the statistical tables on the least developed countries – 2015 · the statistical tables on the...

STATISTICAL TABLES ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES - 2015

U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T

Contents

1. Development indicators ................................................................................................................................1

2. Real GDP growth: 2002–2015, selected years ............................................................................................2

3. Real GDP per capita growth: 2002–2015, selected years ...........................................................................3

4. Gross fixed capital formation, gross domestic savings and external resource gap, selected years ............4

5. Share of value added in main economic sectors: 1991, 2000 and 2013 ......................................................5

6. Foreign direct investment inflows: 2000–2014, selected years ....................................................................6

7. Migrant remittance inflows: 2000–2014, selected years ...............................................................................7

8. Selected indicators on foreign debt burden: 2000–2013, selected years .....................................................8

9. Indicators on area and population, 2013 ......................................................................................................9

10. Selected indicators on education, 2014* ...................................................................................................10

11. Total merchandise exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2000-2014, selected years ...........11

12. Total merchandise imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2000-2014, selected years ...........12

13. Product composition of merchandise exports, 2012–2014 ........................................................................13

14. Product composition of merchandise imports, 2012–2014 ........................................................................14

15. Main markets for merchandise exports, 2012–2014 ...................................................................................15

16. Main sources of merchandise imports, 2012–2014 ....................................................................................16

17. Total services exports: Levels and annual average growth rates: 2005–2014, selected years...................17

18. Total services imports: Levels and annual average growth rates: 2005–2014, selected years ..................18

19. Employment by sector: 1991, 2000 and 2014 ............................................................................................19

20. Labour force, agricultural labour force and female share: 1980–2014, selected years ..............................20

21. Share of male and female employment, by sector: 2000 and 2014 ...........................................................21

22. Total economically active population in agriculture: 1980–2013, selected years .......................................22

23. Agricultural labour productivity: 1980–2013, selected years ......................................................................23

24. Agricultural land productivity: 1980–2012, selected years ........................................................................24

25. Land/labour ratio:1980–2012, selected years .............................................................................................25

26. Growth rate of agricultural total factor productivity: 1960–2011 ................................................................26

The Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2015 iii

Foreword

The Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2015 provides a collection of statistics and indicators relevant to the analysis of development in the least developed countries (LDCs). Reliable statistical information is indispensable for formulating sound economic policies and recommendations. The tables provide policymakers, researchers, academics, officials from national governments or international organizations, journalists, executive managers and members of non-governmental organizations access to cross-comparable sets of data. The tables are available online in document and spreadsheet format.

To help us provide better and more relevant statistics to users, you are invited to send your comments to [email protected].

iv The Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2015

Country groups and product classifications used in these tables

Least developed countries

Forty-eight countries are currently designated by the United Nations as “least developed countries” (LDCs). These are: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia.

Unless otherwise specified, in these tables the least developed countries (LDCs) are classified according to a combination of geographical and structural criteria. The small island LDCs which are geographically in Africa or Asia are thus grouped with the Pacific islands, due to their structural similarities. Haiti and Madagascar, which are regarded as large island States, are grouped with the African LDCs. South Sudan declared its independence on 9 July 2011, and became both an independent State and a United Nations Member State on 14 July 2011. Accordingly, starting with 2011, data for South Sudan and Sudan (officially the Republic of the Sudan), where available, are shown under the respective country name. For periods prior to the independence of South Sudan, data for Sudan (former) include those for South Sudan unless otherwise indicated. The resulting groups are as follows:

African LDCs and Haiti: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan (former) or South Sudan and Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia.

Asian LDCs: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Yemen.

Island LDCs: Comoros, Kiribati, Sao Tome and Principe, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

Other groups of countries and territories

Developed countries: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Israel, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States.

Other developing countries (ODCs): All developing countries (as classified by the United Nations) which are not LDCs.

Product classification

Goods: The figures provided below are the codes of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), revision 3.

Primary commodities: sections 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, division 68 and groups 667 and 971.

Agriculture and food: sections 0, 1, 2, and 4, excluding divisions 27 and 28.

Minerals: divisions 27, 28, 68, and groups 667 and 971.

Fuels: section 3.

Manufactures: sections 5, 6 (excluding division 68 and group 667), 7 and 8.

The Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2015 v

Labour-intensive and resource-intensive manufactures: divisions 61, 63, 64, 65, 82, 83, 84, 85, 66 (excluding group 667).

Low-skill and technology-intensive manufactures: divisions 67, 69 and groups 785, 786, 791, 793, 895, 899

Medium-skill and technology-intensive manufactures: divisions 62, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77 (excluding group 776), 81, and groups 781 to 784, 893, 894.

High-skill and technology-intensive manufactures: section 5, divisions 75, 76, 87, 88 and groups 776, 792, 891, 892, 896, 897.

Section 9 (Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC) has been included only in the total of exports of goods and services, but not in the goods classification above, except for group 971 (Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates)), which has been included in Minerals.

Services: Total services cover the following main categories: transport, travel, communications, construction, insurance, financial services, computer and information services, royalties and licence fees, other business services, personal, cultural, recreational and government services.

vi The Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2015

Explanatory notes

The term “dollars” ($) refers to United States dollars unless otherwise stated. The term “billion” signifies 1,000 million.

Annual rates of growth and changes refer to compound rates. Exports are valued f.o.b. (free on board) and imports c.i.f. (cost, insurance, freight) unless otherwise specified.

Use of a dash (–) between dates representing years, e.g. 1981–1990, signifies the full period involved, including the initial and final years. An oblique stroke (/) between two years, e.g. 1991/92, signifies a fiscal or crop year.

Two dots (..) indicate that the data are not available, or are not separately reported.

A hyphen (-) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible.

Details and percentages do not necessarily add up to totals, because of rounding.

The Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2015 1

1. Development indicators

country

GNI per capita

(current $)a

Economic Vulnerability Indexb (EVI)

Human Assets Indexc (HAI) Income level

Human Development Index (HDI)

Multi-dimensional

Poverty Index (MPI)d

2014 CDP 2015 reviewvalue rank value

2013 2013

Afghanistan 680 35.1 43.1 Low income 0.47 169 0.29

Angola 5 300 39.7 41.9 Upper middle income 0.53 149 ..

Bangladesh 1 080 25.1 63.8 Lower middle income 0.56 142 0.24

Benin 810 31.2 50.1 Low income 0.48 165 0.40

Bhutan 2 390 40.2 67.9 Lower middle income 0.58 136 0.13

Burkina Faso 710 39.5 36.5 Low income 0.39 181 0.51

Burundi 270 49.9 41 Low income 0.39 180 0.44

Cambodia 1 010 38.3 67.2 Low income 0.58 136 0.21

Central African Republic 330 33.5 22.9 Low income 0.34 185 0.42

Chad 1 010 46 24.4 Low income 0.37 184 ..

Comoros 840 45.8 54.2 Low income 0.49 159 ..

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 410 30.3 29.9 Low income 0.34 186 0.40

Djibouti 1 675e 37.7 54.6 Lower middle income 0.47 170 0.13

Equatorial Guinea 13 340 39.3 54.8 High income Non-OECD 0.56 144 ..

Eritrea 530 56.8 41.2 Low income 0.38 182 ..

Ethiopia 550 31.8 39.2 Low income 0.44 173 0.54

Gambia 450 70.7 62.1 Low income 0.44 172 0.33

Guinea 480 24.9 38.7 Low income 0.39 179 0.55

Guinea-Bissau 570 53.6 44.8 Low income 0.40 177 0.49

Haiti 830 34.1 39.3 Low income 0.47 168 0.24

Kiribati 2 280 71.5 86.3 Lower middle income 0.61 133 ..

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 1 600 36.2 60.8 Lower middle income 0.57 139 0.19

Lesotho 1 350 42.9 62.9 Lower middle income 0.49 162 0.23

Liberia 400 57.9 46.2 Low income 0.41 175 0.46

Madagascar 440 36.7 53.5 Low income 0.50 155 0.42

Malawi 250 41.1 53.7 Low income 0.41 174 0.33

Mali 720 33.3 45.5 Low income 0.41 176 0.53

Mauritania 1 260 41.2 49.5 Lower middle income 0.49 161 0.36

Mozambique 630 38.1 41.7 Low income 0.39 178 0.39

Myanmar 1 270 33.7 72.7 Lower middle income 0.52 150 ..

Nepal 730 26.8 68.7 Low income 0.54 145 0.20

Niger 430 37.6 34.7 Low income 0.34 187 0.58

Rwanda 650 40.7 51.5 Low income 0.51 151 0.35

Sao Tome and Principe 1 570 39.2 77.4 Lower middle income 0.56 142 0.22

Senegal 1 050 33 55.9 Lower middle income 0.49 163 0.39

Sierra Leone 720 48.9 34.8 Low income 0.37 183 0.41

Solomon Islands 1 830 50.8 71.7 Lower middle income 0.49 157 ..

Somalia 118e 36.3 7.8 Low income .. 0.50

South Sudan 960 56 29.1 Low income .. ..

Sudan 1 740 49.9 56.6 Lower middle income 0.47 166 ..

Timor-Leste 3 120 55 57.4 Lower middle income 0.62 128 0.32

Togo 580 33.6 58.7 Low income 0.47 166 0.26

Tuvalu 5 840f 54 88.8 Upper middle income .. ..

Uganda 660 31.8 53.6 Low income 0.48 164 0.36

United Republic of Tanzania 930 28.8 52 Low income 0.49 159 0.33

Vanuatu 3 090f 47.7 81.3 Lower middle income 0.62 131 0.13

Yemen 1 370f 35.4 59.8 Lower middle income 0.50 154 0.19

Zambia 1 760 45.6 40.8 Lower middle income 0.56 141 0.32

Source: United Nations Committee for Development Policy (CDP) database, 2015 review ; World Bank, World Development Indicators database (accessed August 2015); United Nations, Undata database (accessed August 2015); UNDP, Human development Report 2014 (accessed August 2015); World Bank Economies Income classification (accessed August 2015).

Notes: a GNI current dollars Atlas method, World Bank, WDI database (accessed August 2015); b EVI: higher values indicate higher vulnerablity.See explanotory notes at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_

publications/2008cdphandbook.pdf; c HAI: lower values indicate weaker human asset development. See explanotory notes at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/

cdp_publications/2008cdphandbook.pdf; d MPI: higher values indicate population multidimentionally poor. See explanatory notes for HDR composite indices at http://hdrstats.undp.org/im-

ages/explanations/PSE.pdf; e Average 2011-2013 for Djibouti, Myanmar and Somalia. Source Undata, National accounts main aggregates database (accessed August 2015); f 2013 data for Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Yemen.

2 The Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2015

2. Real GDP growth, 2002–2015, selected years (Annual average growth rates, per cent)

2002–2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014a 2015a

Afghanistan 7.4 8.4 6.5 14.0 3.9 1.3 2.0

Angola 16.2 3.4 3.9 5.2 6.8 4.8 3.5

Bangladesh 6.3 6.0 6.5 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.5

Benin 3.8 2.6 3.3 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.5

Bhutan 8.4 9.3 10.1 6.4 4.9 6.4 7.7

Burkina Faso 6.2 8.4 6.6 6.5 6.6 4.0 5.0

Burundi 4.2 5.1 4.2 4.0 4.5 4.7 -7.2

Cambodia 10.4 6.0 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.0 7.0

Central African Republic 2.3 3.0 3.3 4.1 -36.0 1.0 5.5

Chad 9.8 13.5 0.1 8.9 5.7 6.9 6.9

Comoros 1.6 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.5 2.0 1.0

Democratic Republic of the Congo 6.0 7.1 6.9 7.1 8.5 9.2 8.4

Djibouti 4.0 3.5 4.5 4.8 5.0 6.0 6.5

Equatorial Guinea 11.8 -3.8 1.9 5.8 -6.5 -0.3 -10.2

Eritrea -0.9 2.2 8.7 7.0 1.3 1.7 0.2

Ethiopia 10.3 10.6 11.4 8.7 9.8 10.3 8.7

The Gambia 3.3 6.5 -4.3 5.6 4.8 -0.2 4.7

Guinea 2.6 1.9 3.9 3.8 2.3 1.1 0.0

Guinea-Bissau 2.9 4.4 9.4 -1.8 0.8 2.5 4.7

Haiti 0.9 -5.5 5.5 2.9 4.2 2.8 2.5

Kiribati 1.1 -0.9 -0.2 3.4 2.4 3.7 3.1

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 7.5 8.1 8.0 7.9 8.0 7.4 7.5

Lesotho 3.9 6.9 4.5 5.3 3.6 3.4 2.6

Liberia 2.8 6.1 7.4 8.2 8.7 0.7 0.9

Madagascar 6.1 0.3 1.5 3.0 2.3 3.3 3.4

Malawi 5.8 6.9 4.9 1.9 5.2 5.7 4.0

Mali 4.9 5.8 2.7 0.0 1.7 7.2 5.0

Mauritania 8.1 4.8 4.4 6.0 5.5 6.9 4.1

Mozambique 7.8 7.1 7.4 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.0

Myanmar 12.1 5.3 5.6 7.3 8.4 8.5 8.5

Nepal 4.0 4.8 3.4 4.8 4.1 5.4 3.4

Niger 5.2 8.4 2.2 11.8 4.6 6.9 4.3

Rwanda 8.1 6.3 7.5 8.8 4.7 6.9 6.5

Sao Tome and Principe 5.8 4.5 4.8 4.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Senegal 4.8 4.2 1.8 4.4 3.6 4.7 5.1

Sierra Leone 6.0 5.3 6.0 15.2 20.1 7.1 -23.9

Solomon Islands 7.6 6.9 12.9 4.7 3.0 1.5 3.3

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudanb 5.9 3.0 -1.3 -3.4 3.9 3.6 3.5

South Sudan - - - - 29.3 2.9 -5.3

Timor-Leste 3.3 9.4 9.5 6.4 2.8 4.5 4.3

Togo 2.7 4.1 4.8 5.9 5.4 5.0 5.4

Tuvalu 1.0 -2.7 8.5 0.2 1.3 2.2 3.5

United Republic of Tanzania 6.5 6.4 7.9 5.1 7.3 7.0 6.9

Uganda 7.9 7.7 6.8 2.6 3.9 4.8 5.2

Vanuatu 5.7 1.6 1.2 1.8 2.0 2.3 -2.0

Yemen 4.0 7.7 -12.7 2.4 4.8 -0.2 -28.1

Zambia 7.6 10.3 6.4 6.8 6.7 5.6 4.3

Total LDCs 7.4 5.7 4.4 7.1 6.1 5.6 3.8

African LDCs and Haiti 7.9 5.3 4.6 7.5 6.1 5.6 4.2

Asian LDCs 6.7 6.3 4.0 6.5 6.1 5.6 3.2

Island LDCs 3.9 6.9 7.9 5.2 2.8 3.7 3.2

ODCs 7.0 7.9 5.8 4.9 4.8 4.4 3.9Sources: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from IMF, World Economic Outlook database (accessed October 2015).Notes: a Data for 2014 are preliminary, and are forecasted for 2015; b Sudan include South Sudan until 2012.


3. Real GDP per capita growth: 2002–2015, selected years (Annual average growth rates, per cent)

2002–2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014a 2015a

Afghanistan 4.0 5.8 3.9 11.2 1.5 -1.1 -0.3Angola 12.9 0.4 0.9 2.1 3.7 1.7 0.5Bangladesh 4.9 4.9 5.3 5.0 4.8 5.2 5.4Benin 0.5 -0.3 0.5 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.9Bhutan 5.8 7.5 8.3 4.5 3.2 4.7 5.9Burkina Faso 3.1 5.3 3.6 3.4 3.6 1.1 2.0Burundi 2.0 2.6 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.3 -9.3Cambodia 8.7 4.3 5.3 5.4 5.8 5.4 5.4Central African Republic 0.5 1.1 1.3 2.1 -37.3 -0.9 3.5Chad 6.3 10.8 -2.4 6.2 3.1 4.3 4.3Comoros -0.7 -0.9 -0.7 -0.1 0.5 -0.9 -1.9Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.0 4.0 3.8 4.0 5.3 6.0 5.3Djibouti 1.2 0.7 1.6 2.0 2.1 3.2 3.5Equatorial Guinea 8.6 -6.5 -0.9 2.9 -9.1 -3.0 -12.6Eritrea -4.6 -1.1 5.2 3.6 -1.9 -1.6 -2.9Ethiopia 7.2 8.8 9.6 7.0 8.1 8.6 7.0The Gambia 0.3 3.7 -6.9 2.8 1.9 -2.9 1.9Guinea 0.3 -0.7 1.2 1.2 -0.3 -1.4 -2.4Guinea-Bissau 0.7 2.0 6.9 -4.0 -1.4 0.2 2.4Haiti -0.5 -6.7 4.1 1.5 2.8 1.3 1.1Kiribati -0.9 -2.9 -2.1 1.4 0.5 1.0 1.3Lao People’s Dem. Republic 5.6 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.4 5.5Lesotho 3.8 6.6 4.3 5.0 3.3 3.2 2.3Liberia 1.3 1.8 4.7 5.5 5.9 -1.9 -1.7Madagascar 3.0 -2.5 -1.3 0.2 -0.6 0.5 0.6Malawi 3.2 3.9 1.9 -1.0 2.3 2.7 1.1Mali 1.7 2.6 -0.3 -2.9 -1.3 3.9 1.7Mauritania 6.5 2.1 1.8 3.4 3.0 4.4 1.7Mozambique 4.9 4.4 4.8 4.4 4.8 4.7 4.5Myanmar 11.4 4.6 4.7 6.4 7.5 7.5 7.6Nepal 2.5 3.6 2.2 3.6 2.9 4.2 2.2Niger 1.4 5.1 -0.9 8.5 1.4 3.7 1.2Rwanda 6.0 3.1 5.4 5.7 1.8 4.1 3.6Sao Tome and Principe 3.1 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.9 2.4Senegal 1.9 1.3 -1.1 1.4 0.7 1.7 2.1Sierra Leone 2.4 3.3 3.9 13.0 17.7 4.9 -25.0Solomon Islands 5.0 4.7 10.4 2.4 0.8 -0.8 1.0Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Sudanb 3.2 0.4 21.3 -10.0 0.7 0.4 0.4South Sudan - - - - 23.4 -1.6 -9.4Timor-Leste 1.3 6.5 6.5 3.0 -0.4 1.3 1.0Togo -0.2 1.4 2.1 3.2 2.7 2.3 2.7Tuvalu -0.9 -2.7 -1.4 0.2 1.3 2.2 3.5Uganda 4.3 4.2 3.5 -0.8 0.3 1.7 2.1United Republic of Tanzania 3.5 3.8 5.3 2.7 5.2 4.9 4.8Vanuatu 3.3 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.4 0.0 -4.2Yemen 0.8 4.6 -15.3 -0.6 1.8 -3.1 -30.2Zambia 4.8 7.0 3.1 3.4 3.3 2.2 0.9LDCs 5.0 3.4 2.0 4.6 3.8 3.3 1.6

African LDCs and Haiti 4.9 2.6 1.7 4.4 3.4 2.9 1.5Asian LDCs 5.1 4.9 2.5 4.9 4.6 4.2 1.8Island LDCs 1.7 4.2 5.1 2.3 0.0 0.8 0.4

ODCs 5.5 6.6 4.9 3.4 3.5 3.2 2.7

Sources: UNCTAD secretariat calculations based on data from IMF, World Economic Outlook database (accessed, 26 october 2015)Notes: a Data for 2014 are preliminary, and are forecasted for 2015; b Sudan include South Sudan until 2012.


