the place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

38
Contemporary Wisdom, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies (IHCS) Biannual Journal, Vol.12, No.1, Spring and Summer 2021, 255-291 The Place of Theoretical Wisdom in the Application of Architectural Geometry by Islamic Mathematicians The Period under Study of the Fourth to Eleventh Centuries AH Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi * Minou GharehBaglou ** , Amir Hosein Frashchian *** Abstract In Islamic architecture, the architect must be face all the issues in architectural design. Create quantitative & qualitative issues by observing the principles & rules of the process. The architect must create the architectural structure with geometry through art & based on theoretical reason. Architecture has numerical & theoretical dimensions, because it is for the human being as a thinking being, it has qualitative dimensions. The architect must pay attention to the quantitative & qualitative dimensions in creating the architectural building. Traditional Iranian architecture has quality dimensions that include the wisdom of philosophers & Islamic thinkers of Iran. These topics are combined with the basics of other topics to work. Islamic architecture is called Islamic because it combines with the principles of Islamic wisdom & philosophy in uses it. In order to underst& Islamic architecture, wisdom must be examined in the process of creating an architectural building. The truth of the function of wisdom in the process of creating an architectural structure is an important issue. Wisdom in the science of architectural geometry can mean Coded truths that include the Coded structure of architecture. The Coded truths in Islamic philosophy are * Associate Professor of Architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran (Corresponding Authour), [email protected] ** Associate Professor of Architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran, [email protected] *** PhD student in Islamic architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran, [email protected] Date received: 14/03/2021, Date of acceptance: 23/05/2021 Copyright © 2018, This is an Open Access article. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

Upload: others

Post on 14-Apr-2022

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

Contemporary Wisdom, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies (IHCS)

Biannual Journal, Vol.12, No.1, Spring and Summer 2021, 255-291

The Place of Theoretical Wisdom in the Application of

Architectural Geometry by Islamic Mathematicians

The Period under Study of the Fourth to

Eleventh Centuries AH

Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi*

Minou GharehBaglou**

, Amir Hosein Frashchian

***

Abstract

In Islamic architecture, the architect must be face all the issues in architectural design.

Create quantitative & qualitative issues by observing the principles & rules of the process.

The architect must create the architectural structure with geometry through art & based on

theoretical reason. Architecture has numerical & theoretical dimensions, because it is for

the human being as a thinking being, it has qualitative dimensions. The architect must pay

attention to the quantitative & qualitative dimensions in creating the architectural building.

Traditional Iranian architecture has quality dimensions that include the wisdom of

philosophers & Islamic thinkers of Iran. These topics are combined with the basics of other

topics to work. Islamic architecture is called Islamic because it combines with the

principles of Islamic wisdom & philosophy in uses it. In order to underst& Islamic

architecture, wisdom must be examined in the process of creating an architectural building.

The truth of the function of wisdom in the process of creating an architectural structure is

an important issue. Wisdom in the science of architectural geometry can mean Coded truths

that include the Coded structure of architecture. The Coded truths in Islamic philosophy are

* Associate Professor of Architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran (Corresponding Authour),

[email protected]

** Associate Professor of Architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran,

[email protected]

*** PhD student in Islamic architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran,

[email protected]

Date received: 14/03/2021, Date of acceptance: 23/05/2021

Copyright © 2018, This is an Open Access article. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain

View, CA 94042, USA.

Page 2: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

256 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

the same as the divine truths. God provides knowledge of divine truths to thoughtful &

knowledgeable human beings who seek the truths of the universe. Thoughtful human

beings become aware of the divine truths of God to the extent of the power of their intellect

& perception. Islamic architecture in the l& of Iran has always used the principles &

subjects of geometry in external & internal science. The use of geometry is superficial in

maps & decorations & inwardly it is an architectural building in general form & body. The

geometry used in the Islamic architecture of Iran has been done by Islamic thinkers,

mathematicians & Scientists. Geometry in architecture increases the strength of the

architecture & its beauty. Geometry has used wisdom in creating the beauty & function of

an architectural building. An architectural structure is successful when human beings can

meet their biological & spiritual needs through it. A skilled & professional architect can use

all external & internal issues in creating an architectural building with wisdom. Geometry

must also consider beauty in creating an architectural building through wisdom.

Knowledge of geometry & wisdom is very important in creating an architectural building.

Architecture as a traditional profession needs wisdom in geometry. In this article, the

subject of geometry has been studied & analyzed from a scientific & artistic point of view.

Also in this article, the subject of wisdom in geometry in creating an architectural building

has been studied. Wisdom in this article is in the form of theoretical wisdom & practical

wisdom. The point is, how does mathematics in geometry combine with artistic & aesthetic

subjects? & How to create architecture using wisdom? In the present age there is no

connection between the subjects of mathematics which are used rationally & the subject of

wisdom. This is also seen in the science & art of architecture today. In the past architecture

of Iran, there was a deep connection between mathematics & wisdom. In the past

architecture of Iran, the connection between wisdom & mathematics in creating geometry

has made the architecture of beautifuly & also its proper functionaly. In the science of

wisdom, geometry has a meaning in the form of a code & this code has external & internal

meanings & truths. The facts in the codes are not normally recognizable by human beings.

The code of geometry is in the structure of the universe & has divine truth. Geometry in

this world has a trend towards beauty. Wisdom in science belongs to Islamic philosophy.

The meaning of wisdom in Islamic philosophy is knowledge & awareness that has been

created through reasoning. Argument arises through deep thought in the human mind.

Methouds & Material

In this research, the views of Islamic mathematicians in the form of mathematics & wisdom

have been studied. Islamic mathematicians include the following. Mohamad Bouzajani;

Abu Nasr Farabi; Ibn Sina, Akhavan Al-Safa & Jamshid Kashani. The subject of the

research method is to obtain geometry & wisdom from the perspective of mathematics.

How to transfer geometry from visual and numerical dimensions to the practical world has

been analyzed in this method. The success of riddles in the past must be examined in terms

Page 3: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 257

of wisdom and geometry. The research method of writing in mathematics and numerical

subjects is deductive. The Grounded theory method has also been used in dealing with

historical situations.

Result & Discussion

In Islamic architecture, geometry has been associated with wisdom. Wisdom in geometry

has created a beautiful and functional architectural space and decorations. Geometry in the

wisdom of Islamic architecture has a sacred place & has hidden secrets. Wisdom &

geometry in architectural building, in addition to creating decorative roles in a general &

specific way, has led to the recognition of the divine truth in the hidden layers of

architectural construction. Accordingly, geometry in Islamic architecture has caused the

symbolic identification of the truth of existence and the display of the hidden world. The

geometry inside the architectural building is like a code that must be known. In Iranian

Islamic architecture, geometry has been used to be aware of divine knowledge as well as to

reveal the hidden truths of the divine world in the external world. Geometry has used

wisdom for this issue.

Conclusion

Geometry is hidden in Islamic architecture as a mystery & truth. Geometry in its process

shows real tangible subjects along with hidden subjects. Geometry creates awareness of the

external & internal codes contained in the architectural building. The geometry of the codes

in creating the architectural building in which wisdom plays a role can be identified &

informed. In addition to a few topics in Islamic architecture, geometry deals with many

qualitative issues. Theoretical wisdom & practical wisdom in understanding the science of

geometry can in fact distinguish the outer world and the inner world. Geometry causes the

objects that exist in the world of imagination and mentality to become visible world &

human beings can see it with their physical eyes. Geometry creates a logical connection

between the external world & the internal world. This logical connection creates a balance

between the worlds. Using the balance of geometry, he can distinguish the facts of

existence. Geometry in Islamic architecture makes quantities & qualities conscious to man

externally & inwardly.

Keywords: Wisdom; Islamic mathematicians; The geometry; Islamic Architecture.

Page 4: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of
Page 5: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� ������ ���� �������� �� ����� ������� �� !��" #��� ��$�) ����# &�' �(������ ) ����12 ,-��. �1 /�0�1�2 � -�31 �1400� 259 – 291

������ �� �� ��� �� ���� ����� ������

�� ����� ���� �� �� !����

�"���#� $���� : %��&' !"�( �)��* +����1

��8� �1 " �� 9 *

��; ��8� ���1**� /�8<.�� =8��8� ***

��-�'

������ � � . �� ���� ����� � ���� ����� � ������ �� ���� �� �� !�� "�#�����$��� � �%&� �� �� "�'�% �� �'����� �� �� ()� "���#��� �� *�� � +' ,�&#�-�%�% �#'� .

./� %�01�� 2�� !�34 ���� � �15�� 6&7� 8���� 9):7��� #�� #;);� <�=�- � 6�>3� ��) ?@���7 �� "- ,A �� ���� � �15�� B�C � /� ������ � � ��)#DE�

��� ����� F&$&� .�$��� !)� ���= G�15 "�'�% .� � ��H !)I ��� #� � ��������%4 �'&�0��5 � ��� ��J �� �� �� �KL ��� ��� �)�#� %��� ���#��� "�#��� #�

�%��-�� ���� <�= . �� +� ���#��� � � #;�C � �� #��J #)��� "- #������� "�D' �� ,���' �� B);:3 ,�� .��% )M @�&7��� ��? "- .� N��#� *)�:3 O&><�%

3�)$���� ��� �� �$��� � "��L�� �� �� "�'�%�� �&+� �#P)1' �#� "�)��? � !#=�� "%#�QR )��J (:� �%��%4 S��/I �315�� .�P� .�%���J � �0#��5 �&#T� ,��#�' !�� �����

* ��)D'�% ������ ��H? ��D'�%4 ����/= � ������? A�V3 �� �� � ���D'�% "�#�� ?A�V3 ? �#��&')4 6&X#�� ?([email protected]

** ������ ��H ��)D'�%? ��D'�%4 ����/= � ������? A�V3 �� �� � ���D'�% ?"��� ?A�V3 ? [email protected]

*** �� �� ������ �1�% �&PD'�%? ��D'�%4 ����/= � ������? A�V3 �� �� � ���D'�% ?"��� ?A�V3 ? [email protected]

��3Z� �% 5�� :24/12/1399��3 ?Z� bR,� :02/03/1400

Copyright © 2018, This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits others to download this work, share it with others and Adapt

the material for any purpose.

Page 6: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

260 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

d���� � �+' ��� �%�$��� �� �� �� "�'�%�� ? �&+����� �� "%� ���#��� � � �� .�� ��!�� ��? �� ��� K���J � 8���� �� �� � �% ����"�/� �'�V .L�#� �1<�#=

�� 6�e� .%&= �� �%�% G&� %&< ���A)5�1� ;);� �&�

�.�"�-/� �: ���? �$��� �� �� "�'�%? ����? ������ .�� ��

1. 2��3�

»��M« �%"-M �� ��� ����#'� � #LA� ?hV#M ?@��M �' #�� ��#�- G%�#7 S�#�� � �% (F)�e��� » �%&#�' �5�� ����� � ���� "��� �� ��M �#'� « ���#E��)1394 :33 G&#�E� .(

� @�%&#�&� #;�< �% �#'���< �#� #�� �#)�3 � ��;3 "��� � ���� ����% �'���<�� @�i�� �� �� S&�� �% ���� ��j . �� �%� ���? �� �'���? �#)�;3 � @�#��:� �'���

. �� �/L� !)�3 � ��;3 �� .+'���� �� ����'� B�C k���� �)H*�= �� ��#7 �% �#� �� ���&� %&= .��% �%4 "�1��� �� ���� ,�&�- �� ���/' 2�� .� 1=� �� ���J ���� #��%

S&P' ?l��� "&I? �;)�&� �»�%��- �� !�m ���� ���P� "�&� �� �#� #�� �%&� B#�C�� !)�� "- n�% �� n #5� �'�#/)� @�#)� � %#P� .L�#� �'�&3 �#�« L&#L) 1368 :8 .(

"�&<� �0>L� L��� �%J 52 "�&� �� %&<@�)$��� � ���� �#� "�)� �#'��%: » �#�� �% �#���.##� �##+' �� ��##� ##�� �'�##��R "&##I ����� �% �L�##�1� �##+' .L�##� �##� %��##�)VKL� «

"�&<�) ��0>L 1372 :175�� !�� .( %�01�� "&�'4 �% �� �#��� �� �� #�� "���� � "������ �1� ������ ��7"�D' �� ����M� *7� ���� .��%4 !)#�� ��� #� ��#��M � .+'

�� ��M ��3 s� �% ;);� �� � �� %)H? 6�#e� �&7 �� h:� )��� �� �� @��V� ������R � ���� "�#�'� �� ���� "- �#��% �� �#� �#� �&#7 !#�� .�#��� �)#��J �#� h#:� *#;�

!=�� �� 5���% �� �'��� tL�M !�3 �� � %&= �)��J "-? �#���� ���M u)#7&3 �#�)VKL��� 0��5 �% .%&=J �'��� ���� �� �� !�%�#�' @�&7 ��#� �#� u)#7&3 � @�%#P� .L�� ����� S�+' �% .L�&� V�' ����&C �1�� �V3�� �5�� �1<�=�� %&=.

)�� 8��� @�)$���J S&��? �� �v��? ,�#�� �#� w&#�� S&#�� "&#I ?2x#�� ?@ ��#��@���7? �/� �� . �� @��P3 � �� S&�� !�� �% *;� �� �)H �R �&�� u��y �� "�&3 .%#�

���� .�� z�V� ��;'�%�;� <�= � �K? %����? F�&'�? O�&< � F�&'� �5���%� �#'�. !#�� �#�&3�� u#��3 ##�� %���#� �##� � ##�� �� #3�5 �##�� ? #�� �##$��� .#�� �##�;� %���#� ?!

