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The Commonwealth Yearbook 2013Commissioned and researched by Rupert Jones-Parry
with Andrew Robertson
Published for the Commonwealth Secretariat
by Nexus Strategic Partnerships
2 The Commonwealth Yearbook 2013
The Commonwealth Yearbook 2013 Commissioned and researched by Rupert Jones-Parry with Andrew Robertson.
The various Commonwealth declarations and statements are copyright-free,
although the Commonwealth Secretariat should be appropriately acknowledged.
Text © Commonwealth Secretariat 2013 or as otherwise credited
Volume © Nexus Strategic Partnerships Limited 2013
Country maps © Oxford Cartographers
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher.
Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to Nexus Strategic Partnerships Limited,
St John’s Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, UK.
The information in this publication is believed to be correct at the time of manufacture. Whilst
care has been taken to ensure that the information is accurate, the publisher can accept no
responsibility for any errors or omissions or for changes to the details given. Views expressed in
this publication are not necessarily those of the Commonwealth Secretariat or the publisher.
A CIP catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library.
A Library of Congress CIP catalogue record has been applied for.
First published 2013
ISBN 978-1-908609-05-2
Published by Nexus Strategic Partnerships and available from:
Online: www.nexuspartnerships.comwww.commonwealthofnations.org
Telephone: +44 (0) 1223 353131
Fax: +44 (0) 1223 353130
Email: [email protected]
Mail: Nexus Strategic Partnerships
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And through good booksellers
For the Commonwealth Secretariat
Marlborough House
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London SW1Y 5HX
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www.thecommonwealth.org
Printed at Stephens and George, UK
The flags illustrated are stylised representations and neither the proportions nor the colours
are guaranteed true.
The Charter of the Commonwealth, adopted in December 2012,
forms the backdrop to all activities in 2013 including the biennial
Heads of Government meeting – upcoming towards the end of the
year. As Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma has
said, the Charter ‘brings fresh clarity and gives a higher profile to
the values and principles to which all member states of the
Commonwealth are committed on behalf of all Commonwealth
citizens’. Meanwhile the relaunch of the Commonwealth
Foundation (November 2012) – to renew its focus on participatory
governance – is indicative of the renewal agenda among civil
society as well as member governments.
The content of this new Commonwealth Yearbook looks at these
unfolding processes as well as providing up-to-date information,
including on this year’s Commonwealth theme ‘Opportunity
through Enterprise’.
A substantial amount of new material has been included in this
edition. The ‘Commonwealth in Action’ section of the 2013
Yearbook looks at the work of the Commonwealth and the
Commonwealth Secretariat during 2012 and into 2013.
Additionally, a number of essays from a diverse range of
contributors highlight areas of interest to the Commonwealth.
The profiles of the Commonwealth’s 54 member countries and
their overseas territories and associated states have been
researched and compiled using a broad range of national and
international sources. They are also published online and
maintained up to date at the websites of the Commonwealth
Secretariat and Nexus Strategic Partnerships. The directory of
Commonwealth organisations has been compiled and updated
from information supplied by the organisations themselves.
This edition also includes comprehensive information on the major
Commonwealth awards, highlighting the creative talent of the
Commonwealth’s youth, and on Commonwealth-related publications.
Sources
The primary sources of the data in the country profiles, and in the
statistical and other tables, are international agencies, especially the
World Bank (economic data) and the various agencies of the
United Nations.
Definitions and acronyms
Definitions of principal socio-economic indicators in the country
profiles and the statistical tables are given in ‘Definitions, acronyms
and abbreviations’ in the Reference section.
Notations
2011/12 denotes a period of exactly 12 months – usually a fiscal
year – that does not coincide with the calendar year.
2011–12 refers to the entire two-year period from the start of
2011 to end 2012.
2014/2015 indicates that the relevant date is either 2014 or 2015.
