuli. wina-mecnieruli codnis relatiuroba udavo faqts warmoad-gens.

aseve relatiuria mecnieruli codnac, romelsac ag-reTve relatiurobis orive wyaro aqvs; misi sagani _ spe-cialur arsebaTa samyaro _ erTdroulad sasrulic aris da usasruloc. isini erTmaneTzea damokidebuli, rac maT sasrulobasa da relatiurobas warmoadgens. sagnis rela-tiuroba ki misi amsaxveli codnis _ mecnieruli codnis _ relatiurobaSi aisaxeba. meore mxriv mecnieruli cod-nis relatiurobas subieqturi wyaroc aqvs _ Semmecnebe-li subieqtis SemecnebiTi unarebis SezRuduloba. “mecni-

308

ereba Secdomadia _ wers k. poperi _ vinaidan igi adamia-nis xelis produqtia.”1

mecnieruli codnis relatiuroba imasac niSnavs,

rom mas albaTuri xasiaTi aqvs. codna yovelTvis alba-

Tobis garkveuli xarisxiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca am albaTo-

bas polusebi ara aqvs, anu ar arsebobs absoluturad sa-

albaTo an absoluturad arasaalbaTo codna. zogjer

arasaalbaTos iseT codnas veZaxiT, romelic ukiduresi

SeuZleblobiT xasiaTdeba. aseTi albaToba nuls uaxlov-

deba, magram arasodes ar utoldeba. es niSnavs, rom, mar-

Talia, praqtikul cxovrebaSi misi uaryofa ara marto

SesaZlebelia, aramed aucilebelic, magram Teoriulad

aseTi SesaZleblobis absoluturad gamoricxva SeuZlebe-

lia (magaliTad, ~jinzis saswauli”).

albaTobis polusebis ararseboba ar gamoricxavs

albaTobis xarisxebis (“meti” an “naklebi” albaToba) ar-

sebobas. magram am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia ara polu-

sebTan miaxloeba an daSoreba, aramed albaTobis wina da

momdevno doneebTan Sedareba. mSobiarobis SemTxvevaSi

tyupi bavSvebis dabadeba ufro nakleb saalbaToa, vidre

erTi bavSvisa, xolo igive tyupebis dabadeba ufro metad

saalbaToa, vidre samtyupisa da a. S. amrigad, albaTobis

xarisxebi TviTon albaTobis farglebSi wesrigdeba da

ara mis gareT.

mecnieruli codnis relatiurobas isic asabuTebs,

rom mecnieruli codna yovelTvis konkretulia da ara

abstraqtuli. abstraqtuli WeSmariteba ar arsebobs; WeS-

mariteba yovelTvis mraval gansazRvrulobaTa matarebe-

lia, damokidebulia sxvadasxva viTarebaze, zogjer dro-

zec, sivrcezec, aTvlis sistemaze da a. S. magaliTad, ro-

desac vambobT “wvims”, “moZraobs”, “laparakobs” da a. S.,

maSin vgulisxmobT Tu sad an rodis wvims, ris mimarT

moZraobs, vin laparakobs da a. S. WeSmaritebis konkretu-

loba misi relatiurobis kidev erTi sabuTia.

1 К. Поппер, Логика и рост научного знания, стр. 387.

309

magram sul sxva saqmea is, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia

an saerTod SesaZlebelia Tu ara martooden relatiuri

WeSmaritebis safuZvelze Semecneba da, miT umetes , mecnie-

ruli codnis Camoyalibeba da TviT adamianis praqtikuli

saqmianoba. am problemis kvleva amJamad Cvens mTavar mizans

warmoadgens.

310

TaTaTaTavi mevi mevi mevi meoooorrrreeee

fsevfsevfsevfsevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuris Teris Teris Teris Teooooririririis sais sais sais safuZfuZfuZfuZvlevlevlevlebibibibi

$$$$90. gno90. gno90. gno90. gnoseseseseoooolololologigigigiuuuuri reri reri reri relalalalatitititivizvizvizvizmis krimis krimis krimis krititititika da ka da ka da ka da

ababababsosososolulululututututuris Ziris Ziris Ziris Zieeeebabababa

codnis nebismieri formis _ winamecnierulis, mecni-

erulisa da filosofiuris _ relatiuroba SeiZleba kva-

lificirebul iqnas rogorc gnognognognoseseseseoooolololologigigigiuuuuri reri reri reri relalalalatitititivizvizvizviz----

mimimimi. aqedan SeiZleba iseTi yalbi STabeWdileba Seiqmnas,

rom TiTqos yvelaferi relatiuria, absoluturi saer-

Tod ar arsebobs da ara marto is ar arsebobs, aramed

misi saWiroebac ki ar aris.

aseTi warmodgena SeiZleba Seeqmnas zerele, empiri-

ul cnobierebas, romlisTvisac arsisa da azris siRrmi-

seuli sferoebi miuwvdomelia. Tu relativizms safuZ-

vlianad gavaanalizebT, iolad aRmovaCenT mis ukmariso-

bas rogorc obieqturi, ise subieqturi sinamdvilis gasa-

azreblad. akritikebda ra maqs planki relativizms, wer-

da: “ar arsebobs imaze ufro didi gaugebroba, vidre uaz-

ro gamoTqma: “yvelaferi relatiuria ... absoluturi si-

dideebis arsebobis wanamZRvrebis gareSe saerTod ar Se-

iZleba arc erTi cnebis gansazRvreba, arc erTi Teoriis

ageba.”1 da Semdeg: “yoveli relatiuri ukanasknel safuZ-

velSi dakavSirebulia raRac TavisTavadTan, absolutur-

Tan. sxvagvarad cneba, dasabuTeba an relatiuri haerSi

hkidia im serTukis msgavsad, romelsac ara aqvs Camosaki-

debeli lursmani. absoluturi aris aucilebeli, myari

amosavali wertili. igi saTanado adgilze unda veZioT.”2

maqs plankis ZiriTadi daskvna, romelsac ar SeiZleba ar

daveTanxmoT aseTia: rerererelalalalatitititiurs mivurs mivurs mivurs mivyayayayavarT abvarT abvarT abvarT absosososolulululututututuriririri----

sasasasaken; abken; abken; abken; absosososolulululututututuris uarris uarris uarris uaryoyoyoyofa Sefa Sefa Sefa SeuZuZuZuZlelelelebebebebelia.lia.lia.lia.

1 М. Планк, Сборник к столетию со дня рождения, М., 1958, стр. 59. 2 М. Планк, От относительного к абсолютному, Вологда, 1925, стр. 41.

311

marTlac, wminda relativizms _ absoluturis uar-

yofas _ skepticizmsa da nihilizmamde mivyavarT. amis

dasturs antikuri relativizmi da misi Tanmdevi skepti-

cizmi da nihilizmi warmoadgens. protagoras relativiz-

mma gorgias nihilizmi warmoSva. mxolod relatiuris sa-

fuZvelze SeuZlebelia raime azris gamoTqma, metyveleba

da adamianis TviT praqtikuli saqmianobac ki. usazRvroa

relativizmis damangreveli Zala adamianis sulieri sam-

yarosa da praqtikuli moRvaweobis sferoSi. relativiz-

mis damangreveli Zalisagan xsna mxolod absoluturs

SeuZlia.

logikuradac ki relatiuri ar arsebobs absolutu-

ris gareSe. absoluturi da relatiuri korelaturi cne-

bebia. Tu absoluturs uaryofT, maSin relatiuri TviTon

gadaiqceva erTaderT realobad anu absoluturad _ ab-

solutur mniSvnelobas SeiZens. relatiuri imitom aris

aseTi, rom arsebobs sxvagvari realoba absoluturis sa-

xiT. erTi sityviT, absoluturis Zieba ara marto onto-

logiursa da gnoseologiur, aramed logikur aucileb-

lobasac warmoadgens.

relatiuris ukmarisoba da absoluturis aucileb-

loba naTlad Cans Semecnebis TeoriaSi. Semecnebis SesaZ-

leblobis umTavres pirobas erTniSnoba warmoadgens; er-

TniSna ki absoluturis gnoseologiuri surogatia. Se-

mecnebis procesSi absoluturi figurirebs rogorc er-

TniSnoba, rogorc garkveulobis aucilebeli piroba. mra-

valniSnoba ki relatiuris gamovlenaa Semecnebis proces-

Si, romelic gaurkvevlobis, bundovanebis wyaroa da Se-

uZlebels xdis Semecnebas. es idea jer kidev platonma

da aristotelem gamoTqves sofistebisa da heraklites

mimdevrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. isini maT “orTavianebs”

uwodebdnen, vinaidan erTsa da imave dros erTsac amtki-

cebdnen da misgan gansxvavebulsac. swored relativizmis

winaaRmdeg SeimuSava aristotelem winaaRmdegobis kanoni,

romelic SeuZleblad Tvlis, rom “erTi da igive erTad

ekuTvnodes da arc ekuTvnodes erTsa da igives erTi da

312

igive azriT.”1 cota qvemoT aristotele wers, rom “erTi

mniSvnelobis arqona niSnavs arc erTi mniSvnelobis ar-

qonas... SeuZlebelia raimes moazreba Tu (yovelTvis) ar

azrovneb raime erTs.”2 mravalniSnobis pirobebSi “SeuZ-

lebeli iqneba raimes gamoTqma an Tqma.” aristotele ima-

zec miuTiTebs, rom relatiurobis anu mravalniSnobis

pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda adamianis praqtikuli

moRvaweobac. Tu yvelafers erTi fasi aqvs anu Tu WaSi

Cavardnas da arCavardnas vinmesaTvis erTi da igive mniS-

vneloba aqvs, maSin ratom ufrTxis WaSi Cavardnas?3

amrigad, udavod unda CaiTvalos relativisturi

koncefciis ukmaroba adamianis Teoriulsa da praqtikul

saqmianobaSi, kidev metic, is ziani, romelic mas adamiani-

saTvis moaqvs. goneba ibneva relatiurobis mravalniSna

labirinTSi da sasowarkveTiT eZebs absoluturs, erTniS-

nas, garkveuls, romelSic igi xsnas xedavs. absoluturi

aris adamianis mTeli _ Teoriuli da praqtikuli _ moR-

vaweobis orientiri. swored amitom igi yovelTvis mowi-

webas imsaxurebs. “mxolod filosofiis mters SeuZlia

masze udierad laparaki” (u. jeimzi).

magram sad veZioT igi? absoluturi xom uSualod

arasodes ar gveZleva? igi xom sinamdvilis zedapirze _

movlenaTa samyaroSi _ sadac Cven vcxovrobT, ar Cans?

isic kargad cnobilia, rom adamians _ sasrul arsebas _

ar SeuZlia usasrulos, absoluturis wvdoma; magram, me-

ore mxriv, isic udavoa, rom absoluturis gareSe misi

arseboba SeuZlebelia. igi aris misi ontologiuri arse-

bobis, gnoseologiuri da praqtikuli moRvaweobis safuZ-

velTa safuZveli. sad aris gamosavali?

$$$$91. fsev91. fsev91. fsev91. fsevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuris cneris cneris cneris cnebabababa

1 aristotearistotearistotearistotelelelele, metafizika, 1005 b -18 -34 2 iqve, 1006 б 14 3 aristotelearistotelearistotelearistotele, metafizika, 1008 б 27

313

zemoT, vfiqrobT, sakmao damajereblobiT vaCveneT

relativisturi msoflmxedvelobis mavnebloba. relati-

vizmi angrevs adamianis sulier samyaros; relatiurobis

pirobebSi SeuZlebelia adamianis Teoriuli (SemecnebiTi)

da praqtikuli (RirebulebiTi) moRvaweoba. meore mxriv

isic vaCveneT, rom mTeli Cveni codna relatiuria. magram

faqtia, rom am TiTqosda globaluri relatiurobis miu-

xedavad, arsebobs da warmatebiT funqcionirebs adamianis

Teoriuli da praqtikuli cnobiereba. arsebobs Semecne-

bac, metyvelebac, RirebulebiTi orientaciebic da, saer-

Tod, adamianis mTeli sulieri samyaro. es faqti ki spe-

cialur axsnas, dasabuTebas saWiroebs. rogor unda gavi-

goT adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli cnobierebis war-

matebuli moRvaweoba arsisa da azris relatiurobis pi-

robebSi?

am urTulesi problemis axsnas Cven imaSi vxedavT,

rom adamiani Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis pro-

cesSi cnobierad an (umetes SemTxvevaSi) aracnobierad

qmnis absoluturs, erTniSnas, invariantuls, aabaabaabaabsosososolulululututututu----

rebs rerebs rerebs rerebs relalalalatitititiursursursurs da am xelovnurad Seqmnili absolutu-

riT operirebs. amgvari absoluturi anu gaabsoluture-

buli relatiuri aris fsevfsevfsevfsevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuriririri, romelic Tum-

ca warmomavlobiT subieqturia, magram Semecnebis, metyve-

lebisa da RirebulebiTi orientaciebis ganxorcielebis

procesSi WeSmariti absoluturis yvela funqcias asru-

lebs da SesaZlebels xdis adamianis Teoriulsa da praq-

tikul moRvaweobas.

fsevdoabsoluturi, rogorc absoluturis gnoseo-

logiuri surogati, erTniSnobiT, invariantulobiT xasi-

aTdeba, rac Semecnebisa da azris gamoTqmis aucilebel

pirobas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi adamianis

sulier samyaroSi WeSmariti absoluturis yvela funqci-

as asrulebs, igi mainc ar aris absoluturi Tundac imi-

tom, rom igi gaabsoluturebuli relatiuria anu adamia-

nis mier Seqmnili absoluturia, xolo namdvili absolu-

turi Seuqmnadia, maradiulia. meore mxriv, fsevdoabso-

luturi arc relatiuria, vinaidan relatiuri mravalniS-

314

naa, gaurkvevelia; fsevdoabsoluturi ki erTniSna da

garkveulobis pirobaa. maSasadame, fsevdoabsoluturi

aris raRac “mesame realoba” absoluturisa da relatiu-

ris gverdiT. igi, erTi mxriv, erTniSnobiT absoluturs

enaTesaveba, xolo, meore mxriv, subieqturi warmomavlo-

biT aseve enaTesaveba relatiurs. amaSi mdgomareobs fsev-

doabsoluturis ormagi _ winaaRmdegobrivi _ buneba. igi

aris da arc aris absoluturi, iseve rogorc aris da

arc aris relatiuri. igi orive maTganisagan gansxvavebu-

lia, maT Soris “Suamdebarea”, absoluturis “oreulia”,

romelic “dedanis” yvela funqcias asrulebs adamianis

Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis procesSi. aseTia

fsevdoabsoluturis fundamenturi niSnebi, misi zogadi

daxasiaTeba, rac qvemoT kidev ufro naTeli gaxdeba.

$$$$92. fsev92. fsev92. fsev92. fsevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuris forris forris forris formemememebibibibi

arsebobs fsevdoabsoluturis sami ZiriTadi forma,

romelTagan pirvelsa da uZiriTadess warmoadgens xe-

lovnurad gaabsoluturebuli relatiuri, romelic yve-

laze srulyofilad gazomvis procesSi vlindeba. am

formis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba imaSia, rom Tanamed-

rove sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebi _ ainStainis relatiu-

robis Teoria da kvanturi meqanika _ gazomvis procedu-

ras emyareba, gazomvas ki fsevdoabsoluturi xasiaTi

aqvs. es niSnavs, rom fsevdoabsoluturis Teoria funda-

mentur rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebaSi.

relatiuris xelovnurad gaabsolutureba, rac fsev-

doabsoluturis am ZiriTadi formis Sinaarss warmoad-

gens, cnobier xasiaTs atarebs, riTac igi sxva formebisa-

gan gansxvavdeba. adamiani am SemTxvevaSi cnobierad (xe-

lovnurad) qmnis fsevdoabsoluturs, vinaidan mis gareSe

gazomvis proceduris Catareba ar SeuZlia. amaSi mdgoma-

reobs fsevdoabsoluturis Semotanis aucilebloba.

zemoT, gazomvis Teoriis logikuri analizis dros

vaCveneT, rom gazomvis proceduris Casatareblad aucile-

315

belia sazomi erTeulis arCeva; aseTi sazomi erTeulebia

metri, saaTi, Termometri, ampermetri, voltmetri, fuli

da a. S. vinaidan sazomi erTeulebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs,

xolo gazomvis proceduris Catareba mis gareSe SeuZle-

belia, amitom adamiani maT qmnis sruliad cnobierad ga-

zomvis proceduris Catarebis mizniT. es sidideebi Tavis-

Tavad, sazom erTeulad arCevamde, araviTari upirateso-

biT ar sargeblobs sxva sidideebTan SedarebiT da, maSa-

sadame, igi TavisTavad relatiuria. magram mas Semdeg,

rac mas garkveuli moTxovnebis farglebSi (gasazomi da

sazomi erTeulis erTgvaroba, mdgradoba, ucvleloba da

a. S.) virCevT sazom erTeulad, vaniWebT privilegiur

mniSvnelobas sxva sidideebis mimarT da, amrigad, xelov-

nurad vqmniT absoluturs anu fsevdoabsoluturs. sazo-

mi erTeulis arCeva sxva araferia, garda fsevdoabsolu-

turis Seqmnisa. misi absoluturi mniSvneloba aris is

privilegiebi, romelic mas xelovnurad mivakuTvneT arCe-

vis Sedegad, Tumca igi TavisTavad araviTar privilegiebs

ar flobs. misi privilegiuroba ki is aris, rom igi amie-

ridan zomavs _ “Tavisi Tvalsazrisis” mixedviT afasebs

_ yvela gasazom sidides, magram TviTon ki arasodes ar

aris gazomvis, Sefasebis obieqti. sazomi erTeuli ar

izomeba, igi Tavisufali arCevanis Sedegia, konvenciuri

bunebisaa. es arCevani determinirebulia simarjvis, moxer-

xebulobis, simartivis moTxovnebis mier. aravin ar moiT-

xovs sazomi erTeulis gazomvas, vinaidan aseTi moTxovna

uazro da ganuxorcielebeli iqneboda, vinaidan mis gasa-

zomad axali sazomi erTeulis arCeva dagvWirdeboda, xo-

lo TviTon ki Sewyvetda sazom erTeulad arsebobas da

gasazom sidided gadaiqceoda. es niSnavs, rom SeuZlebe-

lia imis dadgena, Tu ras udris sazomi erTeuli.

sazom erTeuls, rogorc fsevdoabsolutur sidides,

subieqturi warmomavloba aqvs; igi Cveni Seqmnilia, rome-

lic WeSmariti absoluturis yvela funqcias asrulebs,

Tumca TavisTavad aseTi ar aris. sazomi erTeuli, ro-

gorc fsevdoabsoluturi, erTniSnaa; swored amiT asru-

lebs igi absoluturis funqcias. igi normaa, romliTac

316

misi Sesabamisi sidideebi izomeba. aseTia sigrZis gazom-

vis SemTxvevaSi metriani joxi, drois gasazomad saaTi,

temperaturas gradusebiT vzomavT, saqonlis Rirebulebas

_ fuliT da a. S. yvela am da amgvar SemTxvevaSi absolu-

turTan gvaqvs saqme.

sazomi erTeulis, rogorc fsevdoabsoluturis, ar-

Ceva adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobisaTvis

aucilebelia, magram ai am konkretuli sazomi erTeulis

arCeva sruliadac ar aris aucilebeli. sigrZis sazom

erTeulad SeiZleba avirCioT metri, romelic 100 santi-

metrisagan Sedgeba; magram aseve SesaZlebelia avirCioT

arSini an metri vuwodoT ara 100 santimetrs, aramed 50,

70, 80 da a, S. santimetrs. es araviTar aucileblobas ar

warmoadgens. asevea saaTis, Termometris, fulis da a. S.

SemTxvevaSi. Cveni konvenciuri arCevanis motivs martoo-

den simarjve, simartive da moxerxebuloba warmoadgens.

fsevdoabsoluturis meore forma dakavSirebulia

obieqtis mTavari, ZiriTadi, upiratesi momentis uniuniuniuniverververversasasasa----

lilililizazazazaciciciciasasasasTanTanTanTan da, maSasadame, umciresi _ praqtikulad um-

niSvnelo _ procesebis uguuguuguugulelelelebelbelbelbelyoyoyoyofasfasfasfasTanTanTanTan. fsevdoabso-

luturis es forma yvelaze naTlad funqcionirebs sta-

tistikur kanonzomierebasa da Tanamedrove determiniz-

mSi. statistikuri kanonzomiereba, romelsac Tanamedrove

bunebismetyvelTa da sociologTa umravlesoba realuri

arsis uzogades kanonzomierebad Tvlis, movlenaTa sam-

yaros relatiuri bunebis aSkara maCvenebelia. magram mec-

nierebas ar SeuZlia am statistikuri (relatiuri) kanon-

zomierebiT dakmayofileba da masSi eZebs ase Tu ise er-

TniSnas, garkveuls, invariantuls anu absoluturs da,

ver poulobs ram mas, awarmoebs procesTa didi umravle-

sobis universalizacias, ugulebelyofs calkeul, mcire-

ricxovan procesebs da, amrigad, axdens relatiuris gaab-

soluturebas anu qmnis fsevdoabsoluturs. magaliTad,

rodesac fizikosi laparakobs Termodinamikuri procese-

bis Seubrunebadobaze, maSin am cnebas fsevdoabsoluturi

mniSvnelobiT xmarobs, vinaidan Termodinamikur proce-

sebSi entropia did umravles SemTxvevaSi izrdeba, e. i.

317

procesebs Seubrunebadi xasiaTi aqvT, magram Teoriulad

ar aris gamoricxuli maTi Sebruneba, e. i. calkeuli, er-

Teuli _ praqtikulad umniSvnelo _ negentropiuli pro-

cesebis warmoSoba, romelTa ugulebelyofa ara marto

SesaZlebelia, aramed aucilebelic. aseTia, magaliTad, e.

w. “jinzis saswauli” (gaxurebul Rumelze dadgmuli

wylis gayinva). am saswaulis albaToba katastrofulad

mcirea, magram Teoriulad misi gamoricxva SeuZlebelia.

miuxedavad amisa, Termodinamikur procesebs Seubruneba-

dad vTvliT. am Cvens mtkicebas ki fsevdoabsoluturi xa-

siaTi aqvs.

aseve sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebic fsevdoabso-

lutur xasiaTs atarebs. induqciuri daskvnebis cnobili

naklis gamo, raki “yvelas” gamokiTxva ar xerxdeba, ami-

tom respodentTa didi raodenobis pasuxebi induqciis we-

siT mTel sazogadoebaze vrceldeba da am gamokiTxvis

Sedegebis universalizaciis gziT gamogvaqvs fsevdoabso-

luturi daskvnebi. Tu gamokiTxulTa 80 an 90% dadebiT

pasuxs mogvcems, maSin vambobT, rom mosaxleobis 80 an

90% ase fiqrobs, Tumca es daskvna friad saalbaTo da

relatiuria. fsevdoabsoluturs xom relatiuri Zirebi

aqvs.

igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs Tanamedrove determinizmSi.

bunebaSi ar arsebobs absoluturi aucilebloba an abso-

luturi SemTxveviToba. aucilebels vuwodebT imas, rome-

lic did umravles SemTxvevaSi calsaxad meordeba, xolo

sapirispiros vTvliT SemTxveviTad. orive SemTxvevaSi

fsevdoabsoluturTan gvaqvs saqme. albaToba saerTod re-

latiurobas niSnavs, vinaidan igi mravalniSnaa da amdenad

gaurkvevlobis Semcvelia. magram yvela adamiani, maT So-

ris mecnieric, erTniSnad azrovnebs. sxvagvari azrovneba

ar arsebobs. azrovnebis procesSi ar SeiZleba raime alba-

Toba da mravalniSnoba figurirebdes. albaTobis Sesaxeb

msjeloba TviTon rodia albaTuri.

bunebis kanonebi absoluturi sizustiT arasodes ar

sruldeba. es exeba meqanikis kanonebsac. “niutonis kanone-

bis CaTvla mkacrad zust kanonebad ar SeiZleba _ wers

318

ainStaini _ isini sworia mxolod garkveuli miaxloe-

biT.”1 magram es kanonebi praqtikulad cxovrebaSi imdenad

zustad sruldeba, rom maTi CaTvla absoluturad zust

kanonebad Tavisuflad SesaZlebelia. calkeuli gamonak-

lisebis (fluqtuaciebis) albaToba imdenad mcirea, rom

maTi gauTvaliswinebloba ara marto dasaSvebia, aramed

aucilebelic. amitom niutonis kanonebi arsebiTad fsev-

doabsoluturi kanonebia. adamianis praqtikul cxovreba-

Si isini absoluturi kanonebis rols asrulebs, Tumca

TavisTavad aseTi ar aris.

kidev erTi magaliTi cocxali samyarodan: adamianis

organizmis Semadgeneli ujredebi ganuwyveteli kvdomisa

da warmoSobis procesSi imyofeba: zogi kvdeba, zogi war-

moiSoba. roca cocxali ujredebis raodenoba ganuzom-

lad Warbobs momakvdavi ujredis raodenobas, maSin orga-

nizms cocxals vuwodebT, xolo Tu piriqiT, maSin orga-

nizmi kvdeba an mkvdaria. arc erT SemTxvevaSi ara gvaqvs

absoluturi sicocxle an sikvdili; am cnebebs Cven fsev-

doabsoluturi mniSvnelobiT vxmarobT. aqac fsevdoabso-

luturis meore forma aSkarad figurirebs.

fsevdoabsoluturis mesame formas warmoadgens e. w.

“Se“Se“Se“SemomomomosazsazsazsazRvruRvruRvruRvruli abli abli abli absosososolulululututututuri”ri”ri”ri”, romelic funqcionirebs

sinamdvilis calkeul sferoebSi, sadac igi erTniSnobiT

xasiaTdeba. igi fsevdoabsoluturia imitom, rom mas, mar-

Talia, absoluturis niSani (erTniSnoba) ki miewereba,

magram miewereba mxolod am miam miam miam mimarmarmarmarTeTeTeTebabababaSiSiSiSi da ara saerTod.

WeSmariti absoluturi ki veraviTar SemosazRvras ver

iTmens, xolo am SemTxvevaSi fsevdoabsoluturs absolu-

turis SemosazRvra qmnis. aseTia, magaliTad, evkliduri

geometriis aqsiomebi, saxeldobr, paralelobis postula-

ti, romelsac absoluturi mniSvneloba mxolod evkli-

dur sivrceSi aqvs. aseve samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami 2 d-

s udris mxomxomxomxolodlodlodlod evkliduir geometriaSi. niutonis meqa-

nikis kanonebs absoluturi mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod im

sivrceSi, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT; mikro da mega samya-

1 А. Эйнштейн, Собрание научных трудов, т. IV, М., 1967, стр. 113.

319

roebs sul sxva kanonebi aqvs. aseve sinaTlis siCqare

mudmivia mxolod cariel sivrceSi. iuridiul kanonebs

normatiuli mniSvneloba aqvs ama Tu im konkretul sa-

xelmwifoSi da ara nebismier qveyanaSi da a. S. amrigad,

yvela am SemTxvevaSi fsevdoabsoluturobas Semosaz-

Rvruloba qmnis. WeSmariti absoluturi ki upiroboa, uni-

versaluria, yovelgvari mimarTebis gareSea.

fsevdoabsoluturis es mesame formac Tanamedrove

bunebismecnierebaSi figurirebs, kerZod, ainStainis rela-

tiurobis TeoriaSi igi fundamentur rols TamaSobs, vi-

naidan es Teoria sigrZis monakveTebisa da drois inter-

valebis relatiurobas amtkicebs. es monakveTebi da in-

tervalebi sxvadasxva (moZravi an uZravi) aTvlis sistemi-

dan gazomvisas sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas iZens, rac siv-

rcisa da drois relatiurobis maCvenebelia. magram igive

monakveTebi da intervalebi erTsa da imave aTvlis siste-

maSi invarantulia, erTniSnaa, anu absoluturi mniSvne-

loba aqvT. maTi absoluturoba ki SemosazRvrulia moce-

muli mimarTebiT (aTvlis sistemiT). am azriT SeiZleba

vilaparakoT sigrZis monakveTebisa da drois intervale-

bis fsevdoabsolutur xasiaTze.

igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs sivrceSi daSorebuli xdo-

milobebis erTdroulobis gazomvis procesSic. ori xdo-

miloba erTi aTvlis sistemidan gazomvisas SeiZleba

iyos erTdrouli, xolo igive xdomilobani sxva aTvlis

sistemis mimarT _ araerTdrouli. TiToeuli aTvlis sis-

temis farglebSi maTi erTdrouloba an araerTdroulo-

ba erTniSnaa anu absoluturia. magram swored am Semo-

sazRvrulobis gamo igi aris ara absoluturi, aramed

fsevdoabsoluturi.

aseTia fsevdoabsoluturis sami ZiriTadi forma,

Tumca gamoricxuli ar aris sxva formebis aRmoCenac.