���� 6&C �� ���)j 5�� NM���% �� ��? {�? B��? �� 5�� � � #�5 B#�C"%���)R "��� ���� ��;�. ��

Page 7: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 261

|C ���� ����� "�D' ������ ��}- �% �#� ���#��� l�:7� �� ��% �� Q#R �v#����4 "- �� ~)� ?S��/I ?�#=�� �#�1� �#��� 6�#��� �:K�� ��VL�j ���� .�� �� ��

u;� t)�3 �% ���T5 S�P�� � 6��=� t)�3 )H�% A3 � �#�i �#� @�#) � ��#�� �#'� �'%&� Q';��%&V/�) 1391: 63.(

1<�= ����� = � �%��1<�� �&�� %��%�� �� �#� � #�03 B�C *#;� �)H��#� �%�/� � ��� s� 0� 5 ��� �� �)HJ ��% ��� �% �� ���� �� �% �#�- �#$��� . "�#'�%

�� �� ���� � ���;� F&' �%� �� �� �1�'�% �'� ���;�� %���� 5�� k#<? 9K#�? �"- � �� .�� "- �� �I��)%�'& �% "- �&>3 ��� Q0'� �%� 5� .#/5 � "%#� #��� �

���J ��� k< 5��? 9K�? .��? �*�= ��� ���� �� �� "- �� �%�&<�'&)R �#�>� Q�� �� ����*��M �� n�%.

*7����J "- �7�< ?@�)��� �#� #�� �#��� � l�#�� ?%��% ��� �� B��3 �I �� S��? �L��3 ���< <�= � ��� � .�� t�C "%� #� !�� �% �� .#�� �%

�#)'��� � �#=�� �#K< ��&H �I� ���D' �� .�� �% !�� Q�� � �=�� �%�' $��� �)#�� �#��� �%�#� �� %#P� @�&#;�� � �#/L� .#�� �#� "- �� �#� �� �'��%' ����

"�&<�) �0>L� 1372 :127.(

��1=&' !�� �%? ��- ���� ��� �$��� "��L�� � "�'�%"����� (#:� ? #��� � �#����� "- ����� ������ �% ���� � �+' @�&7 ���� �� ���� %&= �#���� F&#$&� .

!�� �% �1=&' �% ���� ����� S&/0� !15���� �� ������ �� �#� #�� #��� t#'���@�&7 ���� @�&7 "��� � . �� "- ���y !�� 8���? �� #� ��- #� � �#$��� ?"�#'�%

�01� ��% +'�� "�&4 *)�:3 ��� � �0��5�= ���&<.� . !)#I? "&#I �3��&#$&�&:'4 F&$&� !�� �� �)}�3 � "������ �� ���� ~'�% 6�;1'� % #�� �1=�% ������ �'�� �

������ ��}- );5&� . �� +'�� A)' ��� "&�� �1=bH �% �1�J �#� #�� �%&� ���y���� �� !C�� �% "�/R �1;);� ����% �� ���

2. -5-6� 7-38)

�% l��~��vR �� �� � � ��� w�V3�� ��'��� ��� S�P'� �� ��#= �#� #����� ��#�' �%&##� A##)' ~��v##R !##�� '���##��� � �##� �##'� ~)1397 �% �� ���%##RA�� "�##��� (

��� ���� �����7�%� �'�. ~��vR BVC "�D�� ���#� ���%#RA�� �0#��5 !#�� �% ��

Page 8: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

262 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

�;��;� � �'�����' D� 2���1� n��%� � "��� �% �� �� �� � �PH �L�#�3 ��? �%�#� �� ##�� .L�##� �� . ##�� ���##< �'�##�'� �%�##� �� ##��% �##D��vR �%)1399 ( �'�##V�

�1�� �1<�= ���� �� �)L��1� ��� �% ���%RA���� �� #� ���%#RA�� ? #��� �% .����� ��1<�� ��&1�� �1�� �V3���� �%&=�� !)�� *)L%? �#V3� � �%&�#7 �)#� ?!)��#R

-�J ��V3 �% �D��vR �% ��V� . ���� 0#��5 �� �#iA� �� ��� ���� ��� O&><J �� �� �5���� �� �#�� !#�� �% � �� �03 � 6��1�� ��� �� <�= "- �� %&>;� ��

�1�'�% �+' ��� ����% �� %&=O&>< !�� �% .? ���V'�&�4 �+' *;� �� �&#� �#�4 ��� *;� ��%1E)�-�� �� ��j ?F&$&� +'? .�'��% �%�)� @��03 %���� �

�� � � ��)�� ~��vR BVC )1399 �� "�#�'� �#� #�� !#�� �+' ��� 2�� ( ��H- �)=� � ��A�� B��;� %&= #�� �#�A�� !�� .��� B� 5�� �� ��� �C�#� �#'� �% �#�

�15H ��M ���y S � DR � �'� �/3 "- <�#= �#� "�#�)�� �#� B#VC .�)#�� �#��&<'���##��� � S�P'�##� ~��v##R~##+' ##��� ?� I � ##�)' "�##�'� @%��##� A##� �A##)

0��5J �#� ��&#�� #;);� <�#= ��� �� ����� S���� � tL�K� �L�� ~#'�% �% .�#���'@��/� � 2� B��3 ��� �� *#�� ?#+' #)0)� �� !1=�%? %&#�� �% "�#�'� 2#>3 �

$&���&' . �� F& )1399><�% ( ��� ~P� �% ���� ��� �1�)I O& �#+' � #;);� <�#= )#�� �% �� �%��� 6�#�5� �'�#�� � �0��5 ~'�% �� �� �1=�% "��m�

�� �� ���H- � <�= �� "��'� @%��� %�#P�� �& �#� �#� �#� �&#�� !#�� . K#���J #���*��M ���DHA�� �'� ���M ��4 +' ��� � k��3 "- B��;� uD� �% ���� � � ��.

3. 7-38) :"�

,�� B);:3 �L�;� !�� �% ���$��� l&1�� N��� �� F&�� �&#� �% �� �� �� �� "�'�%4 .� � ���� (:� �� @�)$��� �� 6�>3� !)I@���7 �1<�%R �#��� ��&#1:� *)�:3 .�'�

&:' Q�� � ��� � @�)$��� t'�� ��4 �$��� %�&<� "�#'�% �#� �� #�� �#5� ���#� !�� %���1�% ������ "&I�L�;� �� . �%�%�� �� �#� �#��� "- �% J#��� @��&#$&� �#�

������ � ���y k�&3 %�&<� BK� � @�)$���%&= ,�� �#��)M +'�#� #�� � �% �#)�� � 1#�� �#� %�&#<� F&$&� �#D'�%�5 @��&#$&� �#� �#� Z���#3 �% %&#�&� ��#�

j)���R �% ���A)5�� ������ ��T5 "��- ��%R�)�� %���� �� % ���H �%�01#�� �#� .%&#= » 8�)M�� 0� � 2���� F�= @�$��/'�% � %&=� ��� :7)9 *�� �� "�#D' #�� �#�%«

Page 9: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 263

(Casakin 2012: 64) .&:'4 �� ��� ������ � S�j%� #��� (:� �% �+' @�&7J �#+'�$��� �#��� ���#��� ��#� ���R� � ����� (:� �� %�&� !�� F���� ��/'�% � �� �� "�%

,��%#R "- �0#��5 �#��� � �#+' �#�� �% ��� 1�� �% %&#= � ��#}- �% �&#K3 �#� . ~�A#H �#� � S #�� �$��� "�H�A� @�0=��� �% ���� ���� � �E���3 @��1����%4

S��/I �����3 P� .�%����$��� ?� �#��� � @�)#$��� (#:� �% �#� �'�#�L�� � "�'�%�� ������ � @���� ����%�% �i )��� "&I ?�'�"�&<� �0#>L� ? !#�� ?�'�#��&� �#�:� ?�)#�

S���� �% �7�< @�)$�����)j � �'�=�� �)D�� !��L����J ?�����#5 #>'&�� �#�&3�� �#� ���� B);:3 �'�� )�=� .�'�

&�9> 1. �@�A- � /����� /B C�0� D1��� � ��E' /�� " F'9�� 8�G2 � �'-�1 -" �� )(�9�-���

Page 10: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

264 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

9K� <�= 2�� ��� �%��)j � �D'�%�5� ���#��� ��#T5 ���� ������� �% . ����&3�� ��D��J �#� ���#��� #� F&#$&� � �� � �0��5 �&�� ����3 �% �������M � �15�� ? �� 8��� !��= #��� (:� �% ��� ������ � <� J �#��� � �#+'

./� �� �15�� !�3 B);:3 !�� ��� ���15�� . �1<�#= ~#'�% ��� �� �� +'�� ���� �� �%��%4 S��/I�3 �P� .�%����� K���J �#$��� � "��L�� ��#M +'�#� "�#�� �� #�� "�#'�%�%�% � �#� ���� �� <�%R 9K� � ������ <�= .�'� � �#��M4 � %�#� V#��:�J �#��A)5

�� �� �e1�� *)�:3 ,���' 2�� "�&��=. �� � 4. 7-38) <�"��

�% "�#�'� ��)' N5� "�A)� ��/'�% �� �'��% ~;' ������ }� %�P�� �% �%��� ��)�� *��&� );5&� !))�3 /��% ��:� ������ ��� "- ���% �� �#� ��/' ��� !1#�� J#'����

%��&� !�� �� ~���' �� :V3 ������ ��� �% .� �� ���#�3 �#� �#'�&1� �#��� ��#��� .�#�%��AH &< }� ���C �% %&�&� ��� �1#� �� ��)�>3 �� � %&= ���&� % #���� �� ��#=

���� �� �� �0)� � ��� ������� �� ���R �� �' M�� �}� �'���� }� !�� .%��- �#���'� ��� "&I � �1)�� ��)' "���� �1#�� #�01� %&#�&� "�&� #�� A#)' �� �#1)0)� ��#)'

!#�� "���#D��'� � �0#� 5 #��� "&#I �#1)0)� �#� �� �1� ������ .%��� 2C� �� u�1E� *i��� �% �1Dj- !)��� »� *)L% !)�� �� l�#K< �� �� �#� �#� %&#=

�� S�&M �� "- ������� ��� �DE� «)�=�%�% � �V�� 1399 :287.( �#� ������ "�&#� � �� �� %��% �&�� =� %&< �� �� �1V� �15�� � ? "�%�1#�� �� �15�� #�

�� �� �%�/' S�' ��� �� "- .�'�

�� !)��� !�� ������ � � �% "&I�V7J #�&�� � )' ;� "- �&�� � �'�5� .� ������� ;);� s� u�1E� �&�� � �1�� �bR�'�� ���� l� �#� �1��� ?�'��

� ������ � �� �� A� �A)I �� ��&1�� "- �V�J �� #�� 5�� %&< ���� �)' "������ � ����)R) 1399: 73.(

������ � ������� !�� �% ��� <�= "- �#� #��� #����� � B��#;� @�&#7 J ��� (:� . �� )����� ��� ������"�/� �% ������ �% ���� �)��� "�#�� ����

�K�� ��� *�� �� )V< � .)�� ���< �� �1��� . �� �/L� ;);��%� .#�� �� �� .�#'��% #;);� #=�%� �% @�#�&��� � @�%&#�&� �#� �� �M�;:1�� � �&�� t3�� ��

Page 11: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 265

»������ 1=bHJ �� �� ./�� ���&�� "��� �� �)H����&)= � �� 3 ��� �#� � .)� !15H��#� �� �%&� "���'�% ���� � ��03 S�+' �% "- O�< F�&'� «L&L) 1368: 41.( S�&#M �#���

�� }� ������R � ���C ���� ���� �V�� (��� � +' "- "��-�� %&= #�� �� �� ������ ��1���� ��� �� 3 .%���

5. ����� " 2�� ���� �� �� !����

1.5 F'9�� �� ���>H�1 9�G� ��I9A" -"

�'���&��)=&� �� � ~'�%2� �#��� .�#�% ~��A#5� l��� � ���� �� �� !1#�'�%����'� "�)� k���� *�= � �� �� ��)#�� � �#;�3 ���#$ #�� ��#= �#5�� . .#/� �� !�#3

2� � @���7 %���� �% ���� �� �� ���%�&<� s#�� �#� �#/3 *i�#�� �#<� *#�k< ����)j ~� �#� ���HR � #'��%J #�� #��} �#� �#� #����J .�'�#�� ���#� 2#��%?���� O&>< 3, ��� H��-%�? 3M�)B? 3 ����! *i��� �#��� J��� '%�&� #)��

l�:7�2� i��� ��J ,�� ��� � �M�5 � �%�� "�� �� �%&� "�D�� +'�� .!�� � 8�#��? ,�� ��� 3��� �� �� V�'1=bHJ �% ������-� �$��� "�#'�% #R~) ' %�#/ #��% � � �#< ,�� ��� 3 �� %&�&�:>)9 �%� 3 ����& �� �%�% .» #/��% .L�#� !#�� �#���� *#)L%

�� �� F&$&� !�� B�< �� s��'�V� �,�� � ��� ��&1#�� M% �) #;� #��� *i�#�� *#� �5� "�)� ���� �� �1=��' %&�� "�'�% «) �'���&�1380 :47 �% �<� �1=bH �% .( ��#}-

~;' �<� �� %&< �#�� ?�#'%&� �#1<�%R ���#��� �#'�� 2� �7�;� �% ���� ���� ����$��� ��� �% !�� �� ���}- .%&� ��= ,���' "�'�%

�� ��5� 3 ��:)* ����A��� 3�). ���?� ,�� �#�� M% #)B 3 �;� #V� 3 #�). 6��#=� ���� 7 �% @��� �5��= �� ����� s�� � �� #�! 3 #�)@�� I #��! � ,��1 @��#0

�i�����= �M�&� �% �� � ,�� ��7 l�:7� S&�' @��� #)A ���#=� #� �% #�� �#� . #i���J ,�� ��� E�17 �� u�� H ?"�"�A5� � %��- "%�%� '�1= �% l�E��k E�1 C u#� #��� �� ����% ?J ��� *� ��� %��4 � *i������ �� A)'�H1 , �� �%�%,�� . �#�� � #��� ���% �1=bH 7 l�:7� %A'� @��� �%&� S&��� �� �#��� 8�#��� ��V1#=� )#��03 "�&�

��= �5�� �� t'�� �� �)�&3 �� ��7�� ��� S��:1�� S�� � �#� #�� F&#$&� !#�� .��&3�� �� *#�� � +' �% .�� 9):7 .)��3 /� , 3 � �V�M "���� � ���� ?���� B�C

��� F&$&� �� <�%R /� ����� �� ��= �� t'�� �� ���� �.