Commissioned, researched, edited and compiled
by Rupert Jones-Parry with Andrew Robertson;
country profiles prepared by Richard Green
March 2013
Preface
3The Commonwealth Yearbook 2013
Preface
Preface..................................................................................... 3Map of the Commonwealth.................................................. 8
An Essay by Kamalesh SharmaCommonwealth Secretary-GeneralOur enterprising Commonwealth......................................... 12
The Commonwealth CharterThe Commonwealth Charter................................................. 16
Commonwealth DayCommonwealth Day .............................................................. 26National Days in 2013 ............................................................ 27
Commonwealth Heads of GovernmentMeeting (CHOGM)Biennial summits .................................................................... 32Declaration of Commonwealth Principles ........................... 33Harare Declaration ................................................................. 34Millbrook Programme............................................................ 36Perth Declaration on Food Security Principles..................... 37The Perth Communiqué......................................................... 41Commonwealth leaders agree to strengthen Ministerial Action Group (CMAG)......................................... 42Agreement by Heads of Government regarding the EPG Proposals................................................................... 48
Ministerial Meetings in 2012Health ministers meeting ...................................................... 62Sport ministers meeting......................................................... 63Education ministers meeting................................................. 64Finance ministers: chair’s summary....................................... 66Foreign ministers statement.................................................. 66Public service ministers forum............................................... 67
What is the Commonwealth?Introducing the Commonwealth .......................................... 70History of the Commonwealth ............................................. 72The Commonwealth and its members ................................. 76Member Countries’ Heads of State and Government ........ 79Commonwealth Members ..................................................... 80
Official Commonwealth OrganisationsCommonwealth Secretariat................................................... 82Commonwealth Secretariat websites ................................... 83Strategic plan.......................................................................... 83Senior Commonwealth staff ................................................. 84Commonwealth Foundation ................................................. 85Commonwealth of Learning ................................................. 89
Commonwealth in ActionDemocracy, peace-building and consensus:the work of the Political Affairs Division ............................. 96
Upholding the rule of law: the work of the Legal and Constitutional Affairs Division ............................ 101
The work of the Human Rights Unit:values and principles, non-discrimination, participation, capacity development .................................... 107
Fair and effective public administration:the work of the Governance and Institutional Development Division............................................................ 115
Economic development: supporting inclusive and sustainable economic growth in member countries........... 125
Environmentally sustainable development: assisting small and vulnerable states in the faceof climate change................................................................... 139
Managing social transformationthe Secretariat’s education, gender and health teams....... 147
Empowering young people: the Youth Affairs Division/Commonwealth Youth Programme (CYP) ........................... 158
Sport for development and peace........................................ 168
Contents
4 The Commonwealth Yearbook 2013
Contents
Approaching 2015: development, reform and renewalCommonwealth renewal after Perth: a reflection.............. 178
by Aloun Ndombet-Assamba, High Commissioner
for Jamaica to the UK
The Commonwealth: a better way ahead ........................... 180by Senator Hugh D Segal CM
Glasgow 2014: a mechanism for change ............................. 182by David Grevemberg, Chief Executive, Glasgow 2014
Beyond the MDGs: development and the Commonwealth post-2015 .................................................... 184
by Sir Malcolm Bruce MP
Putting civil society at the heart of development in the Commonwealth: the beginnings of theCommonwealth and civil society .......................................... 187
by Vijay Krishnarayan
‘A moment of hope for our continent and its peoples’: the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance ..................................................................... 190
by Emmanuel Saffa Abdulai
Youth rights: more than a timely slogan? ........................... 193by Andreas Karsten, Director of youthpolicy.org
Commonwealth AwardsRCS Young Commonwealth Competitions........................... 198Commonwealth Essay Competition...................................... 199Commonwealth Vision Awards............................................. 204Commonwealth Photographic Awards ................................ 205Jubilee Photography Award.................................................. 208The Jubilee Time Capsule ...................................................... 209