4. Gross fixed capital formation, gross domestic savings and external resource gap: 2002–2013, selected years(Per cent of real GDP)

Gross Fixed capital formation Gross domestic savings External ressource gap

2002-2008

2010 2011 2012 20132002-2008

2010 2011 2012 20132002-2008

2010 2011 2012 2013

Afghanistan 19.3 13.2 12.3 10.2 9.3 -19.2 -24.4 -18.9 -23.5 -19.0 -38.4 -37.6 -31.2 -33.7 -28.3

Angola 12.6 17.0 17.0 17.0 15.7 39.4 27.8 27.7 27.7 24.0 26.7 10.8 10.7 10.7 8.2

Bangladesh 25.8 26.7 27.4 28.6 28.6 20.7 24.0 24.2 25.6 26.3 -5.1 -2.7 -3.3 -3.0 -2.3

Benin 19.5 18.8 19.2 19.0 26.1 11.5 13.7 13.9 14.5 15.2 -8.0 -5.1 -5.3 -4.5 -10.9

Bhutan 52.3 68.0 70.5 69.5 44.5 37.9 36.7 39.8 40.9 38.8 -14.4 -31.3 -30.7 -28.6 -5.7

Burkina Faso 18.8 24.8 28.9 28.4 28.5 8.3 14.3 16.2 13.8 15.2 -10.5 -10.5 -12.7 -14.6 -13.3

Burundi 16.6 17.1 20.1 21.7 26.4 -5.4 -5.2 0.9 -4.8 -5.9 -22.0 -22.4 -19.2 -26.5 -32.3

Cambodia 19.4 19.1 19.8 21.6 21.5 11.5 8.0 5.3 7.6 11.2 -7.9 -11.1 -14.4 -14.0 -10.4

Central African Republic 9.8 10.0 9.3 10.0 5.5 4.5 7.6 6.2 5.8 -1.9 -5.3 -2.4 -3.1 -4.2 -7.4

Chad 21.3 18.1 18.4 19.7 21.1 46.3 43.6 47.3 44.6 46.3 25.1 25.4 29.0 24.9 25.2

Comoros 10.8 14.4 14.9 15.4 16.0 -11.9 -26.6 -27.9 -29.3 -29.9 -22.8 -41.0 -42.8 -44.7 -45.9

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 12.7 25.5 26.7 27.4 27.1 9.2 2.6 6.6 9.8 8.5 -3.5 -22.9 -20.1 -17.6 -18.5

Djibouti 21.1 18.9 21.6 25.3 26.4 -4.4 -3.1 -8.5 -10.4 -13.3 -25.4 -22.0 -30.1 -35.6 -39.7

Equatorial Guinea 22.6 25.2 23.7 24.8 26.7 90.1 91.9 90.3 89.6 88.4 67.6 66.7 66.6 64.7 61.7

Eritrea 19.5 9.8 10.4 9.9 9.5 -23.2 -10.6 13.7 26.1 22.7 -42.7 -20.4 3.3 16.2 13.1

Ethiopia 26.0 32.7 36.3 47.2 47.4 10.5 1.8 8.4 10.6 13.7 -15.5 -30.9 -27.9 -36.6 -33.8

Gambia 31.0 18.1 25.2 23.0 21.2 8.7 3.1 11.5 8.7 8.5 -22.4 -15.0 -13.7 -14.3 -12.8

Guinea 25.8 31.1 40.0 40.1 39.9 22.5 25.1 17.3 15.0 12.5 -3.4 -6.0 -22.6 -25.1 -27.5

Guinea-Bissau 7.5 7.6 7.9 7.0 4.0 -6.0 -7.7 -4.2 -4.1 -6.0 -13.5 -15.3 -12.1 -11.1 -10.0

Haiti 14.3 14.5 15.0 15.5 15.7 -15.7 -38.5 -27.6 -17.6 -15.8 -30.0 -52.9 -42.6 -33.1 -31.6

Kiribati 44.7 41.8 43.4 47.4 44.2 -43.5 -34.2 -39.2 -52.1 -41.8 -88.2 -76.0 -82.5 -99.5 -86.0

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 38.7 36.2 39.4 47.6 41.0 25.0 31.7 30.5 29.5 30.6 -13.7 -4.5 -8.9 -18.0 -10.5

Lesotho 26.3 27.2 27.1 30.8 29.2 -45.7 -42.5 -45.9 -42.0 -48.2 -72.0 -69.7 -73.0 -72.8 -77.4

Liberia 18.2 26.4 25.2 25.4 25.6 -34.5 -36.6 -40.2 -31.8 -36.2 -52.7 -63.0 -65.3 -57.2 -61.8

Madagascar 25.7 30.2 30.2 31.1 32.6 6.4 8.5 9.0 9.3 18.9 -19.3 -21.7 -21.2 -21.8 -13.6

Malawi 16.1 8.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 -0.3 17.4 14.0 15.6 21.5 -16.5 8.6 9.2 9.8 14.6

Mali 15.5 17.6 18.0 12.5 15.2 13.1 18.1 17.1 16.5 12.5 -2.4 0.5 -0.9 4.0 -2.7

Mauritania 35.6 44.2 60.4 78.7 75.4 10.2 8.8 6.6 5.6 6.3 -25.4 -35.3 -53.8 -73.1 -69.1

Mozambique 14.8 17.8 19.1 19.2 18.6 4.9 9.4 10.4 10.5 9.9 -9.9 -8.3 -8.7 -8.7 -8.6

Myanmar 13.6 25.3 32.3 32.8 32.9 14.4 21.0 22.2 23.3 23.3 0.8 -4.3 -10.1 -9.5 -9.5

Nepal 20.9 22.3 21.4 19.7 20.1 11.4 12.3 13.6 12.3 13.3 -9.4 -10.0 -7.8 -7.4 -6.9

Niger 21.6 36.2 35.7 31.5 31.4 9.9 13.1 10.4 15.5 15.1 -11.7 -23.1 -25.3 -16.0 -16.3

Rwanda 18.8 25.2 26.4 29.5 30.3 3.3 -2.8 -1.3 -0.6 1.3 -15.4 -27.9 -27.7 -30.1 -29.0

Sao Tome and Principe 26.1 21.2 21.9 20.7 21.3 -16.5 -27.6 -26.1 -22.7 -25.4 -42.6 -48.8 -48.0 -43.3 -46.7

Senegal 24.7 25.0 26.8 26.4 27.7 7.2 6.4 6.3 6.5 2.8 -17.5 -18.6 -20.5 -19.9 -24.9

Sierra Leone 9.6 32.0 42.9 26.8 19.0 -2.4 9.9 -3.8 2.8 14.4 -12.0 -22.1 -46.7 -24.0 -4.6

Solomon Islands 13.3 18.4 16.2 13.3 18.2 -4.9 2.8 17.8 17.4 17.7 -18.2 -15.6 1.7 4.0 -0.6

Somalia 21.0 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.7 19.7 19.4 19.4 19.5 19.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3

South Sudan - - - 8.6 8.9 - - - -1.0 5.6 - - - -9.5 -3.3

Sudan - - - 19.2 19.3 - - - 7.7 8.6 - - - -11.4 -10.8

Sudan (former) 17.2 17.3 16.9 - - 16.1 17.9 16.9 - - -1.1 0.6 0.0 - -

Timor-Leste 5.0 14.9 19.4 19.8 18.0 59.2 59.3 62.2 54.4 58.6 54.2 44.4 42.8 34.6 40.6

Togo 16.1 22.0 22.9 31.9 30.3 -8.8 -5.7 -2.0 1.2 -9.9 -24.9 -27.7 -24.9 -30.7 -40.2

Tuvalu 62.6 45.6 50.0 48.8 49.7 -2.8 -8.0 -1.4 2.1 -0.1 -65.4 -53.6 -51.4 -46.7 -49.8

Uganda 27.7 31.9 31.0 32.7 32.4 19.6 19.7 20.1 23.1 25.2 -8.1 -12.1 -11.0 -9.7 -7.2

United Republic of Tanzania 27.1 32.4 36.0 34.6 34.1 23.9 22.5 23.9 23.9 22.4 -3.2 -9.9 -12.1 -10.7 -11.6

Vanuatu 27.5 38.7 32.3 26.4 32.4 20.9 26.0 25.2 24.9 25.3 -6.6 -12.7 -7.1 -1.5 -7.1

Yemen 18.1 23.1 15.8 23.6 31.6 26.7 23.3 28.0 27.1 29.6 8.6 0.2 12.2 3.4 -2.0

Zambia 23.3 25.4 25.6 25.3 25.4 10.7 -1.5 -0.3 0.7 -0.4 -12.5 -27.0 -25.9 -24.6 -25.8

LDCs 20.6 23.7 24.6 26.0 26.3 18.9 18.5 19.2 19.0 19.0 -1.7 -5.1 -5.4 -7.1 -7.2

African LDCs and Haiti 19.5 23.0 24.1 25.4 25.5 19.3 17.8 18.4 17.8 17.2 -0.2 -5.1 -5.8 -7.6 -8.4

Asian LDCs 22.9 25.1 25.5 27.2 27.7 17.9 19.3 20.2 20.6 21.8 -5.0 -5.8 -5.3 -6.6 -5.9

Island LDCs 12.2 18.8 20.7 20.1 20.3 30.8 35.7 39.8 32.8 35.7 18.6 16.9 19.1 12.7 15.4

ODCs 26.1 29.8 30.2 30.4 30.6 32.3 34.5 34.3 34.1 33.8 6.2 4.7 4.1 3.6 3.3

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed September 2015).


5. Share of value added in main economic sectors: 1991, 2000 and 2013(Per cent of GDP)

Agriculture, hunting, forestry, fishing

Industry Services

Manufacturing Non-manufacturing

1991 2000 2013 1991 2000 2013 1991 2000 2013 1991 2000 2013

Afghanistan 49.7 57.0 25.6 3.5 6.4 9.1 19.9 16.8 11.4 26.8 19.8 53.9

Angola 24.0 5.8 9.3 27.1 69.8 57.8 6.2 3.0 5.9 42.6 21.4 27.0

Bangladesh 29.5 24.4 16.3 7.1 8.8 10.4 12.6 14.3 17.3 50.8 52.5 56.1

Benin 36.0 37.8 35.9 5.0 5.1 5.7 7.4 8.9 8.0 51.7 48.2 50.4

Bhutan 35.3 27.4 17.1 18.8 27.6 35.7 9.0 8.4 9.0 36.9 36.6 38.3

Burkina Faso 30.9 32.8 34.3 6.9 8.4 14.7 13.0 13.2 7.5 49.2 45.6 43.5

Burundi 52.5 40.5 38.1 5.0 5.7 4.7 15.9 13.2 10.5 26.6 40.7 46.7

Cambodia 44.9 37.8 33.5 4.3 6.2 9.2 7.4 16.9 16.4 43.3 39.1 40.8

Central African Republic 33.6 41.4 41.7 7.8 8.0 5.6 19.7 10.9 18.3 38.9 39.7 34.4

Chad 37.1 42.3 19.8 3.1 2.2 44.3 10.7 9.1 7.0 49.1 46.4 28.9

Comoros 40.8 47.7 42.8 3.6 6.9 4.1 4.2 4.5 6.8 51.4 41.0 46.3

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 41.7 32.3 20.8 10.1 12.6 27.9 7.4 10.0 16.6 40.8 45.1 34.8

Djibouti 3.2 3.5 3.7 18.0 12.6 18.1 3.6 2.6 2.5 75.2 81.3 75.7

Equatorial Guinea 58.8 8.3 1.4 10.6 87.9 95.3 1.7 0.2 0.1 29.0 3.7 3.1

Eritrea - 15.1 17.6 - 11.8 17.5 - 11.2 6.0 - 61.9 58.9

Ethiopia 41.0 47.8 45.5 5.0 6.6 7.2 10.3 5.8 3.9 43.7 39.8 43.5

Ethiopia (former) 41.0 - - 5.0 - - 10.3 - - 43.7 - -

Gambia 16.1 23.8 23.5 5.7 7.8 9.9 8.2 6.6 5.8 70.0 61.7 60.9

Guinea 18.9 22.7 27.1 29.9 29.7 24.9 3.1 3.0 6.8 48.0 44.6 41.1

Guinea-Bissau 44.7 58.1 47.2 9.3 2.7 1.8 7.6 9.7 12.0 38.4 29.4 38.9

Haiti 31.1 23.5 18.6 15.1 22.0 27.2 11.9 10.0 9.6 41.8 44.6 44.7

Kiribati 26.9 23.6 25.8 4.7 9.4 4.3 6.9 4.8 5.3 61.5 62.2 64.6

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 42.3 43.5 24.1 7.9 11.0 26.0 5.0 7.8 8.1 44.8 37.8 41.7

Lesotho 11.0 11.9 8.1 14.0 16.8 18.2 9.1 13.6 14.2 65.9 57.7 59.6

Liberia 54.8 71.8 70.1 5.1 0.3 5.6 11.4 0.3 5.7 28.7 27.6 18.6

Madagascar 32.5 28.9 25.7 2.2 3.7 4.9 11.7 12.2 14.2 53.5 55.2 55.2

Malawi 45.0 41.5 32.2 8.4 4.6 5.5 20.3 14.9 11.1 26.4 39.0 51.2

Mali 46.1 36.3 38.2 6.0 13.7 15.4 6.9 7.2 7.1 41.1 42.9 39.4

Mauritania 45.9 35.9 23.0 15.0 16.3 40.4 8.2 11.1 8.0 31.0 36.7 28.5

Mozambique 37.6 24.2 29.0 2.0 7.1 9.9 16.0 18.7 10.9 44.4 50.0 50.2

Myanmar 58.8 57.2 33.2 2.9 2.5 10.1 7.0 7.2 19.8 31.3 33.1 36.9

Nepal 45.5 37.7 34.7 6.8 8.1 8.8 6.8 9.2 6.2 40.9 45.0 50.3

Niger 35.8 41.2 39.6 10.2 6.3 14.2 6.2 6.4 6.5 47.8 46.1 39.8

Rwanda 39.4 40.0 34.7 6.4 7.5 10.1 9.4 5.7 5.4 44.7 46.7 49.8

Sao Tome and Principe 27.6 20.0 20.7 10.1 9.6 9.9 7.8 7.7 7.6 54.5 62.6 61.8

Senegal 18.4 19.1 16.0 6.5 8.6 10.0 16.6 14.7 14.0 58.6 57.6 60.0

Sierra Leone 48.1 48.3 49.0 5.6 6.1 21.0 3.5 3.3 1.7 42.8 42.2 28.4

Solomon Islands 42.5 34.7 28.4 4.6 4.7 6.9 6.6 8.0 8.3 46.3 52.6 56.4

Somalia 64.3 60.2 60.2 4.6 4.9 4.9 2.3 2.5 2.5 28.8 32.5 32.5

South Sudan - - 4.0 - - 56.9 - - 2.7 - - 36.4

Sudan - - 42.6 - - 5.7 - - 9.8 - - 41.8

Sudan (former) 38.6 37.1 - 6.2 11.7 - 5.3 5.7 - 49.8 45.6 -

Timor-Leste - - 3.9 - - 83.5 - - 0.2 - - 12.4

Togo 36.6 37.8 44.7 16.4 10.5 13.2 11.7 9.2 7.2 35.3 42.4 34.9

Tuvalu 24.2 19.4 25.5 13.2 7.0 8.1 1.6 0.8 1.1 61.1 72.8 65.3

Uganda 46.3 34.1 26.8 5.2 8.2 12.2 6.5 9.5 10.1 42.0 48.2 50.9

United Republic of Tanzania 32.2 31.6 33.5 6.4 9.1 15.5 8.9 8.1 7.2 52.4 51.2 43.9

Vanuatu 22.4 25.6 24.3 4.6 7.7 6.0 5.9 4.8 4.5 67.2 61.9 65.2

Yemen 19.1 12.2 15.0 12.6 36.8 27.8 8.6 5.3 8.2 59.7 45.7 49.0

Zambia 16.8 21.0 17.5 13.7 13.0 29.5 35.5 10.8 8.0 34.1 55.2 44.9

LDCs 34.9 30.2 24.0 9.2 14.1 23.0 10.4 10.1 10.6 45.5 45.6 42.4

African LDCs and Haiti 34.8 31.2 25.1 10.5 16.1 28.9 10.0 8.3 7.8 44.7 44.3 38.2

Asian LDCs 34.9 29.0 22.3 6.8 11.7 12.7 11.4 12.2 15.4 46.8 47.1 49.6

Island LDCs 34.1 33.0 13.3 5.1 6.7 54.9 5.8 6.0 2.6 55.1 54.2 29.2

ODCs 12.9 9.5 8.8 17.9 21.1 17.7 18.6 15.5 20.7 50.7 53.9 52.8

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed September 2015).


6. Foreign direct investment inflows: 2000–2014, selected years(Millions of current dollars)2000–2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Afghanistan 121 211 83 94 69 54

Angola 1,110 -3,227 -3,024 -6,898 -7,120 -3,881

Bangladesh 608 913 1,136 1,293 1,599 1,527

Benin 84 177 161 230 360 377

Bhutan 13 31 26 51 9 6

Burkina Faso 67 35 144 329 490 342

Burundi 2 1 3 1 7 32

Cambodia 359 1,342 1,372 1,835 1,872 1,730

Central African Republic 29 62 37 70 2 3

Chad 272 313 282 343 538 761

Comoros 2 8 23 10 9 14

Democratic Republic of the Congo 572 2,939 1,687 3,312 2,098 2,063

Djibouti 69 37 79 110 286 153

Equatorial Guinea 460 2,734 1,975 2,015 1,914 1,933

Eritrea 19 91 39 41 44 47

Ethiopia 321 288 627 279 953 1,200

Gambia 51 20 66 93 38 28

Guinea 136 101 956 606 135 566

Guinea-Bissau 7 33 25 7 20 21

Haiti 37 178 119 156 186 99

Kiribati 1 0 0 1 9 1

Lao People's Democratic Republic 96 279 301 294 427 721

Lesotho 69 30 61 57 50 46

Liberia 121 450 785 985 1,061 302

Madagascar 306 808 810 812 567 351

Malawi 85 97 129 129 120 130

Mali 138 406 556 398 308 199

Mauritania 238 131 589 1,389 1,126 492

Mozambique 307 1,018 3,559 5,629 6,175 4,902

Myanmar 461 6,669 1,118 497 584 946

Nepal 3 87 95 92 71 30

Niger 68 940 1,066 841 719 769

Rwanda 29 251 119 255 258 268

Sao Tome and Principe 21 51 32 23 11 20

Senegal 140 266 338 276 311 343

Sierra Leone 47 238 951 225 144 440

Solomon Islands 24 238 146 80 43 24

Somalia 38 112 102 107 107 106

South Sudan - _ _ 0 -78 -700

Sudan - _ _ 2,311 1,688 1,277

Sudan (former) 1,240 2,064 1,734 _ _ _

Timor-Leste 10 29 47 39 50 34

Togo 53 86 711 122 184 292

Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 396 544 894 1,205 1,096 1,147

United Republic of Tanzania 564 1,813 1,229 1,800 2,131 2,142

Vanuatu 33 59 70 78 -19 -22

Yemen 402 189 -518 -531 -134 -578

Zambia 492 634 1,110 2,433 1,810 2,484

LDCs 9,718 23,774 21,852 23,524 22,327 23,239

African LDCs and Haiti 7,566 13,669 17,919 19,669 17,727 18,733

Asian LDCs 2,064 9,721 3,614 3,624 4,498 4,435

Island LDCs 88 384 319 231 102 70

ODCs 339,637 617,758 693,025 692,676 755,485 736,234Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed October 2015).