Page 12: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

266 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

,�� ��� ���� �'���&�? �� .j� "- ��� ��� =- ����� C �� ���;J 7 *�� � #H"� ��H ? ��� ��)���� �1 @��0�� ��) @�)$��� .�� �%�� 3�). *#�� �% �#� �%&�'

������ I "���� �� %���' �#� �� .� ���=- t��� �'�&3 2#� �#<� �#� @�&#7 �>>E3�=�� ���&3) 1383 :94(.

�%;�CJ �% ���� �5�� ��������J "- %���#� /� ���� S�+' !))�3 �% ��7� �� �15H ��M +'��: *��V3 � �� �;�C � ��� ?6�����J #/� �#��� �� �%��

%���#� #/� @���#7 � 2� � @��&$&� !�� .)��3 � �'���< t'�� �� 9):7 ��� ���R� �% �� !)���� /= ������ �% ���� %���� �� ~E� "- ?S�%���5 �#)�� <��

"�)�% ?"����� ~;' |= �? F&#$&� !#�� . #�� �'��1<�� �&�� "���AH��� � �#� K#���J �5� � "�D�� !)� �3 )�D3 @���� t��� N)�� w�V3�� �#� #�� ��#= �#5�� "�#'�%

�� "����� Q)i� "����VL� �5���% � )L��5 NM���% . �� ?���#�� �#����� �3�V��:� ����D;' "��1<�� %��-� ?���%�? l�#�� � � ���% �% �L�#� �&#�� �#��5 �% �� <�#� "�#)�

�% ��3 � B)M�3%�&� �&�� !�� "������'��%�% ��M .)��3 Q�� � ����D� !� . �� »|K� � N��� (��V� "�='��1V�J .���%���� J��� �#��&� �#��� 6�#��� �% �'

| #7� �% �� "�D�� �V�M ���� �� �� ��= �5�� S �� "�/� �% ���� ���� ~'�% z�V� �H�'� � ���� ������ � 1�� �����J �� "�D' �� �� ��% «) �#=��I �'���M-1385: 7 .(

�� �� ,�� ���� ���%&�' 6��=� �� �� ���*��M �i��� "������ � 2� ��� Q�L #�% � ��? .� "&I F������� �� @�#V}� ��� !�&' � )#TMJ �&j�#e)58 *#�� �%� #iQ) "�#���VL� .

»|C ~�5- ��j-� �� �%���� ���� ,�� ���% "��#;3 � ���M L�� �� %&� ����"- ~;'�� �� �� 6�� �� ��"��% ���� �� �%&#�' ��&R � ��m- #��) « �'�#�M 1371 :61 �� .(

����K< *)L% �� �:K#� =�%� �� �� ���� *i��� �% ������ 2� "&I ��7 *��,�� � � ��"�� �$��� ��� �5�� "�'�%��% . ��

� +' t'�� �� ��K;� �% ������RJ )� /� �%�� %������ %���#� � *#�� �#� �� ��= !)P��� K#���J �#$��� t#'�� �� �#��� � �%�#;1�� ��#����� "���#�� "�%

� t��7 �� ������� *#�� � #+' �% #��� � 5�� �� �1Dj- .)�� �� ��= �� ��= �'���&�) 1389: 116.(

!))�3 � ��7 9):7 <�= 8���� ���� ��������J 2#� "�V��#7 �� ,�&�- � "�#�� "�#�)�� #T:� �� #+' ��M �% ��� .��3 � ��)L% �� �� !)�� .���� 6�;1'�

Page 13: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 267

!�� �% "�'- @���� �#$��� ���#��� � /� �%���#� @��&#$&� �% "���#��� � "�#'�% �5�� *�� ��M �% �����%� . ��

G�#03� !#�� . �� ��= �%�% F&$&� !�� �� �� �� ���' ���� � 2� "�V��7 @���������� 2� "�V��7 � "��L�� !)� » %�P�� tV��K���J � �#+' S&#�� "�#)� ���:1#��

� ������ �v�� �% �% ��7&>E� ������ ���5&�= ��#= ���#��� �#P� .#/' �3 .10� "�� �� «)&�j�� t)P' 1389 :132 @�)#$��� t#'�� �� ����� � �%�� @�)$��� <�%R .(

5�� � ��� t'�� �� u)��3 !))�3 Q�� � �� #/� �#��� �+' ��� �% ���= �ED� �� "�D�� �+' ��� ������ *�� ��� �� "- .)��3 #�� #�� !)#� �#'&)R Q�#� .

~'�%���� J��� �$��� �+' � "- O�#< )��3 � ~'�% ������ ������ 2� �� "�'�%. �� �%�% V�' "����� � �� » �� �#��� ?2#� �#� %&#< ��)��3 @���� �% �#� *#)L%

����'� � ���H- ��� � 5�� �� ���� � �+' ��A1�� @�&7 O�&< � �� 6��#=� � ������ �� *;� t'�� �� S #�� �%&#�' �5�� Q� « "�#<) ��#�:� 1371 :13 !#�� #� .(8���? �� 6&>� �'��� �'���&� +' �% ��� �� <�%R �1��% /� �� ���� #���J

�� �+' �%�� � �'��� � ���� �L��3 �&�&:'4 2#� � @���#7 �#� �#i��� �#� @�&#7.�=�� ����

2.5 �!��1 ��I9A" -" F'9�� ���1 -��

.�� � %������ �#� *#)� �� �#0��3 � #�� ��#= .)#�;3 �#��� � �+' �%�� �% �� �#��� �#�� �� ���� �+' ��� *��V3 Q�� � +' �% ���� ���� <�= +' ��E�

��� /� ��)�3 � �%���� ��/'�% � � ���� *)� .�)��3 ��� <�= �� �#� ��)��0� S��3 �'�&1� "- �� "��'�"- %&�� �� �� @�)#$��� �% �#� � �%�#� �#��� "�#��

�� ��= ��} :�>� �15�� �P�� � �� +' Q�� � %��#� B#VK� ����< S���� �N$� � %�P�� �� � "- �� ����< S���� �%�� ���� @�&7 )��5 �#DE�. » �#��� *#)� ~E� �R *��=�� @�&7.�� <���iQ) "����VL�? ���� !))�3 .�� *#)� .�� ?S���� � ?��&P' @�-��y�� *)� .�? ��A�� ��)� .�� � N��7 �#� �#=�� « �����#5)1382 :183(.

�#$��� ���� )��3 � ~'�% ?���� *)� (:� �% � #��� *#�� "�% �%�01#�� �� ��#� �#� ���$ 2� "�V��7 �� .)��3 /� �� "����� ��� �#'�%. » (#:� !#�� � �%�#V�

��#7 @���;� � t#)33 � F�#$�� � 6��#=� � S�#��� %�&#��% � #�� �#��� �'�#�

Page 14: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

268 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

����'� �)H "- ���� ����15� �� «) �i�#�m�1377 :27 .( �#��&M #$���� �#��&M� %P� �#' ?�� "%���� "- �� � ��)��3 ����)'�D'�% ��� 2C� .�� . �� N'�&� "%� !#�� .#�� *)�

��)� � ��)��3 ��� "�D' � �� �� ��% � �'&�I� �;� .)��0� "�&3� #$���� S�#��� �% ���)VC ���=- 8&�:� �%��% �� *)� . �<�= �#� .)#�;3 :%&#= �%�#� *#)� #��� �#��

"�)� n1D� � )��3�� �% ����;� � V� � �� ���� � l���4 �� "- � *)� �#��� ~'�%��� �� ���R�J 7 k�&3 �&�� ~'�%t�� �#��� �#� %�&#<� �% #��� #/�

�5�� ���� %������= ��. » �%��)��� ��#7 �#� �&�� �� �#��5 �� ����#TM �#')H N��� :3 ��)��3 ���TM� ����= ���� �1�� � �'� «)�����5 1348 :247 .( � %#0� �&��

����R�'��� !)'�&#M �% ���#� � �&>:� �1#�� #)�� t#)33 �#�� #�%- !#�m �% ��� �� 1��7 @�&7 �.� "&I %�P�� �+' �� ���� @���7 ��% � ������ #�� �� �#DE� .

���� ���)M)j @���7 �% %&�&� 5 �� B�C �#� �#��� ~#'�% �)H��#� ��#�- #�% . ���% 8�)M )���� "�A)� �% ��7 F&' �% !�� A���3 ��� "- �� �C � �#� )H��#��

��� �� �� ~)� �� ���� ��7 ��)M 3� � � �� !)'�&M �� F&�� �. ,��� . #�� ���� ~'�% � �+' ��� "�)� *���3 ���� �� <�%R )����� ���

�% �����K���J �#� %��% %&#�� �0��5 .)��0� � ���� "�)� » "�#)� B#)�� ��#'&)R 0#��5J w�#V3�� !#�� �� �� �� �>E= !)1�E' �����5 � �� �� �� "��3 �% ������ � ����

)��D� �� ��)DE� «)6�1'��� 1385: 76 (:� �% .(5�J ?�0#��5 "�)� V�' ���������� ��7? "�)� �� ���V�� �� �%��� ���1=�% %&�� O&>< !�� �% �'��&3 � �#� �=��

~E� �%���J �� �%�% Z��R F&$&� !�� �� ��� �+': » %���#� :�#>� �% )��3���J %���#� #/� �3�)$��� � �%�� #�� ���#� 2#� �% « �����#5) 1382 :234 .(

�V� A)�3 � �)ED3 �+' ���� ������J � ������G&� �V� �� "- "%�% �#��� ��#��%P)1'J ����&�, �+' J��� J'��� l�� � "- ��� #��. » �#V� �#+' �#��� ��#�

�#= �#C&�� �&#�� �% �� F&#$&� �#1)�m �#��� "�&#3 �� �� ���� �H �% ���� *�%%H «)���E�� �/M 1396: 47�V� .( � ��#= �%�#= �#��� ��#7 ������ ���� ���

�� �� "- ��&���.)�;3 �%�=� �'�)� S&�� t3�� �#��� *#)�:3 �% �#��� J#V3� .�#'� /��%���� #�� ��#��R %�#� #)j � %�� �� �� �� �1���� �+' ~E� �� "- "�= ����) 1367: 132 .( #V3�J �<�#= �� �#<� �% �#D�� ���#��� �% �#��� ���#7 ��#�

�� �%�= ��� "- J3 �� %��% S&�� �%���� �;VC �� ���< � %&= S&#�� �#��� ��#�' �)!�� �)ED3 . �V3� �� �V� �� �#�/� J#1�' %��% �#��� J#V� �#'&�I ���� �� ��

Page 15: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 269

. �� » V�' �� �����5���� J��� �����J �#+' �� ��;� ?(#)� !)#�� �� � �#1<�%R #�� �%&�' .)�;3 ��� � ��� t��7 �01� J'&H �% � �� �+' *;� «) ��#5 1388 :

46 �#$��� @���#D� �#� ���� *)� l���% A)' �����5 @�)$��� � ���� }� �% .( �#� "�%�iQ) �$��� �� ��= ���=� ��)��3 ���� @���� �% ��VL� *)� �� ��� ���� � "�% � �#��

s� @�&D� �% %&< �� ��%P)1'J ��)�� �� <�� .�'�

3.5 ��I9A" -" F'9�� ��=1 ��8'

���� �$��� S&�� �� �� ��= �5�� ��*��� F�$�� ,�&�-w&K< 6��#=� ? |&K#� ?�%�;� S�K:'� � ��. ���� �%�� ��� �� %�&<� �%"��� � 6��1�� �% J��% ��#M 6��

� %��% �0C�� 7�� �%&/= � �� ���/3 ~;' !))�3 ��� �� �'���' �#��� �#+' �#�� �% . *;� H ���� ~'�% ���� %�&<� l���% � ���� ���!))�3 ��4 #�� ���� <�= .