320


fsevfsevfsevfsevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuri codri codri codri codnananana

$$$$93. kon93. kon93. kon93. konvenvenvenvencicicicioooonanananalulululuri Seri Seri Seri Semecmecmecmecnenenenebis bubis bubis bubis bunenenenebabababa

Semecnebis procesisa da codnis Camoyalibebis erT-

erT aucilebel pirobas konvencia warmoadgens. marTa-

lia, TviTon konvencia ar aris Semecneba, magram igi Se-

mecnebis saSualebaa, misi iaraRia. amaSi mdgomareobs kon-

venciis gnoseologiuri funqcia, rac ganpirobebulia

imiT, rom konvencias fsevdoabsoluturi xasiaTi aqvs. wi-

namdebare TavSi mocemuli iqneba am debulebis dasabuTe-

bis cda.

puankarem konvenciis cneba geometriuli aqsiomebis

bunebis asaxsnelad Semoitana. geometriuli aqsiomebi, mi-

si azriT, SeTanxmebebs (konvenciebs) warmoadgens. “geomet-

riuli aqsiomebi _ wers igi _ ar aris arc sinTezur-ap-

rioruli msjelobani, arc cdiseuli faqtebi. isini aris

pirobiTi SeTanxmebani (konvenciebi)... SeniRbuli gansaz-

Rvrebani.”1

puankares mixedviT, geometriaSi WeSmaritebis sakiT-

xi ar dgas. “arc erTi geometria ar SeiZleba iyos ufro

WeSmariti, vidre sxva. esa Tu is geometria SeiZleba iyos

mxolod ufro marjve.” evkliduri geometria ufro mar-

jve da moxerxebulia sxva geometriebTan SedarebiT da

masSia misi erTaderTi upiratesoba.2

rogorc vxedavT, aq gamoTqmulia geometriis rela-

tiurobis problema, romelsac gasuli saukunis bunebis-

mecnierebis filosofiaSi (gansakuTrebiT neopozitiviz-

mSi) bevri damcveli hyavda. maTi umravlesoba, puankares

kvaldakval, geometriis relatiurobasa da sxvadasxva ge-

ometriuli sistemebis ekvivalenturobas imaSi xedavda,

rom arc erTi maTgani ar aris WeSmariti. magram, Cven

1 А. Пуанкаре, О науке, М., 1990, стр. 49. 2 iqve, gv. 49-50

321

vfiqrobT, rom SesaZlebelia geometriis relatiurobis

problemis sruliad sapirispiro gadawyveta ekvivalentu-

robis principis SenarCunebiT. saxeldobr, yvela geomet-

riuli sistema WeSmaritia mxolod TavianTi sagnebis mi-

marT da amaSia maTi ekvivalenturobac, relatiurobac

da, kidev metic, fsevdoabsoluturobac.1

marTalia, puankare ZiriTadad geometriuli aqsiome-

bis konvenciurobis Sesaxeb msjelobs, magram amasTanave

kargad xedavs am ideebis eqstrapoliciis SesaZleblobas

mecnierebis sxva sferoebSi, kerZod fizikaSi. marTlac,

sruliad udavo unda iyos, rom konvenciuroba geometriu-

li aqsiomebiT ar unda Semoifarglebodes, aramed yvela

mecnierebisaTvis (da, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ara marto

mecnierebisaTvis) universalur kanonzomierebas unda war-

moadgendes. mecnieruli Teoriebi yovelTvis raRac pos-

tulatebidan amodis, romlebic SeiZleba uSualod ar

Candes imitom, rom isini, puankares termini rom vixmaroT,

“SeniRbuli gansazRvrebania”, magram, amis miuxedavad, ma-

Ti uaryofa SeuZlebelia. planki, ainStaini da sxva mrava-

li fizikosi Tvlis, rom bunebismecniereba obieqturi si-

namdvilis arsebobis ideidan amodis, romelsac igi pos-

tulatad, dausabuTeblad iRebs ara marto imitom, rom

dausabuTebadia, aramed imitomac, rom misi dasabuTebis

mcdeloba bunebismecnierebis prerogativas ar warmoad-

gens. bunebismecnieruli Teoriebis ageba mxolod im Sem-

TxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu am postulats miviRebT, e. i. Tu

imaSi SevTanxmdebiT, rom arsebobs obieqturi, adamianis

nebisagan, misi Semecnebisagan damoukidebeli garegani sam-

yaro. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi konvenciasTan gvaqvs saqme.

garda am zogadi (uzogadesi) konvenciuri xasiaTis

postulatisa, TiToeul mecnierebas ufro konkretuli,

specifikuri konvenciuri postulatebic aqvs. magaliTad,

ainStainis relatiurobis specialuri Teoria ori postu-

latidan amodis: sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivoba da relati-

1 am problemis ufro vrceli analizi ix. Cvens wignSi “bunebismecnierebis filosofia,” Tb., 1974

322

uroba, romelTa postulirebis, e. i. winaswari miRebis ga-

reSe Teoriis ageba SeuZlebelia. ras warmoadgens es pos-

tulatebi? aviRoT pirveli maTgani _ sinaTlis siCsiCsiCsiCqaqaqaqaris ris ris ris

mudmudmudmudmimimimivovovovobabababa, ainStaini Tvlis, rom sicarieleSi sinaTle

yvela mimarTulebiT Tanabari siCqariT vrceldeba. am

postulatzea agebuli sivrcisa da drois relativisturi

Teoria. kerZod, sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis er-

Tdroulobis Teoria. Tu imaSi ver SevTanxmdebiT, rom

sinaTlis siCqare mudmivia, maSin sivrceSi daSorebuli

xdomilobebis erTdrouloba-araerTdroulobis Sesaxeb

msjeloba SeuZlebeli iqneba.

zemoTqmulidan cxadi unda iyos, rom ainStainis re-

latiurobis Teoria konvencionaluri xasiaTis postula-

tebidan amodis, rac imis maCvenebelia, rom konvenciebi

arsebiT rols TamaSobs ara marto maTematikaSi, aramed

agreTve sxva mecnierebaTa sferoSic.

axla vnaxoT, Tu ras warmoadgens konvencia, rogo-

ria misi buneba da roli Semecnebis procesSi.

WeSmaritebis mixedviT realuri gansazRvrebebis ek-

vivalenturoba imas ki ar niSnavs, rom arc erTi maTgani

ar aris WeSmariti, aramed sruliad piriqiT, imas, rom

garkveul mimarTebaSi, garkveul pirobebSi yvela WeSmari-

tia. konvenciuri xasiaTis gansazRvrebani warmoSobis mi-

xedviT (geneturad) relatiuria, mravalniSnaa, sxvadasxva

mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs. mravalniSnobis

pirobebSi ki raimes Semecneba, moazreba an Tundac azris

gamoTqma SeuZlebelia. magram mas Semdeg, rac Cven rome-

lime gansazRvreba avirCieT, e. i. SevTanxmdiT mis upira-

tesobaSi (simarjvis, simartivis, moxerxebulobis mixed-

viT), man privilegiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina, erTniSna gax-

da da, maSasadame, absoluturis saxiT warmosdga. es ki

niSnavs relatiuris anu ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis mqo-

ne gansazRvrebebidan erT-erTis gaabsoluturebas anu

fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnas. misi fsevdoabsoluturoba

imaSia, rom SeTanxmebis Sedegad, e. i. mas Semdeg, rac kon-

venciuri arCevani ganxorcielda, mocemulma gansazRvre-

bam ekvivalenturi (relatiuri) mniSvnelobis sferodan

323

absoluturis (upiratesis, privilegiuris) sferoSi gadai-

nacvla. swored amitom aris igi yalbi anu fsevdoabso-

luturi, anu konkonkonkonvenvenvenvencicicicioooonanananalizlizlizlizmi aris fsevmi aris fsevmi aris fsevmi aris fsevdodododoaaaabbbbsosososolulululututututuris ris ris ris

TeTeTeTeooooria.ria.ria.ria.

im ideis yvelaze naTel dadasturebas gazomvis Teo-

riaSi vxvdebiT, romlis Sesaxeb ukve gvqonda laparaki. aq

ki mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom vinaidan sazomi erTeu-

lebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs, xolo gazomvis proceduris

Catareba maT gareSe SeuZlebelia, amitom ekvivalenturi

(relatiuri) mniSvnelobis sidideebidan simartivisa da

simarjvis (moxerxebulobis) mixedviT virCevT erT-erTs,

vaniWebT mas privilegiur mniSvnelobas, anu vawarmoebT

relatiuris gaabsoluturebas, vqmniT fsevdoabsolu-

turs. am process, cxadia, konvencionaluri xasiaTi aqvs,

vinaidan sazomi erTeulis arCevani SeTanxmebis gareSe Se-

uZlebelia. amrigad, nenenenebisbisbisbismimimimieeeeri konri konri konri konvenvenvenvencia fsevcia fsevcia fsevcia fsevdodododoababababsosososolulululu----

tutututuriariariaria.

konvencia, rogorc fsevdoabsoluturi, WeSmariti

absoluturis yvela funqcias asrulebs. samkuTxedis

kuTxeebis jami evklides geometriaSi mxomxomxomxolodlodlodlod 2d-s udris,

oTaxis farTobi metriani sazomi erTeulis mimarT uTu-

od amdensa da amdens Seadgens da a. S. es niSnavs, rom

fsevdoabsoluturi WeSmarit absoluturs cvlis; igi imi-

tom Semogvaqvs, rom WeSmariti absoluturi mouxelTebe-

lia. SeuZlebelia imis gageba, Tu ras udris mocemuli

fizikuri sididis zoma sazom erTeulTan Sefardebis ga-

reSe. sazomi erTeuli ki SeTanxmebis _ konvenciis _ Se-

degia da, maSasadame, gaabsoluturebul relatiur sidi-

des anu fsevdoabsoluturs warmoadgens.

konvenciis fsevdoabsolutur xasiaTs isic adastu-

rebs, rom nebismieri konvencia erTniSnobiT xasiaTdeba,

xolo erTniSnoba absoluturis gnoseologiuri niSania.

raimes gamoyofa (arCeva) ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis obi-

eqtebisagan swored mis erTniSnad, absolutad gardaqmnas

niSnavs. Semecneba SeuZlebelia erTniSnas anu absolutu-

ris moxmarebis gareSe. amitom adamiani xelovnurad (cno-

324

bierad an aracnobierad) qmnis absoluturs, eweva rela-

tiuris gaabsoluturebas anu qmnis fsevdoabsoluturs.

relatiuris gaabsolutureba anu fsevdoabsolutu-

ris Seqmnas adgili aqvs adamianis rogorc Teoriuli,

aseve praqtikuli moRvaweobis procesSi. magaliTad, ada-

mians, romlis naazrevi, ordinaruli xasiaTis gamo, ara-

vis yuradRebas ar imsaxurebs, gansakuTrebuli interesiT

mousmenen maSin, Tu mas parlamentSi airCeven an sxva ma-

Ral Tanamdebobaze daniSnaven. es aris relatiuris gaab-

soluturebis anu fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnis martivi

magaliTi. amitom sruliad miuReblad migvaCnia Tvalsaz-

risi relativizmisa da konvencionalizmis igiveobis Sesa-

xeb. konvencionalizmi Seicavs relativizms, magram masze

ar daiyvaneba; igi relatiuridan absoluturze gadasvlis

process warmoadgens.

ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobebidan erT-erTis arCeva

fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnas niSnavs. arCevani ki motivis

gareSe SeuZlebelia. buridanis viri, romelsac Tivis or

grovas Soris arCevanis motivi ara aqvs (orives tolfa-

sovnebis gamo), SimSiliT ar kvdeba ara imitom, rom am

oridan erT-erTs irCevs, aramed imitom, rom igi “arCe-

vans” akeTebs SimSilsa da simaZRres Soris am ukanaskne-

lis sasargeblod. am SemTxvevaSic arCevans kvlav motivi

gansazRvravs. es motivi ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobebis ar-

sebobis SemTxvevaSi garedan ki ar momdinareobs, aramed

subieqturi fenomenia. analogiuri mdgomareoba gvaqvs

sxvadasxva tipis (evkliduri da araevkliduri) geometrie-

bidan erT-erTis arCevis SemTxvevaSic. is garemoeba, rom

ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis mqone geometriebidan evkli-

durs virCevT simarjvis, simartivis, moxerxebulobis ga-

mo, agreTve subieqturi proceduraa. ufro martivi da mo-

xerxebulia imis mtkiceba, rom or wertils Soris umok-

lesi manZili swori xazia, samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami

udris 2d-s, mocemuli sworis gareSe mdebare wertilidan

mxolod erTi sworis gavleba SeiZleba, romelic moce-

mul swors arsad ar gadakveTs da a. S. fsevdoabsolutu-

ris Seqmna gnoseologiur aucileblobas warmoadgens, vi-

325

naidan igi garkveulobis aucilebeli pirobaa. swored es

aucilebloba gvaiZulebs, rom arCevani subieqturi krite-

riumis gamoyenebiT gavakeToT, romlis mixedviT arCeuli

samyaro subieqturobis daRs atarebs. fsevdoabsoluturi

xom obieqturi viTarebiT ganpirobebuli subieqturi fe-

nomenia. igi Cveni Seqmnilia Teoriuli da praqtikuli

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis mizniT.

aqamde konvenciebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas mxedvelo-

baSi gvqonda mxolod mecnierebaSi moxmarebuli konvenci-

ebi. a. puankare swored am tipis konvenciebze laparakob-

da, kidev metic, igi ZiriTadad maTematikur (geometriul)

konvenciebze msjelobda. magram mecnieruli konvenciebi

konvenciebis mxolod erT-erTi da ara erTaderTi saxea.

sinamdvileSi ki adamianis mTeli Teoriuli da praqtiku-

li moRvaweoba konvenciebis fonze mimdinareobs. saxel-

dobr, garda mecnieruli (ZiriTadad maTematikuri da sa-

bunebismetyvelo) konvenciebisa, arsebobs agreTve verba-

luri, praqtikuli, sruli, arasruli, sasargeblo da sa-

ziano konvenciebi. verbalur konvenciebs miekuTvneba Cve-

ni metyveleba, ena, saxeldeba. sruliadac ar aris auci-

lebeli, rom sagnebs is saxeli vuwodoT, rasac vuwo-

debT. Tu mas sxva saxels davarqmevT, amiT araferi ar Se-

icvleba. mTavaria, rom erTniSnad SevTanxmdeT imaSi, rom

am sagans es saxeli vuwodoT da ara sxva ram. amgvari Se-

Tanxmeba sinamdvileSi gasarkvevad aucilebelia. amdenad

verbalur konvenciebs Cvens praqtikul cxovrebaSi funda-

menturi mniSvneloba aqvT.

praqtikuli konvenciebi Cveni cxovrebis wess qmnis

da xSirad Cveni qcevis savaldebulo normad iqceva. isini

dadgenilia adamianebis mier isev da isev simarjvisa da

moxerxebulobis mixedviT; sxva mxriv ki (ontologiurad)

maT araviTari upiratesoba ara aqvT alternatiul qce-

vebs Soris. magaliTad, araviTari aucilebloba ar arse-

bobs imisa, rom sufraze Cangali marcxniv idos, dana ki

marjvniv. sruliad SesaZlebelia piriqiT. magram mas Sem-

deg, rac sazogadoeba pirvel variantSi SeTanxmda, anu

SesaZlebeli ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis variantebidan

326

airCia, am wesma privilegiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina, qcevis

absolutur normad iqca da, maSasadame, fsevdoabsolutu-

ri qcevis saxiT warmosdga. am wesidan gadaxveva _ danis

marcxena xeliT, xolo Canglis marjvena xeliT xmareba _

miuReblad iTvleba. magram es arCevani _ fsevdoabsolu-

turi qcevis wesis Camoyalibeba _ umotivo rodia. igi gan-

pirobebulia kvlav simartivisa da moxerxebulobis mier.

Tu danas marjvena xelSi daviWerT, marcxenaSi ki _ Can-

gals, maSin TefSze mdebare xorcs ufro iolad gavWriT

da aseve iolad mivirTmevT, vidre piriqiT. TviTon cacia

adamianic romlisTvis meore varianti ufro misaRebia,

valdebulia sazogadoebis mier arCeuli wesi daicvas.

konvencias aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.

arsebiTad igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs praqtikuli kon-

venciebis sxva SemTxvevaSic. magaliTad, calkeuli gamo-

naklisis garda, yvela qveynis manqanis mZRoli saWesTan

marcxniv zis. am SemTxvevaSic konvenciasTan gvaqvs saqme.

sruliadac ar aris aucilebeli, rom manqanis saWe mar-

cxniv iyos (zogierT qveyanaSi marjvnivaa); magram am ori

variantidan sazogadoebam (Tu manqanaTmSeneblobam) pirve-

li airCia (anu moxda SeTanxmeba manqanaTmSeneblebs So-

ris), ris Sedegad es wesi damkvidrda. cxadia, rom es ar-

Cevanic umotivo ar yofila. im qveyanaSi, sadac manqanebi

quCis marjvena mxares moZraobs, mZRolisaTvis ufro mo-

xerxebulia saWesTan marcxniv jdoma, raTa sapirispiro

mimarTulebiT moZravi manqanebi SeniSnos da swori orien-

tacia aiRos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis win sxva manqana moZ-

raobs. amrigad, arCevans aqac simarjve da moxerxebuloba,

rogorc subieqturi fenomeni, gansazRvravs. erTi sityviT,

konvencia cariel adgilze arasodes ar Cndeba; igi yo-

velTvis motivirebulia, Tumca es motivi subieqturia.

magram arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom TiTqos konven-

cias saerTod ara aqvs empiriuli safuZvlebi da Cveni ar-

Cevani martooden subieqturi motivebiT aris gansazRvru-

li. samagaliTod aviRoT evkliduri geometriis aqsiomebi

da ZiriTadi debulebani. marTalia, puankare Tvlis, rom

geometria ar aris cdiseuli (empiriuli) mecniereba, vina-

327

idan “Tuki geometria cdiseuli mecniereba iyos, igi ar

iqneboda zusti mecniereba da mudmiv Semowmebas moiTxov-

da”1, magram igi arc imas uaryofs, rom geometriul debu-

lebaTa Semowmeba cdiT SeiZleba. evklidur sivrceSi, ro-

melSic Cven vcxovrobT, or wertils Soris umokles man-

Zils swori xazi warmoadgens, samkuTxedis kuTxeebis ja-

mi 2d-s udris da a. S. gadaxra am kanonzomierebidan, ra-

sac uTuod aqvs adgili, CvenTvis SeumCnevelia. gadmog-

vcemen, rom gausma samkuTxedi germaniis mTebze aago, mag-

ram misi kuTxeebis jamis gadaxra ori swori kuTxis ja-

misagan mainc ver aRmoaCina. Cveni SemecnebiTi unaris es

SezRuduloba. romelic saSualebas ar gvaZlevs, rom yve-

la SesaZlebeli SemTxveva gaviTvaliswinoT (yovel Sem-

TxvevaSi empiriulad aRmovaCinoT) gansazRvravs Cvens kon-

venciur arCevans, xolo raki gansazRvravs, igi aris aras-

ruli da ara sruli konvencia.

meore mxriv arsebobs srusrusrusruli koli koli koli konnnnvenvenvenvencicicicieeeebicbicbicbic, romle-

bic martooden subieqturi motivebiT aris gansazRvruli.

aseTia, magaliTad, verbaluri konvenciebi. konvenciebis

buneba _ maTi universaluri mniSvneloba _ yvelaze naT-

lad swored verbalur anu lingvistur sferoSi mJRav-

ndeba. nebismieri ena (bgeriTi, Jestebis da a. S.) konvenci-

uria; igi ar aris obieqtis asaxva, aramed mxolod piro-

biTi niSani, romelic konvenciis (SeTanxmebis) safuZvel-

ze dgindeba. sityva rom sagans asaxavdes, maSin mxolod

erTi ena iarsebebda; enebis simravle maT pirobiTobaze

metyvelebs. sityva ar aris sagnis arsebis amsaxveli. swo-

red amitom saxeldeba araviTar Sinagan aucileblobas-

Tan ar aris dakavSirebuli. mSoblebi Tanxmdebian imaSi,

rom axalSobils es saxeli uwodon. SeTanxmebis Semdeg

ki am saxelma privilegiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina da Tavi-

sebur fsevdoabsoluturad iqca. misi fsevdoabsolutu-

roba imaSia, rom nebismieri ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis

saxeldebidan es saxeli SeirCa da mas privilegiuri mniS-

vneloba mieniWa. amieridan yvela valdebulia, rom am ada-

1 А. Пуанкаре, О науке, стр. 49.

328

mians swored es saxeli uwodon da ara sxva ram. saxel-

debis fsevdoabsoluturobis damadasturebeli isicaa,

rom nebismieri saxeli erTniSnaa, erTniSnoba ki absolu-

turis niSania. alternatiuli da ekvivalenturi mniSvne-

lobis saxelebidan erT-erTis arCeva mis gaabsoluture-

bas anu fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnas niSnavs.

nebismieri saxeli erTniSnobiT xasiaTdeba; SeiZleba

adamians ori an meti saxeli hqondes, magram maTgan ume-

teswilad mxolod erTi funqcionirebs. zogjer ki ramde-

nime saxeli (magaliTad, iohan volfgang goeTe, jorj

Ggordon baironi da sxva), rogorc wesi, erT saxelad mo-

iazreba da, maSasadame, erTniSnobis principi aqac Senar-

Cunebulia.

saxeldebis dros arCevanis motivi did umravles

SemTxvevaSi figurirebs. axalSobil bavSvs saxels raRac

mizezis gamo arqmeven (saxelis mimzidveloba, gamoCenili

pirovnebis an naTesavis saxsovrad da a. S.). magram isic

SesaZlebelia, rom saxeli raRac obieqtur viTarebas aR-

niSnavdes. magaliTad, “konkias” Zveli da daxeuli tansac-

mlis matarebel adamians eZaxian; “matarebeli” dakavSire-

bulia sityvasTan “tareba”, “TviTmfrinavi” _ “frenasTan”

da a. S. magram es sagnobrivi viTarebani martooden sit-

yvis SerCevis motivia, vinaidan TviTon sityvebi: “tareba”,

“frena” da a. S. TviTnebur konvenciebs warmoadgens, ro-

melmac Semdgom _ sityvaxmarebaSi _ sagnobrivi mniSvne-

loba SeiZina da aseve sagnobriobis STabeWdilebas qmnis.

sinamdvileSi ki igi iseTive konvenciuri mniSvnelobis

sityvaa, rogorc yvela danarCeni.

Tu am TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT mecnierul konvenci-

ebs, isini ormagad konvenciuri aRmoCndeba: sagnobrivad

da verbalurad. terminebi: “Zala”, “siCqare”, “aCqareba”,

“atomi”, “ujredi” da a. S. TviTneburi verbaluri konven-

ciebia, romlebic araviTar Sinagan aucileblobasTan ar

aris dakavSirebuli. aseve ormagad konvenciuria aqsiome-

bic: verbalurad da funqciurad. “wertili”, “manZili”,

“swori” da a. S. verbaluri konvenciebia garkveuli obieq-

turi viTarebis aRsaniSnavad. meore mxriv isini TavianTi

329

funqciiT maTematikis moTxovnebs akmayofilebs, saganTa

viTarebebs aRniSnavs. verbaluri konvenciebi sxva tipis

konvenciebze gacilebiT farToa. isini moicavs yvela-

fers, rasac adamiani moiazrebs. azrisa da enis ganuyre-

loba verbaluri konvenciebis universalurobis maCvenebe-

lia. konvencia Semotanilia iq, sadac uSualo Semecneba

SeuZlebelia. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom TiTqos kon-

vencia Semecnebas cvlis, piriqiT, konvencia aris SeSeSeSemecmecmecmecnenenene----

bis sabis sabis sabis saSuSuSuSuaaaalelelelebabababa. magaliTad, SeuZlebelia sazomi erTeulis

Semecneba, vinaidan bunebaSi sazomi erTeulebi ar arse-

bobs; maT adamiani qmnis gazomvis proceduris Casatareb-

lad. miT umetes aseTia verbaluri konvenciebi. axalSo-

bil bavSvs araviTari saxeli Tan ar dahyveba; mas mSob-

lebi urCeven saxelebs. asevea sagnebisa da movlenebis da

TviT maTematikuri konvenciebis saxeldebis SemTxvevaSic.

swori xazi or wertils Soris umoklesia Tu ara, amis

dadgena SeuZlebelia, Tu winaswar ar SevTanxmdiT imaSi,

Tu romel geometriasTan gvaqvs saqme. aseve iTqmis sam-

kuTxedis kuTxeebis jamze, romelic sxvadasxva sistemaSi

sxvadasxvaa.

magram is, rac zemoT vTqviT, araviTar SemTxvevaSi

ar niSnavs Semecnebis SesaZleblobis uaryofas, ar niS-

navs agnosticizms. sruliad piriqiT; konvenciebis umTav-

resi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi daniSnuleba is

aris, rom Semecneba SesaZlebeli gaxados, obieqturi si-

namdvilis suraTi subieqtur prizmaSi warmoadginos, vi-

naidan Semmecnebeli swored subieqtia. igi sakuTari re-

sursebiT, sakuTari saSualebebiT aRwevs sinamdvilis

asaxvas.

Tu isev gazomvis cnebas mivmarTavT, yvelaferi naTe-

li iqneba. ra mizniT awarmoebs adamiani gazomvis opera-

cias? mxolod da mxolod obieqturi sinamdvilis Semec-

nebis mizniT. mas surs gaigos, vTqvaT, oTaxis farTobi.

amisaTvis ki aucilebelia, rom man winaswar airCios sa-

zomi erTeuli _ SevTanxmdeT imaSi, rom am oTaxis gasa-

zomad movixmarT metrian joxs, romelic sigrZis sazomi

saerTaSoriso etalonis tolia. es arCevani aris konven-

330

cia, fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmna. gazomvis Sedegad mivi-

RebT zomas, vTqvaT, 20 erTeuls da vityviT, rom mocemu-

li oTaxis farTobi aris 20 kvadratuli metri. es aris

oTaxis farTobis Semecneba. sxvagvarad _ sazomi erTeu-

lis arCevis gareSe _ oTaxis farTobis gazomva (Semecne-

ba) SeuZlebelia. amrigad, konvenciuri xasiaTi aqvs ara

mxolod gazomvis proceduras, aramed mis Sedegsac _ zo-

mas. Cven SevimecneT ara uSualod oTaxis farTobi, ara-

med am farTobis SeSeSeSefarfarfarfardedededeba ba ba ba Cvens mier arCeul sazom er-

TeulTan. am proceduras vuwodebT gazomvis operacias.

Tu sazom erTeuls SevcvliT, vTqvaT, avirCevT arSins, ma-

Sin igive oTaxis farTobi sxva mniSvnelobas miiRebs. ami-

tom azri ara aqvs kiTxvas, Tu ras udris oTaxis farTo-

bi sazom erTeulTan Sefardebis gareSe. ra aris es, Tu

ara obieqturi sinamdvilis Semecneba? swored amas niS-

navs obieqturi sinamdvilis subieqtuir formaSi asaxva,

razec Semecnebis TeoriaSi xSirad laparakoben. amrigad,

konvencia SeSeSeSemecmecmecmecnenenenebis sabis sabis sabis saSuSuSuSuaaaalelelelebaabaabaabaa da ara misi Semcvleli.

arsebiTad igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs verbalur sfe-

roSic. Tu sagans raRac saxeli ar SevarqviT, misi Semec-

neba (moazreba) SeuZlebeli iqneba. rogor ilaparakebs,

magaliTad, fizikosi bunebis kanonzomierebaze, Tu ar mo-

ixmara sityvebi: “Zala”, “siCqare”, “aCqareba” da a. S? enis

roli Semecnebis procesSi swored amaSi mdgomareobs.

verbaluri konvenciebi _ saxeldeba _ swored Semecnebas

emsaxureba da sxvas arafers. konvenciebs SemecnebiTi

mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto mecnierebaSi, aramed Semecne-

bis nebismier sferosa da doneze. es niSnavs, rom aseTia

ara mxolod verbaluri, aramed nebismieri konvencia.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara konvenciebis Semowmeba an maT

mimarT WeSmariteba-Secdomis predikatebis gamoyeneba?

cxadia, rom ar SeiZleba. konvencia swored imitom aris

konvencia, rom mas simboluri xasiaTi aqvs da, maSasadame,

arc WeSmaritia da arc mcdari, aramed ganusazRvreli.

