the leaders of 18th century europe regent (1715 - 1723) was duke of orleans – louis xv was only...
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The Leaders of The Leaders of 18th Century 18th Century
EuropeEurope
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Regent (1715 - 1723) was Duke of Orleans – Louis XV was only 5.
Nobility made a strong comeback
1748 - Louis XV - implemented 5% Income tax on everyone - no one was exempt. – What problem could that cause?
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Parlement of Paris protested the tax and challenged royal authority
Government withdrew tax in 1764
passed legislation limiting the King from levying any tax without consent of the Parlement
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Louis XV appointed Rene de Maupeou to crush his opposition
abolished Parlement
Philosophes disagreed with his policies - led to a stream of attacks on his Royal authority.
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•What other king we studied does this sound like?
•What happened to him?
•What is different now in Europe that might impact Louis XIV in a very negative way?
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Philosophes displeasure with him took away the aura of the King
Died before he could prevail
Louis XVI took the throne - eager to please
Weakened and unreformed Monarchy
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Wife of Peter III
He was overthrown and murdered within months of taking over- with the approval of Catherine
Ruled for 34 years
Corresponded with Voltaire and other thinkers.
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Did very little to reform or modernize Russia
Introduced Western ideas that only pleased herself.
Led to flourishing scholarship, book publishing, journalism, architecture and theater
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Catherine herself wrote articles and plays
Sponsored the 1st school for girls in Russia
Established an elementary school system
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Mostly spent time increasing Russian autocracy and military power
Extended Russia’s boundaries southward and westward
Charter of Nobility of 1785 - landlord’s control over peasants and serfs became stronger then ever before
Died November 17, 1796
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She died while attempting an unusual practice with a horse – Not true – probably started by the French elite soon after she died as a way to mar her reputation.
She died on the toilet – and her body was so bloated that she shattered the toilet – this more recent rumor that emerged also as an attempt to humiliate, and mar her reputation.
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Perfect example of the benevolent or enlightened despot
Friend of Voltaire
Learned - wrote essays, poetry and music - Voltaire taught him to write elegant French.
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Implemented a type of Religious Toleration
accepted Catholics and didn’t persecute Jews as much as other rulers of his time.
Militaristic - passion for military victory
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Founded Elementary Schools for peasants
Founded High Schools for future government officials
Founded Berlin Academy of the Sciences
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What was so Enlightened about his rule?
What was not so Enlightened about his rule?
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Proved her abilities by successfully defending Austria from those who believed it was easy to conquer a woman - Frederick the Great of Prussia
Believed in reform:
Increased taxed on nobility, Roman Catholic Church
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Confiscated monastic property
Expelled Jesuits
Steps towards abolishing Serfdom.
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•What was Enlightened about her rule?
•What was not Enlightened about her rule?
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A Model Enlightened Despot
Abolished Serfdom
Equality of Taxation
Equal punishment for equal crime (Nobles - Peasants)
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Legal punishments were less cruel
Equal civil rights extended to Jews
Even appointed Jewish nobles
Wanted independence from Rome
Seized Catholic Monasteries - used property to finance hospitals
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Few reforms were long lasting
Resistance from Hungarian Nobility
didn’t like abolition of serfdom
didn’t like equal Taxation
didn’t like Roman Catholic Church
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Died disillusioned
Brother Leopold II reversed most of Joseph’s reforms.
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•What was Enlightened about his rule?
•What was not very Enlightened about his rule?
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Believed political change should come from them; the government.
Encouraged by philosophes to make laws that promoted human happiness
They acted abruptly and wanted quick and immediate results - IMPATIENT
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They justified their authority on usefulness not divine right
Rational and Reformist - regarded political change as possible and desirable.
“The Monarch is not the absolute master, but only the first servant of
the state.” - Frederick the Great