»�+' @�)0)� ���� �% ���� .)�>3 �)���4 *;� �� �� �%��#:� �� ��#� �%&#�� ��H- %&< �10=-� � �� %%H «)!�� �)� 1375 :167 � �#��� �0)� �%�;� <�= /� .(

���V�� <�= �;);� ��� �� ����D4 ��m #�� Q#R ? �#��� O&#>< !#�� �% �#� �%��)� ##) F&##$&� �##� %�&##<� . ##=�%� S�##H##���J �% @�)##$��� �##�;� � �##;K�

*� �*>5 �#�m )���#3 �% )0)� � ��= .)�;3 *�� � +' �% ���� @�%��� "%� .L�� +' �% ���� �%�� ���� *� � 6��1�� . �� 8�= J)TM �#)�3 k#;5 ����

"- ��7� �+' l&I��/I � ��M�� S���� � ��X�� .%��% �)#TM � » �)E#D3 #)��� ~;' �� ���� BK� �% ���� F���� !�� � ������%J 6��!�� �)� �% �&#�4 B#K�

��) «� !)�� �&�D� 1383 :123 �#� F&#�� �� .( "-#M �#� l�#�� .#�� �� �#�� "�&#�~E� ��7 ��� 5�� �$���. �� ��= �

@���7 �% ���� ~;' � �>ED� �)��3�� �v�� �#� �#+' .#�� "%�A5� �% ������ �� ����'&H��/IJ S&P' ?���� ?l���? �% � %��% �;)�&� ����J @���7 #K���J

�� �##+' � �##��� S&##�� "�##)�*##��M E##D3�##�� �##�m ~##'�% 8�##��� �) %���##=����) 1387: 214.(

���% "����� 2� �% ���� ~'�% ��� �%1�H �� "- � #�� �&>1� l��� .�� �� 3�1=� �� �5�� %��1� ���%���� �� ���� �� �%� #<�%R �% . #�� �+' ��� ����)' ��

9):7 B�C �C /� �)��3 � ~'�% ���� �+' ����� �#� ��= �5�� ��� "�&�

Page 16: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

270 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

"�&1� JP)1' �� ���� *�� #� �#)�� !#�� �% .%�% /� ))�3 B�< � �'���< :�>� �% ��)#�3 ��A#�� <�#� �% � �'��'� �H�'� �% %&�&� 2� �L��3 �% ���� ~'�% %����

.� � ���� !)I�� ��� ��)�� @���=� � ��= �)��3 <�� !5 �% "- �)H�����&3�� �#� ��)��3 @���� ��� %&< 0� �% �D)�� �H�'� F&'� �% . ���%���� J��� �� �3��#/�

�5�� ��)VC � �$��� ~'�% !)� n1D��%� ���� . �� �)� <�� *�� "- s��

<�=J �#+' *#;� � ��� ����� ��� �% �� �� @���7 �� w�V3�� �% ���� ����� �#H �% �� ~#'�% �% #� !1#=�% � �%&#�' .)#�;3 �#��� ���� %���� �% ��� �

�� �%5 � ��� t��7 +' �% �� @�)$��� �� �'�%�� %�#� � l��� %�� @�&7�'��� ���)j 3�H) 1375: 51.(

�15�� )��3 � ~'�% �#��� �#+' ���&M *)�:3 /�? �#$���? ��#0�� �% ~#'�% � %���#� /� 9):7 ���� �#� �#��A)5 �#��=��A�� � .)#�3 @�&#7 #��. » !#�� �)#�

�#$��� �#��� @�#�+' �� #��C� �#� S�� �� ������ ��� "�H���R� �� m&<�#� "�#'�%�� �� �%�=� ��� �� .L�� �% "�D�� �� �� .L�� +' �'�&3 *��#V3 �%���� F&$&� �� *

����' «���C � ����') 1392 :87 �%�� +' �% ���� .(�% @�#)0)� � @�)�� ~E� �% �� ��= �5�� �� #��� t��#7 �#�m )��#3 � ~'�% �� ��)' �P)1' 6&>� /� ��

�$��� t'�� "�% ������ . �'�%�� S�#j%� �Hv�� "�&� �#+' J#��� � �#0)� � �#��)�� Q�� .)��3 ������� /� ���� ��� �� "��%���� J��� *#>��� #���J 2&#7

. �� *�� /�

4.5 ��I9A" -" F'9�� ��/ �K �L!�

� ��= G&5 �0��5�T5� *�0��5 � �T5 G&5���� � ��= *��'�� .� @%��� �� ��� �#�@�&7 ��;� ��%�� �� ���� .� *#;� *#��M � #�� <�#= <�#= ����% �%�#� � �&�� �� �� B�C ��03� ��� *;� �)H����� �� �% �-� �% �� ���� . 1#�%J �#�;�

��� � .)�;3. �� ��=

���J ���� "- ��A�� � �%�;� �� <�= �� "�#�% #)+' ? #�� �#�� ����A#�� . Q#�L B�C �� n�% � .DI B�C � #���J �)j ��A#�� B#�C �� �#�;� #� �� ��

V�' � S&/0� � ��� <�= �� ��� �� ��)�/5 *;� B�C �� �� ����� %&= #�� )"�&<� �0>L� 1372 :146(.

Page 17: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 271

���J ��;� *#;� ��#���A�� � *#;� s#�� �#� � %��% ����� S&/0� � ��� <�= ���� *7�� %&=. ���) �� (:���;� J��� �� �&#�� ./5 �% @�)$��� ~;' � ������ tV�

�� �v�� V�' � �&�� �'��� ./5 �% M% ����)=� !)��% .��� �? » � �#��R @�)#$��� �#�� 8�����)J S&���� �v�� N��#7 ?2x�� ?@ ���� ������ ,��� �� w&�� S&��? @��#P3 �

�� «)�V�� 1363 :79(% @��/� t�� . B�C �� N��7 ����J ���*7�� �� � %&#= n 5� )}�3 )0)� ./5 �% "%�+' �� �;)�&� @�&7� ���;� J��� �� �#� �% �#�- �#�

�� %����%�&� BL�< �� 5�� t'�� �� ��� )�� �% � �% .���54 �� F&#' �#� y�' 66�� ��� �� �� ������% � �� �)� � @���#7 �% %���#� #/� ���� ��� � ���� .� %��% ��� ����54 � *#;� �#� "- �#� #5�� �#� #�� �#��� S�% F&' �� y�' S�%

.� )' ;� ��/' � �� w�V3�� �% )' ;� ��� /� �� �+' �#/L� 5�� �� *)'%��% B�C �� ����;� J��� *7����= #�� <�#= !�3��� �. » �#��� �#� F&#��

��% ���%�01��4 ��)e�3 L�� !))V3 ��� ���� � %�� ��. �� « ��&<�#0L�) 1381 :192 .(���� "��� ���� � �� *;� .L�� �� ��bH H #�� 6&#;�� .L�� �� 8&�:�. » #���J

8&�:� ��<�� � ��7 � ~�5- ���� � ���J 6&;�� ;�&S �5 � �#�5-4 .#�� � A)' �%� ���� ��� %��� �� n�% Q0' �&� � ��� �� «) "�&#<� �0#>L� 1372 :231(.

���� .�� ��j�%��- B��#;� �% *;�3 � �03 ��� "��'� !1<�� #�� �#� *#���1� |��&=% .L�� !�� n3 ?��? %�'&)�� �L�� �'�H�'� �� @�&;�� .L�� �� �'���- ���� �� �.

�% +'���J 8&�:��� �D)R �% @��/� �� s�� �� �% +' � �� #���J 6&#;��� %���� O�&< <�= �� 6��=� � @�&#7� � �#��5 O�E#=� @�)}�#3 @�#)0)� .#/5

���&< s�� "�H�'&= �% �;)�&����� .%J "�#�'� ���#� ��#� ���� 6&;�� � �#�~)� �I� <�= �'���< 3 �� ��� B�C ��. »���J L�� .�� n #5� S�#�3 �% .

"���� � t��&� � t#)�3 � ����� "- �#� s#� "��% �% V#�' ��#� #� #��% �%�#� � );)�&���� ���� �� ��= �%�/' «��&�) 1384 :68.( � #��� �#� �#��� �% V#�'

�� )V�3 ��7 "�)D��'� .%&=l���% J��� ��� ����� 8&�:��� @��#/� �#� "�)�� @���7 ����3 �% ���� Q)i� "����VL��� @�&7 �� ����. » �% ��#��� ��7 4#��

�%�)� ?���$ ���� ��7? �#$��� S&#�� F�#5 �� �� "- � #�� S%�< � �#� ���#=�%��- �'� «��&<�0L�) 1381: 192 ~#'�% �% #��� ~#E� �&�� � �%�� �&�� )��3 .(

� �$����+' J��� @���#7 %���#� #/��% �#��� �&�� )��3 � �� �#� JK#��� ~'�% ���� ����%���� J��� *�� �% �� �% .��)J k���� ��$�� "�'�% �4�&�

Page 18: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

272 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

������ »�� $&3 � N$�)9 %���� *i���� ��� �#1<�%R "���#��� u7 �#� �#'� 4&#:' � �%�� .)�3 4&:' �%�% |#= "������ ��� �� "���R � ��j- �#'�) « �1#D/� 1389 :124 .(

7�� � �%�=� @�)$��� *7� 2� %���� (��V� �% ���� 4�'��� � �#$��� S&��?F&$&� �� ���� �%�V�? �1�'�% *i��� � �� ~#;' <�#� �#����� @���#7 �% ��

�� �0�� �� ���A��� ��. �$��� t'�� �� �$��� BK� �#� "�%� #i Q) ���#��� �#��� � �#+' %���#� �% �#�VL�

�� �1�&)R ��&��s� ��% �� P� �� �����R "- �#��� S&#/0� �#� #)�� *#7� ���b#H ��. » #�� 8�#)�M� .P#R *7� �� �1� �� ���$��/I ���� ~��#�' �#�%4 � 6&#7�

��1<�� �% "���5 %����A3i @�#) ���#��� #��« ) �'��#�5 1380 :71(. » �#��� ,���15�� �D� �$��� @�%��� �� �%���� �� �% )�1� � %�� �% ��} �)'�&M ��� � �1#�� %�

� .L�� ��� �� F&$&� !��&M4 3 �� ��= 6&:� ����� ��0 «) #>' 1381: 78 �#V� .( 6&#7� �� ��#)R �#� SA�� !)I�- � ����� � �� .�� t'�� �� ���� ������ 8��� �

���� .�� .�1�� ~'�% !��t�� �=4 �#$��� ,�&#�- �% "���#��� ~#E� ����% "�#'�% #�� #+' �% #��� �#� A#/P� � �#;K� �#��� ����#TM @�V}� /� �%�� �+' �

.� �% ���� ���� ~E� !)I&:'4 �� � .)#��3 �% 9):#7 �)H��#� #i���J ���#R� �% "-. �� BL�< ,��- � �'��'� �H�'� �L��3 /� ������ ���

5.5 ���.�M 98��> ��I9A" -" F'9�� ��

%&< ���� ��� �% ����*�1D� �'�� ���5 ����J � ��#= �5�� @�C�E� � ��� 6��1�� ����)'�� � �% ���'�% � %< ���� �% ���� ~'�% . �� *�4�� S&#�� �#�)��3

�B�K� �%�;� �% "�)D��'� � >0� *#>1� � "%&�%��#�� #/� �� * "%&#� #��. » ��#= #�� �#��� �#�)��3 .#�� �#� �� ��� �I �� ��� s� ����% « �'�#=��)1389 :94 .(

���� ?l�#�� .#�M ��#/I *��#= � �#+' #��� �� �#iA� �%�#� �$��� ��/'�% ?����)�X ? ��#= B#;:� �%�#� �% �#� #�� %�� l��� .�� F&$&� . �� �;)�&� �

���� �+' ~'�% �% @��/� . ���� K���J ��#� , #3 � #��� #i���J &)#=4 �#������� �����)' N5� ��� ���� %���� �� . #�� ����� � �� #)�� �% �#� .L�#� t#'��

�$��� O&#><�% �#��� . #�� @�#)0)� � *#�� � @�V��:� � %�� @�&7 �% �� "�% ����% �bj�� @��)�3 ��&#>3 @�#)0)� �� @�)�� �� ���� �� �� �+' <�= *��#V3

Page 19: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 273

%&= � �� Q������ J��� ���. »���� J��� "- #��� � �#��� ~#'�% t#'�� �� "�&3�%���� �% "�= %��% �� @���7 «)�'��M 1368 :117 � b#j�� �% �#��� 6��#� �% .(

/� *�� �% �����%���� "�= ~'�% )��3 2� �% ���>3 �#$��� #)�m ��A5� "�%�� �#� #�� �'�#�� ���� ���V�� . �� ��= �5�� �1��� �&�� �� *��� )��3 �� �>E=

6���% bj�� �% ����*��V3 % ���� �� "�= *�� ��� #/� s#�A)5 �% #)�m ~P�.�=�� 1/� %����

���#��� �% �#$��� ~#'�% %���� ��'&�I �% "- �#� �1#���� @���#7 � .#� "&#I »�� �% � �V#��:� @�#M #0� �% ��#I B#�� � !)#�� ��3 "%��- &)#=4 F�#03�� !)#�E3

���� ���VH ?���� ���? ���� ?F M ��&�% ����� #� �#)�� 2�#=� � ����#'� s#� #��% ?V��:�J �� ��= |K� "���� ��� ��%�� {� «)����/= 1381: 149�/� �� .( �� �#)H

S5�A��� �AP3 ?�'��1<��J "- �� ���1#�% !���#3 �#� � !#��� ���� 6��=� ��� .+#� �A���� Q�� � ��= u��3 B)M% �&C » �#;VC �� ��)#�3 ,�� ?%���#� ?��#� �#�? �

�#� "�#�H �� �1=��H �� "- ���� *��� �'����#� !)#I %�#P�� �� �� 2�#� %�� #�� �%&#� ���#��� �% �A#�� S#5 �#+' ��1<�� �5��) « ��#� 1386 :142 (#:� .(

�+' ��M �% ��� 4�/�� �#$��� �#� �� .)�� .L�� � �� �#� �#���� �#� "�%���� �� @���� n�% �� +'�� �� :� �% � 9):#7 %���#� /� ���� �&�� )��3 (

�$��� ?��)��3 @���� �% "����� �� %��&� !�� .)��3 � �� ���� ��� "�%�� �� ���%��. »��)�� �/3 �)�� �% ���� %���� #�)' 2�#� �#� 6&>� ��� ��? �#��� �#���

�� 2�� %&< «��0'���) 1358 :15 �#' ���#��� �% ���� NM���% .( % �#/3 @�V#��3 � �% ���� ?|C ���T5�� J��� |&K� � ���� �)iA3 �����R �����%�� %&=. » ��#}- �%

�1� 6&7� �� �� �� ��=���V�� �� �3���=� A)' �� �1<�= #�� �15� ��� �� "- w#= �#�~'�% � )��3 "�A)� �� �1�'�% ���� �� ���� @�)$��� �%�� +' *��V3 �% ���� «