WeSmariti an mcdari aris is, rac realur viTarebas asa-

xavs. konvenciebi ki simboloebia, modelebia, adamianis mi-

er Seqmnili fenomenebia da ara obieqtur sinamdvileSi

331

TavisTavad arsebuli ram. simboloebze ki WeSmariteba-

Secdomis niSnebs ver gamoviyenebT. am azriT vambobT, rom

konvenciebi Semecnebis sferos gareSe dgas, Tumca Semec-

nebas emsaxureba; maTi erTaderTi daniSnuleba Semecnebis

SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofaa.

zemoTqmulidan isic naTeli unda iyos, rom konven-

ciebis Seqmna rogorec Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli auci-

leblobaa. adamians konvenciebis gareSe ara marto Semec-

neba ar SeuZlia, aramed arc praqtikuli moRvaweoba. aqac

aSkarad Cans maTi fsevdoabsoluturi buneba. swored

fsevdoabsoluturis gareSe SeuZlebelia azrovnebac, az-

ris gamoTqmac (metyveleba) da praqtikuli saqmianobac.

erTniSnoba, romelic absoluturis (aseve fsevdoabsolu-

turis) ZiriTadi niSania, sinamdvileSi orientaciis auci-

lebel pirobas warmoadgens.

dasasrul, gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad saWi-

rod migvaCnia ganvixiloT konvencionalizmis kvalifika-

ciis sakiTxi.

zogierTi kritikosi konvencionalizms agnostikur

kvalifikacias aZlevs, Tvlis, rom konvencia Semecnebis

SesaZleblobis uaryofaa. vinc konvenciebis agnostikur

xasiaTze laparakobs, etyoba, adamianis SemecnebiTi una-

rebis usasrulobidan amodis da aviwydeba, rom adamiani

sasruli arsebaa, rac misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli Se-

saZleblobis sasrulobaSi gamoixateba. agnosticizmi, yo-

vel SemTxvevaSi hiumesTan, adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebis

sasrulobis hipertrofirebul formaSi warmodgenaa, rac

ara marto sadavo, aramed, Cveni azriT, yalbi Tvalsazri-

sia. magram sul sxvaa e. w. “zomieri agnosticizmi”, rome-

lic saerTod ki ar uaryofs adamianis mier sinamdvilis

Semecnebis SesaZleblobas, aramed am SesaZleblobaTa

martooden usasrulobas. konvenciebis arseboba arc Se-

mecnebiTi unarebis SezRudulobas niSnavs, aramed mxo-

lod imas, rom obieqtis Semecnebis aucilebel pirobas

konvenciis, rogorc fsevdoabsoluturis, Seqmna warmoad-

gens. maSasadame, konvenciebis arseboba Semecnebis SeuZ-

leblobas ki ar asabuTebs, aramed, piriqiT, mis SesaZleb-

332

lobas. konvenciebi Semecnebis mizniT Semogvaqvs. amitom

maTi agnostikuri kvalifikacia sruliad usafuZvloa.

kidev ufro didi Secdomaa konvencionalizmis subi-

eqtur-idealisturi interpretacia.1 konvenciebs araferi

saerTo ara aqvT arc materializmTan da arc idealiz-

mTan, miT umetes subieqtur idealizmTan. ra uazrobaa

subieqturi idealisti uwodo mSobels, romelic Svils

mis mier arCeul saxels arqmevs (verbaluri konvencia), an

im adamians, romelic sigrZis an farTobis gasazomad sa-

zom erTeuls irCevs? aq araviTari subieqturi idealizmi

ar aris.

aseTia konvencionaluri Semecnebis fsevdoabsolu-

turi buneba, rac adamianuri Semecnebis saerTo kanonzo-

mierebas gamoxatavs. Semecnebas konvencionaluri xasiaTi

aqvs, konvenciebis saSualebiT sruldeba, vinaidan swored

konvencia uzrunvelyofs erTniSnobas, rac Semecnebis au-

cilebel pirobas warmoadgens. es ki sxva araferia, garda

fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnisa, rac erTxel kidev adastu-

rebs Semecnebisa da misi Sedegis _ codnis _ fsevdoabso-

lutur xasiaTs.

$$$$94. mec94. mec94. mec94. mecninininieeeerurururuli Teli Teli Teli Teooooriariariaria

Tanamedrove epistemologiis erT-erT centralur

problemas mecnieruli Teoriis buneba da misi ganviTare-

bis kanonzomiereba warmoadgens. es problema gansakuTre-

buli intensivobiT ganixileboda mTeli gasuli saukunis

ganmavlobaSi pozitivistursa (neopozitivistursa) da

postpozitivistur filosofiaSi. Cvens axlandel mizans

am problemis yovelmxrivi analizi ar warmoadgens, ara-

med mxolod da mxolod mecnieruli Teoriis fsevdoab-

soluturi bunebis Cveneba.

mecniereba yovelTvis mecnieruli Teoriis saxiT

arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom mecnieruli Teoria, rogorc

1 А. Шафф, Некоторые проблемы марксистско-ленинской теории истины, М., 1953.

333

mecnieruli codnis sistema, aris mecnierebis arsebobis

forma, xolo am formis, e. i. mecnieruli Teoriis Sinaar-

si sami komponentisagan Sedgeba: mecnierebis kanonebi,

garkveuli Teoriuli konstruqtebi (cnebebi, specialur-

mecnieruli kategoriebi da Sesabamisi terminebi) da empi-

riuli codna. mecnieruli Teoria, rogorc forma, am Si-

naarseuli elementebis axsnas, maT urTierTdakavSirebas,

erT sistemad Camoyalibebas warmoadgens. mecnieruli Te-

oriis Sinaarseul elementebs mecmecmecmecninininieeeerul faqrul faqrul faqrul faqtebstebstebstebs uwode-

ben, vinaidan isini faqtebia, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelo-

biT, romelTa axsna (mowesrigeba) mecnieruli Teoriis Zi-

riTad funqcias warmoadgens. mecnieruli faqtis qveS ara

marto empiriuli monacemebi (vTqvaT, maikelsonis cdis

Sedegebi) igulisxmeba, aramed agreTve mecnierebis kanone-

bi da Teoriuli konstruqtebi. maTi codna mecnierul

codnas warmoadgens, magram igi jer kidev ar aris mecnie-

ruli Teoria, vinaidan es faqtebi TavisTavad mouwesrige-

belia, usistemoa, maT Soris araviTari kavSiri ar aris.

mecnieruli Teoria maT erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, awesri-

gebs, sistemaSi mohyavs, axsnis, awarmoebs mecnieruli faq-

tebis interpretacias.

mecnieruli Teoria cocxal organizms hgavs. igi ga-

nuwyvetlad aqtiurobs, arasodes ar aris uZrav, pasiur

mdgomareobaSi. es aqtiuroba, uwinares yovlisa, imaSi

vlindeba, rom igi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mas sakmao

raodenobis faqtebi aqvs, romelTac igi warmatebiT xsnis,

mainc ganuwyvetlad eZebs axal-axal mecnierul faqtebs,

raTa sul ufro da ufro gaZlierdes, kidev ufro mtki-

ced dafuZndes. k. poperma mecnieruli Teoria saTevzao

bades Seadara, romelic “Tevzebs” (mecnierul faqtebs)

iWers da amaSia misi erT-erTi mTavari daniSnuleba. Tvi-

Ton mecnieruli faqtebi ki inertulia, pasiuria, arafri-

saken ar “iltvis”, aramed mxolod Teoriis “saSen masa-

las” warmoadgens.

mecnieruli faqtebis ZiebaSi mecnieruli Teoria se-

leqciis principiT xelmZRvanelobs. saxeldobr, mas yve-

334

la faqti rodi ainteresebs, aramed mxolod is, rac mas

gamoadgeba, mas asabuTebs.

am aqtiurobas, rac mecnieruli faqtebis dauokebel

ZiebaSi gamoixateba, zogjer mocemuli mecnieruli Teo-

riisaTvis “sabediswero Sedegebi” moaqvs. saxeldobr, mec-

nieruli Teoriis “badeSi” SeiZleba moxvdes ara is “Tev-

zi”, romelic mas ainteresebs, aramed “zvigeni”, romelic

“bades gaglejs”, e. i. mecnierul Teorias daangrevs da

mecnieruli faqtebi xelaxla asawyobi da asaxsneli gax-

deba, magram sul sxva wesiT da sxva yaidaze. XIX sauku-

nis bolos klasikuri fizika iseT mecnierul faqtebs wa-

awyda, romelTa axsna mas ar SeeZlo, rasac Sedegad moh-

yva klasikuri meqanikis ngreva da axali fizikuri Teori-

is (Teoriebis) Camoyalibeba. aseTi iyo ainStainis sivrci-

sa da drois axali (relativisturi) Teoria da kvanturi

meqanika.

mecnieruli Teoriis aqtiuroba yvelaze metad eqeqeqeq----

strastrastrastrapopopopolalalalaciciciciaaaaSiSiSiSi gamoixateba. aRmoaCens ra axal-axal mec-

nierul faqtebs, igi ar kmayofildeba miRweuliT da cdi-

lobs rac SeiZleba ufro gaafarToos Tavisi farglebi

da, Sesabamisad, SezRudos sxva mecnierebaTa sferoebi,

axsnas is mecnieruli faqtebic, romlebic sxva mecnie-

rul Teorias ver auxsnia. es niSnavs, rom mecnieruli Te-

oria Tavisi SesaZleblobis farglebSi yovelTvis avlens

eqeqeqeqspanspanspanspansisisisiurururur bunebas sxva mecnierebaTa mimarT. cxadia, yve-

la mecnierul Teorias es iseve ar SeuZlia, rogorc sus-

ti da avadmyofi adamiani goliaT sportsmens ver daeWi-

deba, magram mZlavri, fundamenturi mecnieruli Teorii-

saTvis eqspansiuri ltolvebi Cveulebrivi ambavia. mecnie-

rebis istoriam bevri icis aseTi SemTxvevebi. klasikuri

meqanikis Camoyalibebas, romelic TavisTavad didi movle-

na iyo, Tan mohyva meqanicizmis warmoSoba, romelic yve-

lafris (maT Soris sicocxlis) axsnas meqanikis kanone-

biT cdilobda. ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis safuZ-

velze Camoyalibda gnoseologiuri relativizmi, kiberne-

tikis warmoSobas Tan mohyva “xelovnuri inteleqtis”

idea.

335

eqstrapolacias, romelzec zemoT gvqonda laparaki,

SeiZleba eqeqeqeqstenstenstenstensisisisiuuuuriririri (anu sivrcis mixedviT) eqstrapola-

cia vuwodoT, vinaidan igi rac SeiZleba didi sferoebis

mopovebis mcdelobas warmoadgens. misgan gansxvaveba e. w.

inininintentententensisisisiuuuuriririri (anu drois mixedviT) eqstrapolacia, rome-

lic nebismier mecnierul Teorias, rogorc implicitu-

rad, aseve eqspliciturad, cxadad, aSkarad, mourideblad

axasiaTebs da romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas

pretenzia aqvs maradiul, absolutur WeSmaritebaze. mec-

nieruli Teoriis nebismieri avtori, kidev metic, nebismi-

eri originaluri mecnieruli ideis Semomtani Tvlis,

rom man aRmoaCina absoluturi WeSmariteba, romelic sa-

bolooa da aRar Seicvleba. am bunebrivi rwmenis gareSe

es aRmoCena mecnierul Teoriad an idead arsebobas ver

SeZlebda. ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes qvey-

nad iseTi mecnieri, romelic Tvlides, rom mis mier Semo-

tanili mecnieruli idea an Teoria arasrulia, Secdome-

bis Semcvelia, romelsac momavalSi uaryofen. amave dros

es ar aris fsiqologiuri darwmunebuloba, aramed mecni-

eruli codnis (kidev metic, nebismieri codnis) gnognognognoseseseseoooo----

lololologigigigiuuuuriririri fundamenturi Tavisebureba.

riT unda aixsnas mecnieruli Teoriis eqspansiuri

buneba, misi dauokebeli ltolva eqstrapolaciisaken?

TavisTavad cxadia, rom mecnieruli Teoriis eqstra-

polaciuri da eqspansiuri ltolvebi imaze miuTiTebs,

rom mas raRac aklia, ar aris srulqmnili, absoluturi,

aramed mxolod da mxolod relatiuri. zemoT sakmaod

vrclad vimsjeleT mecnieruli codnis relatiuri bune-

bis Sesaxeb da amJamad aRar gavimeorebT. mecnierebas rom

absoluturi WeSmaritebis mopoveba SeeZlos, maSin aravi-

Tar eqstrapolacias adgili aRar eqneboda.

mecnieruli Teoriis eqspansiuri xasiaTi, ltolva

eqstrapolaciisaken misi fsevdoabsoluturi bunebis aS-

kara dadasturebas warmoadgens. mas ar SeuZlia Seeguos

Tavis relatiur, naklovan mdgomareobas, ibrZvis misgan

ganTavisuflebisaTvis. eqstrapolaciac da eqspansiac am

336

brZolis uSualo gamovlenaa, srulqmnilobis, absolutu-

robisaken ltolvis gamoxatulebaa.

ver egueba ra Tavis relatiur mdgomareobas, mecnie-

ruli Teoria pretenzias acxadebs absolutur WeSmarite-

baze, Tvlis rom daZlia relatiurobis sfero da abso-

lutur WeSmaritebas eziara. mecnieruli codnis ganviTa-

reba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Semdgomi Taoba aRmoaCens

Secdomebs winamorbedis naazrevSi, uaryofs mis pretenzi-

as absolutur WeSmaritebaze, gamoricxavs Secdomebs da

qmnis axal Teorias agreTve absoluturi WeSmaritebis

pretenziiT, romelic SemdgomSi, winamorbedis beds gai-

ziarebs. erTi sityviT, mecnierebis ganviTareba fsevdoab-

soluturis aRmoCenisa da ngrevis usasrulo procesia da

amaSi mdgomareobs mecnieruli codnis revoluciuri da

imave dros evoluciuri ganviTarebis procesi. mecnieru-

li Teoriis Sinaarsis evoluciuri ganviTareba (memkvid-

reoba) mSvenivrad egueba mecnieruli Teoriis, rogorc

mecnieruli codnis formis revoluciur gardaqmnas. mTe-

li es procesi ki absoluturis dadgena-uaryofis anu

fsevdoabsoluturis aRmoCenis procesia. fsevdoabsolu-

turoba mecnieruli Teoriis arsebobis aucilebeli piro-

baa.

igive kanonzomiereba axasiaTebs ara mxolod mecnie-

rul, aramed agreTve aramecnierul, yoveldRiur codnas.

magaliTad, rodesac raimes vamtkicebT, maSin aracnobie-

rad vTvliT, rom gamovTqvamT absolutur WeSmaritebas,

utyuar azrs, romelic ar SeiZleba mcdari aRmoCndes.

aseve fiqrobs Cveni oponentic, rodesac sawinaaRmdego

azrs gamoTqvams. orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs fsevdoab-

solutur codnasTan, gaabsoluturebul relatiurTan,

romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia ara mxolod mecnieruli

codna, aramed saerTod raime azris gamoTqma.

mecnieruli codnis sagans ZiriTadad mecnierebis ka-

nonebis codna Seadgens. TviTon mecnieruli Teoriac

upirvelesad mecnierebis kanonebs efuZneba. zemoT vaCve-

neT obieqturi kanonebis relatiuroba, rac Tanamedrove

bunebismecnierebaSi eWvs ar iwvevs. maTi relatiuroba ki

337

mecnierebis kanonebis relatiurobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

mizezia. magram mecnierebis relatiurobis aranakleb

mniSvnelovan safuZvels Semmecnebeli subieqtis unarebis

SezRuduloba warmoadgens. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rom obieq-

turi kanonebi absoluturi sizustiT sruldebodes da

araviTar relatiurobas adgili ar hqondes, mecnierebis

kanonebi mainc relatiuri iqneboda subieqturi mizezebis

gamo.

magram adamianis Teoriuli cnobiereba ver egueba

mecnierebis kanonebis relatiurobas, aabsoluturebs maT,

“qmnis” fsevdoabsolutur kanonebs, romelTa safuZvel-

zec ayalibebs mecnierul codnas da maT sistemas mecnie-

ruli Teoriis saxiT. es niSnavs, rom mecnierebis kanonebi

fsevdoabsoluturi kanonebia, xolo mis safuZvelze age-

buli mecnieruli codna da TviT mecnieruli Teoria Ta-

visi arsebiT fsevdoabsoluturia, anu gaabsoluturebul

relatiurs warmoadgens.

maSasadame, mTeli Cveni codna _ maT Soris mecnie-

rulic _ fsevdoabsoluturia. k. poperi mecnieruli cod-

nis ZiriTad niSnad relatiurobas Tvlis. rasakvirvelia,

nebismieri codna, mecnierulis CaTvliT, relatiuria. mag-

ram codnis arseba relatiuroba ki ar aris, aramed ga-

nuwyveteli ltolva absoluturisaken, relatiur mdgoma-

reobasTan Seurigebloba da pretenzia absolutur WeSma-

ritebaze. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, codnis _ maT So-

ris mecnieruli codnis _ arseba da misi fundamenturi

niSani aris fsevdoabsoluturoba.

mecnieruli Teoriis pretenzia absolutur WeSmari-

tebaze anu misi fsevdoabsoluturoba mas xels ar uS-

lis, rom eZios axal-axali mecnieruli faqtebi Tavisi

gavlenis sferoebis gasavrceleblad. am Ziebis process

droTa ganmavlobaSi Sedegad mohyveba iseTi faqtebis aR-

moCena, romelTa axsna mis SesaZleblobas aRemateba; aqe-

dan iwyeba mecnieruli Teoriis krizisi, rac, T. kunis

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mecnieruli revoluciiT mTavrde-

ba. mecnieruli revolucia niSnavs mocemuli Teoriis

fsevdoabsoluturobis aRmoCenas, im Teoriisa, romelic

338

Tavis Tavs absolutur WeSmaritebad Tvlida. mecnieruli

Teoriis fsevdoabsoluturobis aRmoCena ki misi uaryo-

fis tolfasia. magaliTad, klasikur fizikas mTeli ori

saukunis manZilze absoluturi WeSmaritebis pretenzia

hqonda. magram XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi aRmoCnda ri-

gi iseTi faqtebisa, rac arsebuli Teoriis farglebSi ar

aixsneba. amas mohyva klasikuri fizikis krizisi, romelic

TandaTan gaRrmavda da mecnieruli revoluciiT damTav-

rda. ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriam uaryo absolutu-

ri sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis arseboba, daasabuTa ma-

Ti relatiuroba; erTi sityviT, aRmoCnda klasikuri fi-

zikis WeSmaritebis pretenziis usafuZvloba, misi fsevdo-

absoluturoba, rac klasikuri fizikis sferoSi mecnie-

rul revolucias niSnavda.

T. kunis mecnieruli revoluciebis Teoriis erT-erT

ZiriTad nakls, mis “momakvdinebel codvas” is warmoadgen-

da, rom mecnierul TeoriaTa (paradigmebis) uwyvet rigSi

memkvidreobas ver xedavda. momdevno paradigma unaSTod

anadgurebda winas, ris gamoc auxsneli rCeboda mecniere-

bis ganviTarebis faqti. Cven vfiqrobT, rom revolucia exe-

ba mecnierul Teorias, rogorc formas, da ara am formis

Sinaarss. kopernikma uaryo ptolemeosis samyaros mecnie-

ruli suraTi, romelic yvela mecnierul faqts geocen-

trizmis safuZvelze xsnida, magram mas manamde arsebuli

mecnieruli faqtebi ki ar uaruyvia (faqtis uaryofa arc

SeiZleba; igi unda aixsnas da ara uaryofil iqnas), aramed

axali faqtebiT Seavso da isini sul sxvagvarad axsna,

sxvagvarad gaigo, rasac Sedegad mohyva axali Teoriis

Seqmna. aqedan cxadia, rom mecnieruli Teoriis Sinaarsi

SedarebiT mdgradia; revolucias mecnieruli Teoria, ro-

gorc mecnieruli codnis forma, eqvemdebareba.

mecnieruli Teoriis fsevdoabsoluturoba axsnisa da

winaswarxedvis funqciebSic vlindeba. am funqciaTa Soris

mTavars axsna warmoadgens. arsebobs axsnis sxvadasxva ti-

pi. mizezobrivi anu kauzaluri axsna mecnieruli axsnis

erT-erT ZiriTad formas warmoadgens, romelic mecnieru-

li kanonis safuZvelze sruldeba. ara marto kauzaluri,

339

aramed statistikuri axsnac kanonis arsebobas emyareba, ka-

noni ki movlenaTa mimdinareobis tendenciaSi Cans. sworia

is azri, rom “kanoni aris gabatonebuli tendencia” (k. mar-

qsi). statistikuri axsna swored movlenaTa msvlelobis

“gabatonebul tendencias” gamoxatavs. isic viciT, rom yve-

la kanoni miaxloebiTia, relatiuria. miuxedavad amisa, ax-

snis procesSi isini absoluturi WeSmaritebis statuss

iZens da, maSasadame, gaabsoluturebul relatiurs anu

fsevdoabsoluturs warmoadgens.

vinaidan kanoni miaxloebiTia, relatiuria, xolo

adamians relatiuri kanonis daxmarebiT arafris axsna ar

SeuZlia, amitom igi cnobierad an aracnobierad aabsolu-

turebs relatiur kanonebs, Tvlis maT absoluturad,

qmnis fsevdoabsoluturs, romlis safuZvelzec igi awar-

moebs calkeuli faqtebis axsnas. nebismieri mecnieruli

axsna absoluturi WeSmaritebis pretenziiT gamodis, Tum-

ca amxsnelis (kanonis) fsevdoabsoluturobis gamo, Tvi-

Tonac fsevdoabsolutur xasiaTs atarebs.

arsebiTad igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs mecnieruli wi-

naswarxedvis SemTxvevaSic, romelic agreTve kanonis sa-

fuZvelze sruldeba; am kanonebs ki albaTuri xasiaTi

aqvT, Tumca es albaToba imdenad didia, rom misTvis ab-

soluturi mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba ara marto SesaZlebe-

lia, aramed aucilebelic. rodesac vambobT, rom “gaxure-

bul Rumelze dadgmuli wyali uTuod aduRdeba”, maSin

am winaswarxedvas absolutur mniSvnelobas vaniWebT, vi-

naidan calkeuli, sruliad umniSvnelo, mosalodneli sa-

pirispiro Sedegebis albaTobas mTlianad gamovricxavT.

miuxedavad amisa, Teoriuli TvalTaxedviT Cveni winas-

warxedva absoluturi ar aris, aramed gaabsoluturebu-

li relatiuri anu fsevdoabsoluturia. mecnieruli wi-

naswarxedva sxvagvari arc SeiZleba iyos.

zustad aseve viqceviT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic.

roca SevdivarT SenobaSi, an gadavdivarT xidze, absolu-

turad darwmunebuli varT, rom Senoba an xidi ar dain-

greva, Tumca es varaudi ar SeiZleba yovelTvis gamar-

Tldes. hiumem am darwmunebulobas safuZvlad miCveva _

340

warsuli gamocdileba _ daudo. am xidze mravaljer ga-

davsulvar, gadadian sxvebic; maSasadame, igi arc axla

daingreva. am SemTxvevaSic Cvens darwmunebulobas fsev-

doabsoluturi xasiaTi aqvs.

amrigad, mecnieruli Teoria Tavisi arsebiT fsevdo-

absoluturia, rac adamianuri codnis saerTo kanonzomie-

rebas gamoxatavs.

fsevdoabsoluturi kanonzomierebis universaluri

mniSvnelobis sailustraciod qvemoT _ momdevno or

TavSi _ SevexebiT Rirebulebisa da samarTlis

filosofiis problemebs, Tumca arc erTi maTgani

Teoriuli filosofiis sferos ar ekuTvnis.


fsevfsevfsevfsevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuri Riri Riri Riri Rirerererebubububulelelelebabababa

$$$$95. Ri95. Ri95. Ri95. RirerererebubububulelelelebibibibiTi cnoTi cnoTi cnoTi cnobibibibieeeererererebis rebis rebis rebis relalalalatitititiuuuurorororobabababa

aqamde Cveni msjelobis sagani iyo adamianis TeTeTeTeooooririririuuuu----

lililili moRvaweoba, kerZod Semecnebis kanonzomiereba da misi

Taviseburebani. magram Teoriuli cnobiereba sruliadac

ar aris adamianis sulieri samyaros erTaderTi sfero.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania praqpraqpraqpraqtitititikukukukulililili cnocnocnocnobibibibieeeererererebabababa, saxel-

dobr adamianis RirebulebiTi samyaro _ eTikuri, esTeti-

kuri, emociuri fenomenebi da procesebi. Cven ara marto

vivivivimecmecmecmecnebTnebTnebTnebT, aramed vavavavafafafafasebTsebTsebTsebT kidec Cvens gareSe arsebul

sagnebsa da movlenebs; raRac mogvwons an ar mogvwons,

gviyvars an gvZuls, vTvliT borotebad an sikeTed, mSve-

nivrad an maxinjad, samarTlianad an usamarTlod da a. S.

arc erTi maTgani adamianis gareSe ar arsebobs; isini ga-

moxatavs Cvens emociebs, romelsac, cxadia, raRac obieq-

turi safuZveli aqvs. erTi sityviT, RirebulebiTi cnobi-

ereba aris is, rac adamians, rogorc pirovnebas, ayali-

bebs. igi am poziciebidan xedavs samyaros anu obieqturi

sinamdvile RirebulebiTi cnobierebis prizmaSi gadat-

341

ydeba da amdenad adamianis praqtikuli moRvaweobis erT-

erT ZiriTad madeterminirebel faqtors warmoadgens.

RirebulebiTi cnobierebis arseboba SeuZlebelia

raRac normis, kriteriumis, orientiris anu, bunebismecni-

erebis terminebi rom vixmaroT, “sazomi erTeulis”, “aT-

vlis sistemis” gareSe. SeuZlebelia raimes Sefaseba, Tu

ara gvaqvs raRac kriteriumi, nimuSi, sazomi, romlis sa-

SualebiT vafasebT yvelafers, rasac Cvens gareSe vxe-

davT. es “raRac’ aris ideali, rogorc RirebulebiTi

cnobierebis safuZveli, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia Ri-

rebulebiTi cnobierebis arseboba. RirebulebiTi cnobie-

reba ideals emyareba, idealebi ki erTmaneTisagan gan-

sxvavebulia. swored amitom adamianebs sxvadasxva war-

modgena aqvT silamazeze, sikeTeze, borotebaze da a. S.

Sefasebebs safuZvlad uZevs sxvadasxva (xSirad sapirispi-

ro) warmodgenebi _ idealebi _ silamazis, sikeTis, samar-

Tlianobis da a. S. Sesaxeb. es niSnavs, rom nebismieri Se-

faseba _ dadebiTi an uaryofiTi _ emyareba ideals, ro-

gorc normas, sazoms, Sefasebis kriteriums. aqedan ki

mxolod im daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, rom ideali pir-

veladia RirebulebasTan SedarebiT; igi xom Rirebulebi-

Ti cnobierebis safuZvels warmoadgens!

ramdenadac ideali aris is, rac agreTve sasurve-

lia, amdenad igi mizans enaTesaveba. mizanic da idealic

sasurvelia; magram yoveli sasurveli (ideali) ar aris

mizani, vinaidan es ukanaskneli yovelTvis moqmoqmoqmoqmemememededededebasbasbasbasTanTanTanTan

aris dakavSirebuli. mizani mxolod iseTi idealia, rom-

lis ganxorcielebas vcdilobT, mis gansaxorcieleblad

viRwviT. magram SeiZleba bevri ram gvsurdes, magram mis

miRwevas ar vcdilobdeT Tundac imitom, igi Cvens SesaZ-

leblobas aRemateba. amrigad, ideali da mizani Tumca

“monaTesave” fenomenebia, magram maTi gaigiveba mainc ar

SeiZleba.

idealis am TvisebasTan dakavSirebulia is, rom igi

jerarsis sferos ekuTvnis. ideali aris is, rac unda

iyos, magram realurad ar aris. jerarsi sasurvelia

iyos. aqedan ki idealis usasusasusasusasrurururulolololobabababa gamomdinareobs, rac

342

imas niSnavs, rom igi sisruliT arasodes ar xorcielde-

ba, aramed yovelTvis jerarsia, yovelTvis ununununda iyosda iyosda iyosda iyos da

meti araferi. ideali aris jer kidev ganuxorcielebeli

Rirebuleba, xolo Rirebuleba aris ganxorcielebuli

ideali; magram es ukanaskneli ukve aRar aris ideali, vi-

naidan man jerarsobis sferodan arsis sferoSi gadainac-

vla da, maSasadame, RirebulebiTi cnobierebis safuZvlad

yofna Sewyvita. ideali, rogorc ideali, yovelTvis je-

rarsia da arsis sferoSi arasodes ar gadadis. winaaR-

mdeg SemTxvevaSi igi aRar iqneba ideali. ontologiam da

aqsiologiam (moZRvrebam Rirebulebaze) ar SeiZleba er-

TmaneTi Secvalos. idealis usasruloba, Tavis mxriv, Ri-

rebulebaTa gradaciis usasrulobas ganapirobebs. arse-

bobs RirebulebaTa ierarqia dabalidan maRlisaken (“la-

mazi”, “ufro lamazi”, “keTili”, “ufro keTili”, “samar-

Tliani” “ufro samarTliani” da a. S.). sazoms am SemTxve-

vaSi idealTan Sesabamisoba warmoadgens; “ufro keTili”

ufro Seesabameba sikeTis ideals, vidre “keTili”. amasTan

erTad RirebulebaTa am ierarqias arc erTi mxridan saz-

Rvari ara aqvs, vinaidan ideali usasruloa, miuwvdome-

lia, ganuxorcielebadia. swored es garemoeba aris adami-

anis sulieri samyaros _ misi eTikuri, esTetikuri da

TviT materialuri Rirebulebis _ usasrulo ganviTare-

bis garanti.

idealis erT-erT ZiriTad niSans srulqmniloba

warmoadgens. ideali srulqmnili unda iyos; naklovani

da arasrulqmnili idealad ar gamodgeba. amasTanave ide-

alis usasruloba srulqmnilobaSic gamoixateba.

magram idealis usasruloba mis absoluturobas ro-

di niSnavs. piriqiT, ideali relatiuria, calkeuli adami-

anis kuTvnilebaa, individualuri RirebulebiTi cnobie-

rebis safuZvlad Zevs. rasakvirvelia, igi SeiZleba iyos

adamianTa garkveuli jgufis ideali, magram amiT misi in-

dividualuri buneba ar icvleba. sayovelTao, universa-

luri ideali ar arsebobs. TviTon mSvidobac ki, rome-

lic TiTqos yvela adamianisa da socialuri jgufis ide-

als unda warmoadgendes, sayovelTao Rirebuleba ar

343

aris, ase rom ar iyos, maSin qveynad omebi, mkvlelobebi,

terorizmi aRar iarsebebda. maSasadame, ideali da masze

dafuZnebuli RirebulebiTi cnobiereba sxvadasxva adami-

ans, sxvadasxva klass, sxvadasxva ers da a. S. umeteswi-

lad sxvadasxva aqvs. amaSi mdgomareobs idealisa da, sa-

erTod, Rirebulebis relatiuroba, romlis Sesaxeb qve-

moT ufro vrclad gveqneba laparaki.

$$$$96. fsev96. fsev96. fsev96. fsevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuriririri ideideideideaaaalililili

miuxedavad imisa, rom ideali subieqturi da rela-

tiuria, igi yovelTvis pretenzias acxadebs absoluturo-

basa da usasrulobaze da aseT funqcias kidec asrulebs

adamianTa Teoriulsa da praqtikul cxovrebaSi. idealze

aRmocenebuli RirebulebiTi cnobiereba Tvlis, rom igi

erTaderTi swori, WeSmariti Rirebulebis matarebelia,

mis mier SemoTavazebuli Sefasebebi absoluturad swori

da Seuvalia. es niSnavs, rom, marTalia, Rirebuleba re-

latiuria, magram yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi igi abso-

luturi Rirebulebis pretenziiT gamodis. rogorc vxe-

davT, aq saqme gvaqvs fsevdoabsolutur idealsa da mis

safuZvelze aRmocenebul aseve fsevdoabsolutur Rire-

bulebiT cnobierebasTan.

sad imyofeba ideali, cnobierebaSi Tu mis miRma? es

niSnavs: ideali cnobieria Tu aracnobieri? umravles Sem-

TxvevaSi ideali calkeul subieqtSi an adamianTa jgufSi

aracnobierad yalibdeba da aseve aracnobier mdgomareo-

baSi ganagrZobs arsebobas. qveynad arc erTi adamiani ar

zrunavs idealis Camoyalibebaze, igi TavisTavad yalibde-

ba garemosa da gansakuTrebiT mocemuli individis Tavi-

seburebis bazaze. idealis gareSe adamians ar eqneboda

RirebulebiTi cnobiereba; mas ar eqneboda emociebi _

mSvenierebis, sikeTis, samarTlianobis da a. S. _ gancda,

erTi sityviT, igi ar iqneboda adamiani.

idealis aracnobier mdgomareobas isic adasturebs,

rom aravis ar SeuZlia gviTxras, Tu ra aris mSvenieri,

344

maxinji, keTili, boroti da a. S. eTikursa da esTetikur

cdamde. cdis procesSi ki igi Tavisi poziciebidan kar-

gad afasebs mSveniers, keTils da a. S., Tumca manamde maT

Sesaxeb arafris Tqma ar SeuZlia. TviTon genialuri xe-

lovanic ki ver getyviT, Tu ratom xatavs an wers ase da

ara sxvagvarad, riT sjobia es xazi sxva xazs, an es riT-

ma sxva riTmas. igi intuiciurad grZnobs, rom es ukeTe-

sia, magram ver getyviT, Tu ratom. erTi sityviT, xelova-

ni qmnis Tavisi idealis Sesabamisad, im idealisa, rome-

lic aracnobier mdgomareobaSia. aracnobieri ideali

marTavs cnobier RirebulebiT procesebs, RirebulebiT

cnobierebas.

magram im SemTxvevaSi, roca ideali mizans emTxveva

anu roca ideali imave dros aris mizani, maSin mas cnobi-

eri xasiaTi aqvs. mizani ar SeiZleba aracnobieri iyos;

igi cnobierebis erT-erTi elementia. utopistebs ara mar-

to gacnobierebuli hqondaT idealuri qveyana, aramed Ta-

vianT nawarmoebebSi kidec aRwerdnen mas. amrigad, ideali

SeiZleba iyos cnobieric da aracnobieric.

idealis ormag bunebasTan dakavSirebulia misi arse-

bobis wesi. zogierTi (magaliTad, rusi esTetikosi m. s.

kagani) Tvlis, rom ideali arsebobs warwarwarwarmodmodmodmodgegegegenisnisnisnis saxiT

da, maSasadame, konkretulobiT xasiaTdeba. am Tvalsaz-

riss SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi daveTanxmoT, Tu saqme exeba

cnobier ideals. gacnobierebuli ideali anu iseTi idea-

li, romelic imave dros mizania, mxolod warmodgena Se-

iZleba iyos da konkretulobiT xasiaTdebodes.

magram aracnobieri ideali ar SeiZleba iyos war-

modgena Tundac imitom, rom warmodgena cnobierebis erT-

erTi struqturuli elementia. aracnobieris warmodgena

ki SeuZlebelia. am SemTxvevaSi ideali arsebobs jejejejerarrarrarrar----

susususuli idli idli idli ideeeeisisisis saxiT. aseTia, magaliTad, sikeTis, mSveniere-

bis, samarTlianobis da sxva ideebi, romlebic sasurve-

lia realurad iyos, unda iyos. idealuri is iqneba, rac

am ideebs Seesabameba. aseTi idea ki, rogorc Rirebulebi-

Ti cnobierebis safuZveli, aris ideali.