7. Migrant remittance inflows: 2000–2013, selected years

Millions of dollars Per cent of GNI

2000-2008

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014e2000-2008

2010 2011 2012 2013

Countries with remittances > 10 per cent of GNI in 2013

Nepal 1 073 3 469 4 217 4 793 5 552 5 875 12.49 23.7 25.5 25.2 27.6

Liberia 58 31 360 516 383 528 13.15 3.2 27.3 34.2 23.9

Haiti 918 1 474 1 551 1 612 1 781 1 954 23.62 23.9 22.5 22.3 23.0

Gambia 60 116 108 141 181 191 9.29 11.8 12.1 15.2 19.5

Comoros 73 87 108 110 116 121 16.87 16.1 19.1 18.9 18.8

Lesotho 542 610 649 554 462 456 36.52 26.2 23.4 18.5 14.1

Senegal 712 1 478 1 614 1 614 1 614 1 644 8.65 10.9 11.7 11.4 10.8

Yemen 1 303 1 526 1 404 3 351 3 343 3 455 10.87 5.2 5.5 11.4 10.0

Countries with remittances between 5 per cent and 10 per cent of GNI in 2013

Togo 175 337 337 337 337 343 8.98 11.6 11.1 10.3 9.3

Bangladesh 4 500 11 282 12 960 14 236 13 857 14 969 5.95 9.5 9.7 9.7 8.7

Mali 197 473 784 827 895 923 4.16 5.1 8.1 8.5 8.5

Sao Tome and Principe 1 6 7 6 27 29 1.19 2.9 2.6 2.3 7.8

Tuvalu 5 4 5 4 4 4 11.94 8.5 9.2 6.9 7.0

Countries with remittances < 5 per cent of GNI in 2013

Guinea-Bissau 27 46 52 46 46 47 4.97 5.2 5.2 4.6 4.6

Kiribati 10 12 12 13 13 13 5.94 6.0 6.1 5.0 4.3

Madagascar 116 547 398 397 427 432 1.86 6.2 4.4 4.1 4.2

Uganda 394 771 816 910 932 994 4.73 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.1

Vanuatu 14 12 22 22 24 24 4.83 1.8 3.2 3.0 3.0

Afghanistan 104 331 247 385 538 636 1.05 2.3 1.5 1.9 2.6

Benin 128 139 172 208 208 217 3.19 2.1 2.4 2.8 2.5

Rwanda 30 106 174 182 170 179 0.96 1.9 2.8 2.6 2.3

Djibouti 22 33 32 33 36 36 2.91 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.3

Niger 51 134 166 152 152 157 1.56 2.3 2.7 2.2 2.1

Burundi 1 34 45 46 49 51 0.05 1.9 2.2 1.9 1.8

Guinea 36 46 65 66 93 95 1.14 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.7

Sierra Leone 19 44 59 61 68 104 1.28 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.6

Solomon Islands 7 13 14 17 17 17 1.67 2.6 2.4 2.1 1.6

Ethiopia 153 345 513 624 624 646 1.05 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.4

Mozambique 68 139 157 220 217 218 1.16 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.4

Cambodia 159 153 160 172 176 304 2.92 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2

Burkina Faso 65 120 120 120 120 121 1.48 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1

Bhutan 3 8 10 18 12 14 0.27 0.6 0.7 1.1 0.7

Timor-Leste 11 137 137 120 34 45 0.47 4.3 3.0 2.6 0.7

Sudan 1 009 1 100 442 401 424 432 5.23 2.0 0.7 0.6 0.7

Malawi 12 22 25 28 28 30 0.41 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6

Lao People's Dem. Republic 4 42 110 59 60 60 0.10 0.7 1.5 0.7 0.6

Myanmar 101 115 127 275 229 232 0.94 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4

Zambia 54 44 46 73 54 58 0.69 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

United Republic of Tanzania 17 55 78 67 59 64 0.12 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Democratic Rep. of the Congo 9 16 115 12 33 35 0.08 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1

Angola 82 18 0 0 0 0 0.14 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LDCs 12 031 25 473 28 422 32 832 33 391 35 754 4.11 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.0

African LDCS and Haiti 4 816 8 278 8 880 9 250 9 393 9 957 2.95 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9

Asian LDCs 7 151 16 925 19 237 23 289 23 765 25 545 5.78 7.1 7.1 7.8 7.4

Islands LDCs 64 271 305 292 233 252 2.60 5.1 4.4 4.0 2.9

ODCs 149 992 284 907 318 481 333 154 341 856 361 054 1.52 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3

Source: World Bank staff calculation based on data from IMF Balance of Payments Statistics database and data releases from central banks, national statistical agencies, and World Bank country desks.

For latest data and analysis on migration and remittances, please visit http://www.worldbank.org/migration (accessed April 2015).Notes: LDC aggregates excluding Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Mauritania, Somalia and South Sudan, for which data are

unavailable.


8. Selected indicators on foreign debt burden: 2000–2013, selected yearsTotal debt stock

as per cent of GNITotal debt stock

as per cent exportsaTotal debt service

as per cent exportsa 2000-2008

2011 2012 20132005-2008

2011 2012 20132005-2008

2011 2012 2013

Countries with debt >100 per cent of GNI in 2013

Somalia .. 298.1 243.7 227.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Countries with debt between 50 per cent and 100 per cent GNI in 2013

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 133.7 94.2 87.3 87.6 350.9 274.1 251.8 276.3 15.6 11.8 .. ..

Bhutan 71.7 63.8 82.5 84.1 136.8 133.2 190.2 215.9 6.5 10.8 17.0 11.0

Mauritania .. 64.7 68.8 69.5 102.3 91.8 115.1 120.7 .. .. 4.9 5.6

Sao Tome and Principe 307.7 88.7 73.4 62.9 1 228.3 739.7 654.8 395.9 27.7 5.0 33.1 11.0

Gambia 91.0 53.5 55.3 56.3 267.5 149.2 149.2 .. 11.9 7.9 7.1 ..

Djibouti 64.2 58.6 55.9 53.6 194.6 176.2 165.6 161.1 7.5 8.6 8.8 8.2

Countries with debt <50 per cent GNI in 2013

Cambodia 58.8 36.8 43.1 44.5 68.7 55.7 63.6 63.7 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.5

Mozambique 73.3 33.9 35.9 43.5 125.6 101.6 95.6 126.6 1.8 1.4 1.4 2.6

Central African Republic .. 25.4 24.7 38.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Niger 61.3 36.6 34.0 36.0 167.3 166.9 147.1 .. 10.0 2.6 2.2

Senegal 52.6 31.4 34.5 35.1 96.3 106.6 113.4 .. 6.5 8.9 .. ..

Sudan 94.2 35.5 35.1 34.9 256.8 201.4 424.0 268.2 5.0 5.1 6.5 4.9

Malawi 101.9 21.6 26.2 34.8 207.5 73.9 94.2 .. 7.1 1.4 2.0 ..

Liberia 896.1 34.0 32.3 33.7 753.3 33.2 68.7 63.7 58.7 0.2 0.6 0.7

Sierra Leone 106.9 35.7 35.8 33.6 367.7 191.8 83.3 63.1 4.8 3.4 .. ..

Mali 71.0 30.1 31.3 32.5 119.2 102.3 87.0 .. 4.3 2.3 1.6 2.9

United Republic of Tanzania 51.7 30.7 32.7 32.4 154.2 131.1 131.5 151.8 2.4 1.9 1.9 1.9

Eritrea 70.5 45.6 35.9 30.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Benin 38.5 26.4 27.4 29.0 93.7 105.8 104.3 .. 4.0 4.0 4.3 ..

Ethiopia 51.4 24.4 27.4 28.2 149.0 147.7 174.3 .. 4.7 6.1 7.2 ..

Madagascar 75.3 30.5 30.3 28.0 162.8 140.9 .. .. 3.2 1.5 2.3 2.2

Guinea-Bissau 229.5 28.5 28.3 27.7 957.4 95.2 178.8 .. 8.1 1.7 4.4

Lesotho 47.2 28.7 28.7 26.9 43.5 40.8 51.7 61.2 4.2 2.0 2.3 2.8

Burundi 129.1 28.6 27.9 25.8 1 247.5 248.6 279.3 289.1 22.9 4.2 8.8 14.1

Togo 95.5 20.8 23.0 24.9 184.6 30.3 .. .. 5.8 0.7 1.1

Comoros 87.5 49.1 43.0 23.7 450.9 268.7 269.2 .. 15.6 3.8 12.8 ..

Burkina Faso 38.3 23.4 23.8 23.1 207.2 78.6 72.3 .. 5.7 .. .. ..

Yemen 46.1 25.1 25.7 23.0 71.1 61.5 80.3 80.0 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.8

Rwanda 54.9 17.6 18.2 22.8 228.8 118.3 123.5 138.9 6.1 2.1 2.2 3.5

Democratic Republic of the Congo 116.6 26.0 23.1 22.8 274.6 53.3 61.8 54.2 8.1 2.5 3.1 2.8

Guinea 98.5 68.5 21.9 22.1 266.9 205.4 51.8 60.1 12.6 11.2 7.0 3.0

Angola 75.7 23.9 21.4 21.6 32.5 28.3 27.9 34.1 9.1 4.2 5.8 6.9

Zambia 105.5 24.6 22.1 21.6 97.4 54.7 54.7 49.8 4.6 2.1 2.1 2.7

Solomon Islands 41.2 42.8 27.3 19.9 86.0 45.7 35.2 34.0 5.7 2.7 4.6 7.4

Uganda 45.7 16.7 17.7 19.3 121.3 75.4 75.2 83.5 5.3 .. .. ..

Nepal 44.0 23.2 20.0 19.0 219.1 178.0 175.1 153.3 9.0 9.2 10.3 8.7

Bangladesh 26.5 20.5 17.8 17.5 146.2 96.0 92.7 87.7 6.0 5.5 5.4 5.2

Chad .. 19.8 17.7 17.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Vanuatu 35.0 29.3 49.7 16.9 49.5 51.0 89.2 32.4 1.8 1.6 2.1 1.9

Haiti 38.0 10.9 15.5 16.4 211.3 55.3 80.1 79.0 8.3 0.4 0.3 0.6

Afghanistan 19.6 15.9 13.2 12.2 110.3 61.1 63.9 61.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6

Myanmar 58.0 14.5 13.5 11.7 139.0 96.7 84.9 63.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 8.2

LDCsb 52.99 23.9 23.8 24.9 116.7 76.4 77.4 71.6 5.9 3.6 4.0 4.7

African LDCs and Haitib 69.56 27.0 26.9 29.1 114.6 71.0 71.7 64.0 5.7 3.6 3.9 4.7

Asian LDCsb 32.62 19.6 19.2 18.8 126.4 93.2 94.9 89.6 4.0 3.4 3.4 4.5

Islands LDCsb 40.23 13.1 14.3 8.9 87.7 19.7 20.1 12.1 2.8 0.6 1.2 1.3

ODCs 21.69 15.5 16.6 17.2 41.35 42.3 44.7 46.7 6.8 4.9 5.1 5.0

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank, World Development Indicators (accessed November 2015).Notes: a Exports of goods and services and primary income from Balance of Payments (BPM6 starting in 2005). b LDC aggregates excluding Equatorial Guinea, Kiribati, South Sudan, Timor-Leste and Tuvalu for which data are unavailable.


9. Indicators on area and population, 2013

Country

Area Population

Land area (Thousand

square kilometers)

Per cent of arable land

and land under permanent

crops

per cent of land area

covered by forest

density(Population per square kilometer of land area)

Urban(Per cent)

Economically active (thousand workers)

Agriculturalnon-

agriculturalAfghanistan 652.9 12.1 2.1 47.0 25.8 5 809 4 070Angola 1 246.7 4.2 46.6 18.8 38.9 6 582 3 031Bangladesh 130.2 65.4 11.0 1207.3 32.6 32 154 43 486Benin 112.8 28.4 39.1 91.5 43.1 1 769 2 499Bhutan 38.1 3.0 71.8 19.8 37.1 335 27Burkina Faso 273.6 23.0 20.0 62.4 27.9 7 194 626Burundi 25.7 60.4 10.4 407.6 11.1 4 435 565Cambodia 176.5 24.4 55.0 85.4 20.4 5 313 2 906Central African Republic 623.0 3.0 35.6 7.6 38.7 1 272 841Chad 1 259.2 3.9 4.1 10.4 21.7 3 234 1 970Comoros 1.9 63.4 20.3 403.9 27.5 222 105Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 267.1 3.5 67.6 32.0 38.6 14 117 11 204Djibouti 23.2 0.1 0.2 37.3 77.9 282 106Equatorial Guinea 28.1 6.4 56.7 28.4 37.6 187 111Eritrea 101.0 6.9 15.0 49.5 27.6 1 853 697Ethiopia 1 000.0 16.3 12.4 94.6 18.5 36 089 11 580Gambia 10.1 44.0 47.9 184.5 57.8 649 216Guinea 245.7 15.5 26.2 48.6 35.6 4 470 1 227Guinea-Bissau 28.1 19.6 70.8 62.5 46.3 498 138Haiti 27.6 49.0 3.6 378.5 55.6 2 323 1 741Kiribati 0.8 42.0 15.0 134.0 41.5 11 40Lao People's Democratic Republic 230.8 7.2 79.6 28.5 37.5 2 656 915Lesotho 30.4 8.3 1.5 68.6 26.2 344 561Liberia 96.3 7.3 44.0 44.6 48.9 955 630Madagascar 581.8 7.1 21.5 39.4 33.8 8 102 3 715Malawi 94.3 41.8 33.8 171.7 16.1 5 375 1 549Mali 1 220.2 5.4 4.0 13.6 35.4 2 989 1 109Mauritania 1 030.7 0.4 0.2 3.8 58.9 841 853Mozambique 786.4 7.6 48.8 33.7 30.9 9 544 2 424Myanmar 653.1 18.8 46.1 81.1 33.2 20 929 10 737Nepal 143.4 16.2 25.4 194.2 17.9 11 535 879Niger 1 266.7 12.6 0.9 14.5 17.7 4 839 1 065Rwanda 24.7 58.1 18.9 449.1 28.6 4 821 602Sao Tome and Principe 1.0 49.7 55.8 190.0 67.6 38 30Senegal 192.5 17.2 43.4 73.9 42.8 4 373 1 941Sierra Leone 72.2 24.2 40.4 85.6 38.7 1 337 961Solomon Islands 28.0 3.6 78.5 20.0 21.4 157 79Somalia 627.3 1.8 10.4 16.4 39.5 2 720 1 524South Sudan 619.7 4.5 11.5 18.5 18.1 1 792 1 892Sudan 1 861.5 9.3 10.5 20.7 33.0 6 025 6 369Timor-Leste 14.9 15.5 47.6 75.9 31.6 358 95Togo 54.4 51.8 4.2 127.4 38.4 1 430 1 344Tuvalu 0.0 60.0 33.3 329.2 57.8 1 3Uganda 200.5 45.4 11.7 182.4 15.9 12 197 4 518United Republic of Tanzania 885.8 17.7 52.8 56.7 29.6 18 346 6 329Vanuatu 12.2 11.9 36.1 20.8 25.5 39 97Yemen 528.0 2.9 1.0 48.4 32.0 2 214 3 980Zambia 743.4 5.0 65.9 20.5 38.2 3 536 2 226LDCs 20 272.1 9.4 27.4 44.9 30.0 256 291 143 613

African LDCs and Haiti 17 660.5 8.6 27.2 33.4 29.8 174 520 76 164Asian LDCs 2 552.9 15.1 26.6 124.0 30.2 75 136 62 930Island LDCs 61.5 11.5 58.7 51.0 30.8 826 449

ODCs 56 297.4 14.1 28.3 87.6 50.8 1 041 563 1 312 848Sources: FAO, FAOSTAT (accessed november 2015); United Nations/DESA/Population Division.Note: Land area: country area excluding inland water.


10. Selected indicators on education, 2014*

Primary completion rate(Per cent of primary

school-age population)

Net primary school enrollment rate

Youth literacy rate(Per cent of people

aged 15-24)

Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total

Afghanistan .. .. .. .. .. .. 32.1 61.9 47.0

Angola 39.8 68.8 54.3 74.5 85.7 96.8 66.7 79.4 73.0

Bangladesh 79.8 69.5 74.6 93.3 91.5 89.8 83.3 78.9 81.1

Benin 68.4 82.9 75.7 88.2 94.9 99.9 30.8 54.9 42.4

Bhutan 100.7 96.1 98.4 89.1 88.1 87.0 .. .. ..

Burkina Faso 62.9 62.6 62.7 66.1 67.5 68.8 33.1 46.7 39.3

Burundi 72.4 67.5 70.0 89.7 94.8 100.0 88.1 89.6 88.9

Cambodia 94.7 99.9 97.3 97.0 98.4 99.7 85.9 88.4 87.1

Central African Republic 35.2 55.6 45.3 63.3 71.9 80.6 27.0 48.9 36.4

Chad 30.1 47.3 38.8 75.4 85.9 96.4 46.0 54.3 50.2

Comoros 75.8 71.9 73.8 79.2 81.4 83.6 87.1 86.5 86.8

Democratic Republic of the Congo 64.9 79.9 72.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 76.7 91.0 83.6

Djibouti 55.4 65.7 60.6 54.5 58.7 62.8 .. .. ..

Equatorial Guinea 55.3 54.3 54.8 60.8 61.0 61.1 98.6 97.7 98.2

Eritrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.9 93.7 91.8

Ethiopia 42.0 52.4 47.2 62.8 65.3 67.8 47.0 63.0 55.0

Gambia 72.1 69.0 70.5 71.0 68.7 66.5 67.4 74.1 70.7

Guinea 55.6 68.2 62.0 69.4 75.1 80.7 21.8 37.6 31.4

Guinea-Bissau 56.7 71.3 64.0 68.2 69.8 71.4 70.5 80.1 75.3

Haiti .. .. .. .. .. .. 70.5 74.4 72.3

Kiribati 116.2 114.1 115.2 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 99.5 102.4 101.0 96.5 97.3 98.1 .. .. ..