��&���H&R) 1387: 53 �% F&$&� !�� .(4�� �� � #�)' "������ ~'�% �#$��� d"- � "�%���� B�C . �� "��� ��� t��7 "%#� �#��� �% �#� ���#R� �% 4#�� �3 )�#D3

"������ "- ���AH� �� �� ���� "�H�#���' "�&� #����J ��� "�#� &#:'4 %���#� � .)#�3- �� �5� *�� �% ���� �� ���1' � �1<&������� �%���� ���� �� @�&D� �� �#� .�'�#D�

�#��� ~#'�% )��3 |&K� �% <�#=J %A#' �% *#VM �%�#V� �#� *#�� � #+' �% #����$��� �/� ��� .�� �� �� �� �1���� .)�� � "�% .�'��

Page 20: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

274 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

6. ?�� �� 2�� ���� �� ��@� ����� " 2A�B�C� �A8) �� A�� !����

��DE�� !�� ��

���� �� �&+� � �% �� "- �A�� ����? �#��� ��� �#� �� #���J �#/3 �1#�)j � ��#= �#/3 �1=�% *7� �% �� �;)�� ���� �� � �� "- �� �K:� � �%�� *�= �#� #+'

�$��� s� ���� "�'�% A�� . �� �15� �% �� ��V�J ����� @�#)�M�� 8&�:�� �#�)VKL� �� &< �%&�&� � �� % � %��% ;);� �� �/�� "��'� n��%� �� *;1�� ����R ���� ���#=

�� %��. »-�!) ���� *�5 �����R �� � ���� �� �� ��< .+' � ��'��- �� �#� ���#��� �� "- NV3 ��������� �� ��� �� �bR�' �'���= !#�� � �&1#�� �#��R �1#�� � « "&#H) 1384 :7 .(

���J �% �1�� "�/� S�+' ?y�#3 ?"��#;3 ?���#D3 !)'�&#M B#�C �� ~�5- ��P3 J<I������ ?6%��3 ?t��3? @�#�� � "�#/� ~�#5- �% ����#'� � .#+' %&#�� �#� "��&3 �

����3�A��� "�)� "�/� ~�5- �% ����'� � .+' .%��% ���=� .L�� @�m #)'�;� %&#�� #H���� �7� �% �L��3 . �� .L�� ���

���J �A�� 4&�� "�/)� �% t��3 � S�+1'� L��� �#� � #�+� � �'���< �#�'�� #� � �1#�� .L�� � �)VC ))� �% .+' �)� G��>� . �� .L�� #���J � �#���

� ��� � �0��5 �% .+' G��>�"-M ���J � *#C�� �#� uL�#E� � B#� �� ��� �0) �� �0)0�) 1380 :328.(

�&7 �� V�' �% ���� e��L� �� @�m � ���) � ��#M #��M %��% � �% S&#/0� N��#� ~�&< ��&T� �0)� �% S��3 t3�� �1�� �#)R �#� � �#�. » #���J ��#� �#��� 6&#;��

"��'� ���� ~)� �I� <�= � �� 3 #�� �'���< ��� ;);� «) "�&#<� �0#>L� 1370 :113.( �� �� �1�� "- �����= �� "�)�� ���� �� !1<�%R��' "&HH% AH� %&=.

B)0�3 � )�M�� @��01� t3�� "�)� w�V3�� "- ���� @��� �%� )����� � �'��� !�#3 �#� �� �� �%���� #�� ��#� "�&#3 %&#� *#i�M �#��� . » S&#�� �% �#��� #'�H��/IJ

�&j�e)5� � �#� �'���5 w�V3�� � �� �'���5 )��� ����% S&#�� �1#� "�#�� %��% �#V0L� � «)�� 1399 :254 �� (#�V� ���&#�� "��3 "&X= S��3 � �� �'���< �- ��P3 "�/� .(

%&�� B��;� tL�M �% �� �� �L&7�%��%. » )L��5 �#� �� 6&7� �� (�V� ��� �D� !��l���% ��� ?G%�7 S&��? �D)R � �� �� �=�� «) "&#H 1392 :66 "&#I ��&#�� ��#� .(

�� ���� )��� ? =� "�&3? �% � )+' �1��j � .#�� #� . #5H #+' "&#I �1#������� #�� ��%��� ��)VKL������ +' �� ���� �� ? » �#� �#� *#)L% !#�� �� �� �#'�&3 �b#H

Page 21: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 275

%��#� kV3#� 3�5 |&K� �� �� )�M�� �� �3�5 ��� ���HA�� « #>') 1393: 173 .( @�#)�P3 �� ���)#�� %&�� �� ���T5 6��=� �� ���� ���� �#� %��% w�#V3�� �1#�� @�m

�� !�%��' �K;' �� � �T5 F&$&� N�� ?(�e� .%&=? "&#I �#��� !�%�#�' 6��#=� ��% ��'���5 @e� ����% ����&�V3 ?%���� �'�� ?���% �� �#� �#'� #L&;�J ���#< �#��� @�#��

��' .�'&= ���� .�� ��M�� �>M %#5 "�'�#�� #5�� �#� �% � #;);� #��/' #�� ? %��% �C�� %&�� �� �A)I �� 5���»���� �/3 "�% �� �� �#/L� #5�� �V�� %��� �'�&3

�'&= «)"&C 5� 1380 :231.(

»� �% �� ��� 6&7� � �'�/)� !)'�&M �� �� ����&M ����% �1� �&#�4 @�&#7 �#��� �� ��� %�� «) "-�&=1394 :44@�&7 .( A�� �'��� 8&�:� ����� K#���J �#� �#���

.);1�� �� �� �� BVK� �%&/= *;� �� ��� !�3���M4 �#� )�V3 8&��� �)VD3 � �#�8���'� !�3��% �� �1�� z�V� "- 8���� !#�� .%��% y�#3 8&#�:� .L�#� �% %&#< ���

���� � �� �� � �% ����M��&��� .#� #� �)��3 #� ��1#�� �#� J#��e� ���#y �#���� K���J � ;);� � �C�� ���&��� ��% � �)��3 F&$&��)� . #�� #� "%&#�» "�#)�

�% �� �;��;� � �� ���=- "��� �1� � �% �� ��&7V3�J y�#3 �'��% ��M @�&;�� �� ��M� «)@��/��&� 1392 :8(. � �1� ��� ��e�J "-�� �� ������ �#1V� #� ~#'�%

<�= �@�&7 �� ��&�� � �� �1���� �� @�&7 �� #� �% �#� ���#��� #�� #� .�� �� ������ �� �% �#��� � ��m S�� @�&7 #'��J ,&#;' � ���#��� ��#T5A3i �#)

�� @�&7 O�<�� J��e� �� �� @�&7�� "�&� �#� �#;�3 ���#P� #;);� ��#� �'&#= �% ��7�V3�J ������ ��T5 tC�E� .�L��3�� H�'& �� �#� �#��� !�%�#�' "�#�� O�#<

�� B��;� !�� �� �� �� "&�' �#� �� @��&#$&� !#�� .%&#= �% "�&#3 #��� J �% �� #�� #��� ������ %���� #� % ~��#�' .%�#=� 8�#;� �#� �� "- � #� �% @�&#7 �

���##����� ##�� �##'�%��� B��##;� *##�:� ##�� �%��% B##��3 �##�� ��##� �##� . !)##I�Hv�� ���� }� �%���� �� ���� .� �� ��� �%5 ~;' �#�P3 �� #}� ���#V�� � �#'� ;);� "�/� �� .�'�%H ����� � .L�� �� �� �% �� ��#�P3 � �/�A3 4&)= #i���J ~#;' ?

S5? �% ��1<�� ��:'�� �� �� ������ ��)1<�%� ��� �H%1�H � �� �&)#= !#�� �)H��� � @��� *��% �%�� �� ������ . �� �� #�� ������ �#� "�&#� 8�#;� �#� ��

.)��3 �� *7�� "- %&/= � ��< ��'��� ����% "�= � %&#= » ��#� �% �#)�&3 �&#� �&7 �% �>� *)E3"&H�'&H �#� �&#�V3 �#��� �#��� «) � ���#�� "�#��% 1399: 486( �

�&� ������ �% ��� �� �� ���R �� .%��-

Page 22: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

276 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

��RJ 6��=� �A�� ������ %� @�&7 !�� n��%� . �� �A�� ��� �#'�&1� �&�� !�� ���� � "���5 ���%���� �=�� �1=�% �'���� V�J �#0)� #� �� #�� ���#��� w�#V3��

� ������ ��T5 S5 .%��% ���� 6��=� � ,&;'�� ��� �% �15� � �� #�� ���#��� ���� .�� ������� �� �bR�'�V� . ������ ���� �% �������'�4 6��=� ?S#5 ?

,&;'? �V� � �A�� @�V��3 !)'�&M �% "- �0)� ��� � "�#)� @�#�� �&#T� "- �#� �� �0)� ��T5 %�P�� B�C �������&�� �� H .%&= #}� #�)�� � �A�� ���� �0)� ���

������ �C�� ;);� �� y�3 �% �� "- ���� ��M 6�)< �&�� .L�� �% ��% #�� !#�� . t�&��� &= %.���� ��P3 �A�� �&7 tL�M �% ���� 6��=� �3 ./� �� ���A�� !�3���� ������ � �% �� �� �� t��� ?N�� ?(�e� ?���% ?k< ?�K;' �� "�&3? �#��?

���$�I � ���=� ���%.

1.6 '9��# F�$�

���J �� 6�� ���� �K;'"- %��1�� �� �� k< %��1�� �� � .#P� 9K#� �� � 9K#� k#< %�P���� %&= ."�&<� �0>L� %��1 %�� ?@��� � �K;' A�� ��2 %�#� ?k< A�� ��3 A#�� ��9K�? %�� �4 .�P3 ?.P� A�� ��? �%�� .�� � �5����% �'� . 6��#=� %�#P�� �% �#K;'

%�� %�P�� �% s� �'��� ���� �� �.� "�I %���' �iA� s� ��K;'J �#iA� A)' ��;�%���' . � %�#� *7� s� . �� ��)VKL������� ��� � �)�&3 .�� �� 6�7� B�C %�� .��

�� %�� ~���)R z�V�. �� ��DI� s� �� %���� J�� � �#')H �#� �&#� #;);� F&#���� �� �#� �C�� � ���y *�= �� ���� �� �1�� %���� !�� � .�#�% 4�#'��%��% �#K;'

� )���3s� ��I��R F��= w&K< � �� ���% �#� �#���� � n1#D� ���#V� �� �#� ��s� ��% �� �D�� ����s� � )���3 . !�� �% w&K< !�� ��I��R #K;'J ��� �% �A#��

�� ~�&< 6���. »�K;' %&< ���% �� ��,1�H �#��� �&� �� B�K� A�� �K;' � �15�� �� «)@��/��&� 1365 :87.(

2.6 #'9��OK

���J %�� k<2 ��? .)#�;3 *7�� !)L�� ��� #��? .)#�;3 �% �#� 6�� �#��� �#�� �� %&=? �� �� ���? ���� %���� Q�� � �#� ���%� .�#��� �% ��H�#�% � #�! "�#/� ?�)#� �%�#�

�� *�D1�n 5� �7�� . ��n 5� �� ���% � �'��%7�� �'�H��/I �� �#'� k)#��

Page 23: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 277

� �%&�'��% .);1�� �� �#'�H��/I #7�� A#�� .);1#�� k#< .� �#� #�� �#� *#)L% �% �%��:� "%&� �� �� N�� ��/I �% *;� A�� ���% .%���n 5� �1�&#� �#� #�� �#� �#�

%��% �'�H��/I 7�� �� V�' A�H .k< � ;);� �� ���= *��= *)L% !�� �� � �� !C�#�� ��y � �� |���� .L�� �� k< . ��s�%A' � �� %&�� t3�� !�3 �#� ��#DI� %#)H

�� �� � %P3 �% �&� t)j A�� �'�D' A)' ��.

3.6 '9��# P�Q�

J��� %�� (�e�3 �� ?�'�D' ���� |��"��'� �� *��=���%��' �� w&���� ���#V� �� (�e� .%&=�� "�&� 6��=� �%����)�3 @�V��3 �% ~;' ��0�� �� �� . "�&#<� �0#>L�

(�e� �� *7�)��J .);1�� 6��=��� w&K< .�'�% t3�� A�� (�e��� �H J#' Q#0' ?���#�������&L? � �X�K��� ���= �15� �� !�� ���� 6��� �� "�)�� ��� ����J #DR �� �#���� � . =�bH �� G&�E� .L�� �� "��'��� "�&� )�7 .L�����% �: .L���'���� ? �L�#e�? ��'���� "�/� �� �� ���&��? �&)'%? � �<��%. �� w�V3�� �% #;);� A#�� (�e�

@�m �� �� .L�&� � %� �&/y "- �� .L���� '�HJ �/L� �� @�&#7 �#/L� @�m? ���#��? � @�07B� ��. ��!�� !)1#�E' � �%� ��P3 �� �% B� �� %5 !)L�� QR ? �� %5 ��

%5 %�� (�e� %�� � �� �� .J�� *;� ��+� @�%&�&� �#/L� �1#�� ��#VL�j �#� �� "-�� ;);� .���'

4.6 '9��# ��A "

���J �K;' ���% �� �� �� �15�� ,1�H � �� A#�� #� � �#� �#�'��? ���#1�� |��.L��? � @��� .)#�;3 z�#V� �b#R�' . #�� . #�� ��#�� �� ��&#>3 � "��#�- ,%#H *��� � �� � ���� *�= !�3./� . �� ��M A�� �� V�' /� ��#� @�&#7 !�3

s� � @��� �� .�P3 �� �1�� S�+' �% ��I��R. A�� �1�� S�+' @���P3 #� �@�m ;);� @#e� �% @��� . �� .L�� �)R �%? �#�� @�&#7 � k)#�� @�#�� �� ��b#H

.� ���% ���� �/���I �� � "- �% w�:� .+1� ���� 6��=� �� ��� � ��� w�#:� .+1#*��� ?��� s� �% �� .��5 .)��0� !�� "�)� ��� �� @�&7 !�3 �% .%��- �#� �% #���� �%

'�1�-J � *�=�� ��M ���=%��% �� .�R - ��F��= ��� �#� *7�� �� *7� �� �K;' %&#= �$��� � "��L�� "- �&�� O&><�% � �� "- "�'�% B#�< �#� B� �� )� A�� � �#� B#�< ��

Page 24: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

278 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

B�? ��� � @&V' t3�� A��A�� ? �� �1�&)R � ���� ����? � A�� )���3 � 6�#�� ~�5- � @��� �1�'�% �1�� �% .�'�

5.6 '9��# D1��

J��� %�� N��4 ��5 � *�= ���� � @�)$��� �% � � F $� �� � @�V}�� � �1��� ?��� ����������% 6��� ?��>� ?S��:1�� ?"&��? ;1�� � �� ��. � �%&#�� w&K<

�� �;5� "- ��)DE� 6%��3� H� �=�� B5� k< �� ���&� �;5� F $� %��' 6%�#�3 #H� �� �=&H �� ��� ��� ?%)H ��M �� �'�#��&� ��H�#�% �� . #�� 6%�#�3 S�� %��' %�#�

*��� �� ��� ��/I S�M�� !�3 � . �� ��P3 *)��3 � �/L� 6��� .M����� �� �% !#��%��� N�� �1��� �3�&7�� &=% . %�#�4 ��#�%��' ����% N#�� � �#/L� ,#� A#��?