345

calkeuli adamianebis, aseve adamianTa garkveuli

jgufebis idealebi iSviaTad, Zalian iSviaTad emTxveva

erTmaneTs. amitom idealis srusrusrusrulililili intersubieqturobis

anu sayovelTaobis Sesaxeb laparaki SeuZlebelia. es ki

imas niSnavs, rom ideali Tavisi bunebiT relatiuria; igi

aris ama Tu im adamianis an adamianTa jgufis ideali. mi-

uxedavad amisa, ideali yovelTvis absoluturis, usasru-

los pretenziiT gamodis. idealis bunebis ormagoba am

faqtSic mJRavndeba.

idealis relatiuroba masze dafuZnebuli Rirebu-

lebiTi cnobierebis relatiurobas ganapirobebs. Rirebu-

leba bunebaSi ar arsebobs; mas ara aqvs adamianisagan da-

moukidebeli arseboba; igi wminda adamianuri fenomenia

da mxolod adamianis mimarT arsebobs. amaSi mdgomareobs,

uwinares yovlisa, misi relatiuroba. garda amisa, ro-

gorc ukve vTqviT, igi arsebobs ara saerTod adamianis

mimarT, aramed ama Tu im (konkretuli) adamianis mimarT.

mas, rac erTisaTvis Rirebulia, SeiZleba meore adamiani-

saTvis araviTari Rirebuleba ar hqondes. sikeTe, borote-

ba, mSveniereba da a. S. relatiuri cnebebia da maT Sesa-

xeb sxvadasxva adamians sxvadasxva warmodgena aqvs. gemov-

nebis Sesaxeb kamaTs imitom ara aqvs azri, rom ar arse-

bobs sayovelTao kriteriumi, anu sikeTis, borotebis,

mSvenierebis, samarTlianobisa da sxva eTikuri da esTe-

tikuri fenomenebis universaluri ideali. idealebis re-

latiuroba ki iwvevs RirebulebiTi cnobierebis relati-

urobas.

RirebulebaTa relatiuroba gamoricxavs sxvadasxva

RirebulebiT orientaciebs Soris Semwynareblobas. Rire-

bulebani ar aris tolerantuli, maTi Serigeba SeuZlebe-

lia. es garemoeba xSirad politikuri da religiuri ome-

bis mizezic ki xdeba. cxadia, omebi, Tundac mtroba, auci-

lebeli ar aris, magram sxvadasxva RirebulebaTa Serige-

ba ki gamoricxulia. SeiZleba kidev vimegobroT im adami-

anTan, romlis RirebulebiTi samyaro Cveni samyarosagan

sakmaod gansxvavebulia, magram Cveni poziciebi mainc uc-

vleli darCeba. cxadia, Tu RirebulebiTi orientaciebi

346

erTmaneTs principulad upirispirdeba, maSin megobroba

ar moxerxdeba, Tumca arc brZolaa aucilebeli. gansxva-

vebul RirebulebaTa pativiscema, rac demokratiuli wyo-

bilebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania, maT Serigebas ar gu-

lisxmobs. qarTvel marTlmadidebel qristianebsa da qar-

Tvel ebraelebs mravalsaukunovani mSvidobiani Tanaarse-

bobis istoria aqvT, magram qristianobisa da iudaizmis

Serigebaze laparakic ki zedmetia.

aqsiologiaSi relatiuroba subieqturobas niSnavs;

Rirebuleba relatiuria imitom, rom igi subieqturia, mas

azri aqvs mxolod subieqtis mimarT. subieqtis cnebis

qveS am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod esa Tu is

individi, aramed agreTve adamianTa garkveuli jgufebi _

klasebi, koleqtivebi, erebi, tomebi, romelTac raRac

ideali da misi Sesabamisi Rirebulebani ase Tu ise aer-

TianebT. am niSniTac aqsiologia da ontologia erTmane-

Tisagan gansxvavdeba; ontologiaSi relatiuroba da su-

bieqturoba sxvadasxvaa. magaliTad, ainStainis relatiu-

robis TeoriaSi relatiuri ar niSnavs subieqturs; arse-

bobs obieqturi, adamianisagan damoukidebeli relatiuro-

bac; aseTia dro, sivrce, moZraoba da sxv.

magram Rirebulebis subieqturobis hipertrofireba,

metismetad gazviadeba da misgan obieqturi Sinaarsis

mTlianad gamoricxva, rogorc amas adgili aqvs Tanamed-

rove pozitivizmSi, SeuZlebelia. meore mxriv arc aqsio-

logiuri realizmis, gansakuTrebiT misi ukiduresi for-

mis _ “naturalisturi aqsiologiis” (ruseTSi, “prirod-

nikebis”) _ Tvalsazrisis gaziareba ar SeiZleba, rome-

lic Rirebulebas subieqtisagan wyvets da arsis sferoSi

gadaaqvs, rac sxva araferia, garda aqsiologiis gauqmebi-

sa, misi dayvanisa ontologiaze.

Rirebulebis Sesaxeb ori ukiduresi _ urTierTdapi-

rispirebuli _ koncefciis arseboba imis maCvenebelia,

rom Rirebuleba ar aris arc mxolod subieqturi, _ re-

latiuri _ da arc mxolod obieqturi _ subieqturisagan

Tavisufali. orive SemTxvevaSi Rirebulebis arseboba Se-

uZlebeli iqneboda. marTalia, Rirebuleba relatiuri da,

347

maSasadame, subieqturia, magram ara mxolod subieqturi.

Rirebuleba imitom arsebobs, rom masSi, rogorc relati-

ursa da subieqturSi, aris raRac absoluturi da obieq-

turi, raRac iseTi, rac subieqturobis farglebs scil-

deba da obieqtur Sinaarss iZens. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi

laparaki ar aris adamianis gareSe da misgan damoukideb-

lad arsebulze, aramed mxolod da mxolod gaobieqture-

bul subieqturze anu gaabsoluturebul relatiurze,

fsevdoabsoluturze.

RirebulebiTi cnobierebis fsevdoabsoluturobis

safuZveli mis “ZirSi”, saxeldobr, idealSi imyofeba. ide-

ali, vimeorebT, aris Rirebulebis norma, kriteriumi, ro-

melsac, rogorc nebismier normasa da kriteriums, privi-

legiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. misi privilegiuroba, rogorc

sazomi erTeulisa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi afasebs

sxvas (yvela danarCens), magram TviTon ki arasodes ar

aris Sefasebis obieqti. marTlac, idealis Sefaseba SeuZ-

lebelia, vinaidan yovelgvari Sefaseba wanamZRvrad ide-

als moiTxovs. amaSi mdgomareobs misi privilegiuri mniS-

vneloba, anu absoluturoba.

ideali, rogorc aRvniSneT, TavisTavad subieqturi

fenomenia; miuxedavad amisa, igi Sefasebis normas, sazoms

warmoadgens. idealTan Sesabamisoba-Seusabamoba Rirebu-

lebiTi ierarqiis safuZvelia.

amasTanave idealebi did umravles SemTxvevaSi gan-

sxvavebulia (zogjer dapirispirebulic); amitom adamiane-

bi xSirad sxvadasxvagvarad afasebs erTsa da imave sa-

gans, movlenas. gemovnebis sxvadasxvaobas idealebis gan-

sxvaveba iwvevs. adamianis RirebulebiT determinacias

swored es “gabatonebuli” ideali ganapirobebs. igi am

idealis “TvaliT” xedavs samyaros, mas RirebulebaTa

samyaro ise warmoudgenia, rogori idealic gaaCnia. es

ideali, marTalia, misia, mas ekuTvnis, e. i. subieqturia,

magram misTvis igi ukve ar aris arc relatiuri da arc

subieqturi, aramed obieqturi da absoluturi. es imas

niSnavs, rom ideali mas ki ar emorCileba, aramed TviTon

emorCileba ideals. erTi sityviT, ideali “batonobs” su-

348

bieqtze; swored amitom es subieqti myarad dgas Tavis

RirebulebiT poziciebze; am poziciebs mas ase iolad ve-

ravin Seacvlevinebs. idealis zemoqmedeba, misi “batono-

ba” imdenad Zlieria, rom man SeiZleba sicocxlis instin-

qtic ki gadawonos. ase Seewira Tavis qristianul mrwamss

SuSaniki, sakuTar idea-idealebs uriel akosta, jordano

bruno, ase ewirebian ideals samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebu-

li gmirebi. ra aris es, Tu ara idealis absoluturobis

gamovlena, im idealisa, romelic TavisTavad relatiuri

da subieqturia, magram adamianis praqtikul moRvaweobaSi

gaabsoluturebuli relatiuris rols asrulebs, anu

fsevdoabsoluturs warmoadgens?

$$$$97. su97. su97. su97. subibibibieqeqeqeqtutututuri da ìnri da ìnri da ìnri da ìntertertertersusususubibibibieqeqeqeqtutututuri~ ideri~ ideri~ ideri~ ideaaaalililili

fsevdoabsoluturi idealis qmnadobis procesi bne-

liT moculia. savaraudoa, rom mis qmnadobas garkveulwi-

lad realuri safuZveli aqvs, grZnobadi monacemebis in-

teleqtualuri gaazrebis Sedegia; magram am procesis “me-

qanizmi” ucnobia da, albaT, samudamod ase darCeba.

is ki udavo unda iyos, rom fsevdoabsoluturi ide-

alis Seqmnis aucileblobas absoluturi idealis arar-

seboba ganapirobebs. Tuki arsebobdes absoluturi, sayo-

velTao ideali, rogorc yvela adamianisaTvis savaldebu-

lo norma, maSin relatiuris gaabsoluturebisa da fsev-

doabsoluturi idealis Seqmnis saWiroeba moixsneboda.

magram es iqneboda swored didi ubedureba: yvela adami-

ans erTi da igive RirebulebiTi cnobiereba eqneboda, er-

Tnairad aRiqvamdnen Rirebulebebs, ar iarsebebda aravi-

Tari RirebulebiTi mravalferovneba. es ki sxva arafe-

ria, Tu ara pirovnebis dakargva, depersonalizacia, ada-

mianebis gaTqvefa erT usaxo masaSi, rac faqtobrivad ara

marto uinteresos, aramed saerTod SeuZlebels gaxdida

sazogadoebis arsebobas.

magram, meore mxriv, Tuki mxolod individualuri

anu subieqturi RirebulebiTi cnobiereba arsebobdes, ma-

349

Sin iqnebodnen mxolod individebi _ erTmaneTisagan sru-

liad gansxvavebuli gemovnebis adamianebi _ da ar iarse-

bebda sazogadoeba. sazogadoebis, rogorc adamianTa er-

Tobis faqti adasturebs, rom RirebulebiTi cnobiereba

ar aris mxolod individualuri, subieqturi, aramed, in-

dividualurobasTan erTad, mas raRac zogadi, saerTo xa-

siaTi aqvs. marTalia, adamianTa gemovnebani umeteswilad

gansxvavebulia, magram am gansxvavebulSi aris raRac ise-

Ti, rac sxvadasxva pirovnebebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs.

xSirad adamianTa garkveul jgufebs aqvT daaxloebiT er-

Tnairi warmodgenebi sikeTesa da borotebaze, mSveniereba-

ze, samarTlianobasa da usamarTlobaze da a. S. adamianTa

didi umravlesoba Tvlis, rom rusTaveli genialuri poe-

tia, galaktionis leqsebi didi ostatobiT aris daweri-

li, miqelanjelos an ticianis Semoqmedeba genialuria da

a. S. cxadia, SeiZleba iseTi adamiani gamoCndes, romelic

am Sefasebebs ar iziarebs; magaliTad, platons poetebi

ar uyvarda, l. tolstois Seqspiri ar moswonda da a. S.

am uaryofiT Rirebulebebsac garkveuli idealis arsebo-

ba ganapirobebda. magram adamianTa didi umravlesoba am

geniosebis gemovnebas ar daeTanxmeba. mxardamWerTa Tu

mowinaaRmdegeTa simravles Semecnebis TeoriaSi araviTa-

ri mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magram aqsiologiaSi ki igi bev-

ri raimes mTqmelia. Semecnebis procesSi SeiZleba milio-

nebi cdebodnen da mxolod erTi iyos marTali, magram

roca adamianTa did umravlesobas moswons Seqspiris

tragediebi, maSin Tundac iseTi genialuri mwerlis azrs,

rogorc iyo l. tolstoi, TiTqmis araviTari mniSvneloba

ara aqvs. is zogadi RirebulebiTi idealebi, romlebic

adamianebs ama Tu im sagnis, Tu movlenis mimarT gaaCniaT,

qmnis sazogadoebas, akavSirebs adamianebs erTmaneTTan.

marTalia, es adamianebi yvelaferSi ver Tanxmdebian, mag-

ram is, raSic Tanxmdebian, sazogadoebis warmoSobisa da

arsebobisaTvis sakmarisia (cxadia, es ar aris WeSmariti

intersubieqturoba, vinaidan gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi ga-

moricxuli ar aris). isic cxadia, rom sazogadoebis war-

moSobas sxva, aranakleb mniSvnelovani safuZvlebic aqvs

350

(materialuri moTxovnilebani da sxv.), magram Rirebule-

biTi orientaciebis mniSvneloba amiT ar mcirdeba.

axla saWiroa raime iTqvas Rirebulebis arsebobis

SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb Tundac imitom, rom badenis sko-

lis neokantianelebi, kerZod, vindelbandi da rikerti

mis arsebobas uaryofdnen. vindelbandi filosofiis sag-

nad Rirebulebas Tvlida, romelic, misi azriT, ar arse-

bobs, Tumca mniSvnelobs. es Tvalsazrisi mravalmxriv

kritikas imsaxurebs. jer erjer erjer erjer erTiTiTiTi, ararsebuls funqcionire-

ba ar SeuZlia; rac ar arsebobs, is verc imniSvnelebs. memememe----

oooorererere: vindelbands, etyoba, arsebobis cnebis qveS martoo-

den realuri, grZnobadi, empiriuli arseboba esmis, mag-

ram arsebobis cnebis ase Seviwroeba dauSvebelia. arse-

bobs ara mxolod realuri, aramed idealuric. Rirebu-

leba swored idealurad arsebobs. igi idealuri fenome-

nia, romelsac SeuZlia imniSvnelos. cxadia, Rirebulebis

cnebis qveS am SemTxvevaSi empiriul Rirebulebas ki ar

vgulisxmobT, saxeldobr im Rirebulebas, romelsac

calkeuli adamianebi floben, aramed ideals, rogorc Ri-

rebulebiTi cnobierebis safuZvels. memememesasasasamemememe, filosofiis

sagnad Rirebulebis dasaxva niSnavs filosofiis dayvanas

aqsiologiaze da, maSasadame, sabolood filosofiis,

kerZod Teoriuli filosofiis (ontologiis, gnoseolo-

giis) gauqmebas. aqsiologia erT-erTi filosofiuri mec-

nierebaa da ara erTaderTi. vindelbandi, surs Tu ara

surs es mas, filosofiis uaryofamde midis. “pirveli fi-

losofiis” _ ontologiis _ uaryofa filosofiis uaryo-

fis tolfasia.

dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom aqsiologiam unda Seis-

wavlos RirebulebiTi cnobierebis fsevdoabsoluturi

buneba. kvlevis Sedegad gamovlindeba rogorc Teoriuli

(SemecnebiTi), aseve praqtikuli (RirebulebiTi) cnobiere-

bis erTianoba. marTalia, Semecneba da Rirebuleba erTma-

neTisagan gansxvavebulia, magram maT, rogorc adamianis

sulieri cxovrebis sxvadasxva formebs, saerTo kanonzo-

mierebac aqvT. erT-erT aseT saerTo, fundamentur kanon-

zomierebas fsevdoabsoluturoba warmoadgens.

352

TaTaTaTavi mevi mevi mevi mexuxuxuxuTeTeTeTe

fsevfsevfsevfsevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuri sari sari sari samarmarmarmarTaTaTaTalililili

$$$$98. sa98. sa98. sa98. samarmarmarmarTlebTlebTlebTlebririririvi norvi norvi norvi normemememebis rebis rebis rebis relalalalatitititivisvisvisvistutututuri ri ri ri

TeTeTeTeooooririririis is is is krikrikrikrititititikakakaka

samarTali aris xelisuflebis mier sanqcirebuli

iuridiuli normebis sistema, romlis mizans kanonmdebel-

Ta (an kanonmdeblis) interesebis Sesabamisad ama Tu im

sazogadoebis mowesrigeba warmoadgens. igi aris ara sa-

marTali zogadad, aramed “ama Tu im qveynis samarTali”1.

mas Zala aqvs mxolod garkveuli sazogadoebis (saxel-

mwifos) farglebSi, xolo misi gavlena am farglebs ga-

reT ar vrceldeba. am gagebiT samarTali yovelTvis re-

latiuria, mxolod garkveul mimarTebaSi funqcionirebs,

sxva mimarTebaSi (sxva saxelmwifos an sazogadoebis mi-

marT) ki igi ukve aRar aris samarTali, ufro metic, SeiZ-

leba usamarTlobac ki iyos.

samarTali relatiuria im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca igi

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTsa da imave ekonomikur baziszea

dafuZnebuli da erTi da igive wyobilebis dacvasa da

ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. ekonomikuri wyobis saerTo niS-

nebi samarTlis igiveobas ver uzrunvelyofs. nebismieri

samarTali garkveuli politikis iaraRia. amitom arsebi-

Tad erTi da igive ekonomikuri struqturis mqone qveyne-

bi SeiZleba (da faqtobrivad asec xdeba) sxvadasxva sa-

marTlebrivi normebiT xelmZRvanelobdes. magaliTad, Ta-

namedrove ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebi _ ameri-

ka, inglisi, germania, safrangeTi da sxv, _ ekonomikuri

wyobis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad ar gansxvavde-

ba (ramdenadac yvela maTganSi sabazro ekonomika sufevs),

magram samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan gan-

sxvavebulia. swored es garemoeba qmnis maT individualo-

1 qse (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia), t. VIII, Tb., 1984, gv. 700, st. “samarTali”, (avt. g. inwkirveli)

353

bas, samarTlebriv garkveulobas. amis gareSe isini sxva-

dasxva saxelmwifo ar iqneboda.

samarTlis relatiurobas isic adasturebs, rom igi

yovelTvis romelime gabatonebuli socialuri jgufis

(partiis, klasis, fenis da a. S.) iaraRs warmoadgens sazo-

gadoebis danarCeni (umravlesi) wevrebis winaaRmdeg. sa-

marTlis saSualebiT xelisufleba Tavs axvevs Tavis ne-

bas mis qveSevrdomT, ise awyobs sazogadoebas, rogorc

mas surs. samarTali, uwinares yovlisa, kanonmdeblis in-

teresebs emsaxureba _ sul erTia es kanonmdebeli calke-

uli piria (monarqi) Tu saparlamento umravlesoba. es

ukanasknelic, saboloo jamSi, samarTlis normebis Semu-

Savebisas subieqtis rolSi gamodis, oRond koleqtiuri

subieqtisa.

komunisturi ideologia samarTlis klasobriobis

Teziss icavda, rac SeiZleba mTlad zusti ar iyos, Tum-

ca igi uTuod angariSgasawevia. samarTlis klasobriobis

Tezisi kritikul SeniSvnebs mxolod im mxriv imsaxurebs,

rom misgan gamomdinareobs samarTlebrivi normebis uar-

yofa winaklasobriv (pirvelyofil, Temur) sazogadoeba-

Si. Cven vfiqrobT, rom nebismieri sazogadoeba _ klasob-

rivi iqneba Tu araklasobrivi _ SeuZlebelia arsebobdes

samarTlebrivi normebis gareSe. amitom marTebulad mig-

vaCnia ZvelisZveli Tezisi: “ibi societas ubi jus” (“ar aris sa-

zogadoeba samarTlis gareSe”).

zemoTqmulidan isic gamomdinareobs, rom samar-

Tlebrivi normebi ara mxolod relatiuri, aramed subieq-

turicaa. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, maTi relatiuroba

imave dros subieqturobasac niSnavs. samarTlebriv nor-

mebs xelisufleba adgens misi subieqturi mosazrebebis

Sesabamisad. es mosazrebani SeiZleba gamoxatavdes ro-

gorc calkeuli pirovnebis (monarqis), aseve xelisufal-

Ta (kanonmdebelTa) jgufis (senati, parlamenti, kongresi

da a. S.) interesebs da morgebuli iyo garkveul saxel-

mwifoze (sazogadoebaze), mxolod mis mimarT hqondes Za-

la. es niSnavs, rom samarTlebrivi normebi erTdroulad

relatiuric aris da subieqturic.

354

magram ramdenad SesaZlebelia relatiuri da subieq-

turi samarTlis arseboba? samarTlebrivi normis cneba

xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba mis relatiursa da subieqtur Si-

naarss? anu SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom samarTali mxo-

lod subieqturi da relatiuri iyos? Cven vfiqrobT, rom

aseTi ram SeuZlebelia Semdegi mosazrebebis gamo; nebis-

mieri norma obieqturia; sxvagvarad misi arseboba SeuZle-

belia. igi unda asrulebdes sazomi erTeulis, kriteriu-

mis rols imis mimarT, ris normasac warmoadgens. Tu

normac relatiuri da subieqturia, e. i. mTlianad mokle-

bulia absoluturisa da obieqturis niSnebs, maSin igi

normis rols ver Seasrulebs.

relatiuri samarTlianobis ideidan gamomdinareobs

gansxvavebuli samarTlis normebis Rirebulebis ekekekekvivivivivavavava----

lenlenlenlentutututurorororobabababa, rac srul qaoss iwvevs normaTa urTierTo-

bis sferoSi. samarTlebrivi normebi rom ekvivalenturi

iyos, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda kargisa da cudis, prog-

resulisa da regresulis garCeva (es garCevac xom auci-

leblad moiTxovs kriteriums, e. i. normas). normebis Ri-

rebulebis ekvivalenturobis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iqne-

boda, magaliTad, demokratiuli samarTlis normebis upi-

ratesobis mtkiceba faSisturi diqtaturis samarTlebriv

normebTan SedarebiT. es ki ara marto faqtobriv viTare-

bas ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed mas saerTod samarTlianobis

ideis uaryofamde mivyavarT. erTi sityviT, samarTlebrivi

normebis Rirebulebis ekvivalenturobis mtkiceba, rac ma-

Ti relatiurobisa da subieqturobis Sedegia, nihilizmiT

mTavrdeba. aq igive viTareba gvaqvs, rac gnoseologiaSi.

gnoseologiuri relativizmi aucileblad nihilizms iw-

vevs. ase iyo istoriulad da ase aris dResac.

marqsistuli samarTlis Teoria Tvlis, rom samar-

Tlebrivi normebis Semotana ganpirobebulia ara subieq-

turi faqtorebiT, aramed sazogadoebis socialur-ekono-

mikuri wyobiT, ris gamoc mas obieqturi Sinaarsi aqvs.

Cveni azriT, socialur-ekonomikur faqtorebze apelireba

relativizmsa da subieqtivizms Tavidan ver agvacilebs,

vinaidan TviTon socialur-ekonomikuri wyobac individua-

355

luria, sxva saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebulia da, maSa-

sadame, relatiuria. rac Seexeba am tipis relatiurobis

subieqturobas, igi gnoseologiuri subieqturobisagan

gansxvavebuli azriT ixmareba. saxeldobr, subieqturoba

am SemTxvevaSi mis individualurobas, unikalurobas niS-

navs. am azriT relatiuroba da subieqturoba erTmaneTs

emTxveva.

Tu samarTali mxolod relatiuri da subieqturia,

maSin igi ar aris samarTali. kidev metic, SeuZlebelia

mxolod relatiuri da subieqturi samarTlis arseboba,

rogorc amas iuridiul literaturaSi amtkiceben. samar-

Tlis cneba relatiurobisa da subieqturobis sferodan

gadis. sxvagvarad ekvivalenturobis princips ver avcde-

biT.

wminda relatiuri samarTali SeuZlebelia; igi sa-

marTlis uaryofas niSnavs. samarTali yovelTvis raRac

obieqturs, rogorc relatiuris sapirispiros, anu abso-

luturis moments unda Seicavdes. sxvagvarad igi Tavis

funqcias ver Seasrulebs. sul sxva saqmea is, Tu ramde-

nad SesaZlebelia absoluturi _ relatiurobisagan

mTlianad daclili _ samarTali. qvemoT swored imis da-

sabuTebas SevecdebiT, rom wminda absoluturi samarTa-

li iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc wminda relatiuri da su-

bieqturi samarTlis normebi.

yvelaferi, rac zemoT iTqva, imas dasturi unda

iyos, rom relatiuri samarTlianobis sferoSi darCena

SeuZlebelia. relativizmi angrevs ara mxolod mecniere-

bas, Semecnebas saerTod, aramed agreTve adamianis praqti-

kul cxovrebasac. es ukanaskneli yvelaze naTlad samar-

Tlis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi vlindeba.

$$$$99. ab99. ab99. ab99. absosososolulululuttttuuuuri sari sari sari samarmarmarmarTlis ZiTlis ZiTlis ZiTlis Zieeeeba; buba; buba; buba; bunenenenebibibibiTi da Ti da Ti da Ti da

sasasasaererererTaTaTaTaSoSoSoSoririririso saso saso saso samarmarmarmarTaTaTaTalililili

am ideis gacnobierebas samarTlis absoluturi nor-

mebis Zieba mohyva. daiwyes iseTi kanonmdeblobis Zieba,

356

romelic relatiurobisa da subieqturobisagan Tavisufa-

li iqneboda da nebismieri samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos

agebis nimuSad da safuZvlad gamodgeboda. samarTlianad

mxolod is kanonmdebloba unda CaiTvalos, romelic ab-

soluturi samarTlis normebis Sesabamisi aRmoCndeboda.

aseT samarTals “bunebiTi samarTali” ewoda.

sociologiis istoriaSi cnobilia bunebiTi samar-

Tlis sxvadasxva varianti, Tumca maT Soris principuli

gansxvaveba ar aris. zogjer igi esmodaT rogorc bunebis

obieqturi kanonzomiereba da moiTxovdnen, rom sazogado-

ebrivi samarTali bunebis kanonzomierebis mixedviT ai-

gos, masTan unisonSi imyofebodes, mas ar unda ewinaaR-

mdegebodes. bunebiTi samarTlis amgvar koncefcias SeiZ-

leba nanananatutututurarararalislislislistutututuriririri vuwodoT.

meore koncefciis mixedviT, bunebiTi samarTali ada-

mianis bunebidan, misi gonebidan momdinareobs, ris gamoc

igi damoukidebelia ama Tu im socialuri wyobisagan da,

cxadia, mas arc ekonomikuri bazisi gaaCnia. am koncefci-

is avtorebi (magaliTad, ciceroni) samarTlianobis Zi-

rebs adamianis bunebaSi eZebdnen. amgvar bunebiT samar-

Tals ananananTroTroTroTropopopopolololologigigigiuuuuri ri ri ri xasiaTi hqonda.

ufro gavrcelebuli iyo bunebiTi samarTlis mesame

_ TeTeTeTeoooolololologigigigiuuuuriririri _ varianti. am variantis damcvelebi (maga-

liTad, sokrate, Toma akvineli, neoTomistebi da sxv.)