Lesotho 83.9 64.4 74.1 81.3 79.6 77.9 92.1 74.2 83.2

Liberia 54.0 63.5 58.8 36.7 37.7 38.6 37.2 63.5 49.1

Madagascar 70.2 66.7 68.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 64.0 65.9 64.9

Malawi 75.4 75.2 75.3 96.0 96.9 89.6 70.0 74.3 72.1

Mali 54.0 63.1 58.8 64.3 64.4 73.0 39.0 56.3 47.1

Mauritania 72.0 69.8 70.9 74.9 73.1 71.3 47.7 66.4 56.1

Mozambique 45.7 52.9 49.2 85.0 87.4 89.8 56.5 79.8 67.1

Myanmar 96.8 93.2 95.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 96.0 96.3 96.1

Nepal 107.0 96.5 101.6 97.2 98.5 97.7 80.2 89.9 84.8

Niger 44.0 55.0 49.6 58.0 63.5 68.7 15.1 34.5 23.5

Rwanda 64.3 54.3 59.3 94.6 93.4 92.1 83.5 81.1 82.3

Sao Tome and Principe 97.9 90.4 94.2 92.4 92.7 93.0 77.3 83.1 80.2

Senegal 64.8 57.1 60.9 76.5 73.4 70.3 51.0 61.1 55.9

Sierra Leone 69.5 72.6 71.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 55.6 73.0 64.3

Solomon Islands 86.3 86.3 86.3 79.3 80.7 82.1 .. .. ..

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

South Sudan 27.5 47.1 37.4 34.3 41.3 48.2 29.6 44.1 36.7

Sudan 52.9 60.9 57.0 55.9 54.5 53.1 86.3 90.7 88.5

Timor-Leste 71.9 70.2 71.0 90.2 91.1 92.0 78.6 80.5 79.5

Togo 74.2 88.3 81.3 85.3 97.5 95.6 72.7 86.9 79.9

Tuvalu 91.2 82.1 86.4 74.8 75.2 75.6 .. .. ..

Uganda 53.9 54.6 54.2 92.8 91.5 90.2 81.7 85.8 83.7

United Republic of Tanzania 79.8 72.0 75.9 84.7 83.5 82.2 84.8 87.2 85.9

Vanuatu 96.4 90.5 93.3 .. .. .. 95.4 95.0 95.2

Yemen 61.8 78.1 70.1 80.7 87.9 94.9 79.5 97.0 88.4

Zambia 82.0 85.5 83.7 91.7 91.4 91.1 58.5 70.3 64.0

LDCs 62.8 65.6 64.1 79.2 80.8 82.1 69.1 77.1 73.0 African LDCs and Haiti 55.7 61.5 58.7 74.7 76.7 78.3 62.7 73.5 68.0

Asian LDCs 82.4 77.4 79.8 92.3 92.5 92.5 80.0 83.1 81.5

Island LDCs 77.6 75.2 76.4 85.2 86.6 87.8 82.8 84.0 83.4

ODCs 83.5 90.8 84.4 84.0 89.2 86.9 90.2 94.0 92.2Sources: UNESCO, UIS database (accessed november 2015).Notes: * 2014 or latest year available since 2006; LDCs group and ODCs weighted averages (weighted by primary school age population

and by group age population).


11. Total merchandise exports: Levels and annual average growth rates: 2000-2014, selected yearsTotal merchandise exports

(Millions of dollars)annual average growth rates

(Per cent)2000–2008

2009–2014

2012 2013 20142000–2008

2009–2014

2012 2013 2014

Afghanistan 283 447 429 515 571 28.4 8.1 14.1 20.1 10.8

Angola 23 339 60 079 71 093 68 247 62 400 34.3 9.2 5.6 -4.0 -8.6

Bangladesh 9 219 23 886 24 998 28 964 30 249 13.4 14.0 2.8 15.9 4.4

Benin 663 1 540 1 443 1 870 2 010 16.0 10.9 2.3 29.6 7.5

Bhutan 278 572 531 540 551 29.0 -0.7 -21.3 1.6 2.1

Burkina Faso 427 1 965 2 143 2 356 2 489 18.2 19.3 -7.3 9.9 5.7

Burundi 49 107 134 94 125 5.7 8.8 8.1 -29.6 33.0

Cambodia 2 751 7 396 7 838 9 248 10 800 16.5 20.0 16.9 18.0 16.8

Central African Republic 147 148 200 150 90 0.9 -3.3 5.3 -25.0 -40.0

Chad 1 957 3 833 4 400 3 800 3 600 61.7 3.9 -8.3 -13.6 -5.3

Comoros 15 21 20 20 25 -9.0 6.5 -24.4 0.6 29.3

Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 080 5 800 6 300 6 200 6 900 23.9 11.5 -4.5 -1.6 11.3

Djibouti 43 105 118 120 139 9.4 12.7 27.3 1.4 16.2

Equatorial Guinea 5 894 12 600 15 700 14 700 12 600 38.3 8.7 16.3 -6.4 -14.3

Eritrea 19 329 467 321 745 -13.2 142.7 11.6 -31.2 132.1

Ethiopia 821 2 995 2 891 4 077 4 437 18.2 21.5 10.6 41.0 8.8

Gambia 12 93 119 106 104 0.3 11.6 25.2 -10.6 -2.1

Guinea 880 1 413 1 386 1 386 1 492 9.7 2.8 -9.3 0.0 7.7

Guinea-Bissau 79 154 130 140 162 9.6 3.2 -46.3 7.7 15.7

Haiti 400 762 821 892 924 9.1 11.0 6.3 8.6 3.6

Kiribati 5 6 6 7 5 12.4 1.4 -32.4 14.8 -19.1

Lao People's Democratic Republic 567 2 029 2 271 2 264 2 650 19.4 16.8 3.7 -0.3 17.1

Lesotho 560 921 972 847 925 18.6 2.5 -17.0 -12.9 9.2

Liberia 175 390 460 559 583 0.2 32.4 25.2 21.7 4.2

Madagascar 958 1 506 1 516 1 838 2 032 7.2 14.4 3.0 21.2 10.6

Malawi 564 1 241 1 183 1 208 1 374 11.4 2.7 -17.0 2.1 13.7

Mali 1 118 2 186 2 610 2 339 2 100 15.0 4.8 9.9 -10.4 -10.2

Mauritania 727 2 187 2 624 2 463 2 140 25.4 8.4 6.7 -6.1 -13.1

Mozambique 1 513 3 495 3 470 4 024 4 725 26.9 14.7 -3.7 16.0 17.4

Myanmar 3 775 9 287 8 877 11 233 11 031 18.1 9.7 -3.9 26.5 -1.8

Nepal 802 879 871 863 873 4.7 -0.4 -4.1 -0.9 1.2

Niger 453 1 301 1 307 1 600 1 500 15.3 9.1 4.5 22.4 -6.2

Rwanda 121 509 591 703 736 20.3 25.7 27.3 19.0 4.7

Sao Tome and Principe 6 12 12 13 17 16.4 13.2 10.2 5.9 33.4

Senegal 1 370 2 455 2 532 2 666 2 814 9.9 6.8 -0.4 5.3 5.5

Sierra Leone 131 977 1 125 1 922 1 892 42.7 61.8 220.8 70.9 -1.6

Solomon Islands 104 369 466 489 459 18.8 24.6 11.7 4.9 -6.3

Somalia 276 496 540 520 510 6.5 3.7 3.8 -3.7 -1.9

South Sudan _ .. .. .. .. _ .. .. .. ..

Sudana _ 4 402 4 066 4 790 4 350 _ 3.4 _ 17.8 -9.2

Sudan (former)b 4 653 10 267 _ _ _ 29.0 6.0 _ _ _

Timor-Lestec 9 17 31 16 20 8.5 15.6 133.2 -47.9 24.6

Togo 574 1 207 1 314 1 522 1 350 10.9 10.4 11.5 15.8 -11.3

Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0 27.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Uganda 816 2 064 2 357 2 408 2 274 20.0 9.4 9.2 2.1 -5.6

United Rep. of Tanzania 1 525 4 395 5 547 4 413 4 645 20.5 7.8 17.2 -20.5 5.3

Vanuatu 35 52 52 36 59 15.6 -2.0 -18.7 -29.6 62.9Yemen 4 911 8 110 8 300 8 300 8 000 11.6 3.3 -14.4 0.0 -3.6

Zambia 2 299 8 360 9 365 10 594 9 688 28.3 16.2 4.0 13.1 -8.6

LDCs 77 402 186 033 203 623 211 379 207 165 23.2 9.4 0.8 3.8 -2.0

African LDCs and Haiti 54 646 132 950 148 922 148 872 141 854 27.8 8.4 1.1 0.0 -4.7

Asian LDCs 22 585 52 606 54 115 61 927 64 725 14.1 11.9 0.0 14.4 4.5

Island LDCs 171 478 587 581 586 15.7 18.7 8.6 -0.9 0.8

ODCs 3 418 1647 215 8078 005 0878 227 2128 259 520 17.1 10.6 3.9 2.8 0.4

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2015).Notes: a Sudan: data since 2012; b Former Sudan: data up to 2011; c Timor-Leste: data since 2003.


12. Total merchandise imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2000-2014, selected yearsTotal merchandise imports (Millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (Per cent)

2000-2008

2009-2014

2012 2013 20142000-2008

2009-2014

2012 2013 2014

Afghanistan 2 318 6 700 9 069 8 554 7 697 10.3 18.9 41.9 -5.7 -10.0

Angola 8 118 22 989 23 717 26 344 28 320 26.7 7.9 17.2 11.1 7.5

Bangladesh 13 104 33 915 34 173 37 085 42 268 13.6 10.6 -5.6 8.5 14.0

Benin 1 137 2 334 2 316 2 941 2 481 19.3 5.9 11.9 26.9 -15.6

Bhutan 341 858 992 909 810 16.9 6.7 -5.7 -8.3 -10.9

Burkina Faso 1 131 2 833 3 200 3 900 3 575 15.3 16.9 33.0 21.9 -8.3

Burundi 239 666 751 811 769 17.1 14.2 -0.2 8.0 -5.2

Cambodia 3 638 9 929 11 350 12 800 13 500 17.3 19.7 22.0 12.8 5.5

Central African Republic 172 284 320 250 255 13.9 -2.3 3.2 -21.9 1.9

Chad 1 164 3 250 3 500 4 000 4 300 18.3 16.7 6.1 14.3 7.5

Comoros 91 259 273 284 275 18.5 5.6 -1.2 4.1 -3.5

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 2 153 5 483 6 100 6 300 6 600 26.9 11.3 10.9 3.3 4.8

Djibouti 299 598 564 719 970 13.4 18.3 10.5 27.5 34.8

Equatorial Guinea 1 517 6 317 7 500 7 000 6 500 29.1 6.3 15.4 -6.7 -7.1

Eritrea 489 873 954 1 013 1 108 2.2 14.0 2.1 6.2 9.4

Ethiopia 3 780 11 879 11 913 14 899 18 987 26.3 19.6 33.9 25.1 27.4

Gambia 227 341 380 350 387 10.9 5.8 11.6 -7.8 10.6

Guinea 854 1 826 2 254 2 100 2 032 11.5 13.8 7.0 -6.8 -3.3

Guinea-Bissau 105 185 163 163 207 18.5 0.1 -25.0 0.0 26.7

Haiti 1 424 3 103 3 196 3 432 3 630 10.0 8.7 5.0 7.4 5.8

Kiribati 57 89 109 97 95 9.0 8.2 18.3 -10.5 -2.2

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 787 2 550 3 055 3 020 3 300 15.1 16.9 27.1 -1.2 9.3

Lesotho 1 253 2 276 2 600 2 200 2 208 12.8 2.3 4.0 -15.4 0.4

Liberia 408 918 1 005 1 150 1 046 9.9 14.1 -3.8 14.4 -9.0

Madagascar 1 714 2 988 3 094 3 085 3 085 18.5 1.4 4.6 -0.3 0.0

Malawi 1 051 2 467 2 360 2 845 2 973 17.9 8.0 -2.8 20.5 4.5

Mali 1 583 3 417 3 463 3 800 3 977 17.4 8.0 3.3 9.7 4.6

Mauritania 956 2 366 2 971 3 044 2 666 22.0 16.5 21.1 2.5 -12.4

Mozambique 2 210 7 033 8 688 10 099 8 743 17.5 21.8 37.8 16.2 -13.4

Myanmar 2 669 9 267 9 201 12 043 16 226 4.7 30.7 2.0 30.9 34.7

Nepal 2 170 5 885 6 017 6 452 7 424 12.2 10.0 1.7 7.2 15.1

Niger 797 2 125 1 900 2 020 2 151 20.1 -1.8 -13.2 6.3 6.5

Rwanda 461 1 968 2 300 2 302 2 457 21.4 14.5 12.8 0.1 6.8

Sao Tome and Principe 54 135 141 152 170 18.7 10.4 5.6 7.7 11.6

Senegal 3 235 5 842 6 434 6 659 6 557 19.0 8.1 8.9 3.5 -1.5

Sierra Leone 322 1 311 1 601 1 777 1 486 15.4 24.6 -6.6 11.0 -16.4

Solomon Islands 164 442 493 521 500 20.6 11.9 5.9 5.5 -4.1

Somalia 619 1 098 1 200 1 300 1 300 12.7 12.3 0.0 8.3 0.0

South Sudan _ .. .. .. .. _ .. .. .. ..

Sudana _ 9 453 9 230 9 918 9 211 _ _ _ 7.5 -7.1

Sudan (former)b 5 253 9 761 _ _ _ 28.7 -0.7 - - -

Timor-Lestec 153 551 664 843 940 12.6 34.0 108.4 27.0 11.5

Togo 917 2 204 2 380 2 666 2 800 14.1 13.9 8.8 12.0 5.0

Tuvalu 12 19 30 14 12 21.7 -2.8 20.0 -53.3 -14.3

Uganda 2 214 5 380 6 044 5 818 5 874 15.8 7.0 7.3 -3.7 1.0

United Rep. of Tanzania 3 501 10 443 11 716 12 525 12 691 23.3 14.4 4.8 6.9 1.3

Vanuatu 155 281 273 289 287 18.3 0.8 -2.6 5.7 -0.8

Yemen 5 103 11 321 13 273 13 273 12 909 21.3 9.1 32.3 0.0 -2.7

Zambia 2 389 7 466 8 805 10 162 9 539 25.1 21.3 22.7 15.4 -6.1

LDCs 231 734 251 928 265 297 18.2 11.9 11.0 8.7 5.3

African LDCs and Haiti 51 691 131 873 142 620 155 592 158 885 20.9 10.6 12.4 9.1 2.1

Asian LDCs 30 130 80 425 87 131 94 136 104 134 14.0 14.2 8.5 8.0 10.6

Island LDCs 636 1 775 1 984 2 200 2 278 21.3 14.5 24.6 10.9 3.5

ODCs 3 085 603 6 701 443 7 412 326 7 700 359 7 670 141 16.3 10.7 4.4 3.9 -0.4Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2015).Notes: a Sudan: data since 2012; b Former Sudan: data up to 2011; c Timor-Leste: data since 2003.


13. Product composition of merchandise exports, 2012–2014(Millions of dollars and percentage shares)

Total exports

Primary commodities Manufactured goods

Un- allocatedTotal

Food and agriculture

FuelsMinerals,

Ores, metals

Total

Labour-intensive and

resource-intensive manu-

factures

Low-skill and technology-

intensive manu-

factures

Medium-skill and

technology-intensive manu-

factures

High-skill and

technology-intensive manu-

factures

($ million) (Per cent)

Afghanistan 504.8 65.7 48.2 7.5 9.9 8.2 3.3 0.4 1.9 2.6 26.1Angola 67 246.6 99.1 0.1 97.7 1.3 0.9 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0Bangladesh 28 070.4 6.9 5.5 1.0 0.5 92.8 90.0 0.7 0.6 1.4 0.2Benin 1 774.2 85.9 57.8 9.1 19.0 13.3 3.6 4.6 3.4 1.7 0.8Bhutan 540.5 40.3 9.8 15.5 15.0 59.5 5.1 41.9 1.3 11.2 0.2Burkina Faso 2 329.0 92.9 44.2 5.2 43.5 7.0 1.2 0.9 2.9 1.9 0.1Burundi 117.5 80.2 57.3 0.2 22.6 19.1 4.0 1.7 5.8 7.5 0.7Cambodia 9 295.4 12.6 10.0 0.0 2.6 87.2 74.2 3.7 2.2 7.0 0.2Central African Republic 146.7 90.0 49.8 1.2 39.0 9.7 1.6 1.3 4.2 2.6 0.2Chad 3 933.3 99.0 5.0 93.8 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0Comoros 21.5 46.9 43.6 0.0 3.3 53.1 1.7 36.6 1.0 13.8 0.0Dem. Rep. of the Congo 6 466.7 95.3 3.1 13.0 79.2 3.3 0.1 0.4 0.4 2.4 1.4Djibouti 125.5 65.0 40.4 6.9 17.8 23.5 3.3 2.7 10.0 7.5 11.5Equatorial Guinea 14 333.3 95.8 1.1 94.6 0.1 4.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 3.7 0.2Eritrea 510.8 88.8 43.0 0.0 45.9 11.1 3.8 0.8 3.5 3.0 0.1Ethiopia 3 801.8 89.0 81.1 4.9 3.0 9.4 6.5 0.2 1.7 1.1 1.5Gambia 109.7 76.7 66.0 1.4 9.3 22.7 17.8 0.8 2.9 1.2 0.5Guinea 1 421.3 97.5 8.0 34.8 54.7 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 1.4 0.3Guinea-Bissau 144.0 99.3 96.2 2.7 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0Haiti 878.7 11.2 9.3 0.0 1.9 85.7 77.8 0.7 4.7 2.5 3.1Kiribati 6.0 95.5 94.4 0.9 0.2 3.8 0.1 2.5 0.4 0.8 0.7Lao People's Dem. Rep. 2 394.9 85.0 35.0 16.2 33.8 14.8 8.7 0.4 0.9 4.7 0.2Lesotho 914.8 40.0 8.7 0.1 31.2 59.9 49.6 0.2 7.0 3.1 0.1Liberia 533.9 69.1 26.8 6.0 36.4 30.8 0.1 28.7 0.7 1.2 0.1Madagascar 1 795.4 65.4 35.0 2.2 28.3 34.0 27.3 0.9 1.3 4.5 0.6Malawi 1 255.0 85.0 79.9 0.2 4.9 14.9 2.6 0.4 2.8 9.1 0.1Mali 2 349.8 88.3 40.5 1.8 46.0 11.7 1.8 0.8 2.6 6.4 0.1Mauritania 2 408.7 98.9 27.1 9.7 62.1 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1Mozambique 4 073.0 90.9 21.4 33.4 36.1 8.1 0.3 2.4 1.3 4.2 1.0Myanmar 10 380.1 90.7 40.9 30.9 18.9 8.3 6.3 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.9Nepal 869.1 28.4 24.8 0.0 3.6 70.1 45.9 15.6 2.3 6.4 1.5Niger 1 468.9 73.6 23.3 31.6 18.7 25.2 1.1 0.1 1.4 22.6 1.2Rwanda 676.6 89.0 36.8 7.6 44.6 9.4 2.3 1.9 3.2 2.0 1.6Sao Tome and Principe 14.1 68.6 65.4 1.8 1.4 32.2 1.4 9.3 7.7 13.7 0.5Senegal 2 670.4 70.4 35.5 21.0 13.9 29.3 8.2 5.1 3.8 12.2 0.3Sierra Leone 1 646.4 85.4 39.7 0.0 45.6 14.1 0.8 11.5 1.3 0.5 0.5Solomon Islands 471.3 86.5 75.8 0.1 10.7 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 12.4Somalia 523.3 93.9 93.7 0.0 0.2 5.3 1.9 0.2 0.6 2.6 0.8South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Sudan a 4 402.1 97.1 10.7 55.7 30.6 2.9 0.5 0.1 0.4 1.9 0.0Timor-Leste 22.3 98.6 3.2 95.1 0.3 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.1Togo 1 395.2 57.3 21.1 17.3 18.9 42.5 17.2 12.2 6.6 6.5 0.2Tuvalu 0.3 75.9 73.9 0.2 1.9 21.7 3.1 10.6 3.7 4.2 2.4Uganda 2 346.3 65.0 62.8 0.6 1.5 33.1 10.0 5.4 5.8 12.0 1.9United Rep. of Tanzania 4 868.3 83.7 46.6 1.9 35.2 15.7 6.4 2.0 3.2 4.1 0.6Vanuatu 49.1 76.4 75.3 0.8 0.3 22.4 0.2 20.2 1.2 0.8 1.2Yemen 8 200.0 96.3 7.0 87.1 2.2 2.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 1.1 1.2Zambia 9 882.2 83.8 13.8 1.6 68.5 15.3 2.7 3.5 3.5 5.7 0.9LDCs 207 389.2 76.8 13.7 49.0 14.0 22.7 17.8 1.5 1.0 2.3 0.5 African LDCs and Haiti 146 549.4 92.5 13.3 61.7 17.4 7.2 2.4 1.4 1.1 2.3 0.4 Asian LDCs 60 255.3 38.6 14.3 18.5 5.8 60.7 55.6 1.7 0.9 2.4 0.7 Island LDCs 584.5 84.3 71.7 3.8 8.8 5.5 0.2 3.5 0.6 1.2 10.2ODCs 8 163 939.7 36.5 7.9 22.3 6.3 62.5 10.8 6.4 16.8 28.5 0.9Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2015).Note: Data based on UNCTAD merchandise trade matrix, including estimated values.