�'�H��/I t3�� ? B��;�'�H��/IJ �/L� ?����� 7�� ?�'�H��/I N��VC? � " ��� ,� . �� �/L�

6.6 '9��# ���� � R�S�

�+' J��� �� JK��� �� w�V3�� � 6�;1'� ���� ��� �� "- <�= � �+' ��� .�#��� !##�� �% �'�##=�� �)##D�� � �'�##��&� "&##I �%�##5� "�##�L�� !�3���##=R �� O&##><

*)�D3 4��% 6�;1'� � @�C�V3�� !���+' J��� �#� JK#��� �#� �#+' #��� J#����##��� �%&##� .�##'��##��� J##��� �� J##V� ���1<�##��##� ##�% � ��##�- � <�##=%�&�

��� #5�� �% �#��A5� �#$��� �#��= � "�% �#��� �#�� �#� 6&#>� #/� �� #�%�&��� ��M <�%R .%)H���� J��� �% �#� N#M�� J#��� �#1V� #� k#���� <�#=

l��� � %���� t'�� �� ��)�)R ���� �� /��% 4%�01�� �#5� � N��7 �% ����5H %&< �� �� ���� ��� ������ "&I 2#� ��#��� ��#���� !#�� �% �#1VL� �� �� �1

��� ��)�� ���3�� *)L% ���� @�)$��� 4�)�)R�� "- 1�'�&3 �� ��#)R <�#= �&�� !�����$��� *)L% !)�� �� . � %&< �D'�% )��3 � <�= �� �� �� "�'�%.� !)I ~#'�%

� �#15H �P)1' "�'- ��}- � "�)��� �� �� ���� *�� �% ���� �#��� �#��� �#�� �%�%�% ��M �%�01��%�&� %&< � �1<�= �� 2� ���� .L�&� �'� �#� �#��� %�#P�� 6�#V'% ��

�%�� � 3*��M � �1=�% �1��� �%���� � ��)�3 ��� �� �'%&� 2� "�V��7 k�&3 ./5*/� 2� !�� �� 3 *��M 6�;1'� .�=��

Page 25: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 279

�A�!2 1. ��A�> T��' �'-�1 -" R�S� �� ��'9�� -" -BR �@�A- � /����� ��E' /�� " (�9�-���)

�%�� � "�=3�'�&< /� ./5 "�=3���� J���? �� �&<�5 J#5� �#� �#��K<%�&� �#$��� � "��L�� ?���� %�#P�� �#� �� #�� "�#'�% �%���#� J#��� #�� ��)#�3 �

�%���H k#���� �� �#��� !#�� .�#'� 4%�#� #�3 � 6��#=� ~��#�' � �%�#�) �% "- @�)�8�);� 6% ��� . �� ��= *)�D3 ��&< Q)i� "����VL� "�A#)� ��#� ����#� @�#��� �%

� ./5 1�� JD��'� S&/0� %&< J����5�� B)�� �� ��= #5���% 3 �#� �#'%� ��#}- �

Page 26: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

280 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

%�P�� ���� !�� �� %&< 3��� <�= �� V�' �� �3��� �#� �#'%� ��#�' �% . J#����%���� �% �I �� ��1<�� �% ���� %���� @�)iA3�Hv�� �% �I � �#�� ��#VL�� ���

"����� ��� ��57 �� �� 7�� ��% 4�'��� �#�� �� ���#5 � %��% %���� ������ ��� ���� NM���% ���� !�� . �� �+' !)��T� �*��V3 t#'�� �� �#� �� %���� �� ��=

�$��� "�%��&3�� �� % !1=�% �% t#)�3 �% �#+' #��� t�� � +' �% ���� ~'� JV���� � .� � �0)� �#� %��� #/� ���� ��� !)I J#7� @���#7 � 2#�

�� @�&7 3��#� �#��� ~#'�% 6�#;1'� @��#M "�A)� �I� . �� ��)��3 %�� 9K#� � %��&� !�� �� <�=�'�A5 ����? �� "- ���#V�� � ��1<�#� �% �#� #)L&V;� "�A)� t#'��

J����5�� . �� 3��� "������ k�&3 ��= 7EG�� .� 7-38)

�� �� �)��� 8�;� � � ������ �% �� ���� �bH ��� %&= �#� 8�#;��' ��T5 ? J#�P3�� *��V3 8�;� ��T5 �� �� ����� �%�� ���� A�� �� %5 "- �% �� %&= �� %&= .

�% A�� !����� � �#/L� �&#T� %�#�' �#T5 .�#= *#>1� "- �� ���� � �� �� 41#�H )��5 ����'� ��V� ���� . �� �'�/)� ��P3 �% �10/' �'��% ����)' !15�� !)�3 ?�)H?

/� � �� G�03� ������ ��T5 �% �� �� ��% ��)#�� .�15� "�#�'� ��#� �� #�� �#��� JK������� �&T� �� "- ��H- �L��3%&=�� . �� ���� ���� +� ��#���� *#)L% 4v#��

�#� %&#< 8�;� � !�%��' � �#T5 B#�< *#7� "�&#� @�#)iA3 �� #�� #� �% 8�#;�%�&� � ������ ��T5 . �� �%&� �%�01�� @�)iA3�� �� �� ,&#;' � S�� @�&7 �#)iA3

���� ��� �� s� O�< �&C 4%�� #�)' ������ ��T5 �D���-? k#���� ����% �#���� �1#� #� �% �#��� . �� ;);� @�m /��% 8�; �#� "�&#� �&#:' "�#)� �� ��

�� �� �A�� "��� � ;);��� JK��� �% #;);� �� ��%��� � B)M% �%&�' "- J#V3� �i��� !)��R "�/� �% ���%&=*��3 ? 5�� ��� ���� .? �#� �#1;);� #�m ��/'�% �

� � �% �� %&�� *7�� �� ������� QR �� . �� %���� ����% J��� � ��5 ,&;' �)iA3�� ������ ��T5 �/L� ��� �% �� �15�� �� "�&3 *#;� �#� �� 11��

��m ,��� h:� %�. �� �� ������ �� ��=%�P�� 8�;� �� "�&��� K���J 1#�� �% #;);� � @�#��

. �� ��P3 � @e��� �&)= ���)< ����� K���J @e� ��1���� ?�/L� @��� ���� �#�

Page 27: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 281

@�m ���/L�? ��bR�5 "�/�? ~�#5- S�#+' �% �� �1#�� .L�#� #� .��#� �/L� ��� ��� "����' .L�#� �% #�� "- n�% �#� �%�#M "�#�'� !C�#� �#� �� �/L� B��;� � !�� .%���

�#� ��#M !C�� {���% �'��'� ���y 8�&� B�C �� ��&7 n��%� t#�&� � �#�% "-�� .%&=���J �� �� ������ .� "&I �� �� Q#0' �� �� ��R #7�J � �'�#�% "�#/�

�� 6�;1'� �� @�&7� S��3 ���� �� �3&�� � t)j .L�� �� �'�)= �% �#��� �#D� .��%�� �� ������ �#/L� B��#;� �% ���� �� #�� &#�� #� % �#� �#'&)R �% �� "- #��� �

. �'�% �/L� ��� ��j � ��� �� #�� ������? �#� � ���#��� ��#T5 �#<� �&#C ,&;'A3i �)���� �? � "�VC�E� ���' lb� 6�V'% ���� "&�' !�m "%� "- �#� ��&#y ��

�� "�/� �%�� �% �#��� . #�� "- ���1�� �'���� ;);� �� #�� ���#��� �� 6�#;1'�� @�&7� . �� @�&7 ������&3�� �� �7� ����3 �% ���� �&T� ���� )5y ��#�

���� �� ������ 6�;1'� �% ,&;' � ������ ��T5 "&I �#� .)��0� � �'��� "- "�&#3 ���� "�&� l��1�� ����� ��7��%.

������ "�&� � � A���� �� ������ &>3 "�#)�� � �%�� @�)�M�� �� �� �� 1��}J �� �� 8&�:� @�)�M�� �� �'&)R .� � �'� �K#��� !#�� �#� O�#< %���#� t#)33

���� �A�� !1<�����=-!�3A)�-A�� %&�� @�)0)� . #�� �% #V�J #+' � *#�� �% ���� .�� �� "- �'��%' "�)� .L�#� @�#�&�:� � @�&#;�� ��#M �%�% S�#+' �% . #��

A��A)�- ���� L��=�� �� �% .L�� <)6� %&��� L�e�� �#'��% �#� JK#��� � "- #)@� R #)�� �� ��� .�! F&$&��� JK��� '��&3� � �%�#� .L�#� � 6�#e� .L�#� �% ���� �� ��� %�#P �� �� � < .L�� �&7 �� ���=�)6� � %&�� ��)0� VC 6��=� %P� �&� �) � �� �#�

�DHA��� @�&7 6�e� .L�� �% "- ;);� �L�e� � �% ���� . �� ��� �� ������ �� 6�e� � ��y @�&7*��M �� � �� ��� �C�� @�&7*��M �T5 �% ��y . �� n��%�

,&;' � �� �'�%��� B��;� *�:��� #��� �&#7 �% �#>� *)E3 ��� �%� �#�� �� .���� .L�� ~�5- A)' "�#)� y�3 �% � t��3 � S�+1'� �'�/)� !)'�&M � ���� ��V��

t3���� '�HJ 1��� ��� < ?6&;� .L��)6� ?B�K� ��� �&7 . �� �%�� �� �#DHA��� L�e� @�&7� =�)� �� .%��% ���#=� 6&#;�� �1#�� %#P� �&#� �� � �0)� %&�� �� �

�� )��� � @�m �� V�' �% ���� ;);� G�;:1#�� 8�#��� .L�� ~�5- �% �'���< A)I� �� .%��% ���=� �)=� �� � �3�m�� ��e�J BVC� A)I� @�&7 � @�m���� "�#D'

�%�% �� ��=.

Page 28: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

282 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

&�9> 2. D�> -" R�S� �� ���A�> 8�G2 -" �A�3� R9�1'9��# UR-���� �@�A- �V8 ��E' / "� .(�9�-���) -���� �

�#� �� �1#=bH �% ������ "&I �1��7 � S&�� �� <�%R �#� "�)#�� �&R�#�3 "�&#3

��� . �'�% ��� t'�� �� �P)1' #;��J �&#�� � �#;)M% S&#�� !)#� 6�#>3�� "&#I�% �� ���� � �+' ��� �� ��� S&/0� . �� ������ � @�)$��� �#� #� *��#= %#)H

.)#�� �#� �� �D'�% � 2���� �#� K#���J #5�� @��&#$&� "- �#��A)5 ?�'�#��=? � �� �� ��)VKL������s� ��% �� �'&)R .��% S��/I "�M �%�3 @�#0)L�3 �&/y �� �P� .�%���

#+' S&#�� B#)0�3 �#��� �#'�� "- S��M� � �$��� ~'�% �% ���3 �#� �#��� @���#7 � � s� ��% .�:1�� =��L��� ,���' . ����#� @�#��� ���A#H� � %�#�1� ��� l�#��%

���� tV#� "��1<�� � ������ �&�� ��7&>< @���7 �% "- %���� � ���� ~#'�% !#��

Page 29: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 283

!)��� �% �� �� ���=�� . 8�#�� !)��? #/��% �#��� S&#�� �� �%�01#�� %�01#��4 �% � ���� �� 9):7'�R �'��'� @%��� ��/ !�� � ��= �)H�� *)L% <�#= )#7�<�$��� t'�� �� .�� �#�� #/��% �� S&#�� �#� F&#�� �#� #�� �� #�� "��L�� � "�'�%

5�� �R ���= �)H�� %� �#' !)#)V3 . #K���J t#L�M �� �%�01#�� �% #V� � �#��� "�#)� �� �V� @�%��� *� ��� ����1�%� ���%��,��� �$��� �� . #�� ���% !#�� "�#'�%

����� .�� �% ���� %����� R)� ���&M ��� � #+' #�� � ����#1�� *#��� �% �#�%�01��4 �$��� �% "�%���J �+' J��� �%&� "- �� �. �

8. 2*-E� ��-I

�%�� �� ������ �#� ��#)R B;:3 ���� t��3 � .+' �% ���V�� @���+3 � .#+' .�#� �� t��3�� "�&3 "�/� "��1<�� �% ?"��'�? �&�� �1� � #�)VC F&1� ��� �#5�� #�% .