Tvlidnen, rom samarTlianobis sazomia RvTaebrivi samar-

Tali, romelic uSualod RmerTidan momdinareobs. Rmer-

Ti aris samarTlianobis kriteriumi. is kanonebi, romle-

bic RvTiur samarTals ewinaaRmdegeba, unda uarvyoT. es

koncefcia gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo Zvel saber-

ZneTsa da romis imperiaSi. romaeli iuristebi saxelmwi-

foSi moqmed samarTlis normebs bunebiTi (RvTiuri) sa-

marTlis mixedviT amowmebdnen; Tu maT Soris Seusabamo-

bas ipovnidnen, uaryofdnen, Sesabamisobis SemTxvevaSi ki

miiRebdnen. ciceroni moiTxovda iseTi kanonmdeblobis

uaryofas, romelic RvTiur samarTals ar eTanxmeboda.

bunebiTi samarTlis idea evropul azrovnebaSi Ta-

vis dasabams sokratedan iRebs, Tumca misi elementebi wi-

357

nasokratul filosofiaSic (magaliTad, sofistebTan)

gvxvdeba. sokrate Tvlida, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

samarTls relatiuri xasiaTi aqvs.

magram relativizmi sokrates ar akmayofilebs arc

Semecnebis TeoriaSi da arc samarTalSi. igi eZebs iseT

sayrdens, romelic am relativizms moxsnis.

misi daZleva mxolod absoluturis Semotanis sa-

fuZvelze SeiZleba. samarTlis TeoriaSi aseTi absolu-

turis roli bunebiTma samarTalma unda Seasrulos, ro-

melic RvTiuri warmomavlobisaa. igi RmerTis mier nakar-

naxevi samarTalia.

bunebiT samarTals sokrate “dauwerel kanonebs”

uwodebs da Tvlis, rom “es is kanonebia, romelsac yvela

qveyanaSi erTnairad aRiareben... es kanonebi RmerTebma da-

udgines kacTa... RmerTebi samarTlianobas akanoneben... Se-

uZlebelia sxvam vinmem daakanonos samarTlianoba, Tu

ara RmerTma”1.

empiriuli samarTlis normebis relatiurobis daZ-

levisa da absoluturi samarTlis Ziebis meore cdas

warmoadgens saerTaSoriso samarTali, romelic aris “iu-

ridiuli normebisa da principebis erToblioba, romelic

awesrigebs saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebs”2. saerTa-

Soriso samarTlis, rogorc absoluturi samarTlis, Zie-

ba jer kidev antikur epoqaSi daiwyo. igi gamoixateboda,

magaliTad, elCTa xelSeuxeblobaSi, sxva saxelmwifoTa

Sinaur saqmeebSi CaurevlobaSi, TavdausxmelobaSi da a.

S. Cvens epoqaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis Ziebis masStabe-

bi kidev ufro gaizarda. arsebobs sakonsuloebi, saelCo-

ebi, gaero, helsinkis kavSiri, saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-

bani, SeTanxmeba atomuri iaraRis gauvrceleblobaze da

a. S. kidev metic, arsebobs saerTaSoriso danaSaulis

cneba, iseTi danaSaulisa, romelic saerTaSoriso mSvi-

dobasa da uSiSroebas emuqreba; saerTaSoriso samxedro

tribunali da sxv.

1 qsenofonteqsenofonteqsenofonteqsenofonte, mogonebani sokrateze, wigni IV, Tavi IV, 19-24. 2 qse, t. VIII, gv. 630, st. “saerTaSoriso samarTali” (avt. l. aleqsiZe)

358

axla vnaxoT, Tu raoden efeqturia relatiurisa da

subieqturis sferodan absoluturis sferoze gadasvlis

mcdeloba, rasac bunebiTi samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso

samarTlis institutebi kisruloben, ramdenad da ra mas-

StabiT SesaZlebelia maTi funqcionireba, an saerTod

aqvs Tu ara mniSvnelovani Sedegebi am funqcionirebas?

bunebiTi samarTlis Teorias, rogorc zemoT vaCve-

neT, mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. miuxedavad amisa,

odnavadac ar Semcirebula _ piriqiT, progresulad gai-

zarda _ danaSaulobani: mkvlelobebi, terorizmi, omebi,

adamianTa eqspluatacia, qurdoba, mruSoba da a. S. qris-

tes Segoneba _ oqros wesi _ “nu gaukeTeb sxvas imas, rac

Sen ar ginda gagikeTon”, iyavi Semwynarebeli, giyvardes

mteri Seni (maTe, 5, 44), “ara kac hkla” da sxva TavisTavad

udidesi Rirebulebis sentenciebi, ganuxorcielebeli

rCeba, sistematurad irRveva. maTi dacva xom kacobriobas

udides bednierebas moutanda, qveyanas samoTxed gadaaq-

cevda. magram adamianTa xorcieli vnebani sulier Rirebu-

lebebze maRla aRmoCnda da saxarebis mowodebani uqmad

darCa. TviT eklesiis msaxurnic ki iSviaTad an TiTqmis

arasodes ar asrulebdnen am RvTiur Segonebas. amas adas-

turebs jvarosnuli omebis, inkviziciis, religiuri Seuw-

ynareblobis mravalricxovani faqti. erTi sityviT, “ara

kac hkla”, “giyvardes mteri Seni” da sxva genialuri

RvTiuri Segonebani daiviwya ermac da bermac, saxelmwi-

fo xelisuflebamac da saeklesio eparqiamac; qristianu-

li religia TavisTavad pacifisturia, adamianebs ki agre-

siuloba ver dauZleviaT.

es miT umetes iTqmis saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesa-

xeb, romelic friad pirobiTia da arc Tu ise mtkice Se-

Tanxmebas warmoadgens; am SeTanxmebaTa Sesrulebis auci-

lebloba minimaluria, Tu ar CavTvliT urTierTpativis-

cemaze damyarebul konvencias, romelsac safrTxe maSinve

eqmneba, rogorc ki urTierTpativiscema gaqreba. saerTa-

Soriso SeTanxmebani agresors xels ar uSlis, rom Tavs

daesxas partniors, daarRvios SeTanxmeba. aseTi magali-

Tebi istoriam bevri icis da maTi CamoTvla saWiro ar

359

aris. TviT saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis simtkicis pirobeb-

Sic ki SeTanxmebul saxelmwifoTa urTierTundobloba

ZalaSi rCeba da arc Tu iSviaTad adgili aqvs veragobas.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba is erTaderTi

swori daskvna gamovitanoT, rom relatiuris uaryofis

xarjze absoluturi samarTlis Ziebam marcxi ganicada.

verc bunebiTma da verc saerTaSoriso samarTlma Tavisi

funqcia ver Seasrula. problema ki problemad rCeba; er-

Ti mxriv, relatiuri da subieqturi samarTli samarTlis

cnebis uaryofas warmoadgens, xolo, meore mxriv, abso-

luturi samarTlis koncefcia praqtikuli samarTlis da-

safuZneblad uSedego aRmoCnda. udavo gaxda, rom rela-

tiuri da absoluturi erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebiT sa-

marTlis cnebas ver daafuZnebs. am miznis misaRwevad er-

TaderTi gza maTi sinTezia; magram rogor?

mTavari is ki ar aris, rom absoluturi samarTlis

Ziebis ideam marcxi ganicada, aramed is, rom mTeli isto-

riis manZilze naTlad iqna warmoCenili relatiuri sa-

marTlis ukmarisoba da absoluturis Semotanis aucileb-

loba. magram Tu absoluturis Ziebis procesi araswori

gziT warimarTa, es sruliadac ar gamoricxavs TviTon

Ziebis saWiroebas. absoluturi samarTlis dafuZnebis wa-

rumatebelma cdebma aCvenes rogorc relatiuri, aseve ab-

soluturi samarTlis gancalkevebulad arsebobis SeuZ-

lebloba da swored es aris mTavari.

$$$$100. fsev100. fsev100. fsev100. fsevdodododoababababsosososolulululututututuri sari sari sari samarmarmarmarTaTaTaTalililili

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, samarTali yvela SemTxve-

vaSi relatiuria; igi mxolod konkretul sazogadoebasa

(saxelmwifos) da epoqas emsaxureba, xolo sxva sazoga-

doebisa da sxva epoqebisaTvis uvargisia. magram, meore

mxriv, nebismieri samarTali aris nornornornormamamama; igi adamianTa di-

di an mcire jgufebis qcevisa da urTierTobis wess gan-

sazRvravs. norma ki yvela SemTxvevaSi aris absoluturi,

kerZod, adamianis mier Seqmnili absoluturi, xelovnu-

360

rad (cnobierad) gaabsoluturebuli relatiuri anu fsev-

doabsoluturi. misi absoluturoba imaSia, rom igi pri-

vilegiuria yvela danarCenis mimarT, Tavisi “sazomiT”

afasebs (“zomavs”) yvelafers, magram TviTon ki arasodes

ar aris Sefasebis obieqti. Tu normis Sefasebas Sevecde-

biT, maSin igi normad arsebobas Sewyvets da Sefasebis

procedura TviTon moiTxovs sxva normis dawesebas, rome-

lic iseve privilegiuri da xelovnurad gaabsoluture-

buli relatiuri aRmoCndeba, rogorc pirveli. am mxriv

igi ar gansxvavdeba im sazomi erTeulebisagan, romelTac

adamiani gazomvis procesSi moixmars.

erTi sityviT, samarTali, erTi mxriv, relatiuria,

vinaidan mas mxolod garkveul mimarTebaSi aqvs Zala,

magram, meore mxriv, imave dros absoluturicaa. igi aris

relatiur-absoluturi anu fsevdoabsoluturi, romelic

praqtikul cxovrebaSi WeSmariti absoluturis yvela

funqcias asrulebs. norma, iseve rogorc fizikuri sazo-

mi erTeuli, arc SeiZleba sxvagvari iyos.

samarTlis fsevdoabsoluturobas isic asabuTebs,

rom mas konvenciuri xasiaTi aqvs. samarTlebrivi normebi

(kanonebi) realur sinamdviles ki ar asaxavs, aramed kon-

venciebs warmoadgens; isini dadgenilia SeTanxmebis sa-

fuZvelze. marTalia, isini socialuri sinamdvilis kano-

nebia, magram misi asaxva mainc ar aris. is garemoeba, rom

socialur normas da, saerTod, normas WeSmariteba-Sec-

domis niSani ar miewereba da, maSasadame, arc Semecnebas

warmoadgens, imis maCvenebelia, rom igi aris konvencia,

TviTneburi SeTanxmeba, cxadia, garkveuli pirobebis dac-

viTa da gaTvaliswinebiT.

erTi sityviT, a. puankares sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sa-

marTlebrivi normebi ar aris sinTezur-aprioruli msje-

lobani, ar afarToebs Cvens codnas sinamdvilis Sesaxeb,

ar warmoadgens Semecnebas. meore mxriv, isini arc aprio-

rulia, vinaidan dadgenilia adamianis mier garkveuli em-

piriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adamianTa praqtiku-

li urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad. isini konvenciebia,

Tavisufali (magram ara TviTneburi) arCevanis Sedegia si-

361

martivisa da simarjvis mixedviT. maT imis mixedviT irCe-

ven, Tu romeli samarTlebrivi norma ufro miesadageba

ama Tu im sazogadoebas. am normebs konvenciuri xasiaTi

im SemTxvevaSic eqneba, Tu isini romelime diqtatoris

TviTneburi Semoqmedebis Sedegi iyos obieqturi viTare-

bis gauTvaliswineblad; Tumca amgvari samarTlebrivi

normebi imTaviTve ganwirulia dasamarcxeblad.

da mainc samarTlebrivi normebi, fsevdoabsolutu-

robisa da konvenciurobis miuxedavad, Semecnebas emsaxu-

reba. iseve rogorc nebismieri konvencia (magaliTad, sa-

zomi erTeulebi) TavisTavad ar aris Semecneba, Tumca ma-

inc Semecnebis process uzrunvelyofs _ misi erTaderTi

daniSnulebaa Semecnebis xelSewyoba _ aseve samarTleb-

rivi normebi ara mxolod SefasebiTi (aqsiologiuri)

mniSvnelobisaa, aramed imis Semecnebis saSualebac, ris

normasac warmoadgens. danaSaulis Semecneba, misi simZi-

mis dadgena, swored am normebis mixedviT SeiZleba, Tum-

ca Tavad es normebi Semecnebis Sedegad ar aris miRebu-

li. rodesac konkretul danaSaulze vlaparakobT, mxed-

velobaSi gvaqvs garkveuli samarTlebrivi norma, rogorc

sazomi, danaSaulis damdgeni da Semfasebeli, Tumca Ta-

vad am normas konvenciuri warmomavloba aqvs; mas privi-

legiuri mniSvneloba Cven mivaniWeT, TavisTavad araprivi-

legiuri privilegiuri gavxadeT anu movaxdineT relati-

uris gaabsolutureba, rac fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnas

niSnavs.

nebismieri kanonis erT-erT uZiriTades niSans zoga-

doba warmoadgens. kanonis obieqti ar SeiZleba iyos ker-

Zo, esa Tu is sagani an calkeuli individi, aramed igi

sinamdvilis did an mcire jgufebze vrceldeba. miuxeda-

vad amisa, misi sfero mainc gansazRvrulia. ar arsebobs

mTeli sinamdvilis (materialurisa da idealuris) mom-

cveli kanoni. miuxedavad amisa, TiToeul kanons Tavis

sferoSi universaluri mniSvneloba aqvs da sxvadasxva

xarisxis aucileblobiT xasiaTdeba. absoluturi auci-

lebloba samyaroSi iseve ar arsebobs, rogorc absolu-

turi SemTxveviToba; TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva donis

362

albaTobis mqonea. es garemoebac nebismieri kanonis fsev-

doabsoluturobis maCvenebelia. igi absoluturia (Tavis

sferoSi sayovelTao da aucilebelia), magram imave dros

relatiuria (mxolod garkveul sinamdvileSi funqcioni-

rebs da arc absoluturi sayovelTaobaTa da aucileb-

lobiT xasiaTdeba). amaSia misi fsevdoabsoluturoba.

asevea samarTlebrivi kanonebic, samarTali. igi mxo-

lod garkveul farglebSi moqmedebs da arc absoluturi

aucileblobiT xasiaTdeba, raSic misi relatiuroba

vlindeba. magram imave dros igi am farglebSi sayovel-

Tao da aucilebelia, upirobod sruldeba anu absolutu-

ria. amrigad, samarTlebrivi kanonebi erTsa da imave

dros relatiuric aris da absoluturic anu isini fsev-

doabsolutur kanonebs warmoadgens.

rasakvirvelia, samarTlebrivi kanonebi normatiulia,

e. i. maT, bunebis kanonebisagan gansxvavebiT, adamianebi

qmnian da auqmeben, icaven an arRveven. magram es garemoeba

maT fsevdoabsoluturobas ki ar uaryofs, aramed, piri-

qiT, asabuTebs. fsevdoabsoluturi swored adamianis cno-

bieri an aracnobieri Semoqmedebis produqtia da misi

darRvevac adamians ZaluZs. magram vidre arsebobs samar-

Tlebrivi kanoni, igi Tavis sferoSi uTuod aucileblo-

biTa da sayovelTaobiT xasiaTdeba, e. i. absoluturia.

magram vinaidan mis absoluturobas garkveuli farglebi

aqvs, xolo WeSmariti absoluturi veraviTar SezRudvas

ver iTmens, amitom igi aris fsevdoabsoluturi, yalbi ab-

soluturi, romelic praqtikulad garkveul drosa da

sivrceSi WeSmariti absoluturis rols asrulebs.

fsevdoabsoluturs, rogorc Semecnebis TeoriaSi,

aseve samarTalSi garkveuli meTodologiuri roli ekis-

reba. magram es meTodologia specifikuria _ zogadi me-

Todologiisagan gansxvavebuli. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom

Tu zogadi meTodologiis moxmareba ase Tu ise TviTne-

buria, subieqtzea damokidebuli, fsevdoabsoluturi me-

Todologia ki aseTi ar aris. misi gamoyeneba aucilebe-

lia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gvsurs (samarTlis magaliTze) sa-

marTlebrivi kanonebis dadgena. samarTali, rogorc

363

vTqviT, erTsa da imave dros unda iyos relatiuric (e. i.

garkveul, ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi unda moqmedebdes, mxomxomxomxo----

lodlodlodlod mis interesebs unda Seesabamebodes) da absolutu-

ric (am sferoSi upirobod unda sruldebodes), e. i. igi

unda iyos fsevdoabsoluturi. am moTxovnebis, rogorc

garkveuli meTodologiuri principebis, dacvis gareSe

samarTals ver davafuZnebT. amaSia misi aucilebloba.

garda amisa, fsevdoabsoluturi meTodologiis au-

cilebloba imaSic vlindeba, rom saxelmwifo da, saer-

Tod, sazogadoeba SeuZlebelia arsebobdes samarTlebri-

vi normebis gareSe. adamiani ki socialuri arsebaa da, ma-

Sasadame, gancalkevebulad, sazogadoebis gareSe ver iar-

sebebs. amitom igi iZulebulia _ surs Tu ar surs es mas

_ daawesos samarTlebrivi normebi, Seqmnas kanonebi anu

absoluturad aqcios is, rac TavisTavad relatiuria.

sxvagvarad mas arseboba ar SeuZlia. amaSic mdgomareobs

samarTlebrivi kanonebis fsevdoabsoluturoba da auci-

lebloba.

samarTlebrivi kanonebi erTsa da imave dros auci-

lebelic aris da Tavisufalic da amaSic maTi konvenciu-

ri buneba Cans. aucilebloba imaSia, rom sazogadoeba am

kanonebis gareSe ver iarsebebs, xolo TviTon kanonebis

arCevani (cxadia, obieqturi _ socialuri _ viTarebis

gaTvaliswinebiT) Tavisufalia. swored amiT aixsneba is

garemoeba, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva kanonebia.

am SemTxvevaSi mkacri aucilebloba ar moqmedebs; kanon-

mdebeli kanonTa Semoqmedebisas garkveulwilad Tavisu-

falia, Tumca TviTon kanonSemoqmedeba aucilebelia.

miuxedavad am aucileblobisa, ama Tu im fsevdoab-

soluturis darRvevis SesaZlebloba yovelTvis arse-

bobs. samarTlebriv kanonebs qmnian da arRveven. aseve Se-

iZleba sazomi erTeulis Secvla, rac mocemuli fsevdo-

absoluturis gauqmebasa da axlis dawesebas niSnavs. mag-

ram saerTod fsevdoabsoluturis gamoricxva SeuZlebe-

lia. igi adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis

Tanmdevia, raSic misi aucilebloba vlindeba.

364

fsevdoabsoluturi ar aris ucvleli, inertuli,

aramed igi mobilurobiT xasiaTdeba. icvleba samarTleb-

rivi kanonebi da am cvalebadobas, garkveuli zigzagebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, progresuli xasiaTi aqvs. amdenad fsev-

doabsoluturis Teoria imave dros ganviTarebis Teoria-

sac warmoadgens. rarig ar unda hgavdes erTmaneTs samar-

Tlebrivi normebi, ar SeiZleba ganviTareba ar davinaxoT,

magaliTad, Tanamedrove da antikuri epoqis samarTals

Soris. samarTlebrivi normebis cvalebadoba mTeli isto-

riis manZilze niSnavda mocemuli fsevdoabsoluturis

rRvevasa da axlis warmoSobas; magram TviTon samarTlis

normebi yvela SemTxvevaSi fsevdoabsoluturis saxiT ar-

sebobda. igi xom adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moR-

vaweobis atributia.


1. sergi avaliani _ fsevdoabsoluturis filosofia,

Tb., 2006.

2. С. Авалиани, Природа знания и ценности, Тб., 1989.

365

n an an an a w iw iw iw i l i m e Sl i m e Sl i m e Sl i m e S v iv iv iv i d ed ed ed e

e p i se p i se p i se p i s t et et et e m om om om o l ol ol ol o g i ag i ag i ag i a

TaTaTaTavi vi vi vi pirpirpirpirvevevevelililili

mecmecmecmecninininieeeerurururuli codli codli codli codnis sanis sanis sanis safuZfuZfuZfuZvlevlevlevlebibibibi

$$$$101. mec101. mec101. mec101. mecninininieeeerurururuli codli codli codli codnis emnis emnis emnis empipipipiririririuuuuli da li da li da li da

rarararacicicicioooonanananalulululuri ri ri ri sasasasafuZfuZfuZfuZvlevlevlevlebibibibi

nebismier codnas, maT Soris mecnierulsac, empiriu-

li safuZvlebi aqvs; igi iwyeba cdiT, uSualo grZnobadi

monacemebiT. es azri misaRebia rogorc empiristebis, ase-

ve racionalistebisaTvis: maT Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba

maSin iCens Tavs, roca saqme Seexeba cdiseuli codnis ad-

gilsa da rols Semecnebis procesSi. empirizmi grZnobad

cdas Semecnebis mTavar wyarod Tvlis da gonebis mTeli

Sinaarsi arsebiTad misgan gamohyavs. loki amtkicebda,

rom “araferi ar aris gonebaSi iseTi, rac winaswar cda-

Si ar iyos mocemuli.” arsebiTad amave poziciebze dgas

Tanamedrove pozitivizmi, romelic sazrisis kriteriumad

empiriul verifikacias acxadebs. racionalizmi, piriqiT,

Semecnebis mTavar wyarod gonebas Tvlis, Tumca arc

grZnobadi cdis rols uaryofs codnis genezisis proces-

Si. erTi sityviT, empirizmi da racionalizmi or ukidu-

resobas warmoadgens da, maSasadame, orive calmxrivia.

zemoT, dakvirvebadobis problemasTan dakavSirebiT

aRvniSneT, rom principuli dakvirvebadobis Cveneuli in-

terpretacia, roca igi moicavs ara mxolod uSualo, ara-

med gaSualebul dakvirvebasac, zemoaRniSnuli calmxri-

vobebisa da ukiduresobebis moxsnis cdas warmoadgens.

gaSualebuli dakvirveba erTdroulad empiriulic aris

da racionaluric. iqneb es gza gamogvadges empirizmisa

da racionalizmis mravalsaukunovani davis gadasaWre-

lad.

366

empiriuli da racionaluri codnis sawyisebis Tav-

sebadoba naTlad Cans mecnierul codnaSi, romelSic er-

TmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben empiriulsa da Teoriul done-

ebs. empiriuli done ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia princi-

pul dakvirvebadobasTan, romelic, racionaluri azrovne-

bis elementebis sakmaod didi dozis miuxedavad, mainc em-

piriulia. rodesac vmsjelobT cocxali ujredis agebu-

lebaze, adamianis tvinis struqturaze an socialur

problemebze, maSin saqme gvaqvs mecnieruli codnis empi-

riul donesTan, vinaidan igi miRebulia empiriuli dak-

virvebebis safuZvelze. Teoriuli done ki am empiriuli

Sinaarsisagan Tavisufalia, rasac igi zogadobis ufro

maRali xarisxiT aRwevs. oTxganzomilebian samyaros an

araevklidur sivrces, maTematikur obieqtebs da a. S. ver

warmoidgen, Tumca nebismieri codna, maT Soris mecnieru-

li codnis Teoriuli donec Tavis Soreul dasabams

grZnobadi cdidan iRebs.

vinaidan grZnobadi cda nebismieri codnis dasabams

warmoadgens, ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom TiTqos Teori-

ul dones yovelTvis win uswrebs empiriuli done. zog-

jer _ sakmaod xSirad _ xdeba piriqiT, Teoria win us-

wrebs empirias. l. de broilma elementaruli nawilakebis

talRuri buneba manamde aRmoaCina, vidre igi eqsperimen-

tulad dadasturdeboda; aseve leveriem planeta neptunis

arseboba manamde daasabuTa, vidre mas aRmoaCendnen da a.

S. magram es, cxadia, imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos mecnie-

ruli codnis empiriuli da Teoriuli doneebi erTmane-

Tisagan damoukidebeli iyos. piriqiT, maT Soris mWidro,

organuli kavSiria da erTi mTliani mecnieruli codnis

sxvadasxva mxareebs warmoadgens.

$$$$102. mec102. mec102. mec102. mecninininieeeerurururuli codli codli codli codnis obinis obinis obinis obieqeqeqeqtutututuri da suri da suri da suri da subibibibieqeqeqeqtutututuri ri ri ri

mxamxamxamxarererereeeeebibibibi

mecnieruli codnis erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad jer ki-

dev sokrate-platonis droidan obieqturoba iTvleba. Se-

367

mecneba saerTod SeuZlebelia obieqturobis _ subieqti-

sagan ase Tu ise damoukideblobis _ gareSe. es gansakuT-

rebiT iTqmis mecnieruli codnis Sesaxeb, romelsac apo-

diqturobis niSani uTuod Tan axlavs. mecnieruli cod-

nis apodiqturoba uSualod ar niSnavs obieqturobas; igi

codnis aucileblobasa da sayovelTaobas aRniSnavs. mag-

ram am aucileblobisa da sayovelTaobis ZaliT igi obi-

eqturobis statussac iZens. mecnieruli codna apodiqtu-

ricaa da obieqturic.

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT codnis obieqturo-

bis ori aspeqti. codnis obieqturobis problema, uwinares

yovlisa, imanenturidan transcendenturze gasvlis prob-

lemaa. es niSnavs: SeuZlia Tu ara Semmecnebel subieqts

misgan damoukidebeli garegani obieqturi kanonzomierebis

Semecneba? aris Tu ara Cveni _ Tundac mecnieruli _ cod-

na obieqturi sinamdvilis zusti asaxva? es aris Semecne-

bis filosofiuri Teoriis uZvelesi da dRemde gadauWre-

li problema.

codnis obieqturobis meore aspeqti ikvlevs ara imas,

asaxavs Tu ara Cveni codna obieqtur sinamdviles, aramed

imas, aris Tu ara codna _ gansakuTrebiT mecnieruli

codna _ Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan damoukidebeli? gaaC-

nia Tu ara mas ontologiuri statusi? codnis obieqturo-

bis am meore aspeqts SeiZleba episepisepisepistetetetemomomomolololologigigigiuuuuri probri probri probri problelelelemamamama

vuwodoT, vinaidan mis ZiriTad obieqts mecnieruli codna

warmoadgens.

codnis obieqturobis es meore aspeqti gansakuTrebiT

win wamoswia k. poperma, romelmac “sami samyaros” Teoria

Seqmna. maTgan pirvelia materialuri sinamdvile, rogorc

codnis sagani; meorea Semmecnebeli subieqti, xolo mesame

aris codna, romelmac Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan damouki-

debloba moipova. igi aris “codna imis gareSe, vinc icis;

igi aris codna Semmecnebeli subieqtis gareSe.”1 es niS-

navs, rom poperma Seqmna ontologiuri epistemologia; on-

tologiuri imitom, rom codna arsis doneze ganixileba

1 К. Поппер, Логика и рост научного знания. стр. 442-443.