14. Product composition of merchandise imports, 2012–2014(Millions of dollars and percentage shares)

Total exports

Primary commodities Manufactured goods

Un- allocatedTotal

Food and agri-

culture

FuelsMinerals,

Ores, metals

Total

Labour-intensive and

resource-intensive

manufactures

Low-skill and technology-

intensive manufactures

Medium-skill and

technology-intensive

manufactures

High-skill and technology-

intensive manufactures

($ millions) (Per cent)

Afghanistan 8 440.2 35.4 24.5 10.8 0.1 45.6 9.0 4.8 14.7 17.2 19.0

Angola 26 127.0 25.3 19.6 4.9 0.7 73.7 11.7 17.5 31.2 13.3 1.0

Bangladesh 37 841.9 37.7 23.8 11.9 2.0 62.3 21.5 7.6 14.7 18.5 0.0

Benin 2 579.3 45.9 36.5 9.0 0.5 53.8 21.4 8.9 16.8 6.7 0.3

Bhutan 903.8 38.7 15.5 18.4 4.8 60.1 7.1 15.3 25.6 12.0 1.2

Burkina Faso 3 558.4 38.8 16.3 21.9 0.6 60.6 9.1 9.6 21.3 20.6 0.6

Burundi 777.2 38.1 17.3 19.8 1.0 60.9 10.7 8.9 18.3 23.1 1.0

Cambodia 12 550.0 30.7 13.5 14.5 2.7 69.0 30.3 8.8 16.3 13.6 0.3

Central African Republic 274.9 58.3 16.7 41.1 0.6 41.0 6.6 3.4 13.3 17.7 0.7

Chad 3 933.3 22.8 16.7 5.5 0.7 76.8 6.3 9.2 42.3 18.9 0.4

Comoros 277.5 42.5 39.4 2.7 0.3 57.3 17.7 13.8 14.5 11.4 0.3

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 6 333.3 30.5 18.9 10.2 1.3 68.6 9.9 11.7 27.3 19.8 0.9

Djibouti 751.2 31.9 28.1 2.5 1.3 65.7 19.7 10.5 20.9 14.5 2.4

Equatorial Guinea 7 000.0 21.7 14.0 7.2 0.5 73.0 8.8 17.5 37.0 9.8 5.3

Eritrea 1 025.0 38.4 23.8 13.3 1.3 60.9 12.1 8.9 25.1 14.8 0.7

Ethiopia 15 266.5 30.3 11.3 17.5 1.5 75.4 9.7 12.3 32.6 20.8 -5.7

Gambia 372.5 45.6 38.1 6.7 0.8 53.4 26.8 5.9 12.5 8.1 1.0

Guinea 2 128.5 41.8 20.0 21.4 0.4 58.2 11.2 9.5 22.0 15.5 0.0

Guinea-Bissau 177.7 60.4 33.8 23.0 3.5 39.0 7.4 8.7 11.8 11.1 0.6

Haiti 3 419.4 53.9 47.2 6.3 0.4 46.1 20.8 3.8 13.7 7.9 0.0

Kiribati 100.2 44.0 25.9 17.2 0.8 49.3 5.6 25.7 11.5 6.5 6.8

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 3 124.9 30.0 11.4 16.9 1.6 69.5 6.8 10.7 35.2 16.9 0.4

Lesotho 2 336.1 39.1 23.2 15.1 0.7 60.2 23.3 5.4 18.5 13.1 0.7

Liberia 1 066.8 9.4 2.9 6.4 0.2 60.5 0.7 54.7 3.6 1.6 30.0

Madagascar 3 088.0 38.2 19.1 17.4 1.8 61.3 19.5 7.2 17.6 17.0 0.4

Malawi 2 725.8 23.6 13.9 8.2 1.5 75.6 11.6 9.4 19.9 34.6 0.8

Mali 3 746.4 31.9 15.4 15.7 0.8 67.8 13.9 8.9 22.6 22.4 0.3

Mauritania 2 893.5 40.8 23.0 17.4 0.3 58.3 13.1 10.9 24.8 9.4 0.9

Mozambique 9 176.7 42.9 14.4 26.5 1.9 54.4 7.9 10.7 21.5 14.3 2.7

Myanmar 12 490.0 37.1 11.8 24.3 1.0 62.9 12.8 16.4 20.1 13.7 0.0

Nepal 6 631.0 43.6 16.5 19.7 7.4 56.1 10.4 12.7 13.4 19.6 0.3

Niger 2 023.7 35.8 29.8 4.8 1.2 63.2 11.8 7.3 24.0 20.2 1.0

Rwanda 2 352.8 27.1 21.0 4.9 1.3 70.6 14.2 9.7 19.0 27.7 2.3

Sao Tome and Principe 154.4 57.9 32.0 24.8 1.1 42.1 9.1 6.5 16.0 10.6 0.0

Senegal 6 550.1 55.2 22.6 31.2 1.5 44.1 8.1 7.2 15.9 12.9 0.7

Sierra Leone 1 621.5 65.9 33.3 31.0 1.6 32.2 8.0 5.5 11.1 7.6 2.0

Solomon Islands 504.6 42.5 16.7 24.8 1.0 37.2 4.5 5.8 16.6 10.3 20.3

Somalia 1 266.7 73.1 72.8 0.2 0.2 25.9 9.1 3.1 6.7 6.9 1.0

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan a 9 453.2 30.5 20.9 7.6 2.1 68.4 11.5 10.0 26.7 20.2 1.1

Timor-Leste 815.5 46.8 32.0 14.0 0.9 51.1 7.6 10.2 21.7 11.5 2.1

Togo 2 615.6 53.0 10.9 41.8 0.4 46.7 20.4 7.5 9.9 8.9 0.2

Tuvalu 18.7 15.6 8.8 6.6 0.2 49.9 5.6 35.1 6.4 2.8 34.5

Uganda 5 912.0 31.3 11.2 18.5 1.5 66.7 10.8 8.1 20.6 27.1 2.0

United Rep. of Tanzania 12 310.7 39.1 9.9 27.8 1.3 59.9 9.0 11.9 21.4 17.6 1.0

Vanuatu 283.0 32.9 14.6 18.0 0.3 67.1 6.2 34.5 14.5 11.8 0.0

Yemen 13 151.6 51.5 31.6 19.1 0.7 42.5 9.8 7.0 15.6 10.0 6.1

Zambia 9 502.0 33.1 5.5 10.1 17.6 66.4 4.9 9.1 30.4 22.1 0.4

LDCs 249 653.1 36.1 19.0 15.0 2.1 62.4 13.3 10.7 21.9 16.4 1.5 African LDCs and Haiti 152 365.7 34.4 17.7 14.6 2.2 64.8 10.9 11.6 25.4 16.9 0.7

Asian LDCs 95 133.5 38.6 21.0 15.5 2.0 58.8 17.4 9.1 16.4 15.9 2.6

Island LDCs 2 153.9 43.8 26.6 16.4 0.8 50.0 8.0 13.5 17.6 10.9 6.2

ODCs 7 594 275.2 35.3 8.6 17.9 8.7 62.2 5.7 5.7 19.9 30.9 2.5

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2015).Note: Data based on UNCTAD merchandise trade matrix, including estimated values.


15. Main markets for merchandise exports, 2012–2014(Percentage shares)

Developed economies Econo- mies in

transition

Developing economiesUn- allo-

catedTotalEuropean

Union (28)

United States and

CanadaJapan

Other developed economies

Total China IndiaOther

developing Asia

Developing Africa

Other developing economies

Afghanistan 15.5 9.5 7.8 0.1 0.6 10.6 73.9 1.6 28.2 42.9 0.6 0.6 0.0

Angola 31.0 15.9 14.4 0.7 0.1 0.0 69.0 47.6 10.1 5.3 4.3 1.6 0.0

Bangladesh 82.0 53.9 22.1 2.6 3.5 1.8 16.2 2.1 2.1 9.5 1.0 1.5 0.0

Benin 6.7 5.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 93.1 22.1 18.5 24.1 28.2 0.3 0.0

Bhutan 7.5 6.3 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.1 92.4 0.0 78.7 12.6 0.9 0.2 0.0

Burkina Faso 42.0 9.8 1.6 2.7 27.9 0.1 58.0 10.6 2.4 21.9 22.2 0.9 0.0

Burundi 41.3 32.9 3.6 0.6 4.2 1.5 57.2 5.3 0.3 25.1 26.1 0.4 0.0

Cambodia 71.4 32.8 31.5 5.2 1.9 1.1 27.4 3.3 0.1 20.7 0.7 2.7 0.0

Central African Republic 39.4 35.4 2.4 1.1 0.5 0.2 60.4 24.5 0.9 20.8 13.7 0.5 0.0

Chad 89.6 2.7 81.4 5.4 0.1 0.0 10.4 5.0 2.0 2.6 0.6 0.0 0.0

Comoros 40.4 36.8 3.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 59.2 0.4 2.1 54.4 1.8 0.5 0.0

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 20.1 18.5 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 79.7 42.6 0.8 10.0 26.0 0.3 0.0

Djibouti 19.5 10.0 6.1 2.3 1.0 0.4 80.2 0.6 2.8 56.4 19.7 0.6 0.0

Equatorial Guinea 63.3 38.2 8.4 14.5 2.2 0.0 36.7 18.8 4.4 4.8 2.8 5.9 0.0

Eritrea 66.2 2.5 63.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.8 20.2 1.2 8.2 4.1 0.0 0.0

Ethiopia 42.2 26.9 4.1 2.6 8.6 0.5 57.3 9.2 1.2 21.9 24.9 0.1 0.0

Gambia 9.8 9.1 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.3 89.9 42.0 16.3 5.9 24.9 0.8 0.0

Guinea 44.0 33.4 9.9 0.0 0.7 9.9 46.1 2.2 22.7 14.2 2.9 4.1 0.0

Guinea-Bissau 4.5 1.8 2.6 0.1 0.0 - 95.5 - 91.7 3.4 0.4 0.0 0.0

Haiti 91.7 3.6 87.2 0.3 0.6 0.0 8.3 1.3 0.1 2.7 1.2 2.9 0.0

Kiribati 8.8 0.3 1.3 6.7 0.6 0.0 91.2 0.5 0.0 81.4 2.1 7.2 0.0

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 14.6 9.1 1.2 3.2 1.1 0.1 85.3 33.5 3.1 48.2 0.5 0.1 0.0

Lesotho 70.0 31.3 38.4 0.1 0.3 0.0 29.9 1.1 0.3 0.3 28.0 0.3 0.0

Liberia 62.6 47.8 13.0 0.0 1.7 0.7 36.7 21.4 1.6 7.8 5.3 0.5 0.0

Madagascar 67.0 48.6 13.2 4.1 1.2 0.5 32.3 6.8 3.6 12.3 9.1 0.5 0.1

Malawi 47.8 28.1 17.0 1.7 1.0 6.9 45.3 3.7 2.0 10.2 28.1 1.4 0.0

Mali 13.1 5.5 0.6 0.2 6.8 0.8 86.1 22.4 1.7 21.5 40.4 0.0 0.0

Mauritania 33.2 24.5 2.4 5.5 0.9 1.0 65.8 49.9 0.5 3.8 11.5 0.1 0.0

Mozambique 39.1 35.1 1.6 1.0 1.4 1.6 59.2 14.4 6.4 7.3 30.1 0.9 0.1

Myanmar 7.7 3.2 0.7 3.8 0.3 0.1 91.7 31.4 10.4 49.5 0.3 0.1 0.4

Nepal 22.1 10.6 8.8 1.3 1.4 0.1 77.8 3.3 65.7 8.2 0.3 0.2 0.0

Niger 37.6 30.4 4.6 0.7 1.9 0.5 61.9 5.6 2.3 5.1 48.3 0.7 0.0

Rwanda 17.6 9.9 6.8 0.4 0.4 4.0 78.4 18.2 0.1 21.4 38.3 0.4 0.0

Sao Tome and Principe 70.0 65.0 3.4 0.6 1.4 0.1 29.9 0.1 0.5 10.5 9.2 9.6 0.0

Senegal 25.1 17.9 0.8 0.6 5.8 0.4 67.7 1.5 7.2 8.7 49.7 0.5 6.8

Sierra Leone 21.7 17.1 1.9 2.1 0.6 0.1 78.3 72.8 0.6 3.3 1.4 0.1 0.0

Solomon Islands 27.3 10.6 1.1 1.1 14.5 0.0 72.7 59.8 1.3 9.9 0.1 1.7 0.0

Somalia 3.6 3.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 96.4 10.6 19.1 64.5 1.7 0.5 0.0

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 11.1 2.7 1.6 6.7 0.0 0.0 88.9 44.8 2.4 37.9 3.6 0.2 0.0

Timor-Leste 9.1 1.3 0.4 7.0 0.5 0.0 90.9 0.1 0.1 90.6 0.1 0.0 0.0

Togo 17.4 14.9 1.2 0.0 1.4 0.5 82.0 4.2 6.3 11.2 59.5 0.8 0.0

Tuvalu 65.1 3.7 - 56.5 4.9 0.9 34.0 0.0 12.3 12.6 4.6 4.6 0.0

Uganda 30.7 25.5 2.2 0.3 2.7 1.4 67.9 2.5 1.3 15.2 48.8 0.1 0.0

United Rep. of Tanzania 29.8 16.3 2.5 5.6 5.4 1.6 68.6 11.5 16.0 11.8 29.2 0.1 0.0

Vanuatu 24.8 3.0 2.3 18.0 1.5 0.0 75.2 1.7 0.4 53.6 13.1 6.4 0.0

Yemen 8.4 1.4 0.7 5.9 0.3 0.0 91.5 31.7 7.8 47.4 3.4 1.2 0.1

Zambia 27.7 5.5 0.4 0.5 21.2 0.1 72.2 29.0 2.2 9.8 31.1 0.1 0.0

LDCs 40.3 22.0 12.8 2.9 2.7 0.6 58.9 27.2 6.8 14.0 9.6 1.4 0.1 African LDCs and Haiti 35.6 18.3 11.8 2.6 2.9 0.4 63.9 33.1 7.1 9.1 13.2 1.5 0.1

Asian LDCs 51.8 30.9 15.2 3.6 2.0 1.1 47.0 13.0 6.0 25.6 1.1 1.3 0.1

Island LDCs 27.7 11.7 1.3 2.7 12.0 0.0 72.3 48.6 1.2 18.9 1.5 2.2 0.0

ODCs 39.5 13.9 16.2 6.8 2.6 1.9 58.2 11.9 3.9 32.2 4.0 6.1 0.4



16. Main sources of merchandise imports, 2012–2014(Percentage shares)

Developed economies Econo- mies in

transition

Developing economiesUn- allo-

catedTotalEuropean

Union (28)

United States and

CanadaJapan

Other developed economies

Total China IndiaOther

developing Asia

Develop- ing Africa

Other developing economies

Afghanistan 20.8 10.5 13.2 1.0 0.3 19.4 59.8 5.1 5.5 46.7 2.4 0.2 0.0

Angola 51.1 39.2 8.2 1.3 2.4 0.3 48.6 22.0 2.7 9.3 7.5 7.0 0.0

Bangladesh 15.9 6.2 3.6 3.5 2.5 3.8 80.3 21.8 15.1 36.8 2.1 4.4 0.0

Benin 27.3 18.1 8.4 0.2 0.6 0.6 72.1 35.0 8.2 16.8 9.7 2.4 0.0

Bhutan 13.1 8.3 0.7 2.9 1.2 0.2 86.7 3.8 75.2 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Burkina Faso 38.6 31.7 5.0 0.8 1.2 0.7 60.7 5.2 4.1 6.1 43.7 1.6 0.0

Burundi 29.9 23.8 3.8 1.6 0.8 1.1 69.0 8.5 6.9 19.9 33.4 0.3 0.0

Cambodia 7.5 2.4 2.9 1.7 0.5 0.1 92.4 22.9 0.9 68.3 0.0 0.2 0.0

Central African Republic 42.6 39.0 2.2 1.0 0.4 0.4 57.0 4.3 2.6 27.4 20.6 2.1 0.0

Chad 61.2 47.7 12.6 0.2 0.7 2.5 36.3 8.6 1.7 2.8 23.0 0.3 0.0

Comoros 26.8 24.2 1.4 1.1 0.1 0.1 73.0 12.5 7.5 38.2 13.6 1.4 0.0

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 25.4 20.3 3.3 0.9 0.9 0.3 74.3 17.0 2.6 2.6 50.7 1.4 0.0

