The First Waves of Revolution

-MEXICAN REVOLUTION-RUSSIAN REVOLUTION-CHINESE REVOLUTION

Russian RevolutionMexican

Revolution

Chinese Revolution

Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution• March 1917- Food riots and strikes broke out in St.

Petersburg-caused by wartime misery • Rioters wished for a new political regime• Protested early industrialization conditions against rural

reform• Imperial rule was ended when tsar was abolished-

government struggled to control country after this• Leaders wished to stay in WWI to stay on France and

Britain’s side-couldn’t because it weakened Russia’s economy badly and morale decreased

• Communist party rose with Lenin the leader (Bolsheviks)-Expelled Liberals

• Czar Nicholas II was abdicated- Ended Romanov rule

Alexander Kerensky

Kerensky and Lenin • Alexander Kerensky: liberal revolutionary

leader during early Russian Revolution; wished for parliamentary rule and religious freedom

• Vladimir Lenin: took control of Bolshevik, later renamed communists; took Russia out of war and initiated land reforms; instituted war communism

Vladimir Lenin

Russian Revolution (Continued)

• Lenin gained strong ground with the urban workers’ councils in urban cities• Shows his idea of tightly organized cells whose

leaders have a coherent plan for action• Lenin and Bolsheviks faced problems:

• War they were involved in• Solved this by signing treaty with Germany that ended

hostilities and gave up parts of Western Russia- known as Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• Russia was ignored at Versailles peace conference • Poland built on Russian land- Baltic States created• Weren’t most popular revolutionary party• Council of People’s Commissars- headed by Lenin

was challenged by parliamentary election- peasant support

Russian Revolution• Replaced the parliament with the Congress of

Soviets- not allowed to have Western-style system

• Communist party persisted until 1989• Causes of end of tsar rule:

• Russia was declining as a world power it used to be• Peasants were dissatisfied (majority of population)• Financial costs the war provoked (WWI)

Effects of Russian Revolution• Order was restored after Russian Revolution:

• Leon Trotsky emerged as leader and created the Red Army- consisted of recruited able generals and masses of loyal conscripts

• Inspired mass loyalty• Willingness to use people of humble background

• Lenin issued the New Economic Policy- promised freedom of action for small business owners and peasant landowners

• Food production began to increase and regime was able to prepare durable structure

• Moscow = New capital of Russia

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Joseph Stalin• Took over after Lenin became ill and passed

away- became totalitarian dictator• Represented strongly nationalist version of

communism• Comintern = Communist International Office• Collectivization- creation of large, state run

farms that allowed for more efficient control over peasants

• Led Soviet Union in WWII• Was victorious• Led Soviet Union in Cold War

Mexican Revolution

Key Terms• Syndicalism- economic and political system based on

labor organization; imported from European political movements

• Porfirio Diaz- elected President of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; sought a strong central government

• Pancho Villa- Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during Mexican Revolution; removed Diaz from power

• Emiliano Zapata- Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement; sought land reform

• Mexican Constitution of 1917- promised land reform limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed worker’s rights, and formally marked end of Mexican Revolution

Leadership of Diaz• Very strong and seemed unbreakable• Strong economic changes had been made

• However, foreigners controlled large sectors of the economy

• Hacienda system dominated region• Ruled with “iron fist”• Effective political means• Didn’t face a tremendous amount of problems

under his rule

Porfirio Diaz

Causes of Mexican Revolution• People resented Diaz, partly because of his long

rule in Mexico• Huge gap between the rich and the poor present in

society• Diaz ruled like a dictator and people wished to end

this• Exploited Mexican workers and treated them

poorly in general• Discontented after limited social reform over

decades• Mexico fell under control of dictators after winning

independence from Spain• Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa led group of

peasants and the middle class to overthrow Diaz

Effects of Mexican Revolution• Were able to get rid of Diaz in office as well as

limit the term of leaders to six years• Immigration of Mexicans to the United States• Mexicans had developed an identity • Guidelines were established for future

Mexican rulers• Mexico experienced modernization• Universal suffrage (voting) granted• Foreign-owned businesses were discouraged • Workers and Women are granted rights• Mexico adopted new constitution in 1917

Chinese Revolution

Key Terms• May Fourth Movement- resistance to the Japanese in

China, which began on 1919; spawned intellectuals to transform China into a liberal democracy that rejected Confucianism

• Chiang Kai-shek- military leader who was successor to Sun Yat-sen; become most powerful leader in China by early 1930s, but his nationalist ideas were driven out by communists

Chiang Kai-shek

Yuan Shikai and Mao Zedong • Yuan Shikai- warlord in Northern China after fall of

Qing dynasty in China; hoped to gain imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned after Japanese invasion

• Mao Zedong- Communist leader in China that advocated rural reform in China; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist action against Chinese purges; seized control of all mainland China by 1949 and initiated Great Leap Forward; Mao sought to improve women’s rights and outlawed foot binding

Yuan Shikai

Mao Zedong

Do Videos Help You More?

Russian Revolution Video• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OU46fTls6p

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Mexican Revolution Video• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yODVcG0DJ

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Chinese Revolution Video• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUCEeC4f6

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