���P3 �'��� �� �� ���� ,&;'V�J �� ���-%�� �� %&�� �/�A3 �#� ��#}- �% �#��� "���5 �� .DI �% .%��% %&#�� #�)VC �% �� �� �L��=� %P� �&� ���� .�'�&<

�� @��� �� %�5� %���3 ���� 6��=� �� � ��� G��#>� �&#T� *e� "�&3 S&#/0� �% �#� �v#�� @�07 � %���1�� .%� n��%� ���� 6��=� �% �� %�5� �&T� ��� 6��#=� �% �#� ��

�� �10/' ���� u�1E�? ����$�I �3 �15H k< � �K;' � ���#T5 6��=� � .+1� ���? �!�� �#'��% ����#< "�#)�� �� *;1#�� �#D� ����< "�)�� �� w�V3�� !)��% 6��=� !�� �� "- �� � �A�� ~;' ��1�� ��!�%��' �� "- B�%�>� �� �� �%��� "�&3 #� ?"�/� �%? �

@�)�%� ����D��%���V�� !�� n�% . #�� � �#� #)�A3 �#� @�#)�%� � #� �% �#10/' ���%���1 J�� � "�VC�E� ���� ��P' Q� � ���P'� ?l%�? "��#�� � #�&;3 "�'- �% �� G <� �

"�D�� �% �� ��%�� 3�&7��� �10/' � ;);� � '&D< !�AH �#� �A�H .�#� �#�&3�� �#� �L��1� *7� ���� �C�� ��� "%&�%�01��4 � #��� t#'�� �� 9):#7 %���#� �% ~#'�%

,�&#�- �% �#��� F&$&� !�� . �� �ED� ���� � %#)H ��#� ���#��� �#� ��#� �� �� "���C()� 0��5� �� �� ���� �'�&1� �� %��� :V1� �'�A)��' �#��� ��#y �% k#;5

� #� .�'��� �%�)R !C�� � %&�� .L�� �% �� #�� ���#��� �#��V' ��#� #M&� �1)��b#�tC�E� �=��? ���� ���� �� %5 �� �=�� �C�� � ��y �'�/R �&�� B�C �� �#/L� ;);� ��

���##� �##� �% �##0)y� !##�� .1##=bHJ ���% �% "�##�� �1##� ���##��� �##� u##�1E� ��##�t)D'���5 �#� S�#P'� %&< O�< %��� �% "���5 ��� ��#)' !#�� A#)' "&#�� . #�� ��#=

�� 8���� ������ ,�&�- �� �% @�=�� &=%.

Page 30: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

284 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

�6 �J#�

1 .L��� �� �E1�� �L�;� !��J 1�% "�&#� �� "�)�=5 !)��)�� ��M- �V3 !)#) #���J #���%�� �%*�= H�) ����� �3 S��/I "�M.�%��� P�� � �%"�� �� �� �� ��� ��#M- ���#�' #1�% �#��

�M &)� 1�% .'�< � ��)����%�v' �� S�P'� 6���% A�V3 �� �� � ���D'�% �% &���. This article is an excerpt from Amir Hossein Farshchian's doctoral dissertation entitled

"Explaining Perceptual Geometry in the Formation of Buildings in the Fourth to Eleventh

Centuries in Iran" which is being supervised by Dr. Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi and Dr. Minou

GharehBaglou at Tabriz Islamic Art University.

K�E� 2���

1=-)'��? �)�6 � �L��! )1340?( ��- � 6�� |=� 0��5� ���7 �."���< ��I :�/D� ? �M-�'�� =��I�? 0��)1385?( »�;���J ,�� �#�� �#5&L�&��� '�#��&��? ��% �%��#'&XL� #��? ,#VL- �

�3 �% ���%). �R ��$� .+1�«? �P�J -J)� ���)? ?���� 4��% ,28.

!�� �)�? ��)! !� ���V� )1375(? L�) ��0DL�@�)$��(? ��3J ����). �)�&�? :"�/3l�1� #�- J'�< �#L�D��� 0P'�.

"�&<� �0>L� )1372(? *i���"�&<� �0>L���5&L� 6 < � �? � :"�/3)�� .l&1�� i��m��? �R�A )1377( ?:L� .��*) "- "&5 ��P� ?J ;:3@�;) � ���, ? 1 �2.

"&C 5� )1380( ?�&/��� "&C 5���3 ?J ��� �$��'��!�� :"�/3 ? �)�.

V��?� R��� � ��� =�%�%� )1399( ?» #� �#� "- w�#V3�� � 6�#��� S&#/0� �% �#=�« ? 0#��5 @ ��#3� ?4��% 10 ?, 25.

�����? �'��� ?� #��� '�#���� ���&#'�? � %�&��#�:� 5�#7)"� )1399(? » �R ,�� #������ #��=���� 3&��)�� H���=- �%� � =�� �#V�� #'&�'J � :�#�L�K�%�&� #)"�� ~#;' "�#/�«? ~��v#R �#��

1��� 1<�=�? ,18. ��E��� /M�? !��)1396( ?���� ?�0��5? ����� ������ :"�/3 ?J ."�/3 ���D'�%

��E�� � /M�? !��)1394( ?+' ?��MJ� � � ����V� � �� "��3 �%��&� :"�/3 ?4 ./� ?@��/��&� 3)8&1 )1386( ?'�V�� � �� ����3 ?J ��) >'�;� :"�/3 ?) ;.

?@��/��&� 3)8&1 )1365( ?� �� �?� � � "���"�)��3 ?J ��) >')�.,�� :"�/3 ?

?@��/��&� 3)8&1 )1392( ?8�;� ���3 ?J ��1� 6 �� ?.,�� :"�/3

'�##��&��? �##�:� !��##�:�)1380( ?*##�� �% �##��� %���##�##��3 ?J �)���)�##$ �b##�� :"�##/3 ?����7)��.

%&V/��? ���'�: )1391( ?»����� �% n��%��«D' ?J� ���� ��V���D'�% ?4 ���� ���V? ,30.

Page 31: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 285

1D/��? !����:� � ������&;�)"� )1389( ?»;�) ; �#D3)�� #��� #��� �%J L��1� #��� #)�« ?0��5 5��� 8 ?8 , ?1.

�=�R��? !��)1389(? ���� VK3�;) �/� � "-M �% ��� S&/0�!�? �R #�"� #��'J #��=���� �#=��? :"�=��x"�=�� ���D'�%.

?��&�I�H&R L�H)� L&3�'-)�'& )1387(? ��= ������ ������ ��� ��� � .�%A'�R � .�%��/I�% )? #��3J �)%���%� �VC�� ��;���? .� "�1���5 :"�/3

R)����? ��. ?6 � R� '���? /�)! �$���? � ��t �#=)V� )1399(? » 0#��5J � #�) #���)! #>'�� ���� � tC�E� � ��� +��«? �P�J ~��vR ��� 0��5�? V3 ���D'�%A�? ,33.

��&3�? %&�:�)1383(? ���� �? R :"�/3)�'& .&' ? ��� ��>')1385( ?!�� "�5� �% � � ��� ��� � ?BD�)���V�? � �@)(.!1� :"�/3 ?

V���? ����)1363( ?�:3��) ��- �� "�&<� �0>L�"�/3 ?: .����

"�< ��:��? ����)1371( ?»@&15 ��'J ���"�«�P� ?J �07 ? 4��%2 , ?1.

%����? !�� ��:� !�)1349( ?l&�;L� %�=����3 ?J ���� ��1�� ���&0K>� :"�/3 ?�. ����? �L�E5�! )1379( ?V3 � @���=�@�/) !�� ��)��3 ?J ��/= %&�:��."�/3 ���D'�% :"�/3 ? ��)�?� ��� � �&�� ��� )1399( ?»�j�@� 1<�=%&���? �;VC n � ��� #��� S��M�« #�P� ?J

~��vR ��� 1��� 1<�=� ?8 9 , ?18. ?6�1'��� Q1'�5)1385( ?K�� "�M S �� �% .�� S&/0����3 ?J R ~'�%)����.�1�H :"�/3 ?

?��0'��� �&��Q )1358( ?j��)�L�!� D���) '�=�����3 ?J �R�A /=���� ? :"�/3���� ��5 ��.

����? �<)* ���� !��)1387( ?»L���J %�;� � "����� l��� �«��3 ?�! 3�} ��/� 8&3 #)"� ? �#�5�"�� ��!) , ?30.

S�P'��? ����:�)! ?��)! ��V��� 1=��? ���� �#7� 9�#>�)1400(? » � n��%� � t#�M� �#V�� ��%���H� �VC�VC �� ���«? �P�J ~��vR ��� 0��5� V3 ���D'�%A�? 4��%14 , ?30.

?"-�&= 5�2&/1 )1394( ?L��3 � BK����3 ?J ��)! G�< %��-����' :"�/3 ? .7���

/=����? �R�A )1381(? »<)S�«? �P�J S%� � ~'�%? 83 ? ,4.

!��L���7 =?���) ��:� ���� !�.) )1381 ?(�%�) ���#7 ��� #��3 ?J &#��&< �#�:�� :"�#/3 ?L&��.

�L���7�! =)���? ��:� ���� !�). )1383(? % �� �0��5��H�� �1� ����L �#) (�#���� ��0#��)? #��3J %&>;���:��? � :"�/3)%� � �� ����.

�L���7�! =)���? ��:� ���� !�). )1371(? 2��#� � "�5� ��' "�#� ���PL� S�#7� #��) �#)(? #��3J � !�:�)5���? � :"�/3)%� � �� ����.

C)?t �)��:L��V�)! )1378( ?C�t) VL�"�) 5� �03) "-;L�.S �� :"�/3 ?

Page 32: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

286 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

����? !�:L�&��)1367( ?��� *i������3 ?J �/�� �3�!0��5 :"�/3 ?J � ���. 0�)0�? �L�&��)1380( ?�=� .�:L� O&>5 ���3 ?J .S�/L� :"�/3 ? ��� ��>' ��� %��-�? ��:�)1386( ?»���J ����"�� �� #�� ������ �%« #D' ?J� #�)! #���L�� #��/� S&#���?

4��% 18? , 5.

����5�? >'&��)1382(? "- �= �I�1�� ) %&= �15H�5 �0��5 �� *VM �� ������� �� �� ���� � �� ��(? ��3J ��)�$�� �)���? .@ 5 :"�/3

����5�? >'&��)1348(? S&��L� ��>��? ��3J ��)! �<�.�&? � :"�/3)%� � ��5�"�.

�&<�0L��? ��)1381( ?��3�Z S �� "�/� �% �0��5��3 ?J - ��:�L��V��1���� :"�/3 ?� � ��5�.

�5�? ��%��� )1388(? �� >�!� � ��5�'��? "�/3: ,��.

5�'���? ��� )1380(? �'�JD� ����) "�&<� �0>L�? :.M����J #15% #D' � ��I A�� � l�1� "�1�&��V3)@�� � ���.

'��M�? .��;L�&�� )1371(? H�'�� J��' ��$�� ��% "�'�%4 � ��� �#� ��4 #�& �#� �#3 S4 .�%��#�? :"�#/3���D'�% D' A���.

'��M�? .��;L�&��)1368(? '�=��� ���'? ���D'�% D' A�� :"�/3�.

M)�&� �)����? T3�� )1386(? »����� ,�&�-� ��#��� @���� 8���� "��� "���% �%�«? #�P� J�07? ,42.

'�=���? j)�� �L��! )1389(? L���J ��� � G�C? ��3J �)���)�$ �b��? .,�� :"�/3

��?&�� �) )1390(? �:3*) ��T�!) "�/� 1<�=� � �� ,&;'�? ��3J �)���)! ��#��m-? :"�#/3 . ���

���? @��&1�� %���%�)1386( ?D��vR� � �%�� ��� ��%4 � �����3 ?J M�� ��:�� ? :"�/3 #���� ��5 ��.

�L�H��? ����& )1367(? 1� �P��B) 6- "���% �% "�/0#7� &� �#�? #��3J #��)! "�K�#� �%��? :"�#/3'�1��� ��}- y�0< "������ ��"�.

?3�H �"� )1375(? ��1<�=�V� ��#��� �%�? #��3J n�#R ��#D'�/� �#�� �#$L��V� � %���"&? :"�#/3/= ���D'�%)� 1D/��.

?"&H �'�)1384(? �4K) �� )? ��3J ��� "�%��� ��:�? ;:3 � @��L�K� :"�/3)@�; ��5�.

?L&L @���)1368(? ���J �3 � �0��5 �8�;�!�? J��3����� ��)�? ;:3 � @��L�K� :"�/3) @�#; ��5�.

?��V� �)��) ���1399 ?(»��� ��� "%��-�� ?GD� � BK�� M�#=� B#K� !#K� ���« ? #��� 7��� 8 ?11 , ?2.

?!)�� ) ��:�1383 ?(? ~'�%��'J i �?� L���J B#K� M (#:V� ? 8�#) �#�� !#�� ?t#�� #�)?� :"��#���'�1���.

Page 33: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 287

P')t ��H ?&�j��)1389( ?iA3 � ����)! :�� �� ������ �% R�;R&3 ���&C)�(��3 ?J M %�%/� #)�&� �)����.�'��� :"�/3 ?

�'���? %��� � 0����C� )1393(? » �% "�/R ��� �� #�� ���#��� � #�"�«? #�P�J �0#7? 4��%24 ?, 65.

?>' �)���)! )1381( ?&�� � 5�� ���3 ?J 1��� ��D'������ :"�/3 ?J ;:3 � �#�L�K�) @�#; ��5�.