Djibouti 15.6 9.2 4.6 1.2 0.5 2.7 81.8 29.9 10.8 33.2 6.8 1.1 0.0

Equatorial Guinea 62.8 40.9 20.5 0.3 1.0 0.8 36.5 14.6 0.8 9.0 7.7 4.4 0.0

Eritrea 26.4 22.7 2.8 0.2 0.8 0.7 72.9 23.5 3.6 21.1 23.3 1.5 0.0

Ethiopia 28.2 14.6 10.1 2.9 0.7 2.3 64.1 25.0 8.3 26.2 3.8 0.9 5.4

Gambia 21.8 17.4 3.2 0.8 0.4 0.3 77.9 26.4 6.2 18.4 17.3 9.6 0.0

Guinea 54.0 44.4 5.4 1.4 2.8 1.5 44.4 13.2 4.5 12.0 11.7 3.0 0.0

Guinea-Bissau 51.5 47.4 3.3 0.2 0.5 0.1 48.4 4.5 3.9 7.1 26.6 6.3 0.0

Haiti 75.6 8.3 63.2 3.2 0.9 0.1 23.8 2.2 0.9 6.7 0.1 13.9 0.6

Kiribati 44.2 3.8 4.2 16.6 19.6 0.0 55.7 10.5 0.5 22.0 0.3 22.5 0.0

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 7.0 3.7 0.6 2.1 0.6 0.2 92.7 23.7 0.8 68.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lesotho 2.3 1.2 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 97.7 5.2 1.8 6.0 84.8 0.0 0.0

Liberia 29.3 9.2 2.5 16.9 0.8 0.1 70.5 25.6 2.6 39.2 2.7 0.4 0.0

Madagascar 25.6 21.0 3.2 0.7 0.8 0.1 74.2 18.8 6.1 34.6 13.2 1.4 0.0

Malawi 20.0 12.4 3.6 2.3 1.8 0.6 79.3 10.5 10.1 12.6 45.7 0.6 0.0

Mali 39.1 34.8 2.4 0.4 1.6 1.3 59.5 11.0 4.2 5.7 38.1 0.5 0.0

Mauritania 51.8 42.6 7.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 47.2 16.3 1.4 12.9 10.5 6.1 0.0

Mozambique 21.0 11.3 4.1 2.0 3.6 0.8 78.2 13.2 13.3 20.1 28.9 2.7 0.0

Myanmar 8.0 0.8 0.5 4.9 1.7 0.8 90.9 29.9 3.9 56.9 0.0 0.2 0.3

Nepal 4.8 2.2 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.8 94.4 17.7 61.8 12.1 0.4 2.3 0.0

Niger 36.4 28.9 4.2 1.7 1.7 0.4 63.2 15.7 4.9 11.7 28.5 2.2 0.0

Rwanda 25.5 18.0 4.0 2.1 1.4 0.9 73.6 9.3 7.2 16.5 40.2 0.5 0.0

Sao Tome and Principe 67.3 63.8 2.1 1.3 0.1 0.0 32.7 1.9 0.6 3.2 26.2 0.8 0.0

Senegal 50.4 44.2 2.9 1.4 1.8 3.1 46.6 8.6 5.9 10.3 17.5 4.2 0.0

Sierra Leone 37.3 22.5 10.4 3.2 1.2 0.5 61.2 6.6 4.8 13.2 33.1 3.6 0.9

Solomon Islands 41.2 2.3 1.7 3.8 33.3 0.1 58.7 9.0 0.8 40.4 0.5 8.0 0.0

Somalia 8.4 6.0 2.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 91.5 13.3 22.1 29.6 24.7 1.7 0.0

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 22.3 13.5 2.1 2.4 4.3 3.8 73.9 22.0 8.3 30.5 10.5 2.6 0.0

Timor-Leste 8.4 2.9 0.3 1.1 4.0 0.0 91.6 8.4 0.5 81.6 0.4 0.7 0.0

Togo 46.3 36.2 7.3 1.0 1.8 1.5 52.2 27.3 4.0 9.8 8.7 2.5 0.0

Tuvalu 16.4 0.2 0.4 13.0 2.9 0.6 83.2 34.4 0.0 30.0 0.3 18.4 0.0

Uganda 21.9 13.6 2.9 4.4 1.0 2.3 75.9 11.2 15.6 23.9 24.2 1.0 0.0

United Rep. of Tanzania 19.9 9.9 3.1 2.7 4.2 0.9 79.2 22.3 20.7 24.1 11.3 0.8 0.0

Vanuatu 37.2 8.5 1.7 5.8 21.2 0.0 62.8 16.9 0.6 35.5 0.5 9.4 0.0

Yemen 22.2 11.7 3.4 2.9 4.2 2.8 75.0 14.2 8.7 42.1 4.5 5.7 0.0

Zambia 27.7 5.5 0.4 0.5 21.2 0.1 72.2 29.0 2.2 9.8 31.1 0.1 0.0

LDCs 26.7 16.7 5.7 2.3 2.0 2.2 70.8 18.2 9.4 27.0 13.3 2.9 0.4 African LDCs and Haiti 34.6 23.5 7.3 1.9 1.9 1.2 63.6 17.0 7.1 15.9 20.6 3.0 0.6

Asian LDCs 13.9 5.8 3.2 2.9 2.0 3.8 82.3 20.1 13.4 44.3 1.7 2.8 0.0

Island LDCs 28.2 10.7 1.3 3.2 13.0 0.1 71.8 10.1 1.5 51.4 4.0 4.8 0.0

ODCs 38.1 14.4 11.8 6.9 5.0 2.7 58.8 15.3 2.2 31.0 4.0 6.4 0.4



17. Total services exports: Levels and annual average growth rates: 2005–2014, selected years

Total service exports (Millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (Per cent)

2005– 2008a

2009– 2014a 2012 2013 2014

2005–2008a

2009–2014a 2012 2013 2014

Afghanistan 393.8 2 963.0 3056.4 2960.0 .. 123.8 7.1 -12.1 -3.2 ..

Angola 252.9 954.1 780.0 1315.7 .. 26.3 16.9 6.5 68.7 ..

Bangladesh 1 711.2 2 613.7 2674.3 2947.6 2 749.3 11.3 5.2 0.7 10.2 -6.7

Benin 265.1 415.5 433.9 514.4 .. 23.2 16.8 5.5 18.5 ..

Bhutan 52.3 94.1 102.2 123.3 132.3 9.6 19.5 24.8 20.7 7.3

Burkina Faso 84.2 383.9 420.8 496.6 .. 26.8 24.5 1.2 18.0 ..

Burundi 45.9 99.6 92.8 131.2 .. 28.5 19.4 -16.9 41.4 ..

Cambodia 1 350.7 2 877.1 3192.1 3486.0 4 013.9 10.7 17.9 16.9 9.2 15.1

Central African Republic 56.3 89.4 80.3 112.1 - 15.7 11.5 -6.0 39.6 ..

Chad 183.3 538.7 .. .. .. 33.2 2.9 .. .. ..

Comoros 52.2 72.2 70.0 83.5 82.0 14.9 7.0 -5.2 19.2 -1.8

Dem. Republic of the Congo 499.2 434.3 287.7 296.1 244.2 29.0 -17.3 -61.1 2.9 -17.5

Djibouti 257.5 349.2 330.7 357.0 .. 4.2 6.1 3.8 8.0 ..

Equatorial Guinea 45.6 78.3 81.3 85.6 .. 16.4 8.9 -5.3 5.3 ..

Eritrea 44.2 240.1 362.2 .. .. -3.9 56.4 57.5 .. ..

Ethiopia 1 307.7 2 590.1 2735.9 3134.6 2 984.4 19.9 11.5 -1.8 14.6 -4.8

Gambia 105.0 159.7 151.5 205.3 223.1 15.1 16.1 5.4 35.5 8.7

Guinea 74.5 97.3 159.1 103.5 .. 3.9 13.1 105.6 -34.9 ..

Guinea-Bissau 21.4 37.0 21.7 38.1 .. 138.4 -0.5 -51.4 75.9 ..

Haiti 255.9 563.7 549.0 652.3 701.5 42.1 8.9 1.0 18.8 7.5

Kiribati 10.8 13.4 12.9 .. .. 4.9 1.7 -11.7 .. ..

Lao People's Dem. Republic 276.9 606.4 577.2 781.2 .. 25.2 15.2 5.0 35.3 ..

Lesotho 40.9 56.1 72.9 60.3 .. 12.4 9.4 43.4 -17.3 ..

Liberia 351.4 352.8 .. .. .. 30.2 9.7 .. .. ..

Madagascar 866.9 1 156.2 1314.5 1264.5 .. 38.5 8.7 12.1 -3.8 ..

Malawi 70.1 97.4 109.3 117.2 106.2 4.5 8.1 21.3 7.2 -9.4

Mali 355.2 395.3 345.0 428.6 .. 18.6 3.8 -16.0 24.2 ..

Mauritania 97.1 168.9 145.2 186.2 .. 17.6 5.9 -30.7 28.3 ..

Mozambique 411.7 902.7 1069.6 1122.6 1 271.9 11.3 18.3 46.7 5.0 13.3

Myanmar 321.5 1 230.5 1231.3 2270.9 .. 8.2 56.1 62.3 84.4 ..

Nepal 500.3 942.3 924.9 1189.6 1 300.2 24.8 14.9 7.1 28.6 9.3

Niger 98.4 114.3 80.7 152.7 .. 12.1 9.6 10.7 89.3 ..

Rwanda 259.5 449.7 425.4 502.2 635.1 49.3 12.3 -5.2 18.1 26.5

Sao Tome and Principe 8.5 26.1 17.9 36.0 60.6 -0.6 39.9 -2.8 101.2 68.3

Senegal 1 010.2 1 195.0 1221.2 1329.1 .. 21.7 6.8 4.7 8.8 ..

Sierra Leone 55.1 147.9 177.8 193.0 .. -7.4 23.2 13.5 8.5 ..

Solomon Islands 48.5 104.0 119.1 124.8 111.3 6.7 12.4 1.4 4.8 -10.8

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan .. 637.0b 1058.8 1258.0 1 505.4 .. 19.2b 0.0 18.8 19.7

Sudan (former) 337.2 466.3c

Timor-Leste 35.2d 67.7 69.4 70.2 74.8 13.7d 5.6 -4.4 1.1 6.6

Togo 224.2 427.9 457.7 486.0 .. 17.0 11.5 -10.0 6.2 ..

Tuvalu 2.8 4.1 4.5 4.1 .. 14.9 6.5 3.4 -7.9 ..

Uganda 642.3 1 839.5 2098.0 2307.6 2 522.0 16.9 20.0 18.0 10.0 9.3

United Republic of Tanzania 1 667.9 2 603.4 2786.4 3192.5 3 440.7 17.0 14.1 21.1 14.6 7.8

Vanuatu 176.0 296.0 321.8 330.4 312.9 19.8 5.3 12.5 2.7 -5.3

Yemen 712.5 1 537.3 1577.2 1725.6 .. 46.3 6.7 24.4 9.4 ..

Zambia 600.5 727.3 990.1 758.0 850.9 5.5 10.9 48.8 -23.4 12.2

LDCse 16 240.0 32 130.0 33 950.0 38 520.0 40 910.0 22.0 13.3 7.9 13.5 6.2 African LDCs and Haitie 10 585.0 18 683.3 20 000.0 22 380.0 23 790.0 21.5 13.4 8.1 11.9 6.3

Asian LDCse 5 317.5 12 863.3 13 340.0 15 480.0 16 470.0 23.1 13.4 7.8 16.0 6.4

Island LDCse 335.0 583.7 620.0 662.0 660.0 20.0 8.2 5.1 6.8 -0.3

ODCse 813 357.5 1 219 968.3 1 321 490 1 361 200 1 425 400 18.3 8.9 8.8 3.0 4.7Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2015); and UNCTAD secretariat estimates.Notes: a UNCTAD secretariat estimates; b Sudan: average 2012–2014; c Sudan (former): average 2009–2011; d Timor Leste: average

2006–2008; e Totals include estimates for missing countries.


18. Total services imports: Levels and annual average growth rates: 2005–2014, selected yearsTotal service imports (Millions of dollars) annual average growth rates (Per cent)

2005– 2008a

2009– 2014a 2012 2013 2014

2005–2008a

2009–2014a 2012 2013 2014

Afghanistan 231.6 1 665.3 2 244.6 2 114.8 .. 78.3 22.3 74.1 -5.8 ..

Angola 12 271.2 21 532.2 22 119.2 22 846.4 .. 50.2 3.9 -6.6 3.3 ..

Bangladesh 2 891.3 5 550.1 5 617.7 6 390.2 7 548.4 16.9 14.7 1.2 13.8 18.1

Benin 412.0 609.0 585.2 761.0 .. 23.7 11.1 16.1 30.0 ..

Bhutan 100.6 169.8 196.9 185.3 221.0 1.5 15.3 11.5 -5.9 19.3

Burkina Faso 443.4 1 112.3 1 219.1 1 426.4 .. 19.6 20.6 6.7 17.0 ..

Burundi 194.3 208.1 211.6 234.1 .. 20.5 7.8 -0.6 10.7 ..

Cambodia 790.6 1 404.0 1 535.2 1 757.0 2 017.4 10.9 20.0 16.8 14.5 14.8

Central African Republic 134.6 180.0 194.1 161.7 .. 16.7 -0.6 -3.6 -16.7 ..

Chad 1 830.5 2 403.0 .. .. .. 3.1 6.1 .. .. ..

Comoros 60.9 102.6 103.8 113.9 112.3 19.7 5.9 -3.4 9.7 -1.4

Dem. Republic of the Congo 1 448.1 2 559.9 2331.6 2 595.3 3 063.4 26.3 6.9 -19.3 11.3 18.0

Djibouti 96.2 153.1 144.6 178.1 .. 11.1 15.6 -2.1 23.1 ..

Equatorial Guinea 1 152.6 2 686.0 3 097.6 2 708.4 .. 23.3 5.2 12.0 -12.6 ..

Eritrea 62.9 87.9 .. .. .. -16.0 13.6 .. .. ..

Ethiopia 1 626.2 3 253.5 3 582.7 3 470.0 4 376.6 28.2 13.4 7.9 -3.1 26.1

Gambia 78.3 77.5 80.3 77.6 82.9 18.8 1.0 17.3 -3.3 6.8

Guinea 336.5 606.2 891.8 696.9 .. 14.1 18.7 54.8 -21.9 ..

Guinea-Bissau 58.7 90.1 72.5 87.2 .. 30.8 -1.5 -27.3 20.3 ..

Haiti 641.0 1 075.5 1 116.0 1 090.3 1 078.6 11.4 3.5 -0.3 -2.3 -1.1

Kiribati 47.3 71.7 81.2 .. .. 10.4 12.3 16.4 .. ..

Lao People's Dem. Republic 57.0 366.2 339.2 533.8 .. 37.9 31.3 2.6 57.4 11.4

Lesotho 381.2 430.2 452.0 374.8 .. 2.8 -2.7 -5.3 -17.1 ..

Liberia 1 197.5 1 062.8 940.7 942.2 .. 16.0 -3.4 -24.3 0.2 ..

Madagascar 1 049.8 1 287.6 1 245.1 1 334.1 .. 35.5 2.7 -4.4 7.2 ..

Malawi 157.6 204.9 229.5 232.8 250.9 -0.5 9.6 28.3 1.4 7.8

Mali 767.8 1 422.1 1 064.3 2 157.5 .. 19.7 23.3 -5.7 102.7 ..

Mauritania 516.4 856.0 1 016.7 999.4 .. 26.6 12.1 33.5 -1.7 ..

Mozambique 784.5 2 708.4 4 207.4 3 924.4 3 670.6 11.2 34.6 94.4 -6.7 -6.5

Myanmar 581.1 1 169.0 1 459.3 1 480.9 .. 8.4 21.7 33.9 1.5 ..

Nepal 625.5 908.0 896.3 984.6 1 073.8 27.1 5.1 14.6 9.9 9.1

Niger 395.1 884.5 838.7 988.8 .. 27.2 6.2 -3.6 17.9 ..

Rwanda 390.1 600.4 518.6 633.3 700.0 21.5 4.1 -19.0 22.1 10.5

Sao Tome and Principe 17.2 35.8 24.6 44.9 70.7 22.6 26.3 -21.6 82.3 57.6

Senegal 1 079.7 1 306.1 1 328.8 1 441.8 .. 23.0 6.3 2.9 8.5 ..

Sierra Leone 97.7 439.6 497.4 649.0 .. 10.0 37.6 16.3 30.5 ..

Solomon Islands 84.2 194.3 203.2 253.2 229.9 26.9 15.0 8.7 24.6 -9.2

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

South Sudan _ .. .. .. .. _ .. .. .. ..

Sudan 0.0 2080.6b 2 151.0 2 029.8 2 060.9 _ -2.1b _ .. 1.5

Sudan (former) 2 310.5 2323.7c _ _ _ 17.6 5.5c _ _ ..

Timor-Leste 349.1d 879.9 989.3 508.2 458.5 45.3d -14.4 -32.4 -48.6 -9.8

Togo 294.9 442.6 442.0 471.3 .. 13.0 5.1 -6.7 6.6 ..

Tuvalu 18.3 28.3 27.6 18.0 .. 49.9 -10.8 -37.4 -34.6 ..

Uganda 903.5 2 303.6 2 474.0 2 668.3 3 049.9 27.3 15.7 1.7 7.9 14.3

United Republic of Tanzania 1 383.0 2 228.6 2 358.9 2 488.5 2 705.4 11.4 9.4 6.8 5.5 8.7

Vanuatu 88.8 135.7 145.9 145.3 145.5 20.5 5.7 0.7 -0.4 0.1

Yemen 1 827.8 2 238.0 2 341.4 2 272.2 .. 21.1 2.3 8.1 -3.0 ..

Zambia 649.0 1 241.2 1 333.9 1816.2 1 644.4 29.7 21.5 22.0 36.2 -9.5

LDCse 40 827.5 71 623.3 76 310.0 79 960.0 84 370.0 27.8 9.0 4.5 4.8 5.5 African LDCs and Haitie 33 145.0 56 703.3 60 100.0 63 080.0 65 580.0 29.4 8.2 3.2 5.0 4.0

Asian LDCse 7 105.0 13 470.5 14 630.0 15 720.0 17 653.0 18.9 13.9 15.2 7.5 12.3

Island LDCse 577.5 1 450.0 1 580.0 1 170.0 1 130.0 54.4 -4.2 -22.9 -25.9 -3.4

ODCse 919 250.0 1 460 753.3 1 551 090 1 652 380 1 777 860 18.8 10.3 7.1 6.5 7.6

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2015) and UNCTAD secretariat estimates.Notes: a UNCTAD secretariat estimates; b Sudan: 2012-2014; c Sudan former: 2009-2011; d Timor Leste: 2006-2008; e Totals include

estimates for missing countries.