368

imisagan gamoklebiT, rom igi “meore samyaros” anu Semmec-

nebeli subieqtis produqtia.

mecnierebis istoriaSi cnobilia sruliad sapirispi-

ro Tvalsazrisic subieqtivizmis saxiT. codnis subieqti-

visturi koncefcia pirvelad protagoram Camoayaliba, ro-

desac man WeSmaritebis sazomad calkeuli subieqti, indi-

vidi miiCnia. axal droSi codnis subieqtivisturi gageba

yvelaze Tanamimdevrulad j. berklim gamoTqva. arsebobis

kriteriumad aRqmis gamocxadeba (esse est percipi) ara marto an-

tiontologizmia, aramed antignoseologizmic, vinaidan

codnisaTvis, miT umetes mecnieruli codnisaTvis, obieqtu-

robis niSnis Camocileba codnis SesaZleblobaze uaris-

Tqmis tolfasia. gnoseologiuri subieqtivizmi mTeli Ta-

visi mosalodneli SedegebiTa da uaryofiTi TvisebebiT p.

u. brijmenma gamoTqva. igi laparakobs “Cemi mecnierebis” Se-

saxeb, romelic “savsebiT gansxvavebulia Tqveni mecnierebi-

sagan.” erTi sityviT, gnoseologiuri obieqtivizmi da subi-

eqtivizmi ori urTierTdapirispirebuli poziciebia, ori

ukiduresobaa epistemologiaSi.

$$$$103. mec103. mec103. mec103. mecninininieeeerurururuli codli codli codli codna _ suna _ suna _ suna _ subibibibieqeqeqeqturturturtur----obiobiobiobieqeqeqeqtutututuri ri ri ri

fefefefenonononomemememenininini

am dapirispirebuli koncefciebidan gancalkevebiT

aRebuli arc erTi ar aris swori, WeSmariti, Tumca Ti-

Toeuli maTgani WeSmaritebis momentebis matarebelia da

arc erTi maTganis xelaRebiT uaryofa ar SeiZleba. ker-

Zod, gnoseologiuri obieqtivizmi uTuod marTalia, roca

codnis obieqturobas amtkicebs. magram ar aris marTali,

roca codnas Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan sruliad damou-

kideblad ganixilavs, riTac igi arsebiTad codnas ar-

sTan aigivebs, gnoseologiis farglebidan gadis da mec-

nierul codnas ontologiur statuss aniWebs. codna ar

SeiZleba subieqtivisturobisagan sruliad ganwmendilad

warmovidginoT, igi ar SeiZleba arss gavuigivoT, rome-

lic Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan mTlianad damoukidebe-

369

lia. codnis specifika, arsisagan gansxvavebuli, is aris,

rom igi asaxasaxasaxasaxvaavaavaavaa, kerZod arsis asaxva; igi, rogorc asaxva,

subieqturobis daRs atarebs miuxedavad imisa, rom asax-

vas obieqturoba moeTxoveba. amrigad, codna, rogorc

asaxva, erTsa da imave dros subieqturic aris da obieq-

turic. erTi sityviT, codnis obieqturobis mtkicebisas,

rac uTuod marTebulia, ar unda daviviwyoT misi gansxva-

veba arsisagan; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ontologizms, e. i.

gnoseologiis uaryofas ver avcdebiT.

meore mxriv ufro miuRebelia subieqtivisturi gno-seologizmi, romelic faqtobrivad gnoseologiis _ codnis Teoriis _ uaryofamde midis. obieqturi Sinaar-sis gareSe codnis arsebobaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. es idea jer kidev sokratem gaacnobiera subieqtivizmis wi-naaRmdeg brZolaSi.

gnoseologiis arsebobis aucilebel pirobas warmo-adgens codnis gageba, rogorc subieqtur-obieqturi feno-menisa. warmoSobis mixedviT codna subieqturia, adamianis Teoriuli moRvaweobis Sedegia. magram codna subieqtur momentebs Seicavs ara marto misi genezisis gamo, aramed imitomac, rom igi arasodes ar aris absoluturi, aramed relatiuria, Tavis TavSi Secdomis Semcvelia. codna re-latiuri WeSmaritebis saxiT arsebobs. codnis sferoSi relatiuroba subieqturobas niSnavs, vinaidan mis erT-erT mTavar mizezs Cveni SemecnebiTi unaris SezRudulo-ba warmoadgens. sul sxvagvaria arsis sferoSi relatiu-roba, romelic obieqtur relatiurobas anu subieqturi-sagan damoukidebel relatiurobas warmoadgens. amis Se-saxeb ukve gvqonda laparaki da aRar gavimeorebT.

meore mxriv codnis obieqturobas ara marto is ga-napirobebs, rom igi obieqturi, arsobrivi sinamdvilis asaxvas warmoadgens, aramed aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs codnis “Sinagan logikas”. codnas, miT umetes mecnie-ruls, garkveuli azriT, damoukidebloba, TavisTavadoba anu obieqturoba axasiaTebs. aq laparaki ar aris im obi-eqturobaze, romelsac k. poperis “mesame samyaro” flobs (Tumca isic Zalian mniSvnelovania codnis obieqturobis TvalsazrisiT), aramed “codnis logikaze”, romelsac

370

mecnieri axal-axali aRmoCenebisaken mihyavs da ar aris damokidebuli mis fsiqologiur ganwyobilebaze. piriqiT, am SemTxvevaSi logika TviTon “marTavs” fsiqologias. azrovnebis logikur kanonebs, rogorc codnis obieqtu-robis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes garants, principuli mniSvneloba aqvs.

amrigad, arc subieqturoba da arc obieqturoba cal-calke mecnieruli codnis _ saerTod codnis _ spe-cifikas ver gamoxatavs. k. poperis ontologiuri episte-mologiis mTavar nakls imaSi vxedavT, rom igi imdenad gaitaca codnis obieqturobis mtkicebam, rom meore uki-duresobaSi gadavarda _ subieqturobis momenti daiviwya da codna arsebiTad arss gauigiva, iseve rogorc amas ad-gili hqonda aleTologiur realizmSi, roca “WeSmarite-ba TavisTavad” subieqturs mTlianad mowyda da arsis sferoSi gadabargda, ramac gamoiwvia gnoseologiis uar-yofa, misi Secvla ontologiiT.


mecmecmecmecninininieeeererererebis ganbis ganbis ganbis ganviviviviTaTaTaTarerererebis gabis gabis gabis garerereregagagagani da ni da ni da ni da

SiSiSiSinanananagagagagani faqni faqni faqni faqtotototorerererebibibibi

$$$$104. eq104. eq104. eq104. eqstersterstersternanananalizlizlizlizmimimimi

gasuli saukunis 30-40-iani wlebidan epistemologia-

Si wina planze wamoiwia mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZ-

ravebeli Zalebis problemam, romlis gadasawyvetad Camo-

yalibda ori urTierTdapirispirebuli mimarTuleba: eq-

sternalizmi da internalizmi. pirveli maTgani Tvlis,

rom mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebi mecni-

erebis gareT unda veZioT. aseTia yvelaferi, rasac kogni-

turi xasiaTi ara aqvs, saxeldobr, warmoeba, ekonomika,

socialuri viTareba, eTikuri, esTetikuri da religiuri

faqtorebi. internalizmi ki mecnierebis ganviTarebis ma-

moZravebel Zalas TviTon mecnierebaSi xedavs. erTi sit-

yviT, eqsternalizmi garegan faqtorebze laparakobs, in-

371

ternalizmi ki Sinaganze. TviTon saxelwodebanic amaze

miuTiTebs.

mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis eq-

sternalisturi mimarTuleba marqsistuli filosofiis

safuZvelze warmoiSva; kerZod, igi amodis mecnierebis,

rogorc sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis formis istoriul-

materialisturi gagebidan. istoriuli materializmi emya-

reboda cnobil marqsistul debulebas sazogadoebrivi

cnobierebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi yofierebis pirvela-

dobis Sesaxeb; kerZod, igi amkicebda, rom sazogadoebrivi

yofiereba, romlis qveS sazogadoebis materialuri cxov-

rebis pirobebi igulisxmeboda, warmoSobs da gansaz-

Rvravs sazogadoebriv cnobierebas. sazogadoebrivi cno-

bierebis erT-erT ZiriTad formad miCneuli iyo mecniere-

ba. aqedan keTdeboda daskvna, rom sazogadoebrivi yofie-

reba, sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis sxva formebTan (filo-

sofia, morali, xelovneba, religia da a. S) erTad, gan-

sazRvravs mecnierebis bunebasac, misi ganviTarebis kanon-

zomierebas. maSasadame, mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZra-

vebeli Zala mis gareT anu sazogadoebriv yofierebaSi

imyofeba, romlis qveS, rogorc vTqviT, materialuri

cxovrebis pirobebi igulisxmeba.

1931 wels londonSi Sedga mecnierebis istorikosTa

meore saerTaSoriso kongresi, romlis muSaobaSi monawi-

leobda sabWoTa delegaciac n. i. buxarinis meTaurobiT.

sabWoTa delegaciis erT-erTma wevrma (b. geseni) kongres-

ze waikiTxa moxseneba niutonis meqanikis socialur-eko-

nomikuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb; momxsenebeli cdilobda

imis dasabuTebas, rom niutonis meqanika qveyanaSi arsebu-

li socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis safuZvelze warmo-

iSva. es iyo istoriuli materializmis kargad cnobili

Tvalsazrisis gamoyeneba niutonis meqanikis genezisis

problemis gadasaWrelad. niutonis meqanikis safuZvlebis

Zieba fizikis mecnierebis gareT _ socialur-ekonomikur

viTarebaSi _ sruliad axali movlena iyo mecnierebis is-

torikosTa azrovnebaSi. kongresis monawileTa erTma

jgufma es idea xelSi aitaca da sul male Camoyalibda

372

eqsternalizmi, rogorc axali mimarTuleba epistemolo-

giaSi. am mimarTulebis fuZemdebelia cnobili ingliseli

mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe jon bernali, romelmac

ori uzarmazari Txzuleba gamosca: “mecnierebis socia-

luri funqcia” (1939), da “mecniereba istoriaSi” (1954). j.

bernali amtkicebs, rom “mecnierebis istoriis yoveli

mniSvnelovani periodi Seesabameba raime socialur-ekono-

mikur gardaqmnas.”1 Zvel saberZneTSi, misi azriT, mecnie-

reba monaTmflobelur sazogadoebas asaxavs, Sua sauku-

neebSi _ feodalizms da a. S. j. bernali eqsternalizmis

yvelaze radikaluri formis damcvelia. igi mecnierebis

ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalad warmoebiT urTierTo-

bebs acxadebs. “war“war“war“warmomomomoeeeebibibibiTi urTi urTi urTi urTiTiTiTiererererToToToTobebebebebibibibi _ wers igi _

ganapirobebs TviT warmoebis saSualebebis cvlilebebis

aucileblobas, rac mecnierebis zrdas iwvevs.” amrigad,

warmoebis ganviTareba ganapirobebs mecnierebis ganviTa-

rebas. aseTia j. bernalis ZiriTadi eqsternalisturi Te-

zisi.

eqsternalizmis momdevno warmomadgenlebi ufro

frTxilad da “zomierad” msjeloben. magaliTad, r. mer-

toni iziarebs j. bernalis im azrs, rom mecnierebis war-

moSobis procesSi sociums gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs,

magram warmoSobis Semdeg mecniereba damoukideblad vi-

Tardeba Sinagani faqtorebis safuZvelze. mecnierebis

ganviTarebis “socialuri faqtorebis” cnebis qveS r. mer-

toni mxolod socialur-ekonomikur pirobebs (ZiriTadad,

warmoebas) ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed yvelafers, rac mec-

nierebisaTvis “garegania”, magaliTad, protestantuli

eTika, romelic idealuri faqtoria da ara materialuri.

mecnierebis sociologiuri genezisis axsnis sainte-

reso cdas gvTavazobs cnobili eqsternalisti e. cilze-

li. igi eZebs Sesabamisobas mecnieruli meTodis struq-

turul elementebsa da sazogadoebis socialur struq-

turas Soris. igi erTmaneTisagan gaarCevs mecnieruli me-

Todis Teoriulsa da eqsperimentul elementebs. XVII sa-

1 Дж. Бернал, Наука в истории общества, М., 1956, стр. 9.

373

ukunemde, misi azriT, es elementebi erTmaneTisagan iyo

mowyvetili. meTodis Teoriuli mxare sazogadoebis maRa-

li da ganaTlebuli fenisaTvis iyo misawvdomi, eqsperi-

mentuli ki _ xelosnebisaTvis. pirvelni universitetebSi

moRvaweobdnen, meoreni ki qalaqebis sazogadoebriv-mate-

rialur sferoebSi Sromobdnen. maT Soris ki araviTari

kavSiri ar iyo, rac SeuZlebels xdida mecnierebis war-

moSoba-ganviTarebas. mecniereba maSin warmoiSva, amtki-

cebs e. cilzeli, rodesac “mecnieruli meTodis or Se-

madgenel nawils Soris socialuri barieri daingra da

xelosanTa maRali fenis meTodebi akademiurad swavlu-

lebma SeiTvises.”1 es ki moxda, e. cilzelis azriT, mxo-

lod XVII saukuneSi, rac sazogadoebaSi momxdari socia-

luri cvlilebebis Sedegi iyo. aseTi iyo im mecnierTa Zi-

riTadi ideebi da azrovnebis tendenciebi, romlebic eq-

sternalizmis poziciebze idgnen.

1 E. Zilsel, The Sociological Roots of Science. ix. “Amer. Journal of Sociology”, Chicago,

1942, vol. 47, N4, p. 555.

374

$$$$105. in105. in105. in105. interterterternanananalizlizlizlizmimimimi

internalizmi ar uaryofs garegani faqtorebis

rols mecnierebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis procesSi,

magram maT ar aniWebs principul, gadamwyvet mniSvnelo-

bas, Tvlis, rom azrovnebas Tavisi Sinagani kanonebi aqvs,

rac mecnierebis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens. am mi-

marTulebis fuZemdebelia cnobili frangi mecnierebisa

da filosofiis istorikosi aleqsandr koire, romelic

axali tipis mecnierebis istorikosad iTvleba.

al. koires istoriuli koncefciis originaluroba

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi ara mxolod mecnierebis, ara-

med mTeli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriasac azrov-

nebis inteleqtualur ganviTarebas, ZiriTadad ki filo-

sofiis progress ukavSirebs. mecnierebisa da filosofi-

is istoria, al. koires azriT, ar aris qronologiurad

ganlagebuli faqtebisa da anekdotebis krebuli, usiste-

mo grova. am faqtebs Soris Sinagani kavSiria, Sinagani ka-

nonzomierebaa. mecnierebis istorikosis movaleobaa am ka-

nonzomierebis aRmoCena.

al. koire mkacrad akritikebs eqsternalizms,

Tvlis, rom arc mecnierebisa da arc sazogadoebis isto-

riis axsna garegani faqtorebiT ar SeiZleba. “me fuWad

mimaCnia imis survili _ wers igi _ rom berZnuli mecnie-

reba qalaqebis socialuri struqturidan gamoviyvanoT...

aTeni ver agvixsnis verc evdoqsesa da verc platons. miT

ufro sirakuzebi ver agvixsnian arqimedes an florencia

_ galileis. me vTvli, rom igive viTarebaa axal droSic

da Cvens droSic ki ... XVII saukunis inglisis socialuri

struqtura veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver agvixsnis niutons

da, miT umetes, nikoloz pirvelis droindeli ruseTis

socialuri struqtura Suqs ver mohfens lobaCevskis

qmnilebas.”1

adamiani, amtkicebs al. koire, aris sulieri sub-

stancia, amitom misi axsna materialuri cxovrebis safuZ-

1 А. Койре, Очерки истории философской мысли, М., 1985, стр. 279.

375

velze SeuZlebelia. vinaidan mecniereba adamianis sulie-

ri moRvaweobis produqtia, misi gageba mxolod da mxo-

lod imanenturi kanonebis safuZvelze SeiZleba, im kano-

nebisa, romlebic mecnierul azrovnebas marTavs. istoria

misi Sinagani kanonebis safuZvelze SeiZleba gavigoT. es

kanonebi, cxadia, idealuria.

meore internalisti _ al. koires mimdevari _ a. r.

holi mkacrad akritikebs e. cilzelis koncefcias axali

tipis mecnierebis Sesaxeb. axali mecnierebis Camoyalibe-

baSi, misi azriT, mTavari roli mecniers ekuTvnis da ara

garemos, romelSic igi cxovrobs. xelosnebisa da Teore-

tikosebis kavSiri mecnierebis geneziss ver agvixsnis. a.

r. holi akritikebs agreTve r. mertons da amtkicebs, rom

XVII saukuneSi mecnierebis warmoSobas Sinagani faqtore-

bi ganapirobebda, xolo socialuri Zalebi mTavar rols

rodi TamaSobda.

internalisturi ideebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli

dasavleT evropisa da amerikis samecniero wreebSi, ramac

eqsternalizmis gavrcelebas didi dabrkolebebi Seuqmna.

cxadia, aris iseTi moazrovneebic, romlebic erTgva-

ri “Suamavlis” rols TamaSoben am or dapirispirebul

mimarTulebas Soris; isini Tvlian, rom mecnierebis ganvi-

Tarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebi unda veZioT rogorc Sina-

gan, aseve garegan faqtorebSi. erTi sityviT, isini ar izi-

areben arc wminda eqsternalistursa da arc wminda in-

ternalistur mosazrebebs.

$$$$106. sin106. sin106. sin106. sinTeTeTeTezuzuzuzuri konri konri konri koncefcefcefcefciaciaciacia

eqsternalizmisa da internalizmis dapirispirebam

gamoavlina TiToeuli maTganis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

mxareebi. eqsternalizmis sasargeblod unda iTqvas, rom

socialur-ekonomikuri, ufro metic, politikuri da ide-

ologiuri faqtorebis rolis uaryofa mecnierebis war-

moSobasa da ganviTarebaSi SeuZlebelia. adamiani, uwina-

res yovlisa, praqtikuli arsebaa. mas aqvs Tundac vita-

376

luri moTxovnilebani, romelTa dakmayofileba bunebaSi

arsebuli mza produqtebiT SeuZlebelia. man unda iSro-

mos, awarmoos misi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis

saWiro produqtebi da nivTebi. am warmoebis procesSi vi-

Tardeba misi cnobiereba, iZens axal codnas da safuZ-

vels uyris mecnierebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas. ama-

ze metyvelebs iseTi mecnierebebis saxelwodebani, rogo-

ricaa “geografia” (dedamiwis aRwera), “geometria” (deda-

miwis gazomva), “astronomia” (varskvlavTa kanoni) da sxv.

magram am ideis hipertrofirebas, rasac eqsterna-

lizmi eweva, vulgarul sociologiamde mivyavarT. igi

mTlianad gamoricxavs Sinagani, kognituri faqtorebis

rols mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi, rasac eqsternalizmi me-

qanicizmsa da laplasur determinizmamde mihyavs. SeuZle-

belia imis Tqma, rom TiTqos mecnierebas mxolod praqti-

kuli miznebi aqvs an mis warmoSobas mxolod praqtikuli

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba warmoadgens. es SeiZleba

vamtkicoT civilizaciis sawyis etapze, e. i. maSin, roca

adamianis mecnieruli codna jer kidev ar iyo Camoyali-

bebuli, magram ufro gviandeli periodebisaTvis, miT ume-

tes, Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis aseTi mosazrebani sruliad

gaumarTlebelia. platonis, aristoteles, kantisa da he-

gelis filosofia, iseve rogorc bevri sxva specialur-

mecnieruli Teoria praqtikuli moTxovnilebebis safuZ-

velze rodi warmoiSva da maT uSualo mizans materialu-

ri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba rodi warmoadgenda.

am SemTxvevaSi idealuri faqtorebi, TviTon mecnieruli

codnis Sinagani logikac mTavarsa da gadamwyvet rols

TamaSobda.

internalizmis damsaxurebas swored mecnierebis gan-

viTarebis am Sinagani faqtorebis rolze yuradRebis ga-

maxvileba warmoadgens. mecnierebis warmoSobisas xSir

SemTxvevaSi did rols TamaSobs social-ekonomikuri faq-

torebi, magram warmoSobis Semdeg igi damoukideblobas

iZens, “sakuTar fexebze” dgeba da amieridan garegan faq-

torebs arc ki emorCileba. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSic gare-

gani faqtorebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mecnierebis

377

ganviTarebaze, aCqarebs an anelebs (abrkolebs, amuxru-

Webs) mecnierebis ganviTarebas, magram, saboloo jamSi,

mis progresul msvlelobas ver aCerebs. amis magaliTebi

mecnierebis istoriaSi bevria. inkvizicia ebrZoda koper-

nikis heliocentrul sistemas, galileis fizikas, komu-

nisturi ideologia uaryofda genetikas, ainStainis rela-

tiurobis Teorias, kibernetikas da a. S. marTalia, maT

droebiT daabrkoles am mecnierebaTa winsvla, magram mi-

si SeCereba ver SeZles. mecniereba jins hgavs, romelic

boTlidan amosvlis anu warmoSobis Semdeg aravis aRar

emorCileba da yvelasa da yvelafrisagan damoukideblad

viTardeba. am SemTxvevaSi mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas Si-

nagani logika, Sinagani kanonzomiereba warmoadgens, ra-

sac internalizmi esoden dabejiTebiTa da damajereblo-

biT amtkicebs.

internalizmis uaryofiT mxares am Sinagani faqto-

rebis uzomod gazviadeba da garegani faqtorebis mTlia-

nad gamoricxva warmoadgens. civilizaciis ganviTarebis

pirvel etapebze mecnieruli codnis (saerTod codnis) Ca-

moyalibeba, uwinares yovlisa, adamianis praqtikuli miz-

nebis dakmayofilebas unda umadlodes. TviT Tanamedrove

epoqaSic garegani faqtorebis gavlena mecnierebis ganvi-

Tarebaze umniSvnelo rodia. faqtia, rom warmoebis moT-

xovnilebani impulss aZlevs kibernetikis, fizikis, qimiis

ganviTarebas; samxedro miznebi xSirad aCqareben atomuri

fizikis, aeronavtikisa da kosmonavtikis ganviTarebas da

a. S. amrigad, mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zal-

Ta ricxvidan arc garegani faqtorebis gamoricxva SeiZ-

leba.

swored amitom mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebe-

li Zalebis Sesaxeb ufro marTebulad migvaCnia sinTezu-

ri koncefciis Camoyalibeba, romelic eqsternalizmisa

da internalizmis calmxrivobebs moxsnis da maT racio-

nalur momentebs SeinarCunebs. ar aris swori is Tval-

sazrisi (s. r. mikulinski), romelic eqsternalizmisa da

internalizmis winaaRmdegobis moxsnas imis safuZvelze

cdilobs, rom mecnierebis ganviTarebis “Sinagani faqto-

378

rebis” qveS kvlav socialur faqtors gulisxmobs. es

Tvalsazrisi sxva araferia, garda eqsternalizmis axal

samoselSi warmodgenisa, misi transformirebisa. sinamdvi-

leSi “Sinagan faqtors” kognituri, maSasadame, idealuri

da ara materialuri Sinaarsi aqvs, ise, rogorc igi al.

koires mier iyo moazrebuli.

379


mecmecmecmecninininieeeererererebis gabis gabis gabis gannnnviviviviTaTaTaTarerererebis kabis kabis kabis kanonnonnonnonzozozozomimimimieeeererererebabababa

$$$$107. mec107. mec107. mec107. mecninininieeeererererebis ganbis ganbis ganbis ganviviviviTaTaTaTarerererebis kubis kubis kubis kumumumumulalalalaciciciciuuuuri mori mori mori modedededelililili

zemoT ganvixileT mecnierebis ganviTarebis erTi as-

peqti, kerZod, mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi garegani da Sina-

gani faqtorebis urTierTobis problema. axla saWiroa

gairkves mecnierebis ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba, rogor

viTardeba an saerTod viTardeba Tu ara mecnieruli

codna?

mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis

Sesaxeb ori fundamentaluri da urTierTdapirispirebu-

li koncefcia arsebobs: evoluciuri da revoluciuri.

pirvel maTgans kumulaciis Teorias uwodeben, vinaidan

mas mecnierebis ganviTareba esmis rogorc codnis dagro-

vebis (kumulaciis) procesi. meore ki _ mecnierebis ganvi-

Tarebis revoluciuri modeli _ dakavSirebulia axali

filosofiuri mimarTulebis _ postpozitivizmis _ Camo-

yalibebasTan.

mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis evoluciur (kumu-

laciur) models xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. mas Zveli (an-

tikuri) droidan gasuli saukunis meore naxevramde gaba-

tonebuli mdgomareoba eWira. am modelis Tanaxmad, mecni-

eruli codna absoluturi WeSmaritebis marcvlebisagan

Sedgeba, romlebic TandaTan izrdeba, grovdeba, e. i. cod-

nas codna emateba da araviTari naxtomi, revolucia mec-

nierebis ganviTarebaSi ar xdeba.

aqedan cxadia, rom kumulaciis Teorias mecniereba

warmoudgenia rogorc absoluturi WeSmaritebebis jami,

romelic TandaTan izrdeba. iseve rogorc oqros maZiebe-

li mravali tona qviSis gadarCevis Sedegad moipovebs oq-

ros marcvlebs, aseve mecnieruli codna SecdomaTa labi-

rinTebis daZlevis gziT yalibdeba. mecniereba agur-agur

Sendeba. Ziebis procesSi mopovebuli WeSmaritebani _ oq-

380

ros marcvlebi _ namdvili “oqroa” da Semdgom dazuste-

bas aRar saWiroebs.

rogorc vxedavT, kumulaciis Teorias mecnierebis

ganviTareba esmis rogorc codnis raodenobrivi dagrove-

ba da meti araferi. revoluciuri Zvrebi mecnieruli

kvlevis procesSi gamoricxulia. j.s. mili, romelic am

Teorias icavda, werda: “mecnierebis ganviTareba yovel-

Tvis eqstensiuri procesia da ara intensiuri. codna Se-

iZleba ganviTardes WeSmaritebaTa ricxvis gazrdis da

ara misi gardaqmnisa da gaRrmavebis xarjze.”1

mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis kumulaciuri mode-

lis mTavar nakls antiistorizmi anu mecnieruli codnis

ganviTarebis uaryofa warmoadgens. mecnieruli codnis

ganviTareba mas esmoda rogorc raodenobrivi zrda, xo-

lo mopovebul codnas maradiul WeSmaritebad Tvlida.

es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara mecnierebis ganviTarebis

uaryofa, mecnierebis ganviTarebis “daxuruli” modeli,

romelic absoluturi WeSmaritebis cnebidan amodis da,

maSasadame, mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis SesaZleblo-

bas gamoricxavs. amrigad, mecnieruli codnis ganviTare-

bis problemis kvleva misi uaryofiT damTavrda. “daxuru-

li” modeli swored ganviTarebis uaryofis aRmniSvnelia.

es niSnavs, rom mecnierebis ganviTarebis kumulaciurma

modelma mecnierebis ganviTarebis faqti ver axsna.

mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis meore _ revoluci-

uri modelis _ SemuSaveba dakavSirebulia axali filo-

sofiuri mimarTulebis _ postpozitivizmis _ Camoyalibe-

basTan. am mimarTulebis winaprad karl poperi iTvleba.

amitom mecnierebis ganviTarebis postpozitivisturi kon-

cefciis ganxilvamde poperis erT-erT ZiriTad filoso-

fiur Teorias _ falsifikaciis Teorias _ SevexebiT.

$$$$108. karl po108. karl po108. karl po108. karl popepepeperis falris falris falris falsisisisififififikakakakaciciciciis Teis Teis Teis Teooooriariariaria

1 citirebulia wignidan: В. С. Черняк, История, логика, наука, М,. 1986, стр. 28.

381

karl poperi uaxlesi pozitivisturi jgufis _ “ve-

nis wridan” _ gamovida. neopozitivizmi anu Tanamedrove

pozitivizmi sazrisis kriteriumad empiriuli verifikaci-

is princips Tvlida. sazrisiania is debuleba, romlis em-

piriuli verifikacia _ anu uSualo grZnobad monacemebze

dayvana _ SesaZlebelia. yvela danarCeni usazriso anu me-

tafizikur debulebad iTvleba, romelTa arc damtkiceba

da arc uaryofa ar aris SesaZlebeli ris gamoc isini,

rogorc yalbi, fsevdoproblemebi mecnieruli, azrovnebi-

dan unda gamoiricxos.

empiriuli verifikaciis principi induqciis princips

emyareba. nebismieri codnis _ maT Soris mecnieruli cod-

nis _ amosavalia cda, uSualo grZnobadi monacemebi. mTe-

li Cveni codna uSualo grZnobadi monacemebis induqciu-

ri ganzogadebis Sedegad aris miRebuli. induqciuri

codna ki albaTuria. mecniereba albaTuri debulebebisa-

gan Sedgeba. induqciis principidan gamomdinareobs, rom

mecniereba TandaTanobiT, evoluciurad viTardeba yovel-

gvari naxtomis gareSe. amdenad mecnieruli codnis ganvi-

Tarebis kumulaciuri modeli “moergo” pozitivistur Se-

mecnebis Teorias.

karl poperma neopozitivisturi msoflmxedvelobi-

sagan Camocileba mecnierebisa da metafizikis gammijnavi

_ demarkaciis _ principis ZiebiT daiwyo. aseT principad

neopozitivizmi empiriuli verifikaciis princips Tvlida,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, induqciis princips emyareboda. in-

duqciuri meTodiT, amtkicebs poperi, “yvelas” Semowmeba

SeuZlebelia. amitom induqciis gziT miRebuli codna al-

baTuria anu apodiqturobas moklebulia. mecnierebas ki

apodiqturi codna qmnis. amitom induqciis principi mecni-

erebis asagebad ar gamodgeba. poperi antiinduqtivistia;

aq ukve aSkarad gamovlinda misi dacileba-dapirispireba

pozitivizmTan.

induqciis principis uaryofa empiriuli verifikaci-

is principis uaryofasac niSnavs, vinaidan induqciis

principi empiriul verifikacias emyareba. induqciis im

naklis gamo, rom usasrulobis Semowmeba SeuZlebelia,

382

empiriuli verifikacia mecnierebisa da metafizikis de-

markaciis (gammijnav) kriteriumad ar gamodgeba. samagie-

rod SesaZlebelia nebismieri zogadi debulebis falsi-

fikacia-gayalbeba. Tu aRmoCnda Tundac erTi faqti, rome-

lic zogad debulebas ewinaaRmdegeba, maSin es debuleba

falsificirebulia. Tu vnaxavT Tundac erT geds, rome-

lic TeTri ar aris (aseTi gedebi avstraliaSia), maSin is

debuleba, rom “yvela gedi TeTria” falsificirebulia.

amaSi mdgomareobs, poperis azriT, falsifikaciis princi-

pis upiratesoba verifikaciis principTan SedarebiT. ami-

tom verifikaciis principi falsifikaciis principma unda

Secvalos.

falsifikaciis principidan gamomdinareobs, rom yve-

la mecnieruli Teoria sabolood yalbi aRmoCndeba. ab-

soluturi WeSmariteba miuwvdomelia. amitom mecnieruli

iseT Teorias ewodeba, romlis falsificireba SesaZlebe-

lia. mecniereba, gveubneba poperi, SesaZlebelia rogorc

yalbi mecniereba. mecnieruli codna ganuwyvetel dineba-

Sia; falsifikaciis meTodi ganuwyvetlad funqcionirebs;

warmoebs arsebuli codnis falsificireba _ Secdomebis

eliminacia _ da axali codnis dafuZneba, romelic sabo-

lood Zvelis beds gaiziarebs _ odesme falsifikacias

ganicdis.

aqedan gamomdinareobs mecnieruli codnis ganviTa-

rebis kumulaciuri modelis siyalbe. kumulaciis Teoria

absoluturi WeSmaritebis arsebobas aRiarebda. poperis

falsifikaciis meTodi absolutur WeSmaritebas katego-

riulad uaryofs. Cven yovelTvis viswrafviT WeSmaritebi-

saken, magram mas verasodes ver vaRwevT. Cven WeSmaritebis

maZiebelni varT da ara mflobelni. amitom Cvens codnas

yovelTvis hipoTezuri xasiaTi aqvs, e. i. mxolod varau-

debs Seicavs. erTi sityviT, poperis falsifikaciis me-

Todma mecnieruli codnis apodiqturobis uaryofamde

migviyvana.

$$$$109. mec109. mec109. mec109. mecninininieeeerurururuli codli codli codli codnis renis renis renis revovovovolulululuciciciciuuuuri ri ri ri

383

ganganganganviviviviTaTaTaTarerererebbbbis Teis Teis Teis Teooooriariariaria

k. poperma safuZvlianad uaryo mecnieruli codnis

ganviTarebis evoluciuri (kumulaciuri) modeli, magram

mas revoluciuri modeli ar SemouTavazebia, Tu ar Cav-

TvliT imas, rom nebismieri falsifikacia erTgvar “mik-

rorevolucias” warmoadgens. falsificirebis gziT ama

Tu im zogadi debulebis uaryofa SeiZleba gavigoT ro-

gorc revoluciuri naxtomi codnis nebismier dargSi. mi-

uxedavad amisa, poperis epistemologias revoluciurs

ver vuwodebT, Tumca man kumulaciis Teoria kategoriu-

lad uaryo da amiT, mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis re-

voluciur models miuaxlovda. amdenad igi postpoziti-

vizmis winaprad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis revoluciuri mo-

delis SemuSaveba dakavSirebulia Tomas kunis saxelTan,

romelmac 1962 wels gamoaqveyna fundamenturi monografia

“samecniero revoluciebis struqtura”, rac sul male

klasikur naSromad iqca. kunis mecnierebis ganviTarebis

modelis amosavali cnebaa paradigma; igi Tvlis, rom yo-

vel epoqaSi arsebobs azrovnebis garkveuli modeli, ro-

melsac SeiZleba hqondes mecnieruli Teoriis an msof-

lmxedvelobis (SexedulebaTa sistemis) saxe. amgvar mo-

dels man paradigma uwoda. aseTi paradigmebia ptolemeo-

sis geocentruli sistema, kopernikis heliocentruli

sistema, niutonis meqanika, ainStainis relatiurobis Teo-

ria, kvanturi meqanika da a. S. isini iseTi Teoriebia, ro-

melTa warmoSobas mecnierebis istoriaSi revoluciuri

mniSvneloba hqonda. “paradigmis qveS me vgulisxmob yve-

las mier aRiarebul mecnierul miRwevebs, _ wers T. kuni

_ romelic gansazRvruli drois manZilze mecnierul sa-

zogadoebriobas awvdis problemis dayenebisa da maTi ga-

dawyvetis models.”1 paradigma samyaros xedvis meTodia,

azrovnebis wesia, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs axlebu-

rad davinaxoT samyaro da axleburad moviazroT manamde

1 Т. Кун, Структура научных революций, М., 1977, стр. 11.