The Member CountriesAntigua and Barbuda ............................................................ 212Australia .................................................................................. 216Australia: External Territories ............................................... 221The Bahamas........................................................................... 227Bangladesh.............................................................................. 231Barbados ................................................................................. 236Belize ....................................................................................... 240Botswana................................................................................. 245Brunei Darussalam ................................................................. 253Cameroon................................................................................ 257Canada .................................................................................... 262Republic of Cyprus ................................................................. 268Dominica ................................................................................. 273Fiji ............................................................................................ 277The Gambia............................................................................. 282Ghana ...................................................................................... 287Grenada................................................................................... 296Guyana .................................................................................... 300India......................................................................................... 305Jamaica.................................................................................... 312Kenya....................................................................................... 317Kiribati..................................................................................... 324Lesotho .................................................................................... 328Malawi..................................................................................... 332Malaysia .................................................................................. 337Maldives .................................................................................. 343Malta ....................................................................................... 348Mauritius ................................................................................. 352Mozambique........................................................................... 357Namibia ................................................................................... 365Nauru....................................................................................... 376New Zealand........................................................................... 380New Zealand: Associated Countries and External Territories................. 385
Nigeria ..................................................................................... 391Pakistan ................................................................................... 414Papua New Guinea................................................................. 420Rwanda ................................................................................... 425St Kitts and Nevis.................................................................... 429St Lucia .................................................................................... 433St Vincent and the Grenadines ............................................. 437Samoa...................................................................................... 441Seychelles ................................................................................ 445Sierra Leone ............................................................................ 449Singapore ................................................................................ 454Solomon Islands...................................................................... 459South Africa ............................................................................ 464Sri Lanka.................................................................................. 470Swaziland ................................................................................ 478Tonga....................................................................................... 483Trinidad and Tobago .............................................................. 487Tuvalu ...................................................................................... 495Uganda.................................................................................... 499United Kingdom ..................................................................... 504United Kingdom: Overseas Territories ................................. 510United Republic of Tanzania ................................................. 531Vanuatu................................................................................... 537Zambia..................................................................................... 543
Conten
ts
5The Commonwealth Yearbook 2013
Reference
Directory of Commonwealth organisations......................... 554Membership of international and regional organisations ...................................................................... 568
Commonwealth Declarations and Statements .................... 570Commonwealth Secretariat publications ............................. 582Commonwealth bibliography ............................................... 585Commonwealth Games athletics records............................. 587Literary prize-winners ............................................................ 589Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations............................. 591
Facts and figures
Key indicators on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ...................................................................... 596
Geography and population................................................... 597Geography and population: area and population.............. 598Geography and population: young and ageing population .......................................................................... 599
Geography and population: urbanisation and density ...... 600
Economy.................................................................................. 601Economy: national income .................................................... 602Economy: growth and inflation............................................ 603Economy: public spending and public debt......................... 604Economy: trade and foreign investment ............................. 605