19. Employment by sector: 1991, 2000 and 2014(Per cent of total employment)

Employment in agriculture Employment in industry Employment in services1991 2000 2014a 1991 2000 2014a 1991 2000 2014a

Afghanistan 62.5 63.2 58.0 24.3 23.3 21.2 13.1 13.4 20.8

Angola 65.6 60.4 46.5 6.0 6.8 9.0 28.5 32.7 44.5

Bangladesh 61.1 59.5 43.2 12.4 9.9 18.2 26.5 30.7 38.6

Benin 48.6 46.4 43.4 9.8 10.0 10.4 41.6 43.5 46.2

Bhutan 70.2 67.3 55.6 5.9 7.3 11.2 23.9 25.0 33.7

Burkina Faso 85.9 84.9 83.2 3.4 3.6 2.7 10.7 11.5 14.1

Burundi 90.8 91.0 90.8 3.1 3.0 3.0 6.2 5.9 6.2

Cambodia 77.7 73.5 50.1 6.1 8.5 16.8 16.2 18.0 33.1

Central African Republic 77.7 78.9 79.3 5.8 4.9 5.3 16.7 16.2 15.4

Chad 78.7 79.8 74.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 19.3 18.3 23.1

Comoros 73.5 75.3 75.4 5.1 5.1 5.5 20.5 19.0 19.1

Dem. Republic of the Congo 76.2 77.3 70.9 5.3 6.1 11.1 18.5 16.6 17.9

Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Equatorial Guinea 77.0 41.7 24.9 7.3 16.5 17.1 15.7 41.3 57.5

Eritrea 76.8 72.3 73.3 5.8 7.4 7.7 17.4 20.2 19.0

Ethiopia 83.8 82.4 72.3 4.6 5.2 7.4 11.6 12.4 20.3

Gambia 68.1 67.1 63.5 6.3 5.9 5.9 25.6 26.8 30.6

Guinea 74.3 74.3 69.9 5.7 5.5 7.3 19.8 20.2 22.8

Guinea-Bissau 76.4 76.8 74.6 4.6 5.3 5.3 18.2 18.1 20.1

Haiti 50.3 49.5 43.3 9.7 10.0 10.8 40.0 40.5 45.9

Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Lao People's Dem. Republic 86.0 84.4 76.6 3.4 2.8 4.3 10.6 12.8 19.1

Lesotho 60.5 64.6 56.1 13.5 11.2 11.1 26.2 24.6 32.6

Liberia 46.1 53.7 41.2 9.5 8.9 11.0 44.4 37.4 48.0

Madagascar 78.7 78.1 81.8 5.8 6.2 3.2 15.5 15.7 15.0

Malawi 79.2 79.4 78.6 7.7 6.3 6.1 13.1 14.2 15.3

Mali 67.6 66.3 63.6 7.8 7.5 7.0 24.7 26.2 29.4

Mauritania 66.9 64.8 52.6 5.9 6.9 10.4 26.8 28.5 36.8

Mozambique 81.3 79.2 75.7 2.9 4.1 4.0 15.8 16.7 20.3

Myanmar 66.3 60.4 40.8 8.8 11.8 17.7 24.9 27.8 41.5

Nepal 84.0 76.3 72.1 2.9 10.1 11.4 13.1 13.6 16.5

Niger 60.7 65.1 63.0 14.2 13.0 14.1 25.0 22.0 22.9

Rwanda 78.7 79.2 75.9 4.4 3.6 7.1 16.9 17.3 17.1

Sao Tome and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Senegal 50.1 47.6 52.9 11.8 12.9 20.7 38.1 39.4 26.4

Sierra Leone 67.0 68.6 62.1 6.6 6.6 8.1 26.3 24.8 29.8

Solomon Islands 70.0 67.5 67.1 8.2 9.9 8.7 20.9 21.2 23.7

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

South Sudan - - - - - - - - -

Sudan 57.3 55.7 52.5 14.7 16.6 17.2 27.9 27.7 30.2

Timor-Leste 67.8 65.9 46.7 11.0 8.4 13.7 21.6 25.2 39.6

Togo 64.1 65.1 61.8 8.9 8.1 8.8 26.9 26.9 29.4

Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 70.3 66.6 59.8 7.2 7.9 7.9 22.4 25.5 32.3

United Rep. of Tanzania 78.7 79.4 70.8 3.7 2.7 5.4 17.6 18.0 23.7

Vanuatu .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Yemen 49.3 40.9 26.1 10.6 14.0 18.5 40.2 45.2 55.4

Zambia 65.0 72.5 54.9 13.8 7.1 10.1 21.2 20.3 35.0

LDCsb 70.6 68.8 58.9 8.1 8.3 11.7 21.2 22.9 29.4 African LDCs and Haitib 74.4 73.7 67.6 6.3 6.4 7.8 19.3 19.8 24.6

Asian LDCsb 65.7 62.3 46.9 10.5 10.8 17.1 23.8 26.9 36.0

Island LDCsb 69.7 69.2 63.2 9.0 7.9 9.2 21.2 22.2 27.4

ODCsb 51.2 46.6 30.4 18.6 18.5 23.2 30.2 35.0 46.5

Source: ILO, Trends Econometric Models (accessed May 2015).Notes: a 2014 preliminary estimates; b LDC aggregates exclude missing data for Djibouti, Kiribati, Sao Tome and Principe, South Sudan, Tuvalu and Vanuatu.


20. Labour force, agricultural labour force and female share: 1980–2014, selected years

Total(Thousands)

Agricultural share(Per cent)

Female share of agricultural labour force

(Per cent)

1980 1995 2010 2014 1980 1995 2010 2014 1980 1995 2010 2014

Afghanistan 4 255 5 421 9 059 10 156 71 66 60 58 30 29 33 34

Angola 3 326 5 210 8 697 9 930 76 73 69 68 52 53 55 56

Bangladesh 35 039 53 002 71 961 76 908 72 60 45 42 42 44 51 53

Benin 1 217 2 335 3 890 4 399 67 59 44 41 35 42 40 40

Bhutan 143 151 332 370 94 93 93 93 26 19 34 34

Burkina Faso 2 970 4 403 7 082 8 083 92 92 92 92 47 49 48 48

Burundi 1 975 2 998 4 617 5 123 93 91 89 89 56 56 56 56

Cambodia 3 185 4 665 7 660 8 399 75 72 66 64 57 54 52 51

Central African Republic 1 020 1 450 1 959 2 168 85 77 63 59 50 50 50 50

Chad 1 516 2 733 4 710 5 381 86 80 66 61 29 51 57 58

Comoros 124 189 297 337 80 76 69 68 51 50 52 52

Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 245 16 035 23 381 26 016 71 65 57 55 51 49 49 49

Djibouti 141 265 361 397 84 80 74 72 45 46 46 46

Equatorial Guinea 87 172 272 307 77 72 64 62 40 39 42 43

Eritrea - 1 279 2 298 2 641 79 74 72 44 43 43

Ethiopia* 14 756 24 339 42 985 49 277 89 84 77 75 41 43 45 45

Gambia 268 475 774 899 85 80 76 75 50 51 53 54

Guinea 2 144 3 701 5 231 5 862 91 86 80 78 51 50 50 50

Guinea-Bissau 324 441 591 652 87 84 79 78 44 46 45 46

Haiti 2 344 2 684 3 828 4 144 71 67 59 57 38 27 25 24

Kiribati 22 35 48 52 36 29 23 21 25 30 27 27

Lao People's Democratic Republic 1 469 2 200 3 260 3 673 80 78 75 74 51 52 53 52

Lesotho 543 733 863 920 45 43 39 38 71 66 66 65

Liberia 706 770 1 459 1 626 77 70 62 60 46 45 44 44

Madagascar 3 944 6 116 10 526 12 269 82 77 70 68 55 54 53 53

Malawi 2 886 4 225 6 260 7 163 87 85 79 77 57 56 59 60

Mali 1 837 2 363 3 710 4 242 88 83 75 72 37 36 37 36

Mauritania 606 938 1 544 1 746 71 54 50 49 48 50 54 56

Mozambique 5 952 7 564 11 036 12 314 85 84 81 79 59 63 65 65

Myanmar 16 386 23 509 30 284 32 126 76 72 67 66 48 48 49 49

Nepal 5 564 7 729 11 615 12 678 93 93 93 93 36 40 49 50

Niger 1 931 2 998 5 237 6 151 90 87 83 82 37 36 36 37

Rwanda 2 302 2 422 4 978 5 575 93 91 89 89 54 55 57 57

Sao Tome and Principe 30 40 61 71 70 65 57 55 38 42 49 51

Senegal 2 349 3 609 5 656 6 554 80 75 70 69 45 46 48 49

Sierra Leone 1 233 1 523 2 166 2 343 73 68 60 58 59 58 61 62

Solomon Islands 85 143 217 242 79 74 68 67 45 46 47 48

Somalia 2 307 2 498 3 843 4 395 77 72 66 64 44 45 46 46

South Sudan - - - 3 868 - - - 48 - - - 41

Sudan - - - 12 785 - - - 48 - - - 41

Sudan (Former) 6 151 8 786 14 446 - 72 65 52 33 33 40 -

Timor-Leste 242 339 425 463 84 82 80 79 45 43 45 45

Togo 1 038 1 628 2 520 2 866 69 63 53 51 39 39 42 42

Tuvalu 3 4 4 4 33 25 25 25 0 0 0 0

Uganda 5 631 9 132 14 981 17 335 87 82 75 72 49 50 49 49

United Republic of Tanzania 9 096 14 842 22 306 25 555 86 83 76 74 54 54 55 55

Vanuatu 53 79 124 140 49 41 31 28 50 50 47 46

Yemen 1 578 3 259 5 645 6 380 68 52 39 35 30 32 40 41

Zambia 2 009 3 379 5 130 5 998 75 72 63 61 41 48 47 46

LDCs 161 032 242 811 368 329 410 983 79 73 66 64 46 47 49 50

African LDCs and Haiti 92 854 142 046 227 337 258 984 82 78 71 69 47 48 49 50

Asian LDCs 67 619 99 936 139 816 150 690 75 66 57 54 43 44 48 49

Island LDCs 559 829 1 176 1 309 76 72 66 64 46 45 47 48

Source: FAO, FAOSTAT database (http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E) (accessed May 2015). Notes: The female share of the agricultural labour force is calculated as the total number of women economically active in agriculture divided by the total

population economically active in agriculture. * Figure for 1980 is for former Ethiopia.


21. Share of male and female employment: by sector, 2000 and 2014(Per cent)

Agriculture Industry Services

Male Female Male Female Male Female

2000 2014* 2000 2014* 2000 2014* 2000 2014* 2000 2014* 2000 2014*

Afghanistan 56.9 51.1 77.3 71.6 11.2 13.6 9.2 11.1 31.8 35.3 13.6 17.3

Angola 52.9 38.7 49.8 32.6 11.6 15.1 4.8 5.9 35.5 46.2 45.4 61.4

Bangladesh 56.3 33.2 78.4 85.4 11.6 19.3 9.2 5.7 32.0 47.5 12.4 9.0

Benin 54.9 54.6 34.0 29.0 10.3 9.0 9.6 7.4 34.9 36.4 56.3 63.5

Bhutan 75.0 44.4 91.3 80.4 3.2 11.4 0.9 6.4 21.8 44.2 7.7 13.3

Burkina Faso 84.4 80.5 88.8 87.9 4.6 3.4 2.2 2.1 11.1 16.0 8.9 10.0

Burundi 87.1 87.1 96.6 96.3 3.8 3.7 0.7 0.6 9.1 9.2 2.7 3.1

Cambodia 72.4 45.2 74.9 49.4 7.1 20.9 9.6 19.0 20.4 33.9 15.5 31.6

Central African Republic 72.5 76.1 70.7 72.2 6.3 4.6 2.6 1.8 21.1 19.3 26.7 26.0

Chad 80.8 73.0 86.0 82.3 3.3 5.7 0.7 1.3 15.8 21.4 13.3 16.4

Comoros 62.1 62.9 69.9 70.2 11.8 11.5 6.3 6.0 26.1 25.6 23.8 23.8

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 84.2 81.7 83.3 78.1 3.3 3.8 1.3 1.5 12.5 14.5 15.4 20.4

Equatorial Guinea 39.0 28.8 48.0 38.3 20.2 25.7 11.6 17.2 40.7 45.5 40.5 44.5

Eritrea 70.5 75.6 79.8 80.5 9.4 7.2 5.5 3.6 20.1 17.3 14.7 15.9

Ethiopia 89.4 78.9 80.9 74.5 2.7 8.0 5.4 11.3 7.9 13.1 13.7 14.2

Gambia 56.0 57.7 74.7 69.1 8.8 6.9 0.9 0.7 35.2 35.4 24.3 30.2

Guinea 72.0 72.1 77.5 74.4 9.3 8.4 2.9 2.5 18.8 19.4 19.6 23.1

Guinea-Bissau 67.3 69.3 68.3 62.8 8.7 6.5 3.8 2.6 24.1 24.2 27.9 34.7

Haiti 60.6 54.2 35.6 29.9 15.9 18.7 5.6 5.1 23.5 27.1 58.7 65.0

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 78.9 67.8 87.6 77.2 5.0 8.4 3.1 5.7 16.1 23.8 9.3 17.2

Lesotho 77.8 73.9 64.0 54.2 9.2 9.9 10.0 9.7 12.9 16.1 26.0 36.0

Liberia 56.5 45.2 55.3 44.6 11.1 15.2 3.9 5.6 32.4 39.6 40.8 49.8

Madagascar 74.0 82.7 78.2 78.7 8.6 4.5 8.8 1.0 17.4 12.9 13.0 20.3

Malawi 67.4 64.0 78.8 76.3 11.8 13.4 7.2 8.1 20.8 22.6 14.0 15.6

Mali 70.2 67.9 68.2 60.5 7.4 7.4 2.6 2.4 22.4 24.7 29.2 37.1

Mauritania 57.4 50.8 59.3 53.5 11.6 14.1 5.3 6.6 31.1 35.1 35.3 39.9

Mozambique 71.8 61.0 90.6 87.2 6.1 9.7 0.4 0.6 22.1 29.4 9.0 12.2

Myanmar 53.5 53.6 69.1 65.2 15.9 16.6 9.5 11.0 30.5 29.8 21.3 23.7

Nepal 66.1 60.3 84.4 80.6 14.9 17.3 5.4 6.7 19.0 22.3 10.2 12.8

Niger 64.7 65.4 38.8 37.8 8.1 7.9 18.6 17.0 27.2 26.8 42.6 45.2

Rwanda 80.1 71.0 84.9 77.7 4.9 7.2 2.0 3.0 15.1 21.8 13.1 19.3

Senegal 51.6 33.7 48.0 37.0 15.7 26.3 8.5 5.2 32.6 39.9 43.5 57.8

Sierra Leone 65.4 54.3 71.6 63.0 9.9 14.4 0.9 1.5 24.6 31.2 27.4 35.5

Solomon Islands 52.2 48.3 54.7 49.2 14.5 16.6 6.8 9.2 33.2 35.2 38.5 41.6

Somalia 76.9 76.0 76.3 72.1 5.4 5.2 2.2 2.0 17.7 18.8 21.5 25.8

Sudan 53.3 50.3 60.0 56.6 7.0 8.4 8.4 9.2 39.7 41.3 31.7 34.3

United Rep. of Tanzania 80.1 67.7 84.8 76.4 4.2 8.5 1.2 2.8 15.7 23.9 14.0 20.8

Togo 58.9 60.2 49.5 45.5 10.8 9.6 5.5 4.3 30.2 30.2 45.0 50.2

Uganda 64.8 58.6 77.6 68.0 7.1 10.9 3.7 5.7 28.0 30.6 18.8 26.3

Yemen 40.5 32.8 88.6 89.4 14.5 17.2 2.1 1.3 45.0 50.1 9.3 9.2

Zambia 65.2 64 79.6 78.5 8.8 14.8 2.0 5.2 26.0 21.2 18.4 16.3

LDCs 66.5 57.5 76.6 73 9.1 12.5 5.8 6.2 24.4 30.0 17.7 20.8

African LDCs and Haiti 74.2 68.4 76.5 70.8 6.3 8.7 3.9 5.1 19.5 22.9 19.6 24.1

Asian LDCs 57.1 41.8 76.8 76.9 12.5 18.0 8.6 8.1 30.3 40.2 14.7 15.1

Island LDCs 57.7 56.3 61.1 58.6 13.0 13.8 6.6 7.8 29.3 29.9 32.3 33.6

Source: UNCTAD secretariat, based on data from ILO (2014): supporting data sets: Share of employment by sector and sex (accessed May 2015).Notes: Data for the following countries are unavailable: Djibouti, Kiribati, Sao Tome and Principe, South Sudan, Sudan (Former), Timor-Leste, Tuvalu

and Vanuatu. * provisional.


22. Total economically active population in agriculture : 1980–2013, selected years(Thousand workers)

1980 1990 2000 2010 2013

Afghanistan 3 004 2 513 4 013 5 431 5 809

Angola 2 533 3 323 4 336 6 021 6 582

Bangladesh 25 196 31 416 32 457 32 622 32 154

Benin 814 1 150 1 478 1 723 1 769

Bhutan 134 160 169 308 335

Burkina Faso 2 737 3 535 4 703 6 519 7 194

Burundi 1 839 2 546 2 879 4 117 4 435

Cambodia 2 404 2 979 3 956 5 046 5 313

Central African Republic 862 1 030 1 168 1 239 1 272

Chad 1 298 1 871 2 441 3 090 3 234

Comoros 99 127 161 206 222

Democratic Republic of the Congo 7 320 9 071 11 063 13 381 14 117

Djibouti 119 191 230 268 282

Equatorial Guinea 67 108 142 175 187

Eritreaa 631 867 1 173 1 694 1 853

Ethiopiaa 12 487 17 166 24 226 33 255 36 089

Gambia 227 333 436 588 649

Guinea 1 952 2 479 3 480 4 176 4 470

Guinea-Bissau 283 338 402 468 498

Haiti 1 662 1 783 1 977 2 251 2 323

Kiribati 8 10 10 11 11

Lao People's Democratic Republic 1 172 1 505 1 891 2 443 2 656

Lesotho 243 291 328 335 344

Liberia 541 562 724 905 955

Madagascar 3 248 4 125 5 374 7 384 8 102

Malawi 2 523 3 401 3 939 4 946 5 375

Mali 1 622 1 795 2 162 2 780 2 989

Mauritania 431 442 584 777 841

Mozambique 5 050 5 217 7 119 8 885 9 544

Myanmar 12 445 15 521 18 441 20 325 20 929

Nepal 5 200 6 301 8 245 10 804 11 535

Niger 1 742 2 234 3 116 4 341 4 839

Rwanda 2 141 2 866 3 363 4 450 4 821

Sao Tome and Principe 21 24 27 35 38

Senegal 1 890 2 381 3 036 3 977 4 373

Sierra Leone 899 1 098 1 038 1 296 1 337

Solomon Islands 67 91 119 148 157

Somalia 1 781 1 797 2 045 2 520 2 720

South Sudanb - - - - 1792

Sudanb 4 434 5 005 6 252 7 450 6025

Timor-Leste 203 249 238 338 358

Togo 714 939 1 119 1 346 1 430

Tuvalu 1 1 1 1 1

Uganda 4 902 6 603 8 442 11 202 12 197

United Republic of Tanzania 7 806 10 556 13 549 16 928 18 346

Vanuatu 26 30 33 38 39

Yemen 1 075 1 330 1 871 2 191 2 214

Zambia 1 501 2 210 2 658 3 246 3 536

LDCs 127 354 159 570 196 614 241 680 256 291 African LDCs and Haiti 76 299 97 313 124 982 161 733 174 520

Asian LDCs 50 630 61 725 71 043 79 170 80 945

Island LDCs 425 532 589 777 826

ODCs 761 358 933 492 998 179 1 037 298 1 041 515

Source: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from FAO, FAOSTAT database (accessed August 2015).Notes: a Estimates for 1980 and 1990; b Data prior to 2011 are for former Sudan.


