the interplay between bilingualism, early reading...
TRANSCRIPT
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THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN
BILINGUALISM, EARLY READING
ABILITIES AND HOME CONTEXT IN
PREDICTING READING LITERACY AND
ATTITUDES TOWARDS READING
Rita Marzoli, Fabio Alivernini, Sara Manganelli,
INVALSI - National Institute for the Evaluation of the
Education System and Training - Rome – Italy
5th ALTE International Conference – Paris 10-11 April 2014
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
Defining bilingualism is a controversial issue, measuring bilingual students is an even more
complicated task
different characterizations of bilinguals:
receptive / productive early / late bilingual
fluent/non-fluent functional/nonfunctional
partial/complete balanced/unbalanced
compoud/coordinate
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
5 major moments in the 20th century that characterize bilingualism and second language theories
the psychometrics phase (1920s)
the foreign language phase (1950s)
language acquisition phase (1960s)
Canadian immersion (1970s)
the language minority (1980s)
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
In the 1960s...
Children who grow up in an environment where two
languages are concurrently used suffer some word-
concept confusion” (Thompson, 1962).
Immigrant children were considered ‘handicapped’
in their language growth...
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
More recent research suggests that:
Bilingualism has positive influence on
students cognitive growth and achievement
Bilingual children gain upon their
monolingual peers over time
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
Bilingual children
possess an enhanced awareness of the relationship
between the two languages
focus more attention on unknown vocabulary than
their monolingual successful schoolmates
use different techniques to construct meaning of
unknown vocabulary such as inferencing, searching for
cognates and translating
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
Two-thirds of the people in the world are bilingual.
The languages spoken around the world are between 6,000 and 7,000 in just 190 countries
India multilingual contribution
Indian businessman
Gujarati (mother tongue)
Marathi (the state language)
Hindi (the pan-Indian lingua franca)
Kachhi (the code of the spice trade)
English
Functional bilingualism
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
Type of bilingualism
French/English vs Haitian creole/English
not every language has the same status
Aim of the school
consider every kind of bilingualism a resource to be nurtured and not a problem to overcome
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
Structural equation modelling results
SES
EARLY ACTIVITIES
BILINGUALISM
EARLY ABILITIES
READING (R2= .37, p <.001)
LIKE READING (R2= .11, p <.001)
.32
-.66 .10 .09
.07
-.27
.09
.10
-17
.40
.60
-.31
.19
Fitindices Χ2(2) = 3.84; p = .15 CFI = .99 TLI = .98 RMSEA =.016 SRMR = .032
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
In the figure above, rectangles represent the variables, the arrows represent the relations among the variables. The numbers on the arrows are the standardized coefficients that show how much the variable that receives the arrow ‘changes’ of one standard deviation. (e.g: a one standard deviation increase in SES of students, their score in reading increase of .32 st.dev.)
The numbers on arrows coming from the variable Bilingualism show how much the receiving variables change when students speak at home other languages. (with respect to monolingual students). Foe example: speaking a language other than Italian at home means that the reading score decreased by .66 SD (with respect to students speaking only Italian at home).
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
In the present study we consider bilingual students those who speak at home one language other than Italian. Data are based on the answers of 4189 pupils (49.6% boys) in fourth grade, as well as those of their parents who took part in the IEA PIRLS 2011 study in Italy.
Unfortunately, we don’t know which is the other language spoken at home because this question was not in the PIRLS student questionnaire. The type of bilingualism (receptive/productive, early bilingual/late bilingual) and the degree of bilingualism are also missing information.
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
We can assert that we are not in the presence of the so-called ‘elite bilingualism’. The percentage of non Italian students in the schools gives a clear picture of which are the ‘other’ home languages.
In 2013, countries of immigration and percentage of students with non Italian citizenship : are Romania (18,89%), Albania (13,31%), Marocco (12,47%), Cina (4,58%).
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The interplay between bilingualism, early reading abilities and home context
in predicting reading literacy and attitudes towards reading
Limitations of this study & suggestions for further rersearch:
Lack of language backgroud (L1)
The home language is an important indicator to determine the ‘type’ of bilingualism
Type of biligualism The lack of this information may lead to different outcome in terms of the
relationship among variables related to reading comprehension
Longitudinal research Test the same student populations across time
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