the rise of europe chapter 7. the early middle ages section 1
TRANSCRIPT
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The Rise of Europe
Chapter 7
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The Early Middle AgesSection 1
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Western Europe in Decline
• The Roman Empire included much of Western Europe.
• After the fall of Rome, Europe entered a period of political, social, and economic decline.
• Waves of invaders, trading slowed down, and people left the towns.
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Medieval
• The period between 500 to 1500 would be called the Middle Ages.
• The culture during this time was called medieval.
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The Rise of the Germanic Kingdoms
• The Goths, Vandals, Saxons, and Franks all conquered parts of the Roman empire.
• Mostly farmers and herders and lived in small communities.
• Kings were elected by tribal councils and Western Europe was divided into small kingdoms.
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The Franks extend their power• King Clovis of the Franks conquered Gaul,
which would later become the Kingdom of France
• Clovis converted to Christianity
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Muslim Empire Threatens Europe
• The Religion of Islam began in Arabia in the 600’s.
• Muslims, or believers of Islam, began to build a huge empire.
• Muslim armies began conquering Christian lands from Palestine to North Africa to present day Spain.
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Muslim Empire threatens Europe• Charles Martel rallied Frankish warriors at the
Battle of Tours In 732 when the Muslim armies crossed into France.
• The Christian warriors won and the Muslims advanced no further into Western Europe
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The Age of Charlemagne
• Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, briefly united Western Europe and built an empire that stretched from what is now France, Germany, and part of Italy.
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A new emperor of the Romans
• Charlemagne became emperor of the Romans when he arrested the rebellious nobles in Rome.
• Pope Leo III was so thankful that he named Charlemagne emperor.
• This angered the Eastern Roman emperor in Constantinople.
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Creating and Unified Christian Empire
• Charlemagne worked closely with the church to spread Christianity and create a united Christian Europe.
• Charlemagne appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions
• Sent out missi dominici to keep control of provincial rulers and to see that justice was done.
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A Revival of Learning
• Encouraged the creation of local schools to encourage Latin learning throughout the empire.
• Saw the need to keep accurate records and write clear reports
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Europe After Charlemagne
• After Charlemagne died in 814, his son Louis I took the throne.
• But Louis sons would later battle for power.• Finally in 843 Charlemagne’s grandsons drew
up the Treaty of Verdun, which split the empire into three regions.
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Charlemagne’s Legacy
• He extended Christian civilization into northern Europe
• He set up strong efficient governments.
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New Waves of Invasions
• Muslim forces still posed a threat to the Christian Empire.
• In the late 800’s the Muslims conquered Sicily, which became a thriving center of Muslim culture.
• The Magyars overran eastern Europe in about 900 and settled in present day Hungary.
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Raiders from the North
• The Vikings were in Scandinavia were they were independent farmers and expert sailors.
• Starting the the 700 the Vikings set out looting and burning communities along the coasts and rivers of Europe.
• Vikings sailed all around the Mediterranean Sea and across the Atlantic trading.
• Around the year 1000 they set up a short-lived Viking colony in North America.
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The Vikings
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Feudalism and the Manor EconomySection 2
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Feudalism: A Political System
• Feudalism= a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords.
• These lesser lords were called vassals and they pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord.
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Mutual Obligations
• Feudal Contract= a powerful lord granted his vassal a fief, or estate, which included peasants to work the land, as well as any town or building on it.
• The lord promised to protect the vassal and in return the vassal pledged loyalty to his lord.
• The vassal also agreed to 40 days of military service each year.
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A Structured Society• Below the monarch were powerful lords such
as dukes and counts, who held the largest fiefs.
• Each lord has vassals, and in turn those vassals had their own vassals.
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The World of Knights and Nobles• Many nobles began training at age 7 for future
occupations as a knight, or mounted warrior.• He learned to ride and fight and keep his
armor and weapons in good condition at the castle of his fathers lord.
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Knights
• Knights usually fought on horseback using swords, axes, and lances, which were long poles.
• Wore armor and carried shields
• Knights engaged in mock battles called tournaments.