Education ................................................................................ 606Education: overall enrolment and government spending.............................................................................. 607
Education: enrolment ............................................................ 608Education: teachers ................................................................ 609
Health ...................................................................................... 610Health: life and infant mortality........................................... 611Health: HIV/AIDS..................................................................... 612Health: public expenditure.................................................... 613Health: access to qualified health personnel....................... 614
Environment ........................................................................... 615Environment: energy use....................................................... 616Environment: CO2 emissions .................................................. 617Environment: deforestation .................................................. 618
Information and communication technology ..................... 619Information and communication technology: telephones .......................................................................... 620
Information and communication technology: mobile phones .................................................................... 621
Information and communication technology: PCs and internet ................................................................. 622
Small states ............................................................................. 623Small states: population ........................................................ 624Small states: economy............................................................ 625Small states: information and communication technology .......................................................................... 626
Acknowledgements................................................................ 627Project partners ...................................................................... 628
Contents
6 The Commonwealth Yearbook 2013
Map of the Commonwealth
8 The Commonwealth Yearbook 2013
1 Antigua and Barbuda2 Australia3 The Bahamas4 Bangladesh5 Barbados6 Belize7 Botswana8 Brunei Darussalam9 Cameroon
10 Canada
11 Republic of Cyprus12 Dominica13 Fiji
(fully suspended from the Commonwealthin September 2009)
14 The Gambia15 Ghana16 Grenada17 Guyana
18 India19 Jamaica20 Kenya21 Kiribati22 Lesotho23 Malawi24 Malaysia25 Maldives26 Malta27 Mauritius
Map of theCommonwealth
Map of th
e Commonwealth
9The Commonwealth Yearbook 2013
28 Mozambique29 Namibia30 Nauru 31 New Zealand32 Nigeria33 Pakistan34 Papua New Guinea35 Rwanda36 St Kitts and Nevis37 St Lucia
38 St Vincent and the Grenadines
39 Samoa40 Seychelles41 Sierra Leone42 Singapore43 Solomon Islands44 South Africa45 Sri Lanka46 Swaziland
47 Tonga48 Trinidad and Tobago49 Tuvalu50 Uganda51 United Kingdom52 United Republic of
Tanzania53 Vanuatu54 Zambia
Map source: Commonwealth
Secretariat/Maps-in-Minutes™
The designations and the
presentation of material on
this map, based on UN practice,
do not imply the expression of
any opinion whatsoever on the
part of the Commonwealth
Secretariat or the publishers
concerning the legal status of
any country, territory or area,
or of its authorities, or
concerning the delimitation
of its frontiers or boundaries.
Objectives • To provide, effi cient and
professional support to the Speaker, the President and other Members of the Legislature.
• To promote respect for Parliament and to heighten public awareness on its history and role as an institution, integral to the democratic process.
• To ensure that both Houses of the Legislature and Parliamentary Commi� ees operate with the provisions of the Offi cial Standing Orders.
Our Parliament is bicameral, which consists of two Houses: the Senate (appointed members) and the House of Assembly (elected members).
Functions
The main functions of the Bermuda Legislature are to enact laws, to implement taxes and scrutinise government policy, particularly proposals for expenditure. In discharging these functions, the Legislature helps to bring the relevant facts and issues before the electorate.
Panorama by Jean-Pierre Rouja for LockBermuda.com
Statement from the Speaker
‘ I would like to take the opportunity to welcome all readers from the Commonwealth and other Associate members to the beautiful Island of Bermuda. It is an honour to share with you information about our Parliament, the oldest Parliament in the Commonwealth outside the mother Parliament at Westminster. While exploring our page, please peruse the history of our Parliament and learn how we have evolved since our fi rst meeting in 1620.’
History2012 saw the 392nd anniversary of Bermuda’s Parliament. The fi rst elected Assembly convened at St. Peter’s Church in St. George’s on 1 August 1620. In 1815 Parliament moved to the new capital Hamilton, and met in the Town Hall Building until 1826. In 1826 Parliament offi cially moved to its current location on Parliament Hill.
Completed projectsTwo major projects were recently completed, namely the implementation of a fully functioning Hansard and streaming of the proceeding of the House. In May 2010, a Hansard was implemented to progress our Parliament and facilitate the requests of Members of Parliament and the public. Presently, our Hansard is fully functioning, with seven writers and editors working together to provide accurate Hansard Reports. The streaming of the proceedings is the newest operation. Through hard work and perseverance, streaming coverage came into fruition on 2 November 2012.
ContactSessions House,21 Parliament Street,Hamilton, Bermuda
Tel: +1 441 292 7408
Fax: +1 441 292 2006�
Email: smwolff [email protected]
Hon. Stanley Lowe, OBE, JP, MP, Speaker
Mrs Sherne� e Wolff e, Clerk to the Legislature
Men at work