384

arsebuli mecnieruli codna. axali paradigmis pirobebSi

Zveli cnebebi axal Sinaarss iZens. klasikur fizikaSi

cnobilma sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis cnebebma ainStai-

nis relatiurobis TeoriaSi sul sxva Sinaarsi SeiZina

da axali paradigmis samsaxurSi Cadga.

mecnier-mkvlevarTa im jgufs, romelic mocemuli pa-

radigmis safuZvelze calkeul mecnierul problemebs

amuSavebs, T. kunma “mecnieruli sazogadoebrioba” uwoda.

maTi mTeli Sroma mocemuli paradigmis dacvasa da dasa-

buTebas emsaxureba. es paradigma maTTvis aris dogma, ro-

melzec kamaTi ar warmoebs. paradigma mecnierTa am jgu-

fisaTvis aris norma. amitom im mecnierul kvlevas, ro-

melsac es jgufi awarmoebs, T. kunma “normaluri mecnie-

reba” uwoda. igi normaluria imitom, rom garkveuli nor-

mebis mixedviT sruldeba. es norma aris paradigma. norma-

luri mecnierebis wevrebi SeiZleba iyvnen TvalsaCino

mkvlevarebi, originaluri gamokvlevebis avtorebi, magram

araviTar SemTxvevaSi geniosebi, vinaidan genioss mecnie-

rebaSi revoluciuri gardaqmnebi Seaqvs. normalur mecni-

erebaSi ki aseTi ram gamoricxulia.

T. kuni Tvlis, rom erT epoqaSi mxolod erTi para-

digma SeiZleba arsebobdes. sxva epoqas da sxva mecnie-

rul sazogadoebriobas sxva paradigma aqvs. paradigmebis

Tanaarseboba SeuZlebelia. amave dros paradigmebi uTana-

zomoa; es niSnavs, rom maTi erTmaneTTan Sedareba, miT

umetes, dapirispireba SeuZlebelia.

T. kuni kategoriulad uaryofs mecnierebis ganviTa-

rebis kumulaciur models, magram Tvlis, rom erTi para-

digmis farglebSi mecnieruli codna grovdeba. normalu-

ri mecnierebi wyveten bevr “Tavsatex” problemas mocemu-

li paradigmis farglebSi, magram didi mecnieruli aRmo-

Cenebi iq ar xdeba. normaluri mecniereba ar aris “didi

mecniereba”. miuxedavad amisa, codna izrdeba, magram para-

digmis sazRvrebs ar scildeba.

normaluri mecniereba droTa ganmavlobaSi zogjer

iseT faqtebs waawydeba, romelTa axsna mocemuli para-

digmis farglebSi SeuZlebelia. es aris anomalia, rome-

385

lic kvleva-ZiebaSi sirTuleebs qmnis. roca mecnieruli

sazogadoebrioba darwmundeba, rom mas am faqtebis axsna

ar SeuZlia, maSin igi dumils amjobinebs, cdilobs maT

miCqmalvas. magram dumili ar SeiZleba usasrulod gag-

rZeldes, vinaidan kvlevis procesSi axal-axali sawinaaR-

mdego faqtebi grovdeba, romelTa axsna mecnierul sazo-

gadoebriobas ar ZaluZs. ase TandaTan mwifdeba mecnieru-

li revoluciuri situacia, romelic mTavrdeba mocemuli

paradigmis ngreviT da axali paradigmis CamoyalibebiT.

mecnieruli revolucia myisier xasiaTs atarebs. igi

SeiZleba sul erT RameSi moxdes. igi daibada geniosis

TavSi da meore dRes mTeli mecnieruli samyaro Seicva-

la. “is, rac revoluciamde mecniers ixvi egona, revolu-

ciis Semdeg kurdRlis baWia aRmoCnda.”1 mecnieruli re-

volucia aris samyaros axleburi xedva; saWiro xdeba

yvelafris Tavidan moazreba. memkvidreoba da uwyvetoba

urTierTSemcvlel paradigmebs Soris gamoricxulia.

mecnieruli revoluciebis arsebobas, T. kunis mixed-

viT, paradigmebis uTanazomoba ganapirobebs. am uTanazo-

mobis gareSe mecnieruli revolucia ar moxdeboda. para-

digmebi erTmaneTs gamoricxavs. erTi paradigmis nangre-

vebze meore paradigma dafuZndeba.

T. kunis meTodologiuri koncefciis mTavar damsa-

xurebas mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis kumulaciuri

modelis uaryofa warmoadgens, romelic antiistoriulo-

biT xasiaTdeboda da ver xsnida mecnierebis ganviTarebis

faqtebs. kumulaciuri meTodi, romlis mizans mecnieruli

codnis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis axsna warmoadgenda,

faqtobrivad misi ganviTarebis uaryofiT damTavrda. T.

kunma, Tavis mxriv, SemogvTavaza axali (revoluciuri) mo-

deli da bevri iseTi faqti gamoavlina, rac am problemis

istoriaSi ucnobi iyo.

magram mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis revoluci-

ur models aseve mravali arsebiTi nakli aRmoaCnda. T.

kunis kritikosebi mas brals sdeben iracionalizmSi. pa-

1 Т. Кун, Структура научных революций, стр. 151.

386

radigmebi uTanazomoa, rac imas niSnavs, rom maT Soris

saerTo araferia. erTi paradigmidan meoreze gadasvla,

rasac T. kuni mecnierul revolucias uwodebs, xdeba er-

TbaSad da Tanac paradigmis sruli ngrevis Sedegad. axa-

li paradigma Zvelis nangrevebze fuZndeba. aseT SemTxve-

vaSi gaugebaria _ iracionaluria _ Tu rogor viTardeba

mecnieruli codna, roca igi memkvidreobas moklebulia.

iracionaluria isic, Tu rogor xdeba erTi paradigmidan

meoreze gadasvla, rogor unda Secvalos axalma paradig-

mam Zveli, Tuki maT araferi ar akavSirebT?

isic gaugebaria, Tu rogor SeiZleba paradigmebis

winaaRmdegoba, roca isini uTanazomoa, xolo Tu maT So-

ris winaaRmdegoba SeuZlebelia, maSin ra aris mecnieru-

li revoluciis mamoZravebeli? cxadia, rom Tu paradig-

mebi Tavsebadia, e. i. erTi paradigma meoridan gamoiyvane-

ba, maSin mecnieruli revolucia gamoricxulia, magram

igive mdgomareoba gveqneba paradigmebis uTanazomobis pi-

robebSic.

paradigmebis uTanazomobis mtkicebaSi gamovlinda T.

kunis meTodologiuri relativizmic. Tu paradigmebi

uTanazomoa, maSin maT ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba aqvT.

revoluciis Sedegad erTi paradigma meores cvlis, ro-

melTagan orive ekvivalenturia. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki mec-

nierebis ganviTarebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia.

T. kunis mecnieruli revoluciebis meTodologiis

mTavar nakls mainc is warmoadgens, rom man ver aCvena

mecnieruli codnis ganviTareba, ver axsna mecnierebis

ganviTarebis faqti. paradigmebis uTanazomobis mtkiceba

da maT Soris memkvidreobis gamoricxva SeuZlebels xdis

ganviTarebaze laparaks. T. kunis mecnieruli revolucie-

bis meTodologia kumulaciuri meTodologiis sapirispi-

rod Seiqmna, im meTodologiisa, romelic antiistoriu-

lobiT xasiaTdeba da, maSasadame, mecnieruli codnis gan-

viTarebis faqts ver xsnis. magram, meore mxriv, verc T.

kunma axsna mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis faqti. sadac

ar arsebobs memkvidreoba, iq ganviTarebaze laparaki zed-

metia. amrigad, verc evoluciurma da verc revoluciur-

387

ma Teoriam mecnierebis ganviTarebis faqtis axsna ver SeZ-

les. piriqiT, maT mier SemoTavazebul modelebs mecnie-

ruli codnis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobis uaryofamde

mivyavarT.

T. kunis mecnieruli meTodologiis naklovanebebma

dRis wesrigSi dasva axali mecnieruli meTodologiis

Seqmnis saWiroeba. erT-erT aseT gaxmaurebul meTodolo-

gias warmoadgens imre lakatosis “samecniero-kvleviTi

programebis meTodologia.”

samecniero-kvleviTi programebis qveS i. lakatosi

gulisxmobs iseTi mecnieruli Teoriebis jgufs, romel-

Tac garkveuli amosavali principebi, saerTo ideebi akav-

SirebT. i. lakatosi laparakobs samecniero-kvleviTi

programebis progresuloba-regresulobis Sesaxeb. “kvle-

viTi programa _ wers igi _ progresulad maSin iTvleba,

Tu misi Teoriuli zrda winaswar iTvaliswinebs mis empi-

riul zrdas, e. i. rodesac mas garkveuli warmatebiT Se-

uZlia axali faqtebis winaswarxedva... programa regress

ganicdis, Tu misi Teoriuli zrda CamorCeba mis empiri-

ul zrdas.”1

i. lakatosi, T. kunisagan gansxvavebiT, laparakobs

samecniero-kvleviTi programebis konkurenciisa da brZo-

lis SesaZleblobasa da aucileblobaze. zogjer ise xde-

ba, rom erTsa da imave empiriul bazisze dapirispirebu-

li Teoriebi yalibdeba, romlebic erTsa da imave faq-

tebs sxvadasxvagvarad xsnis. amaSi xedavs igi mecnieruli

Teoriebis ganviTarebis Sinagan kanonzomierebas. “mecnie-

rebis istoria _ gveubneba igi _ yovelTvis iyo da unda

iyos kvleviTi programebis brZolis istoria.” dapirispi-

rebuli programebi ganuwyvetlad ebrZvian da aviwroeben

erTmaneTs. brZolis Sedegad erT-erTi imarjvebs, rac

mecnierul revolucias niSnavs, damarcxebuli ki aspa-

rezs tovebs. maSasadame, mecnierul revoluciebs perma-

nentuli xasiaTi aqvs. es niSnavs, rom lakatosis meTodo-

logia, T. kunis meTodologiisagan gansxvavebiT, raciona-

1 Структура и развитие науки, М., 1978, стр. 219-220.

388

luria. gadasvla erTi samecniero-kvleviTi programidan

meoreze sruliad kanonzomieria.

T. kunisa da i. lakatosisagan gansxvavebuli mecnie-

ruli meTodologia Seqmna pol feierabendma, romelic

anarqistuli meTodologiis avtorad iTvleba.

p. feierabendi iziarebs T. kunis paradigmebis uTana-

zomobis princips da Tvlis, rom erTi Teoria meorisagan

arasodes ar gamoiyvaneba. misi mecnieruli meTodologiis

amosavalia alternatuli Teoriebis cneba. misTvis miuRe-

belia T. kunis azri erT epoqaSi mxolod erTi paradig-

mis arsebobis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, nebismier epoqaSi arse-

bobs ramdenime urTierTdapirispirebuli alternatiuli

Teoria, romlebic ganuwyveteli konkurenciisa da brZo-

lis procesSi imyofeba. am brZolis dadebiTi mxare is

aris, rom igi ar iZleva mecnieruli azris modunebis,

konservatizmis saSualebas. mxolod aseT pirobebSi SeiZ-

leba mecnieruli codnis ganviTareba. Tu erTi Teoria

ise gabatonda, rom mas ar hyavs mebrZoli (konkurenti)

Teoria, maSin dogmatizmi gamefdeba da mecnierebis win-

svla dabrkoldeba.

am ideis safuZvelze p. feierabendma SeimuSava e. w.

“proliferaciis principi” (termini aRebulia biologii-

dan, sadac igi niSnavs ujredebis gamravlebas gayofis

gziT), romelic moiTxovs sul axal-axali alternatiuli

Teoriis Seqmnas, ramac Teoriebs Soris ganuwyveteli

brZola unda uzrunvelyos. “Cemi koncefciis ZiriTadi

principia proproproprolilililifefefeferarararaciciciciisisisis principi, _ wers igi _

romelic mogviwodebs SevqmnaT da davamuSaoT iseTi axa-

li Teoriebi, romlebic SeuTavsebadia miRebul Tvalsaz-

risTan im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es ukanaskneli uaRresad

dadasturebuli da aRiarebulia.”1 am Teorias p. feiera-

bendi zogjer “Teoriul pluralizms” uwodebs, vinaidan

igi alternatiuli Teoriebis simravles moiTxovs da mas

mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis aucilebel pirobad

Tvlis.

1 Структура и развитие науки, стр. 420.

389

rogorc vTqviT, p. feierabendisaTvis misaRebia T.

kunis uTanazomobis principi, saidanac alternatiuli

mecnieruli Teoriebis ekvivalenturoba gamomdinareobs.

yvela Teorias ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. aseT das-

kvnamde mivida p. feierabendi mis mTavar TxzulebaSi “me-

Todis winaaRmdeg.” ZiriTadi daskvna am Txzulebisa ori

sityviT gamoiTqmeba: “yvelaferi dasaSvebia” (Anything goes),

rac imas niSnavs, rom p. feierabendi uaryofs mecnieruli

Semecnebis raime regulaciuri meTodologiis arsebobas

mecnieruli Teoriis agebis procesSi. yvela meTodi ekvi-

valenturia da yovelgvari Teoriuli koncefcia dasaSve-

bia. ar arsebobs iseTi absurduli idea, romelic xels

ar uwyobdes mecnierebis ganviTarebas.

Tu “yvelaferi dasaSvebia” da, maSasadame, regulaci-

uri principi ar arsebobs, maSin meTodologiaSi sruli

anarqizmi unda sufevdes. p. feierabendi swored ase fiq-

robs. igi afuZnebs meTodologiur anarqizms anu anarqis-

tul meTodologias, romelsac zogjer “dadaizms” (sit-

yvebis uazro TamaSs) uwodebs.

anarqistulma meTodologiam p. feierabendi iracio-

nalizmamde miiyvana. igi amtkicebs, rom mecniereba upira-

tesad iracionaluria, vidre racionaluri. mecnierebis

progresi SesaZlebelia mxolod anarqizmis pirobebSi,

roca yovelgvari SezRudva moxsnilia. cnobil politi-

kur anarqists kropotkins yvela dawesebulebis ganadgu-

reba surda, magram mecnierebas ar exeboda, gveubneba p.

feierabendi, “me minda davicva sazogadoeba da misi

mcxovrebni yovelgvari ideologiisagan, mecnierebis CaT-

vliT.”1

cxadia, p. feierabendi mecnierebas rodi ebrZvis. mi-

si mizania adamianis ganTavisufleba yovelgvari SemzRu-

davi faqtorisagan, maT Soris mecnierebisaganac. sazoga-

doeba, cxadia, ver iarsebebs mecnierebis gareSe, magram

1 P. FeyerabendP. FeyerabendP. FeyerabendP. Feyerabend, Against Method, Outline of a anarchistic theory of knowledge, London,

1979, p. 56.

390

mecniereba ar unda iyos mimarTuli adamianis nebis wina-

aRmdeg, ar unda zRudavdes mis Tavisuflebas.

p. feierabendis anarqistuli meTodologia anu anti-

meTodologia SemTxveviTi movlena ar aris postpoziti-

vizmis istoriaSi. igi logikuri Sedegia relativizmisa,

romelic postpozitivizmSi imTaviTve Caisaxa da T. kuni-

sa da i. lakatosis gziT p. feierabendamde ganviTarda.

relativizmi skepticizmsa da nihilizms iwvevs. amis das-

turs jer kidev antikur filosofiaSi protagorasa da

gorgias filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobebis urTierTmi-

marTeba warmoadgens. relativizms jer kidev k. poperis

falsifikaciis Teoria Seicavda, roca igi WeSmaritebis

Semecnebis SesaZleblobas uaryofda. T. kunis paradigme-

bis uTanazomobis principi, romelic am paradigmebis ekvi-

valenturobas niSnavs, relativizmis kidev ufro ganviTa-

rebuli formaa. i. lakatosi am mimarTulebiT kidev ufro

Sors wavida. konkurenciaSi myofi samecniero-kvleviTi

programebidan arc erTi privilegirebuli ar aris; yvela

ekvivalenturia. maT Soris gansxvaveba martooden isaa,

rom Teoriuli zrda win uswrebs empiriuls, rac am

programebs did upiratesobas ar aZlevs. maT Soris WeSma-

ritebis mixedviT gansxvaveba ar aris. dasasrul, p. feie-

rabendma relativizmi bolomde miiyvana da anarqistuli

meTodologia miiRo. principi “yvelferi dasaSvebia” re-

lativizmis ukidures formas warmoadgens.

amrigad, postpozitivizmma ver SeZlo mecnieruli

codnis ganviTarebis axsna. revoluciuri Teoria iseve

warumatebeli aRmoCnda, rogorc misi winamorbedi mecnie-

rebis ganviTarebis evoluciuri (kumulaciuri) modeli.

problema problemad darCa; rogor unda avxsnaT mecnie-

rebis ganviTarebis faqti? am kiTxvaze pasuxis Cveneuli

varianti mocemulia paragrafSi: “mecnieruli Teoria”

($94).

391


mecmecmecmecninininieeeerurururuli codli codli codli codnis funnis funnis funnis funqciqciqciqcieeeebibibibi

$$$$110. ax110. ax110. ax110. axsna da aRsna da aRsna da aRsna da aRwewewewera _ mecra _ mecra _ mecra _ mecninininieeeerurururuli codli codli codli codnis nis nis nis

funfunfunfunqciqciqciqcieeeebibibibi

mecnieruli codnis funqciebis Sesaxeb nawilobriv

zemoT gvqonda laparaki mecnieruli Teoriis fsevdoab-

solutur bunebasTan dakavSirebiT. amJamad ki am funqcie-

bis sxva arsebiT mxareebs SevexebiT.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom mecnieruli Teoria, rogorc

mecnieruli codnis forma, sxva araferia, garda mecnie-

ruli faqtebis axsnisa, maT Soris urTierTkavSiris pov-

nisa. mecnieruli Teoriis Seqmna niSnavs mecnieruli faq-

tebis, rogorc Sinaarsis, mowesrigebas, maT sistemaSi

moyvanas, rac maTi axsnis, maT Soris Sinagani kavSiris

aRmoCeniT sruldeba. es niSnavs, rom axsna ara mxolod

mecnieruli Teoriis arsebas warmoadgens, aramed igi sa-

erTod mecnieruli codnis erT-erTi fundamenturi fun-

qciaa.

es garemoeba jer kidev aristotelem SeniSna, roca

man Semecneba gaigo rogorc pasuxi kiTxvaze “ratom?”

marTlac, Semecneba axsnas niSnavs, es, miT umetes, iTqmis

mecnieruli Semecnebis Sesaxeb, romelic arsis siRrmiseu-

li sferoebis _ misi arsebis _ Semecnebas warmoadgens.

arsebobs axsnis ori ZiriTadi forma: aramecnieruli

da mecnieruli. pirvels miekuTvneba winamecnieruli (saRi

azris doneze), religiuri, mistikuri, miTologiuri da

sxv., romlebSic mecnieruli cnebebi, kategoriebi da me-

Todebi ar moixmareba. mecnierul axsna ki aris mizezob-

rivi, funqciuri, dinamikuri, statistikuri, geneturi, sis-

temuri, teleologiuri da axsnis sxva iseTi tipebi, ro-

melTac mecnieruli, logikuri dasabuTebis xasiaTi aqvT.

maT miekuTvneba filosofiuri axsnac, vinaidan filoso-

392

fiac mecnierebaa, codnis sistemaa, Tumca specialur-mec-

nieruli codnisagan principulad gansxvavebuli.

mecnieruli axsnis am tipebidan gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba mizezobriv axsnas aqvs. arc Tu ise didi

xnis winaT mas mecnieruli axsnis erTaderT formad

Tvlidnen misi fundamenturi mniSvnelobis gamo. j. s.

milma mizezobrivi axsnis yvela ZiriTadi niSani Camoaya-

liba. imis cdebic iyo, rom mecnieruli axsnis yvela

forma mizezobriv axsnaze daeyvanaT (bekoni, hiume, holba-

xi da sxv.).

xSirad mizezobrivi da teleologiuri axsna erTma-

neTs cvlis. es garemoebac pirvelad aristotelem Seam-

Cnia, roca mizani (finaluri mizezi) mizezobriobis erT-

erT formad miiCnia. miuxedavad amisa, mizezobrivi da

miznobrivi axsna sxvadasxvaa. pirveli pasuxobs kiTxvaze:

“ratom”, meore ki _ “risTvis”.

arsebobs axsnis sxvadasxva Teoria, romelTagan gan-

sakuTrebiT popularulia k. hempelisa da p. openhaimis mier

1948 wels Camoyalibebuli deduqciur-nomologiuri axsnis

Teoria. am avtorebis mixedviT, mecnieruli axsna ori kom-

ponentisagan Sedgeba: asaxsneli anu eqsplanandumi da am-

xsneli anu eqsplanansi. eqsplanansi ori elementisagan

Sedgeba: individualuri xdomiloba anu antecedenturi pi-

roba da kanoni. axsna aris asaxsnelis (eqsplanandumis)

daqvemdebareba (gamoyvana) kanonidan. amitom ewodeba am Te-

orias “deduqciur-nomologiuri.” magaliTad, Tu gvsurs

imis axsna, Tu ratom aiwia vercxliswylis donem Termo-

metris svetSi, rodesac igi cxel wyalSi CavuSviT, maSin

antecedenturi piroba iqneba im individualuri faqtis ga-

moTqma, rom Termometri Sedgeba ciferblatisa da ver-

cxliswylis svetisagan, romelic CaSvebulia cxel wyal-

Si. mecnierebis kanoni ki aris is, rom gaTboba afarToebs

vercxliswyals. am ori tipis msjelobis safuZvelze vake-

TebT daskvnas (vawarmoebT axsnas), Tu ratom aiwia Termo-

metrSi vercxliswylis donem gaTbobis Sedegad. amrigad,

deduqciur-nomologiuri axsna keTdeba antecedenturi pi-

robebisa da kanonis (zogadi debulebis) safuZvelze.

393

axsnis obieqti SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod individua-

luri xdomiloba, aramed TviTon kanonic. kanonis am-

xsnels ki Teoria warmoadgens. arsebiTad rom vTqvaT, ka-

noni TavisTavad arafers ar xsnis. igi axsnis saSualebaa

da ara amxsneli. deduqciur-nomologiuri Teoria axsnis

procesSi ratomRac kanons im funqcias akisrebs, rac Teo-

rias evaleba. kanoni xom mecnieruli Teoriis Sinaarsis

erT-erTi elementia, erT-erTi mecnieruli faqtia, rome-

lic TviTon saWiroebs axsnas, Tumca mecnieruli axsna ka-

nonis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

zogjer amtkiceben, rom Tu usasruloa Semecnebis

procesi, maSin usasrulo unda iyos axsnac. unda arsebob-

des “dabali” da “maRali” axsnis formebi anu axsnis for-

mebis ierarqia. magaliTad, r. b. braitvaiti gamoricxavs

finaluri axsnis arsebobas. aris iseTi Tvalsazrisic, ro-

melic axsnis doneebis usasrulobas uaryofs da Tvlis,

rom bolos da bolos asaxsnelad uzogades kanons unda

mivmarToT, romlis axsna SeuZlebeli iqneba masze ufro

zogadi kanonis ararsebobis gamo da es iqneba finaluri

axsna (n. kempbeli). Cven am kamaTSi ukanaskneli Tvalsazri-

si ufro sworad migvaCnia, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, aristo-

telemde mivyavarT. es uzogadesi kanonebi filosofiis

Seswavlis obieqtia. maSasadame, specialur-mecnieruli ax-

snis safuZvlebi filosofiaSi unda veZioT.

mecnierebis kanonebi, romlebic axsnis procesSi mTa-

var rols TamaSobs, TavianTi bunebiT relatiuria, vinai-

dan isini movlenaTa msvlelobis gabatonebul tendencias

asaxaven da, maSasadame, ara aqvT absoluturi mniSvnelo-

ba. es aris mecnierebis kanonebis relatiurobis onononontotototololololo----

gigigigiuuuuri sari sari sari safuZfuZfuZfuZvevevevelililili. garda amisa, mecnierebis kanonebi induq-

ciis wesiT dgindeba; induqcia ki mxolod relatiur

codnas iZleva da amaSia mecnierebis kanonebis relatiu-

robis gnognognognoseseseseoooolololologigigigiuuuuri sari sari sari safuZfuZfuZfuZvevevevelililili. magram Semecnebis pro-

cesSi adamians ar akmayofilebs mecnieruli kanonebis re-

latiuroba, Tvlis maT erTniSna, absolutur kanonebad,

awarmoebs relatiuris gaabsoluturebas anu qmnis fsev-

394

doabsoluturs. mecnieruli kanonebis fsevdoabsolutu-

roba ki mecnieruli axsnis fsevdoabsoluturobas iwvevs.

winamecnieruli axsna mecnierulisagan ZiriTadad

imiT gansxvavdeba, rom mas aRweriTi xasiaTi aqvs. igi

aris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, aRaRaRaRweweweweririririTi axTi axTi axTi axsnasnasnasna, vinaidan

saqme gvaqvs empiriul sinamdvilesTan, romelic grZnobad-

konkretulobiT xasiaTdeba. mecnieruli axsnis sagania

realuri arsis (movlenaTa samyaros) arseba anu specia-

luri arsebani. TviTon movlenebis axsnac maTi arsebis

axsnas niSnavs. filosofiuri axsnis sagans ki mTeli si-

namdvilis arseba anu substanciuri arseba warmoadgens,

rac filosofiuri kategoriebiT (uzogadesi cnebebiT)

xorcieldeba. aseTi axsna Tavisi arsebiT absoluturi

unda iyos da ara fsevdoabsoluturi; magram vinaidan mas

adamianebi awarmoeben, romlebic TavianTi SemecnebiTi

unarebis SezRudulobis gamo arasodes Secdomebisagan

ar arian dazRveuli, amitom filosofiuri axsnac faq-

tobrivad fsevdoabsoluturia. amrigad, axsnis nebismier

formas fsevdoabsoluturi xasiaTi aqvs.

arian iseTi moazrovneebic, romlebic uaryofen ax-

snis aucileblobas mecnieruli Semecnebis procesSi da

cdiloben axsna aRweriT Secvalon. am Sexedulebis aqti-

uri damcvelebi iyvnen e. maxi da misi mimdevrebi. axsna, e.

maxis azriT, faqtebis urTierTobis aRweras warmoadgens.

marTalia, faqtis cnebis qveS e. maxi kanonsac gulisxmob-

da, magram kanonic esmoda rogorc aRwera. es koncefcia

p. diuhemma principul doneze aiyvana da amtkicebda, rom

“fizikuri Teoria axsna ar aris.” mis mizans martooden

“eqsperimentulad dadgenili kanonebis aRwera da klasi-

fikacia warmoadgens.”1

“mesame pozitivizmma” es Tvalsazrisi odnav Searbi-

la, magram ar uaruyvia. magaliTad, m. Sliki ar uaryofs

mecnierebis axsniT funqcias, magram Tvlis, rom axsna

aris “aRweris axali saxe.”2 zedmetia imis mtkiceba, rom

1 Пьер Дюгем, Физическая теория, ее цель и строение, СПБ. 1919, стр. 25. 2 M. Schlick, Description and Explanation. Reading in the philosophy of science. N. Y. p. 471.

