*Sumadiono

Pediatric Department Faculty of Medicine Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta

Block 8 - 2003school of medicine - gadjah mada university*

school of medicine - gadjah mada university

Block 8 - 2003Immune System NONSPECIFICSPECIFIC

*IMMUNOPATHOLOGY

Immunopathology

HypersensitivityImmunodeficiencyAutoimmune*

Allergies Definition are abnormal reactions of the immune system that occur in response to otherwise harmless substances.

*

. Allergen A substance that provokes an allergic response.

Allergist. A doctor who diagnoses and treats allergy-related conditions

*TERMINOLOGY

Anaphylaxis. A life-threatening allergic reaction involving the entire body. Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical attention.

Antihistamines. These drugs block histamine a chemical the body releases during an allergic reaction -- reducing symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose.

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Allergic rhinitis Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes in response to an allergen.

Anaphylaxis Increased sensitivity caused by previous exposure to an allergen that can result in blood vessel dilation and smooth muscle contraction. Anaphylaxis can result in sharp blood pressure drops and difficulty breathing.

*

Antibody A specific protein produced by the immune system in response to a specific foreign protein or particle called an antigen.

Antigen A foreign protein to which the body reacts by making antibodies.

Asthma A lung condition in which the airways become narrow due to smooth muscle contraction, causing wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.*

Conjunctivitis Inflammation of the thin lining of the eye called the conjunctiva.

Contact dermatitis Inflammation of the skin as a result of contact with a substance. (An allergic reaction that occurs after skin comes in contact with an allergen such as poison ivy, washing powders, perfumes, or other irritants)

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Decongestants. Medications that shrink swollen nasal membranes, decreasing congestion and mucus, and making it easier to breathe.

Eczema. Chronic inflammation that causes a skin rash. Symptoms include itching, crusting, blisters, and scaling. *

Mast cells A type of immune system cell that displays a type of antibody called immunoglobulin type E (IgE) on its cell surface, participates in the allergic response by releasing histamine from intracellular granules.

T cells Immune system cells or more specifically, white blood cells, that stimulate cells to create and release antibodies.*

Epinephrine. A drug used to immediately treat severe allergic reactions. Also known as adrenaline.

Allergic rhinitis. an inflammation of the mucus membranes in the nose. Symptoms include sneezing, itching, runny nose, and nasal congestion.*

Histamine. A chemical released by cell mast after it's exposed to an allergen. It causes tissues to become swollen, inflamed, itchy, and red.

Urticaria/Hives. An allergic reaction of the skin. Symptoms include itchy, swollen, red bumps that appear suddenly: lips, tongue, and ears.

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Nasal spray. Over-the-counter or prescription drugs that can treat and prevent nasal symptoms such as congestion and runny nose.

Pollen. a fine, powdery substance released by trees, grasses, weeds, and flowering plants.

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*Aberg. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995.95:815. Swedish ChildrenRising Prevalence

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ALLERGIC DISEASES : Impact on the quality of life Impact on work and school Economic burden Fatal? Lancet 1998Worldwide Variation in 12-month (ISAAC)

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Allergic Rhinitis : 7.8%Worldwide, 10% - 30 % of the population.

Drug AllergyWorldwide: 10% & 20% :hospitalized patients

Food Allergy: 8% 6%: 0-2 years , 9% : 3-5 y, 8%: 6-18y38.7% : food allergic severe reactions

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EPIDEMIOLOGY

Skin Allergy: 13% Black children:17%, white:12%, Asian: 10% children.1

Urticaria: above 20%

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*EPIDEMIOLOGY of Urticaria & AngioedemaALL AGE 20% OF POPULATIONURTICARIA + ANGIOEDEMA: 49%URTICARIA ONLY: 40% ANGIOEDEMA ONLY: 11%

*Epidemiology of Atopic Dermatits

10-20% : >> infant and children Can continue until adultMale : Female = 1: 1

*

SUSPECTED:WHEEZY,EPISODIC,NIGHT,POST ACTIVITYATOPY

ASTHMA BRONCHIALE

Asthma prevalence, children and young adults

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Asthma prevalence, children and young adults

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Prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic eczema in young Finnish men: 1966-2003*

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AllergyAllergy is a hypersensitivity reaction initiated by immunological mechanisms

Allergy can be antibody-or cell-mediated. In the majority of cases the antibody typically*

AllergensAllergens are antigens which cause allergy.

Most allergens reacting with IgE antibody are proteins

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Atopy Atopy is A personal and/or familial tendency to become sensitized and produce IgE antibodies in response to ordinary exposure to allergens *

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GELL & COOMBS: 4 TYPES

Tipe-I: HYPERSENSITIVITY/ANAPHYLACTIC

Tipe-II: CYTOTOXIC Tipe-III: IMMUNE COMPLEX Tipe-IV: CELL MEDIATED HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

*Type I:

*non IgE mediated

*Type II:NK cellTarget cellTarget cell

*Type III:AbAgComplemenImmune complex

*Type IV:T cell

*Incidence of different types of allergic diseases by age

*ATOPYAllergic March

*ATOPYFOOD ALLERGYATOPIC DERMATITISALLERGIC RHINITISASTHMAAllergic March

Causes and symptoms

Allergens enter the body through four main routes: AirwaysSkinGastrointestinal tractCirculatory system.*

Types of AllergenIngestionInjectionInhalantionSkin Contact*

*INHALANT ALLERGENDUST MITE

*

SPT positive to cockroach: 52 %

Positive SPT result of American Cockroach in American Cockroach exposure: 75 %

Positive SPT result of German Cockroach in German Cockroach exposure: 40 %

Correlation Between Exposure and Sensitization to Cockroach in Asthmatic Patients

INHALANT ALLERGEN

*INHALANT ALLERGENSMOLDPOLLEN

*DOG?CAT?

*EggMilkFishFruitPeanutsVegetablesCerealAdditivechildadultFOOD ALLERGENS

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*Prevention

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dr. Sumadiono, Sp.A(K)dr. Sumadiono, Sp.A(K)Allergic dideases in childrenBlock VIII int-prog Nov 23, 2004*Block VIII int-prog Nov 23, 2004dr. Sumadiono, Sp.A(K)*Block VIII int-prog Nov 23, 2004dr. Sumadiono, Sp.A(K)dr. Sumadiono, Sp.A(K)Allergic dideases in childrenBlock VIII int-prog Nov 23, 2004*AD to asthma distinctive phenotype rather than progression Illi Germany jaci 2004Block VIII int-prog Nov 23, 2004dr. Sumadiono, Sp.A(K)dr. Sumadiono, Sp.A(K)Allergic dideases in childrenBlock VIII int-prog Nov 23, 2004*Block VIII int-prog Nov 23, 2004dr. Sumadiono, Sp.A(K)dr. Sumadiono, Sp.A(K)Allergic dideases in childrenBlock VIII int-prog Nov 23, 2004*Block VIII int-prog Nov 23, 2004