?>' �)���)! )1393( ?� �� "��01� +'� ����%4 VC �)����&< :"�/3 ?.� �;' ?��� �:L��V�)� )1393( ? #���%� *���3� � �#� "�#�'� ��#� ��#� �#T5�� ## #���� ��#��� �%� :.#M ?

��%/=� ..M ;'� ��:� ?�%��)1378( ?»��� +� �� ��� @�07 � �� "-M.�« ?� ��� l�1�, ? 172.

�&'�? ����:�� )1399(? »I)1�� ��� ��� %���� �� #+' #��� �#� "- ~P� �%�«? #�P�J � �� ����? 87? , 1.

��? �$����� ?���C L���� �%��? � ��� =�%�%� )1397(? »�:3)* ��� �� ��H��#�� ��%#RA��� �#� ���L��1�J) ���7��«? �P�J 0��5 @ ��3�? 4��% 8 , ?21.

��? �$�����)1399(? »�:3)* ��� �� ��H���� ��%RA��� �V� �% ��� L�#7� � %&#�� L�#7����) «? �P�J 7��� ���? 4��%11 ?, 2.

�?��& �M) )1384(? "�&<� �0>L�!=�� ?� #= "��5��) t�b#�? #��3J %�P#� G%�#7��:��? :"�#/3.�0��5

Casakin, Harold (2012), Visual Analogy as a Cognitive Stimulator for Idea Generation in

Design Problem Solving, New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Ching, Francis (2007), “Architecture from Space and Orders”, Journal of Science of Architect,

vol. 31, London: John Wiley. Efendi, Cafer (1987), Ottoman Treatise on Architecture, New York: Cologne Press. Pulla, Venkat (2016), “An Introduction to the Grounded Theory Approach in History and Social

Research”, Journal of Human Services Practice, vol. 4, no. 4. Afifi, Abu al-Ala (2001), An Explanation of the Chapters of the Ruling, trans. Nasrullah

Hekmat, Tehran: Elham Publications [In Persian].

Aghayani Chavoshi, Jafar (2006), “Comparison of Abolofa Bozjani, Leonardo da Vinci and

Albrecht Dürer Methods in Drawing Regular Pentagons”, Sequential Heritage Mirror

Magazine, vol. 28 [In Persian].

Akhavan Al-Safa (1993), Letters of the Brotherhood of Al-Safa and Khalaf Al-Wafa, Tehran:

Written Heritage Publications [In Persian].

Akbari, Parisa and Iraj Dadashi (2020), “Ash in the Concept of Perfection and its Relationship

with Art”, Philosophical Reflections, no. 25 [In Persian].

Page 34: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

288 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

Al-Fakhouri, Hana (2002), History of Philosophy in the Islamic World, trans. Abdul Mohammad

Ayati, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications [In Persian].

Aliabadi, Mohammad (2007), “Immortal Geometry in Islamic Architecture”, International

Journal of Engineering Sciences, no. 5 [In Persian].

Ameri, Abolhassan (1988), Ameri Letters, trans. Mehdi Tadayon, Tehran: Islamic Philosophy

Publications [In Persian].

Ashtiani, Seyed Jalaluddin (1961), Mulla Sadra's Biography and Philosophical Views,

Mashhad: Khorasan Printing Publications [In Persian].

Azkaei, Parviz (1998), “The Science of Trickery and its Techniques”, Journal of Islamic

Research, vol. 1 and 2 [In Persian].

Behboudi, Reyhaneh (2012), “Perception in Architecture”, Journal of Fine Arts, Faculty of Fine

Arts, no. 30 [In Persian].

Beheshti, Ahmad and Mohammad Hassan Yaghoubian (2010), “The Skeptical Truth of

Revelation in the Geometry of Transcendent Wisdom”, Philosophical Knowledge, vol. 8,

no. 1. [In Persian]

Bouzajani, Mohamad (2001), Application of Geometry in Practice, trans. Seyed Alireza Jazbi,

Tehran: Radio and Television Publications [In Persian].

Bolkhari Ghahi, Hassan (2015), Ghadr, Theory of Art and Beauty in Islamic Civilization,

Tehran: Surah Mehr Publications [In Persian].

Bolkhari Ghahi, Hassan (2017), Philosophy, Geometry and Architecture, Tehran: Tehran

University Publishing Institute [In Persian].

Burkhart, Titus (2007), Fundamentals of Islamic Art, trans. Amir Nasri, Tehran: Haghighat

Publications [In Persian].

Burkhart, Titus (1986), Islamic Art, Language and Expression, trans. Amir Nasiri, Tehran:

Soroush Publications [In Persian].

Burkhart, Titus (2013), Sacred Art, trans. Jalal Sattari, Tehran: Soroush Publications

[In Persian].

Critchlow, Kate (2011), Analysis of Cosmological Themes of Islamic Motifs, trans. Seyed

Hossein Azarkar, Tehran: Hekmat Publications [In Persian].

Dilmi, Hassan Ibn Muhammad (1972), Guidance of Hearts, trans. Hedayatullah Mustarhmi,

Tehran: Mostafavi Publications [In Persian].

Emami, Samaneh, Vida Nowruz Borazjani, and Mohammad Javad Safian (2020), “Application

of Hermeneutic Phenomenological Method in Revealing the Aesthetic Nature of the Studied

Sample: Naghsh Jahan Square”, Ontological Research, no. 18 [In Persian].

Farabi, Abu Nasr (1969), Scince Study, trans. Hossein Khadivjam, Tehran: Iran Culture

Foundation Publications [In Persian].

Farabi, Abu Nasr (2003), What Deserves to be Learned before Philosophy (We Teach that

Learning before Philosophy), trans. Hamid Reza Mirrkani, Tehran: Falat Publications

[In Persian].

Fereyduni, Ali (2001), Political Thought of Ekhvan Al-Safa, Qom: Bustan Book Institute

Publications and Islamic Propaganda Office Publishing Center [In Persian].

Page 35: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 289

Fry, Richard (2008), The Golden Age of Iranian Culture, Tehran: Soroush Publications

In Persian].

Galdiri, Eugene (1987), Isfahan Atiq Mosque During the Albuyeh Era, trans. Hossein

Sultanzadeh, Tehran: Publications of the Antiquities Protection Organization of Iran [In

Persian].

Grotter, Yan (1996), Aesthetics in Architecture, trans. Jahanshah Pakzad and Abdolreza

Homayoun, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Press [In Persian].

Guenon, René (2005), Quantity Control, trans. Ali Mohammad Kardan, Tehran: Cultural

Studies and Research Publications [In Persian].

Halabi, Ahmad (1984), An Analysis of the Brotherhood of Al-Safa, Tehran: Zavar Publications

[In Persian].

Hekmat, Nasrullah (2006), Wisdom and Art in Ibn Arabi Mysticism (Love, Beauty and Wonder),

Tehran: Text Publications [In Persian].

Henry, Ahmad Reza, Tahereh Kamalizadeh, and Iraj Dadashi (2016), “Analysis and

Compatibility of Cryptography with Sadra's Transcendent Wisdom”, Journal of

Philosophical Reflections, no. 8 [In Persian].

Henry, Ahmad Reza (2020), “Analysis and Compatibility of Cryptography with the Two Bases

of Originality of Existence and Originality of Nature”, Journal of Contemporary Wisdom,

no. 2 [In Persian].

Ibn Sina, Husayn ibn Abdullah (1996), Healing (Mathematics), trans. Ibrahim Biomi, Tehran:

Marashi Najafi Publications [In Persian].

Kashani, Ghiasuddin (2009), Thesis of Taq and Azj, trans. Seyed Alireza Jazbi, Tehran: Soroush

Publications [In Persian].

Kennedy, Edward Stewart (2007), Research in the Zijas of the Islamic Period, trans.

Mohammad Bagheri, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications [In Persian].

Khan Mohammadi, Ahmad (1992), “Photo of Builders”, Sefe Magazine, no. 5 [In Persian].

Lawler, Robert (1989), Sacred Geometry; Philosophy and Practice, trans. Hayedeh Moayeri,

Tehran: Cultural Studies and Research Publications [In Persian].

Moballegh, Seyedeh Zahra (2020), “Logic and the East, the Emergence of Practical Wisdom

from the Heart of Enlightenment Logic”, Contemporary Wisdom, vol. 11, no. 2 [In Persian].

Moin, Mohammad (2004), Ala'i Encyclopedia, Treatise on Logic, the Topic of Compound

Analogies, Ibn Sina, Hamedan: Hegmataneh Publications [In Persian].

Nadimi, Hadi and Taheri, Jafar (2014), “The Hidden Dimension in Islamic Architecture of Iran”,

Soffe Magazine, no. 65 [In Persian].

Naghizadeh, Mohammad (1999), “The Meaning of Art and the Attributes of the Artist from the

Perspective of the Holy Quran”, Book of the Month of Art, no. 172 [In Persian].

Najiboglu, Golro (2010), Geometry and Decoration in Islamic Architecture: (Topqapi Scroll),

trans. Mehrdad Qayyumi Bidhendi, Tehran: Rozaneh [In Persian].

Nasr, Seyed Hussein (2002), Knowledge and Spirituality, trans. Inshallah Rahmati, Tehran:

Cultural Studies and Research Institute Publications [In Persian].

Page 36: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

290 ���� �� � ���12 ����� �1 ������� � ���� �1400

Nasr, Sayed Hussain (2014), Islamic Thinkers' Views on Nature, Tehran: Kharazmi Publications

[In Persian].

Noghrekar, Abdul Hamid (2014), Human Perceptual Interaction with Spatial-Geometric Ideas

in Architecture, Qom: Municipality Publications [In Persian].

Nouri, Mohammad Ali (2020), “What is and Function of Practical Wisdom in Measuring it with

Theoretical Wisdom”, Journal of Islamic Wisdom, no. 1 [In Persian].

Pashaei, Hassan (2010), A Comparative Study of the Concept of Wisdom in the Qur'an and the

Testaments, Master Thesis, Kashan University [In Persian].

Peyghami, Maryam, Jalal Peykani, Mahin Rezaei, and Zeinab Shakibi (2020), “The Philosophy

of Art of Seyed Hossein Nasr from the Perspective of the Artist and the Audience of

Contemporary Art”, Journal of Philosophical Research, University of Tabriz, no. 33

[In Persian].

Plato (2002), Plato's Republic, trans. Reza Kaviani, Tehran: Ibn Sina Publications [In Persian].

Pogachenkova, Galina Anatoliona (2008), Architectural Masterpieces of the Fourteenth and

Fifteenth Centuries AD, trans. Seyed Davood Tabaei Aghdaei, Tehran: Academy of Arts. [In

Persian]

Qayyumi Bidhendi, Morteza (2007), “Architecture Education in Modern Times Based on

Architectural Missions”, Soffe Magazine, Issue 42 [In Persian].

Qorbani, Abu al-Qasim (1991), Biographies of Mathematicians of the Islamic Period from the

Third to the Eleventh Century, Tehran: University Publishing Center [In Persian].

Qorbani, Abu al-Qasim (1989), Kashani Nameh, Tehran: University Publishing Center

Publications [In Persian].

Rahimi, Yaser and Musa Malayeri (2020), “Ontological Ends, the Criterion for Classifying the

Types of Wisdom”, Journal of Ontological Research, no. 9 [In Persian].

Razi, Fakhreddin (2002), Ibn Sina's Allusions and Punishments, trans. Mahmoud Shahabi,

Tehran: University of Tehran Press [In Persian].

Rosenthal, Franz (2006), The Concept of Science in Medieval Islam, Translation of old-

fashioned Knowledge, Tehran: Gostareh Publications [In Persian].

Rosenfeld, Boris (1982), Ghiasuddin Jamshid Kashani, trans. Parviz Shahriari, Tehran:

Scientific and Cultural Publications [In Persian].

Rumi, Khalil Ibn Ahmad (2008), “Treatise on Weights, Values and Arithmetic”, Toos Behrooz

Thorotian (ed.), Iranian Culture, no, 30 [In Persian].

Sadr al-Din Shirazi, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim (2002), Sadra Wisdom Foundation, trans.

Mohammad Khajavi, Tehran: Molly Publications [In Persian].

Sadr al-Din Shirazi, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim (2004), Philosophy from the Point of View of

Transcendent Wisdom (Asfar Arba'a), trans. Maghsoud Mohammadi, Tehran: Islamic

Wisdom Foundation [In Persian].

Sadr al-Din Shirazi, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim (1991), Mysticism and Visible Mysticism (Fraction

of the Ignorance of the Ignorant), trans. Mohsen Bidarfar, Tehran: Islamic Wisdom

Foundation [In Persian].

Page 37: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of

����� �� !" ����# �$ ��%& �� '�()�* .. .�,�()$ � -�.",��,$,/& ,)( 291

Saranjam, Mohammad Hussein, Hussein Kalbasi Ashtari, and Ali Asghar Mosleh (2021), “Heart

and Perception of Beauty from the Perspective of Allameh Tabatabai”, Journal of

Philosophical Research, University of Tabriz, no. 14 [In Persian].

Schwann, Freithoff (2014), Logic and Excellence, trans. Hossein Khandaghabadi, Tehran:

Contemporary View Publications [In Persian].

Shahriari, Parviz (2001), “Khayyam”, Journal of Knowledge and People, no. 4 [In Persian].

Tavassoli, Mahmoud (2004), Art of Engineering, Tehran: New Link Publications [In Persian].

Tayyib, Sayyid Abdul Hussein (1998), Atib Al-Bayan Fi Tafsir Al-Quran, Tehran: Islam

Publications [In Persian].

Youhana, Qamir (2005), Al-Safa Brotherhood, Shiite Intellectuals, trans. Mohammad Sadegh

Sajjadi, Tehran: Philosophy Publications [In Persian].

Page 38: The place of theoretical wisdom in the application of