395

mecnierebis arseba aris axsna; aRwera axsnas ver Secvlis,

vinaidan es ukanaskneli Semecnebis ufro maRal formas

warmoadgens; mas sinamdvilis siRrmiseul sferoebTan

aqvs saqme. magram arc aRweris uaryofa SeiZleba, vinaidan

isic Semecnebis erT-erTi saxea, Tanac aucilebeli, vinai-

dan axsna aRweras emyareba, aRwera win uswrebs axsnas. ki-

dev metic, arsebobs aRweris sxvadasxva done da xSirad

umaRlesi donis aRwera axsnisagan TiTqmis ar gansxvavde-

ba; asevea piriqiT, elementaruli axsna arsebiTad aris

aRwera. es garemoeba axsnisa da aRweris urTierTkavSiris

maCvenebelia. maT erTianobas isic amtkicebs, rom zogier-

Ti kanonis aRmoCena SesaZlebelia aRweris doneze. maga-

liTad, boil-mariotis, gei-lusakis, omis, bio-savaras da

sxva msgavsi kanonebi aRweris doneze iqna aRmoCenili. es

imasac asabuTebs, rom aRwera yovelTvis grZnobad-aRqmaze

ar daiyvaneba. grZnobad-Semecnebas, cxadia, aRweriTi xasi-

aTi aqvs, magram aRwera yovelTvis (magaliTad, maRali

donis aRwera) grZnobad-konkretulobiT rodi xasiaTdeba.

aRweris umartivesi formaa (donea) sivrceSi sxeulTa gan-

lagebis aRwera, fotografia, portreti da a. S. ufro ma-

Ral formas warmoadgens materialur sxeulTa Soris

kavSir-urTierTobebis aRwera, kidev ufro maRalia mizez-

Sedegobrivi kavSiris aRwera da a. S.

arsebobs mecnierebani, romelSic aRwera upirates

rols TamaSobs. neokantianelebi (magaliTad, rikerti)

aseTad istorias Tvlida. kidev ufro TvalsaCinoa aRwe-

ris roli geografiaSi, kartografiaSi, demografiaSi da

sxv. (“grafia” _ aRwera). am mecnierebebSi aRwera marTlac

wina planze dgas. magram es iseTi maRali donis aRweraa,

rom igi mecnieruli Semecnebis procesSi axsnis rols

TamaSobs. es erTxel kidev adasturebs, rom mecnierebis

arseba aris axsna, mecniereba ar arsebobs axsnis gareSe.

aRwera umeteswilad winamecnieruli Semecnebis do-

neze funqcionirebs; magram igi ise axlos dgas axsnasTan,

rom maT Soris mijnis gavlena SeuZlebeli xdeba. es ima-

sac niSnavs, rom axsna SeiZleba iyos mecnierulic da

aramecnierulic. pirvel SemTxvevaSi axsna kanonis safuZ-

396

velze xdeba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki kanonis codna aucile-

beli ar aris, swored amitom ar aris winamecnieruli ax-

sna mecnieruli. rodesac adamiani yoveldRiur cxovreba-

Si raime movlenas aRwers, igi imavdroulad mis axsnasac

iZleva, Tumca ara kanonis codnis safuZvelze da, maSasa-

dame, aramecnieruls. Tu cxel zafxulSi quCaSi kaci wa-

iqca da cnobiereba dakarga, vityviT, rom amis mizezia Ta-

vis tvinze mzis sxivebis moqmedeba. es aris axsna, magram

aramecnieruli, vinaidan ar viciT, Tu ra procesebs iw-

vevs Tavis tvinSi mzis sxivebis moqmedeba. amgvari axsna

aRwerisagan TiTqmis arc gansxvavdeba. igi erTdroulad

aris aRwerac da axsnac. amis safuZvelze SeiZleba

vTqvaT, rom winamecnieruli axsna, romelic kanonis gare-

Se sruldeba, aris aRaRaRaRweweweweririririTi axTi axTi axTi axsnasnasnasna. namdvili axsna ki Se-

saZlebelia mecnieruli kanonebis codnis safuZvelze.

$$$$111. wi111. wi111. wi111. winasnasnasnaswarwarwarwarxedxedxedxedvis funvis funvis funvis funqciaqciaqciaqcia

winaswarxedvac, iseve rogorc axsna, mecnierebis

erT-erT ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens. magram, axsnis

msgavsad, arsebobs aramecnieruli winaswarxedvac. maT

Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom mecnieruli winaswarxedva mec-

nierebis kanons (kanonebs) emyareba, aramecnieruli ki misi

codnis gareSe xdeba. r. karnapi Tvlis, rom “winaswarxed-

va adamianis qcevis yvela aqtSi Sedis.”1 es niSnavs, rom

adamiani yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sistematurad Umimar-

Tavs winaswarxedvas: zamTrisaTvis imaragebs saTbobsa da

sakvebs, Soreuli mgzavrobis win iTvaliswinebs mosa-

lodnel SemTxvevebs. miT umetes sinoptikosebi axdenen

amindis prognozirebas, astronomebi winaswarmetyveleben

mzisa da mTvaris dabnelebas, sociologebi akeTeben

prognozs mosalodneli socialuri movlenebis Sesaxeb

da a. S.

arsebobs winaswarxedvis sxvadasxva forma, romelTa-

gan Cven amJamad mxolod mecnieruli da aramecnieruli wi-

1 Р. Карнат, Философские основания физики, М., 1971, стр. 59.

397

naswarxedvis msgavseba-gansxvaveba gvainteresebs. ZiriTadi

gansxvaveba maT Soris is aris, rom mecnieruli winaswar-

xedva mecnierebis kanonebis codnas (magaliTad, bunebis-

mecnierebaSi), an movlenaTa tendenciis analizs (socio-

logiaSi) emyareba. arsebiTad, rom vTqvaT, winaswarxedvis

am ori formis safuZvlebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar

aris, vinaidan mecnierebis kanoni TviTon aris “gabatonebu-

li” tendencia” (k. marqsi). kanoni swored movlenaTa ten-

denciaSi gamovlindeba. aramecnieruli winaswarxedva ki,

marTalia, uSualod kanons ar emyareba (vinaidan igi mis-

Tvis miuwvdomelia), magram movlenaTa ganmeorebadobidan,

sakuTari an sxvisi gamocdilebidan amodis; amdenad igi,

Tumca garegnulad, magram mainc emsgavseba mecnierul wi-

naswarxedvas, ramdenadac mecnierebis kanonis aRmoCenaSi

ganmeorebadobas, didi adgili uWiravs.

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba mecnieruli winaswar-

xedvis ori forma: imis winaswarxedva, rac TavisTavad uk-

ve arsebobs, magram jer kidev ucnobia mecnierebisaTvis

da imis winaswarxedva, rac jer kidev ar arsebobs, magram

momavalSi iqneba. pirvelis magaliTia d. i. mendeleevis

mier maSin jer kidev ucnobi qimiuri elementebis arsebo-

bis winaswarxedva; an leveries mier planeta neptunis ar-

sebobis mtkiceba, xolo meorisa _ sinoptikosebis mier

amindis prognozireba. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi saqme

gvaqvs imis winaswarxedvasTan, rac jer kidev ar arse-

bobs. swored amitom am tipis winaswarxedva gacilebiT

ufro did sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. maT erTma-

neTisagan gansxvavebas isic qmnis, rom pirvels gnognognognoseseseseoooololololo----

gigigigiuuuuriririri xasiaTi aqvs; winaswarxedvis obieqti arsebobs, mag-

ram igi Cven jer kidev ar viciT. swored amitom mas zog-

jer retretretretrorororoxedxedxedxedvasvasvasvas uwodeben. meore saxis winaswarxedva

onononontotototolololologigigigiuuuuriririri Sinaarsis mqonea, vinaidan misi obieqti

jer kidev ar arsebobs; amitom zogjer mas pirvelTan Se-

darebiT upiratesobas aniWeben. am tipis winaswarxedvas

ubralod momomomomavmavmavmavlis wilis wilis wilis winasnasnasnaswarwarwarwarxedxedxedxedvasvasvasvas uwodeben.

mecnieruli winaswarxedva SeiZleba iyos apodiqturi

an albaTuri. umeteswilad apodiqturia retroxedva, vinai-

398

dan misi obieqti ukve arsebobs. Tu winaswarxedva dadas-

turda, maSin mecnierul faqtad iqceva, xolo Tu ar da-

dasturda _ saerTod uariyofa. magram warumateblobis me-

ti Sansi aqvs winaswarxedvis meore formas, romelic moma-

vals Seexeba (astronomiuli, socialuri, hidrometeoro-

logiuri da sxv.), swored amitom igi, rogorc wesi, alba-

Turi da hipoTezuria.

mecnierul winaswarxedvas SeiZleba hqondes rogorc

diskursiuli (logikuri), aseve intuiciuri xasiaTi. intu-

iciis gziT warmoebuli winaswarxedva dadasturebis Sem-

TxvevaSi logikurad dasabuTdeba da mecnierebis sagan-

ZurSi Seva. mecnieruli winaswarxedva umeteswilad aRmo-

Cenas warmoadgens, romelSic intuicias pirveladi mniS-

vneloba aqvs.

mecnierul winaswarxedvas aqvs gnoseologiuri, ev-

ristikuli, informaciuli, pragmatuli da normatiuli

funqciebi. pirveli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi gvaZlevs

codnas ucnobi movlenebis Sesaxeb; evristikuli mniSvne-

loba imaSia, rom mecnieruli winaswarxedva dadasture-

bis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sruliad axali codnis miRebis

safuZveli aRmoCndes, mecnieruli winaswarxedva axal in-

formaciebs gvawvdis aqamde ucnobi faqtebis Sesaxeb; Se-

iZleba winaswarxedvis obieqti adamianis praqtikuli

cxovrebisaTvis friad Rirebuli aRmoCndes (pragmatuli

funqcia) da, bolos, dadasturebul winaswarxedvas SeiZ-

leba sazogadoebisaTvis raime dadebiTi Sedegi mohyves

da misi cxovrebis normad iqces.

mecnieruli winaswarxedva arasodes ar aris absolu-

turad zusti da mkacrad dasabuTebuli. igi yvela Sem-

TxvevaSi relatiuria imitom, rom retroxedvis dros Cveni

SemecnebiTi unarebis SezRudulobis gamo absolutur WeS-

maritebas ver vwvdebiT, xolo momavlis winaswarxedva re-

latiuria ara marto am mizezis gamo, aramed imitomac,

rom arasodes gamoricxuli ar aris momavalSi mosalodne-

li xdomilobis Secvlis SesaZlebloba. miuxedavad amisa,

adamians ar ZaluZs relatiuri WeSmaritebiT dakmayofil-

des da winaswarxedvis didi albaTobiT mosalodnel da-

399

dasturebas absolutur mniSvnelobas aniWebs da, maSasada-

me, qmnis fsevdoabsoluturs, romlis Sesaxeb zeviT ukve

gvqonda laparaki. nebismieri axsnac da winaswarxedvac

fsevdoabsolutur xasiaTs atarebs.

mWidro kavSiri arsebobs axsnisa da winaswarxedvis

funqciebs Soris; zogierTi filosofosi maT erTmaneTi-

sagan arc ki ganasxvavebs. isini Tvlian, rom axsna aris

potencialuri winaswarxedva. magaliTad, Tu vici, rom

siTbo afarToebs vercxliswyals, xolo vercxliswylia-

ni Termometri CavdeviT cxel wyalSi, maSin iolad av-

xsniT, Tu ratom aiwia vercxliswyalma Termometris

svetSi. magram es viTareba SeiZleba winaswarxedvis enaze

ase gamoiTqvas: cxel wyalSi Cadebisas TermometrSi ver-

cxliswyali gafarTovdeba da svetSi maRla aiwevs; es ki

aris winaswarxedva. amis safuZvelze Tvlian, rom axsna

aris potencialuri winaswarxedva.

magram, maTi azriT, ar SeiZleba vTqvaT piriqiT: wi-

naswarxedva ar aris axsna. “xval mze amova” aris winas-

warxedva, magram igi arafers ar xsnis. amis safuZvelze

Tvlian, rom axsnasa da winaswarxedvas Soris asimetriu-

li kavSiria. Cven sadavod migvaCnia asimetriis arseboba

axsnasa da winaswarxedvas Soris. roca vambobT, rom “Tu

cxel wyalSi vercxliswylian Termometrs CavdebT, maSin

Termometris svetSi vercxliswylis done aiwevs” (winas-

warxedva), maSin vgulisxmobT, rom “cxel wyalSi Cadebu-

li vercxliswyliani Termometris svetSi vercxliswylis

done imitom aiwevs, rom siTbo afarToebs vercxlis-

wyals” (axsna). es niSnavs, rom ara mxolod axsna aris po-

tencialuri winaswarxedva, aramed, piriqiTac, winaswar-

xedvac gulisxmobs da emyareba axsnas. amitom ufro swo-

rad migvaCnia is azri, rom “yoveli axsna potencialurad

aris winaswarxedva da, meore mxriv, yoveli winaswarxedva

potencialurad aris axsna.”1 amrigad, axsnasa da winas-

1 K. Lambert and G. G. Brittan, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Resendra, Calif.

1979, p. 35-36.

400

warxedvas Soris arsebobs simetriuli da ara asimetriu-

li mimarTeba.

$$$$112. so112. so112. so112. sociciciciaaaalulululuri funri funri funri funqciaqciaqciaqcia

cnobilia, rom mecnierebis warmoSobas civilizaci-

is adreul safexurebze utilitaruli da pragmatuli sa-

fuZvlebi hqonda. vitaluri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-

lebisaTvis brZolaSi adamianis codna evoluciurad

mdidrdeboda, ramac, bolos da bolos, mecnierebis war-

moSoba ganapiroba. geometria miwis gazomvis saWiroebam

warmoSva, geografiasa da astronomias sxvadasxva qveyana-

Si mogzaurobis moTxovnileba daedo safuZvlad, maTema-

tikis ganviTareba vaWrobisa da gacvla-gamocvlis pro-

cess unda umadlodes da a. S. erTi sityviT, mecnieruli

azrovnebis Camoyalibeba adamianis praqtikuli cxovrebis

moTxovnilebebma ganapiroba.

cxadia, aq laparakia mecnierebis warmoSobis pirvel

etapebze, rasac eqsternalizmma gansakuTrebiT gausva xa-

zi. magram am debulebis gavrceleba yvela mecnierebaze

SeuZlebelia. civilizaciis ganviTarebis ufro gviandel

periodSi, miT umetes, Tanamedrove epoqaSi, araiSviaTad

mecnieruli codnis Camoyalibebas ZiriTadad Teoriuli

safuZvlebi aqvs. araevklidur geometrias ainStainis re-

latiurobis Teoriis Camoyalibebamde araviTari praqti-

kuli mniSvneloba ar hqonda da arc am mizniT iyo Camoya-

libebuli. TviTon ainStainis relatiurobis Teoria da

kvanturi meqanikac Teoriuli azrovnebis produqtia, Tum-

ca erTmac da meoremac SemdgomSi praqtikuli gamoyeneba

hpova.

yvelaferi, rac zemoT iTqva, mecnierebis socialuri

safuZvlebis maCvenebelia da ara socialuri funqciisa. es

ukanaskneli mas Semdeg gamovlindeba, roca esa Tu is mec-

niereba imdenad mtkiced dafuZndeba, rom sazogadoebas

sargebeli moutanos. mecniereba yovelTvis did rols Ta-

maSobda adamianis socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, kul-

401

turulsa da samxedro moRvaweobaSi. orTqlis Zravebis aR-

moCenam udidesi gavlena moaxdina sazogadoebis ganviTare-

baze, gaadvilda mogzauroba, vaWroba-mrewveloba. denTis

aRmoCenam Zireulad Secvala samxedro operaciebis warmoe-

ba, eleqtrobis aRmoCenam revoluciuri roli iTamaSa ada-

mianTa cxovrebaSi da a. S. mecnierebis socialuri funqcia

gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa Tanamedrove epoqaSi; mecniereba aq-

tiurad CaerTo warmoebaSi da igi “uSualo sawarmoo Za-

lad” iqca. mecnierebis ganviTareba aCqarebs teqnikis ganvi-

Tarebas, xolo, meore mxriv, teqnikis ganviTareba stimuls

aZlevs mecnierul progress. igi axal-axal amocanebs aye-

nebs mecnierebis winaSe, xolo mecnierebis aRmoCenebi

xorcs isxams teqnikaSi. swored amitom mecnierebisa da

teqnikis progresi erTianobaSi ganixileba da cnobilia

“mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis” saxelwodebiT. es niS-

navs, rom mecniereba pirvelad rols TamaSobs Tanamedro-

ve epoqis socialur cxovrebaSi da amaSi gamovlindeba mi-

si socialuri funqcia. “simdidre _ wers j. bernali _ ro-

melic SegviZlia amJamad movipovoT mecnierebis CvenTvis

ukve cnobili miRwevebis saSualebiT, gacilebiT ufro me-

tia yovelive imaze, risi miRebac SeiZleba yvelaze ufro

nayofieri teritoriis dapyrobiT anda navTobis, qvanaxSi-

risa da nedleulis wyaroebze ganuyofeli batonobiT.”1

da Semdeg: “kacobriobis keTildReobisaTvis TviTon mecni-

erebis ganviTarebas ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre

energiis siuxves avtomatizirebul warmoebasTan erTad, vi-

naidan amJamad mecnierebazea damokidebuli rogorc ener-

giis siuxve, ise avtomatizacia. Cveulebrivi davalebiT da-

kavebuli muSebis raodenobis SemcirebiT gadiddeba im

adamianTa ricxvi, romlebic wminda mecnierebiT iqnebian

dakavebuli.”2

aseT fundamentur rols TamaSobs mecniereba Tana-

medrove epoqis socialur cxovrebaSi.

1 Дж. Бернал, Мир без войны, М., 1960, стр. 13. 2 iqve, gv. 64.

402

sasasasaxelxelxelxelTa saTa saTa saTa saZiZiZiZieeeebebebebelililili****

avaliani sergi 88

avgustine 79

averoesi 232

albert didi 231

aleqsanderi semiuel 52

aleqsandre makedoneli 237

aleqsandrovi aleqsandre danielis Ze 141

aleqsiZe levan 329

anaqsagora 48, 67, 74, 168, 216

anaqsimandre 53, 74

anaqsimeni 53

andronike rodoseli 23

ainStaini albert 15, 56, 64, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 78, 88,

91, 92, 95, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110,

112, 115, 116, 118, 119, 137, 179, 212, 213,

251, 252, 259, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272,

289, 292, 293, 296, 297, 308, 312, 319, 346,

352, 368.

anselm kenterberieli 215

aristotele 3, 13, 16, 22, 23, 29, 31, 40, 43, 47, 48, 57,

60, 63, 67, 91, 93, 94, 102, 117, 120, 121, 125, 126,

128, 131, 135, 142, 143, 163, 165, 168, 183, 188, 189,

190, 191, 195, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, 213, 214,

216, 218, 225, 232, 238, 254, 278, 286, 346, 360,

361, 362.

arqimede 344

aslanikaSvili aleqsandre 92

baironi jorj Gnoel gordon 95

banZelaZe gela 4

barou jon 84, 213, 228, 229

baumgarteni aleqsander gotlib 4

bekoni rojer 231, 261

* saxelTa saZiebeli Seadgina filosofiis doqtorma kaxa qecbaiamkaxa qecbaiamkaxa qecbaiamkaxa qecbaiam.

403

bentli 216

bergsoni anri 163, 188, 193

berkli jorj 50, 231, 246, 247, 338

bernali jon 131, 342, 369

bernuli Ddaniel 131

bertalanfi ludvig fon 163, 171, 175, 190, 219, 221

bio Jan batist 363

biufoni JorJ lui leklerk de 191

biuxneri ludvig 49, 178, 180

boili robert 231, 363

boliai ianoS 101

bolcano Bbernard 45

bolcmani ludvig 111

bomi devid 144, 145, 148, 152

bondi h. 77, 79

bori nils 64, 69, 70, 71, 161, 179, 251

borni maqs 64, 69, 70, 149, 252

boxenski iuzef maria 57, 205

braitvaiti r. b. 362

bregaZe anzor 227

briten (Brittan) j. j. 368

brijmeni persi uiliam 256, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265,

266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274,

339

bruno jordano 86, 118

butrini st. 77

buxarini n. i. 342

galenosi klavdius 291

galilei Ggalileo 113, 178, 274, 344, 346

gamalovi a. 172, 224

gamovi georg 77, 82

gausi karl fridrix 101

gei-lusaki Jozef lui 363

geseni b. m. 342

gokleniusi 13

goldi t. 77

404

gorgia 278, 286, 358

guTi alan 77, 83

405

daltoni jon 65

darvini Carlz 171, 172, 175, 177, 180, 181, 185, 197, 208,

219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 233

de-broili lui 337

devisi p. 76, 77, 83

dekarti rene 28, 33, 42, 53, 54, 57, 66, 88, 89, 122, 178,

180, 181, 203, 204, 215, 216, 232, 244, 254

demokrite 27, 117, 134, 178, 244

didro deni 180

dilTai vilhelm 163

diogene kreteli 231

diraki pol eidrian moris 77

diui jon 171

diuhemi pier 363

dicgeni ioseb 49

doliZe mamuka 5

dopleri kristian 74, 75

driSi hans 163, 188, 191, 192, 193, 195, 220

edingtoni arTur stenli 78, 89, 111, 272

evdoqse 344

evklide 99, 113

eklzi jon 86, 163

empedokle 48, 53, 71, 168

engelsi fridrix 30, 122, 164, 172, 221

erpi h. 86

eSbi uiliam ros 184

vavilovi sergei ivanes Ze 67

vainbergi stiven 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82

vaineri m. 81

vaiczekeri karl fon 68, 84

vencli aloiz 193

veteri gustav 171

vindelbandi vilhelm 222, 223

vineri norbert 184

volteri 237

406

volfi kaspar fridrix 191

volfi kristian 3, 4, 13, 24, 200

vsexsviatski s. 87

Talesi 53, 65

Teofraste 232

TarxniSvili ivane 181

Toma akvineli 231, 328

TomaSvili nino 5

inwkirveli givi 324

iulius keisari 237

kagani m. s. 317

kaziutinski v. 87

kanti imanuel 4, 24, 25, 26, 36, 48, 57, 96, 98, 106, 113,

114, 115, 116, 213, 214, 215, 245, 253, 256, 346

karnapi rudolf 249, 365

karneade 248

karteri Bbrandon 228

kasireri Eernst 225, 226

keleri volfgang 225

kempbeli n. 362

kepleri iohanes 203, 216, 231

klaini m. 211, 216

klarki samiuel 216

klausi georg 183, 186

koire aleqsandre 344, 347

kolmogorovi andria nikolozis Ze 183

koperniki nikoloz 86, 228, 231, 312, 346, 352

koheni herman 26

kratili 126

kropotkini petre aleqsis Ze 358

kuni Tomas 311, 312, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358

407

laibnici gotfrid vilhelm 4, 13, 28, 53, 57, 106, 131, 195,

203, 204, 212, 215, 216, 220,

244, 254

lakatosi imre 355, 356, 358

lamarki Jan batist pier antuan de mone 171, 180

lamberti k. 368

lametri Jiulien ofre de 136, 178, 183

laplasi pier simon 134, 136, 143, 146, 150

leverie urben Jan Jozef 251, 337, 366

levkipe 122

lemetri J. 77, 82

lindsei r. 263, 269

lobaCevski nikoloz ivanes Ze 101, 115, 344

loki jon 244

lorenci hendrik anton 106

loski nikolai onufries Ze 279

lukreciusi titus karus 131

maiklsoni albert eibraham 307

maimonidi (rabi moSe ben maimoni) 232

margenau henri 269

marioti edm 363

marqsi karl 44, 183, 224, 312, 365

maqsveli jeimz klark 138, 141

maxi ernst 363

mendeleevi dimitri ivanes Ze 68, 251, 366

merseni 54, 216

mertoni robert king 342, 343, 345

mizesi rixard 141

mikulinski semion romanis Ze 347

mili jon stiuart 135, 349, 361

mirianaSvili maTe 88

moleSoti iakob 49, 178, 180

napoleon bonaparte 237

natorpi paul 26

nikobaZe givi 84

408

nikolo kuzaneli 35, 118

nikoloz pirveli 344

409

niutoni isaak 21, 48, 54, 67, 88, 91, 96, 107, 113, 114, 115, 116,

118, 121, 133, 145, 168, 178, 182, 203, 210, 211,

213, 216, 231, 251, 255, 259, 268, 292, 293, 342,

344, 352

nicSe fridrix 59, 51, 163

noviki 183, 187

nucubiZe Salva 45

oparini aleqsandre ivanes Ze 169, 170, 174, 175

omi georg zimon 363

openhaimi p. 361

ortega i gaseti 236

pavlovi ivane petre Ze 181

parmenide 31, 46, 53, 57

pasteri lui 190

pius XI 86

peli uiliam 218, 219

pironi 248

planki maqs karl Eernst ludvig 40, 64, 69, 154, 269,

285, 296

platoni 29, 31, 39, 48, 57, 67, 79, 168, 175, 200, 213, 214, 216,

238, 244, 254, 278, 286, 322, 337, 344, 346

ponomariovi 171, 224

poperi karl 165, 184, 222, 239, 244, 283, 307, 311, 338, 340,

349, 350, 351, 358

protagora 231, 278, 286, 338, 358

ptoleme klavdios 86, 312, 352

puankare anri 90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 115, 295, 296,

299, 301, 332

raixenbaxi hans 61, 97, 99, 107, 108, 109, 160, 162

raseli bertran 152, 179, 180, 188, 208

reje tulio 76, 78, 82, 85

rikerti hainrix 323, 364

riuzi maikl 220

rovenski 185

410

rubinSteini sergei leonides Ze 181

rcxilaZe viqtor 205

savari feliqs 363 seCenovi ivane mixeilis Ze 181 seneka 60 seqstus empirikusi 248 slaiferi 74 sokrate 218, 231, 244, 328, 329, 337, 340 spinoza benediqt 42, 53, 54, 57, 134, 232, 233, 254 stalini ioseb besarionis Ze 237

stivensi (Stevens) s. s. 270

tipleri f. j. 84, 213, 228, 229 tolstoi lev nikolozis Ze 177, 322 tarenteli arxit 91 tiuringi alan meTison 186

uaithedi Aalfred norT 204 uemova e. 185 uemovi a. 185 uileri jon 80, 86, 228, 229 uitrou j. 107

feierabendi pol 356, 357, 358 foxti (fogti) karl 178, 180 franki filip 72 franklini 224 fridmani a. a. 75

qecbaia kaxa 5 qriste 206, 329 qsenofane 31 qsenofonti 218, 329

Safi adam 306 Selingi fridrix vilhelm iozef 56, 61, 203 Seringtoni Carlz skot 163 Sliki moric 37, 132, 246, 249, 252, 363 Solci hairix 116 Spengleri osvald 163

411

Spiulbeki 171 Sredingeri ervin 147 Stali georg ernst 191

Cerniaki vladimer 349

cilzeli e. 343, 345

ciceroni 328

Zenoni 31, 123, 125, 126

wereTeli savle 189

jeimzi uiliam 287

jinzi jeimz hopvud 145, 284, 291

jemeri m. 91

habli eduin pauel 74, 75

haidegeri martin 14, 27, 51

haizenbergi verner 30, 64, 69, 70, 73, 138, 139, 140, 147, 161,

162, 212, 251, 252

harvi uiliam 190, 191

hartmani eduard fon 193

hartmani nikolai 15, 16, 26, 27, 28, 49, 51, 61, 62, 175

hegeli georg vilhelm fridrix 14, 15, 21, 22, 23,

26, 34, 36, 39, 43, 46, 48,

54, 57, 61, 96, 125, 144, 203,

215, 224, 235, 237, 238, 239,

254, 276, 346

helveciusi klod Aadrian 180

helmholci herman 131

hempeli karl 361

hendersoni l. j. 220, 228

heraklite 126, 211, 286

hesiode 73, 206

hitleri adolf 237

hiumi devid 50, 106, 107, 132, 305, 361

hobzi tomas 178

412

hoili f. 77

holbaxi pol anri 49, 180, 361

holi a. r. 345

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II, Tbilisi, 1998


III, Tbilisi, 1999


IV, Tbilisi, 2000


V, Tbilisi, 2001


VI, Tbilisi, 2002


VII, Tbilisi, 2003


VIII, Tbilisi, 2004


IX, Tbilisi, 2005


X, Tbilisi, 2006


XI, Tbilisi, 2007

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64. “ara kac hkla” anu WeSmariti pacifizmi, gaz. “lite-

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72. karl marqsi, gaz. “komunizmis droSa” (ambrolauris

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73. fizikis swavlebis istoriidan saqarTveloSi, Jurn.

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74. didi rusi revolucioner-demokratebi da qarTveli

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75. mecnieris didebuli guli, gaz. “komunizmis droSa”

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76. Zvirfasi mecnieruli memkvidreoba, gaz. “komunisti”,

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79. filosofiuri literaturis SenaZeni, gaz. “komunis-

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80. qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis Znelbedobis Ja-

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81. nihilizmi saSiSi senia, gaz. “komunizmis droSa” (am-

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85. anton bagrationi da kristian volfi, Jurn. “mecnie-

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86. redaqtoris winasityvaoba. gabriel baCulaSvili, ka-

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94. enciklopediuri naSromi, gaz. “dilis gazeTi”, 5 ap-

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100. qarTuli filosofiis Znelbedobis Jami, gaz. “rezo-

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teoriuli filosofia

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