The Quietly Turning Tide: Female Leadership in Athletic TrainingWATA ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM 2019

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There are no relevant financial or nonfinancial relationships within the resources described or evaluated in this presentation.

Our roadmap for today:

Metasynthesis◦ What is the literature saying?

Anecdotal Evidence◦ What are clinicians/educators saying?

Practical Application◦ What do you have to say?

M: Literature ReviewTitle IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972

Educational Opportunities: Participation, Scholarships, & Other Benefits

It was 45+ years ago, how are we still having this conversation!?

Growing body of research

Psychology

Athletics

M: Statistics

Acosta/Carpenter. “Women in Intercollegiate Sport. A Longitudinal, National Study, Thirty Seven Year Update. 1977-2014”.

Unpublished manuscript.

M: Statistics

Acosta/Carpenter. “Women in Intercollegiate Sport. A Longitudinal, National Study, Thirty Seven Year Update. 1977-2014”.

Unpublished manuscript.

M: Statistics

Acosta/Carpenter. “Women in Intercollegiate Sport. A Longitudinal, National Study, Thirty Seven Year Update. 1977-2014”.

Unpublished manuscript.

M: TrendsNational Averages:

◦ Women 28, Men 35

◦ Decrease in AT practitioners 27-40

NATA Membership:◦ Total membership 45,000

◦ Certified members 79%

◦ Female members: 55%

AT Workforce:◦ Steady increase in females

◦ 40% in 1975 to 51% in 2014

◦ 45% of women changed job settings after children

Kahanov, L., & Eberman, L. (2011). Age, sex, and setting factors and labor force in athletic training. Journal of Athletic

Training, 46, 424–430.

M: Identified Barriers for Female ATs Work-Family Conflict (WFC)

◦ Incompatible roles between work & home

Kinship responsibility◦ Social relationships

Parenthood◦ Child rearing

Incongruent role perceptions◦ Gender stereotypes and expectations

Mazerolle, S. M., Borland, J. F., & Burton, L. J. (2012). The Professional Socialization of Collegiate Female Athletic Trainers:Navigating Experiences of Gender Bias. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(6), 694–703. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.6.04

M: RelationshipsWFC and Gender

◦ Gender indiscriminant

WFC and Job Burnout◦ Positive association: higher WFC = higher Job Burnout

WFC and Job Satisfaction◦ Inverse relationship: higher WFC = lower Job Satisfaction

WFC and Intention to Leave◦ Positively related: higher WFC = higher Intention to Leave

Patient Preference and Gender◦ Gender association: females prefer female AT, males prefer male AT

Drummond, J. L., Hostetter, K., Laguna, P. L., Gillentine, A., & Del Rossi, G. (2007). Self-Reported comfort of collegiate athletes

with injury and condition care by same-sex and opposite-sex athletic trainers. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(1), 106–217.

A: Education ProgramFemale Students > Male Students

◦ CUW- 73%

◦ DII, DI, private, public, Midwest, East & West Coast institutions

Female Educators > Male Educators◦ CUW- 83%

◦ Mentorship, modeling, influence

Female Students’ Intention to Leave > Male Students’ Intention of Leave◦ “…practice athletic training until I have a family.”

◦ “…feel like I need to have a back-up plan for later, like what’s my plan B?”

Thank you to my peeps!

A: Other EvidenceNATM

◦ Women in Athletic Training

◦ All female staffs

Staff position applicants◦ Qualified candidates: women outnumbered men

◦ 3:1

GA position applicants◦ Female applicants > male applicants

◦ Less than 50%

P: Final remarksBurnout, Attrition, Job Satisfaction…

◦ Individual vs Systemic Approach

Most practiced is not the same as Best practiced◦ Female leaders

Critical Reflection◦ Current and future trajectory

P: Your thoughtsReactions to current statistics?

Clinical application, what does or could this all mean?

Experience consistent with or contrary to the information presented?

Questions

References:Acosta, R., & Carpenter, L. (2014). Women in intercollegiate sport: a longitudinal, national study thirty-seven year update. Retrieved from www.acostacarpenter.ORG

Drummond, J. L., Hostetter, K., Laguna, P. L., Gillentine, A., & Del Rossi, G. (2007). Self-Reported comfort of collegiate athletes with injury and condition care by same-sex and opposite-sex athletic trainers. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(1), 106–217.

Eberman, L., & Kahanov, L. (2013). Athletic trainer perceptions of life-work balance and parenting concerns. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(3), 416–423.

Goodman, A., Mensch, J., Jay, M., French, K., Mitchell, M., & Fritz, S. (2010). Retention and attrition factors for female certified athletic trainers in the national collegiate athletic association division I football bowl subdivision setting. Journal of Athletic Training, 45(3), 287–298.

Grantham, J. (2015, August 4). Celebrating Women in Athletic Training. Retrieved April 6, 2017, from http://www.nata.org/blog/jordanb/celebrating-women-athletic-training

Laurent, T. G., & Bradney, D. A. (2007). Leadership behaviors of athletic training leaders compared with leaders in other fields. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(1), 120–125.

Mazerolle, S., Bruening, J., & Casa, D. (2008). Work-family conflict, part I: antecendents of work-family conflict in national collegiate athletic association division I-A certified athletic trainers. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(5), 505–512.

Mazerolle, S., Bruening, J., Casa, D., & Burton, L. (2008). Work-family conflict, part II: job and life satisfaction in national collegiate athletic association division I-A certified athletic trainers. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(5), 513–522.

Mazerolle, S. M., Borland, J. F., & Burton, L. J. (2012). The Professional Socialization of Collegiate Female Athletic Trainers: Navigating Experiences of Gender Bias. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(6), 694–703. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.6.04

Mazerolle, S., Burton, L., & Cotrufo, R. (2015). The experiences of female athletic trainers in the role of head athletic trainer. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(1), 71–81.

Mazerolle, S., & Eason, C. (2016). Barriers to the role of the head athletic trainer for women in national collegiate athletic association division II and III settings. Journal of Athletic Training, 51(7), 557–565.

Mazerolle, S., & Eason, C. (2016). Navigating motherhood and the role of the head athletic trainer in the collegiate setting. Journal of Athletic Training, 51(7), 566–575.

Mazerolle, S., & Eason, C. (2016). Positive factors influencing the advancement of women to the role of head athletic trainer in the national collegiate athletic association divisions II and III. Journal of Athletic Training, 51(7), 550–556.

Yamamoto, M., Rubley, M. D., Stahura, K. A., Holcomb, W. R., & Mangus, B. C. (2011). Gender equality in athletic training: an analysis of athletic training positions in ncaa divison I athletics. Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 5(3), 169–182.

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