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Castles and Defense• Powerful lords fortified their homes to
withstand attack and eventually created large stone castles with high walls, towers, and drawbridges.
• The Knights who defended the castle also lived there
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Noblewomen: Restrictions and Power
• While the husband or father was away fighting, the “lady of the manor” would take over his duties.
• Land and fiefs usually passed to the eldest son in the family.
• The daughters were sent to training and learned how to spin and weave and how to supervise servants.
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Chivalry: Romance and Reality
• Chivalry= required knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word. They had to fight fairly.
• Knights must also protect the weak. This usually always placed women on a pedestal.
• The Knights followed this code of conduct.• Troubadours= wondering musicians
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The Manor: An Economic System
• The heart of the medieval economy was the manor, or lord’s estate.
• Manors included one or more villages and the surrounding lands.
• Peasants worked the manor and were called serfs.
• Serfs could not leave the manor without the lord’s permission
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Lords and Peasants: Mutual Obligations
• Peasants spent several days a week farming the lords lands and repairing his roads, bridges, and fences.
• In return for their labor the peasants were entitled to protection from raids and warfare and could farm land for themselves
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A Self-Sufficient World
• The peasants produced almost everything they needed, from food and clothing to simple furniture and tools.
• Most peasants never left their village. So they had no schooling or knowledge of an outside world.
• A typical manor included cottages and huts clustered closely together with surrounding fields.
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Peasant Life
• The peasant family ate a simple diet of black bread with vegetables such as cabbage, turnips, or onions. Seldom ate meat.
• Family and livestock slept together• Still celebrated marriages and births.• Life was harsh– Worked long hours from sunup to sundown
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The Medieval ChurchSection 3
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The Sacraments
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Main Events of a Persons Life
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Monks and Nuns
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Vatican City: Rome
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Economic Recovery Sparks Change
Section 4
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An Agricultural Revolution• By 800’s, peasants were using iron plows that
carved deep into the heavy soil.• A new harness allowed peasants to use horses
rather than oxen to pull the plows
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Production and Population Grow• Brought more land into use by clearing
forests, draining swamps, and reclaiming wasteland for farming and grazing.
• Rotated crops using the three-field system– Planted one field with grain, one with legumes,
and left the third unplanted.– This new method only left 1/3 of land unplanted.
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The Revival of Trade and Travel
• As the population grew and people began to feel safer, they began to travel.
• Crusaders brought luxury goods back to Europe from the Middle East and Asia.
• Traders began to crisscross Europe to meet the growing demand for goods.
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Trade Routs Expand
• They traveled in armed caravans and followed regular trade routes to the middle east and Asia.
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The Growth of towns and Cities
• As merchants set up shops in small settlements along trade routes, populations grew and they eventually became the first medieval cities.
• Charter= set out the rights and privileges of the town– Had to ask the local lord for a charter– In return the merchants paid the lord a large sum of
money• As populations grew, manors became overcrowded
and lords often allowed peasants to buy their freedom and move to towns.
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The Beginnings of Modern Business
• As trade revived, the use of money increased.– Need for Capital= money for investment
• Groups of merchants joined together in partnerships.– The pooled their funds to finance large-scale
venture that would have been too costly for any individual trader.
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The Beginnings of Modern Business
• Local merchants developed a system of insurance to help reduce business risks.
• Developed credit
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Society begins to change• As a result of the use of money, many serfs
began selling farm products to townspeople and paying rent to their lord in cash instead of labor.
• Most peasants in Western Europe were Tenant Farmers, who paid rent for their land.
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The rise of the middle class
• Merchants, traders, and artisans formed the middle class.
• The middle class gained economic and political power through guilds which cooperated to protect their own economic interests.– Merchant Guilds– Artisans Guilds
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Becoming a Guild Member
• At the age 7 or 8, a child might become an apprentice, or trainee, to a guild master.
• Most people became journeymen, or salaried workers, who worked for guild members.
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Town and City Life• Medieval towns an cities were surrounded by
high, protective walls.• Because of overcrowding, city dwellers added
a second or third story to houses and shops.• Great cathedral towered above all residences.