23. Agricultural labour productivity: 1980–2013, selected years

Sectoral production measured by value added(2005 thousand dollars per worker)

Sectoral production measured by final output value(2004–2006 international dollars per worker)

1991 2000 2010 2012 2013 1980 1990 2000 2010 2013

Afghanistan 1 354.3 674.9 686.1 702.2 748.7 779.8 797.8 620.1 613.0 593.3

Angola 821.9 521.5 1 424.2 1 544.0 1 531.3 314.5 249.1 309.1 608.5 681.9

Bangladesh 280.1 315.3 480.8 520.9 534.6 338.9 339.4 452.0 649.3 692.9

Benin 776.5 946.9 953.7 1 015.0 1 055.3 584.0 678.4 972.6 1 073.6 1 321.8

Bhutan 1 024.5 1 081.7 952.3 886.0 988.4 580.7 636.1 597.8 452.0 427.0

Burkina Faso 228.4 302.7 538.7 563.5 583.1 209.9 291.6 299.4 383.1 368.0

Burundi 247.9 193.1 211.1 210.0 212.1 419.7 399.4 337.0 295.5 328.5

Cambodia 351.0 370.4 569.3 611.2 622.7 282.2 394.6 462.8 705.1 822.5

Central African Republic 436.1 482.6 446.9 460.3 283.0 500.9 516.2 654.5 745.3 782.3

Chad 451.1 444.0 556.8 571.7 529.5 512.5 430.5 437.4 464.0 489.3

Comoros 1 475.8 1 377.1 1 308.3 1 342.3 1 365.0 397.7 401.1 378.6 351.3 325.0

Democratic Republic of the Congo 261.5 205.3 188.1 189.8 194.1 445.5 484.6 340.3 292.8 305.0

Djibouti .. .. .. .. .. 214.1 267.1 201.0 240.8 259.5

Equatorial Guinea 571.4 1 350.1 1 954.8 1 724.7 1 653.5 407.3 362.7 275.3 265.9 261.5

Eritreaa 139.1 118.1 102.0 99.5 101.8 265.2 205.4 150.2 139.8 132.5

Ethiopiaa 154.9 181.7 256.1 282.9 299.1 326.7 253.1 215.0 303.2 297.9

Gambia 431.6 476.2 512.3 398.9 425.2 283.0 220.0 271.7 275.8 179.7

Guinea 204.4 217.1 184.3 199.9 206.7 407.0 401.7 410.3 453.8 459.0

Guinea-Bissau 672.0 650.7 593.1 599.0 573.9 336.8 442.1 519.1 622.9 675.2

Haiti 1 096.6 601.0 481.8 465.9 481.9 562.4 505.3 467.9 467.0 481.6

Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. 1 491.4 1 206.4 1 709.6 2 447.7 2 516.0

Lao People's Democratic Republic 310.3 410.7 462.5 474.0 482.3 366.1 430.6 562.9 650.4 742.5

Lesotho 347.1 359.1 373.8 356.2 381.5 441.8 426.8 386.0 411.9 404.6

Liberia 613.8 712.7 1 130.1 1 365.2 1 478.8 584.7 453.2 544.4 435.6 414.5

Madagascar 230.2 207.8 173.9 166.5 151.5 619.9 574.2 470.7 458.2 421.0

Malawi 289.2 354.8 313.2 307.2 315.6 323.9 282.5 457.0 567.5 640.2

Mali 917.7 841.6 935.1 944.0 858.2 634.9 787.2 798.8 1 245.2 1 162.1

Mauritania 1 757.3 1 271.5 1 358.3 1 361.5 1 453.2 666.4 758.9 662.2 628.6 619.9

Mozambique 234.2 232.9 389.1 404.2 411.5 229.8 214.5 223.4 321.2 319.3

Myanmar 146.5 232.0 579.1 598.8 694.4 413.0 360.9 513.7 846.2 811.4

Nepal 245.2 259.4 316.9 334.2 332.9 339.5 445.3 452.8 449.9 484.4

Niger 592.8 484.5 632.0 661.4 638.8 551.8 450.5 488.2 711.0 592.6

Rwanda 265.0 253.9 313.5 327.6 326.9 425.0 381.3 361.4 482.4 523.8

Sao Tome and Principe .. .. .. .. .. 673.9 508.3 914.0 760.7 763.6

Senegal 652.6 690.5 548.9 511.4 463.2 282.6 354.4 379.6 419.5 318.6

Sierra Leone 905.9 418.0 769.8 839.1 882.1 386.3 386.2 305.2 821.2 909.6

Solomon Islands 1 338.3 1 007.5 1 306.1 1 304.2 1 359.5 873.4 704.5 705.5 767.5 772.9

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. 725.5 813.2 704.1 665.5 692.5

Sudanb 1 655.5 2 594.9 3 424.6 2 895.8 2 900.9 846.3 762.8 1 137.5 1 199.8 1 315.0

Timor-Leste - - .. .. .. 439.7 420.1 439.0 418.0 373.0

Togo 599.9 592.5 591.3 482.4 469.5 474.3 484.9 538.0 617.6 569.4

Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. 829.3 527.4 799.3 936.4 912.3

Uganda 377.4 451.7 483.2 468.5 462.7 470.3 513.0 517.0 506.3 468.4

United Republic of Tanzania 317.3 334.2 423.0 434.0 436.4 369.9 366.6 318.8 451.6 497.7

Vanuatu .. .. .. .. .. 1 976.9 2 270.8 1 826.5 2 082.8 2 114.9

Yemen 682.9 1 008.7 2 070.2 1 856.4 1 787.0 548.7 568.8 593.7 837.2 838.3

Zambia 607.8 521.0 570.8 723.9 656.5 351.7 332.3 324.5 544.1 549.5

LDCs 350.5 376.9 507.5 516.6 525.1 412.9 400.2 433.3 544.1 553.5 African LDCs and Haiti 387.1 406.7 498.4 498.3 498.9 429.3 408.9 403.0 478.3 485.6

Asian LDCs 293.9 327.3 522.9 552.2 578.8 386.4 384.9 485.2 678.2 699.7

Island LDCs 1 410.8 1 206.5 1 307.3 1 325.0 1 362.5 624.6 587.5 598.0 593.1 565.5

ODCs 1 156.7 1 440.5 2 463.4 2 776.8 2 876.3 622.6 751.8 1 010.5 1 348.9 1 459.0Source: For sectoral production mesured by value added: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from UNTAD, UNCTADStat database for value added

(accessed in August 2015), and ILO, WESO 2015 database for labour (accessed in August 2015). For sectoral production mesured by final output value: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from FAO, FAOSTAT database (accessed August

2015).Notes: a Estimates for 1980 and 1990; b Data prior to 2011 are for former Sudan. Data are unavailable for South Sudan.


24. Agricultural land productivity: 1980-2012, selected years (2004–2006 international dollars per hectare)

1980 1990 2000 2010 2012Afghanistan 61.6 52.7 65.9 87.8 92.9

Angola 13.9 14.4 23.4 62.8 56.5

Bangladesh 855.0 1026.7 1560.7 2292.1 2398.4

Benin 234.5 343.7 449.9 537.7 571.8

Bhutan 188.4 224.2 190.6 267.7 284.0

Burkina Faso 65.4 107.7 144.1 206.9 217.6

Burundi 369.6 482.0 519.6 663.7 552.2

Cambodia 256.0 263.8 383.8 629.2 730.0

Central African Republic 87.3 106.2 148.5 181.8 192.8

Chad 13.8 16.7 22.0 28.9 33.0

Comoros 358.0 398.0 420.4 469.9 451.7

Democratic Republic of the Congo 126.9 169.3 147.1 152.1 163.8

Djibouti 19.6 39.3 28.9 37.9 43.0

Equatorial Guinea 81.7 117.3 117.1 158.3 171.1

Eritreaa 13.6 14.8 23.4 31.2 32.5

Ethiopiaa 87.1 98.2 169.9 282.6 293.8

Gambia 114.1 125.0 214.6 263.7 212.3

Guinea 55.9 70.4 105.8 132.5 142.1

Guinea-Bissau 68.9 103.3 128.2 178.9 201.9

Haiti 584.2 564.2 547.4 562.1 591.6

Kiribati 314.0 309.3 502.8 791.9 807.1

Lao People's Democratic Republic 267.2 390.4 575.0 667.6 791.1

Lesotho 46.8 53.5 54.2 59.3 54.2

Liberia 122.8 102.2 151.0 148.2 151.3

Madagascar 55.9 65.2 62.5 81.7 87.2

Malawi 213.4 227.8 380.6 493.7 556.0

Mali 32.1 44.0 44.7 84.3 85.6

Mauritania 7.3 8.5 9.7 12.3 13.2

Mozambique 24.6 23.5 33.0 57.1 59.2

Myanmar 495.0 537.2 876.2 1373.0 1323.2

Nepal 432.1 677.0 878.6 1178.0 1457.9

Niger 31.3 30.5 41.1 70.2 67.1

Rwanda 530.5 581.6 727.9 1172.7 1328.1

Sao Tome and Principe 382.5 290.4 503.6 548.9 536.3

Senegal 60.4 95.1 131.6 175.5 157.3

Sierra Leone 127.5 150.1 112.7 270.8 281.9

Solomon Islands 991.8 942.8 1104.6 1061.6 1103.9

Somalia 29.4 33.2 32.7 38.0 40.3

Sudanb 34.0 31.1 54.1 65.6 65.2

Timor-Leste 319.9 329.0 310.0 379.8 376.9

Togo 111.6 142.7 165.8 226.8 233.5

Tuvalu 414.7 263.7 399.7 520.2 496.5

Uganda 215.9 283.2 348.9 403.3 395.8

United Republic of Tanzania 87.5 113.8 127.1 204.1 216.6

Vanuatu 401.6 448.2 344.4 423.2 415.7

Yemen 25.1 32.0 46.9 77.8 80.5

Zambia 26.6 35.3 38.3 75.4 82.6

LDCs 70.4 83.1 109.5 160.8 166.4

African LDCs and Haiti 49.9 59.0 73.6 107.3 111.0

Asian LDCs 215.8 254.9 370.5 559.6 586.0

Island LDCs 406.5 417.3 430.6 509.6 506.7

ODCs 187.0 251.0 343.5 477.0 505.1

Source: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from FAO, FAOSTAT database (accessed August 2015).Notes: a Estimates for 1980 and 1990; b Data prior to 2011 are for former Sudan. Data are unavailable for South Sudan.


25. Land/labour ratio: 1980–2012, selected years(Hectares per worker)1980 1990 2000 2010 2012

Afghanistan 12.67 15.14 9.41 6.98 6.67

Angola 22.66 17.27 13.21 9.70 9.26

Bangladesh 0.40 0.33 0.29 0.28 0.28

Benin 2.49 1.97 2.16 2.00 2.11

Bhutan 3.08 2.84 3.14 1.69 1.59

Burkina Faso 3.21 2.71 2.08 1.85 1.73

Burundi 1.14 0.83 0.65 0.45 0.45

Cambodia 1.10 1.50 1.21 1.12 1.10

Central African Republic 5.74 4.86 4.41 4.10 4.03

Chad 37.10 25.82 19.92 16.03 15.67

Comoros 1.11 1.01 0.90 0.75 0.73

Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.51 2.86 2.31 1.93 1.88

Djibouti 10.93 6.80 6.96 6.35 6.14

Equatorial Guinea 4.99 3.09 2.35 1.68 1.55

Eritreaa 19.47 13.90 6.42 4.48 4.22

Ethiopiaa 3.75 2.58 1.27 1.07 1.04

Gambia 2.48 1.76 1.27 1.05 0.96

Guinea 7.29 5.70 3.88 3.42 3.30

Guinea-Bissau 4.89 4.28 4.05 3.48 3.35

Haiti 0.96 0.90 0.85 0.83 0.77

Kiribati 4.75 3.90 3.40 3.09 3.09

Lao People's Democratic Republic 1.37 1.10 0.98 0.97 0.95

Lesotho 9.45 7.98 7.12 6.94 6.70

Liberia 4.76 4.44 3.60 2.94 2.88

Madagascar 11.10 8.81 7.54 5.61 5.27

Malawi 1.52 1.24 1.20 1.15 1.10

Mali 19.78 17.90 17.85 14.77 14.28

Mauritania 91.56 89.72 68.07 51.11 48.43

Mozambique 9.33 9.14 6.76 5.62 5.36

Myanmar 0.83 0.67 0.59 0.62 0.61

Nepal 0.79 0.66 0.52 0.38 0.36

Niger 17.63 14.79 11.87 10.13 9.60

Rwanda 0.80 0.66 0.50 0.41 0.40

Sao Tome and Principe 1.76 1.75 1.81 1.39 1.34

Senegal 4.68 3.72 2.88 2.39 2.13

Sierra Leone 3.03 2.57 2.71 3.03 3.10

Solomon Islands 0.88 0.75 0.64 0.72 0.69

Somalia 24.71 24.51 21.55 17.51 16.66

South Sudan - - - - 16.44

Sudanb 24.91 24.56 21.05 18.29 64.92

Timor-Leste 1.37 1.28 1.42 1.10 1.09

Togo 4.25 3.40 3.24 2.72 2.75

Tuvalu 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.80 1.80

Uganda 2.18 1.81 1.48 1.26 1.20

United Republic of Tanzania 4.23 3.22 2.51 2.21 2.28

Vanuatu 4.92 5.07 5.30 4.92 4.92

Yemen 21.83 17.76 12.65 10.76 10.65

Zambia 13.22 9.42 8.46 7.22 6.94

LDCs 5.87 4.82 3.96 3.38 3.30

African LDCs and Haiti 8.60 6.93 5.47 4.46 4.31

Asia LDCs 1.79 1.51 1.31 1.21 1.19

Island LDCs 1.54 1.41 1.39 1.16 1.14

ODCs 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8

Source: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from FAO, FAOSTAT database (accessed August 2015).Notes: a Estimates for 1980 and 1990; b Data prior to 2011 are for former Sudan.


26. Growth rate of agricultural total factor productivity: 1960–2011(Annual averages, per cent)

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010sa

Afghanistan 1.7 0.7 -0.1 1.8 -1.8 -1.9

Angola -2.0 -4.0 -1.0 3.5 4.9 -2.6

Bangladesh -0.2 -0.3 0.1 1.5 2.8 -0.2

Benin -1.5 1.4 1.3 1.6 2.9 5.6

Bhutan 0.6 -0.6 -0.3 1.5 -0.7 1.7

Burkina Faso -0.4 -1.6 1.4 0.6 0.1 0.6

Burundi -0.9 -1.7 1.0 -0.7 -1.2 -5.0

Cambodia -0.6 -5.2 4.2 1.4 4.8 6.3

Central African Republic -1.5 0.3 0.9 1.8 0.0 2.9

Chad -1.7 -0.5 0.7 0.1 -0.5 3.8

Comoros -0.1 0.0 1.1 -1.0 0.4 1.4

Democratic Republic of the Congo -0.7 -0.8 0.9 -0.2 -1.0 -1.9

Djibouti 1.8 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.2

Equatorial Guinea -1.0 -5.4 0.4 0.3 2.1 3.1

Ethiopiab -1.0 0.4 -0.7 -0.8 2.3 3.1

Gambia -0.9 -4.5 -1.4 -0.3 -1.9 5.2

Guinea -0.1 0.1 1.9 -1.6 0.7 0.2

Guinea-Bissau -2.9 -0.8 2.8 0.8 1.7 1.6

Haiti 0.4 0.4 -0.5 -1.6 0.9 0.8

Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.3 -0.4 1.7 1.2 2.1 4.2

Lesotho -0.1 0.6 -1.1 1.3 0.5 2.5

Liberia -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 1.1 -1.4 -3.7

Madagascar -0.9 0.3 0.7 -0.2 1.9 0.2

Malawi 0.2 0.7 -0.7 4.3 1.9 0.6

Mali -1.3 1.8 1.7 1.0 1.9 -5.4

Mauritania -0.3 -0.4 0.2 -0.2 0.6 4.7

Mozambique 0.0 -2.3 0.6 2.3 0.2 4.6

Myanmar -1.8 1.1 0.4 2.3 6.4 0.6

Nepal -0.1 -1.2 2.1 -0.2 2.1 1.5

Niger -1.8 -0.9 -0.2 1.7 2.5 -1.0

Rwanda 1.0 1.5 -0.3 0.3 -0.3 14.4

Sao Tome and Principe 1.1 -3.3 -2.1 5.0 0.8 2.0

Senegal -3.3 -0.3 1.0 -1.1 1.8 5.2

Sierra Leone -0.6 0.0 1.0 -0.8 3.5 2.6

Solomon Islands -1.9 1.4 0.2 1.3 2.7 0.9

Somalia 0.3 1.6 -0.7 1.6 0.7 3.0

Sudanc -1.3 0.8 -0.8 1.3 1.1 -3.8

Timor-Leste 0.8 -0.5 -0.4 -2.5 -0.1 0.4

Togo -0.9 -1.7 -1.9 2.5 1.0 4.5

Uganda 2.6 0.6 1.1 -0.7 -1.8 -0.6

United Republic of Tanzania -0.3 0.7 0.9 0.1 1.3 0.6

Vanuatu -2.0 1.4 -0.8 0.0 -1.0 4.8

Yemen -3.1 1.6 1.1 1.3 3.6 3.6

Zambia 0.9 1.5 0.3 1.0 3.5 7.1

LDCs -0.6 -0.6 0.3 0.8 1.4 1.8

African LDCs and Haiti -0.7 -0.5 0.3 0.7 1.2 1.7

Asia LDCs -0.4 -0.7 1.2 1.4 2.8 2.3

Island LDCs -0.3 -0.5 -0.5 0.8 0.7 1.9

ODCs 0.8 0.8 0.6 2.0 1.5 0.9

Source: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from Fuglie and Rada (2014).Notes: a Average growth in 2010–2011; b Prior to 1994, refers to former Ehtiopia; c Refers to former Sudan. Data are unavailable for Kiribati, South Sudan and Tuvalu.

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