statistical tables on the least developed...

STATISTICAL TABLES ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES - 2017

U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T

Note

UNCTAD/LDC/2017/Stats

This is an unedited publication.

List of Tables 1. Development indicators .............................................................................................................................................. 1

2. Committee for Development Policy reviews: 2009, 2012 and 2015 ............................................................................. 2

3. Indicators on area and population, 2016 ..................................................................................................................... 3

4. Real GDP growth, 2002-2017, selected years ............................................................................................................ 4

5. Real GDP per capita growth, 2002-2017, selected years ........................................................................................... 5

6. Gross fixed capital formation, gross domestic savings and external resource gap in LDCs, 2002–2015, selected years ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

7. Share of value added in main economic sectors in LDCs, 1990–2015, selected years ................................................ 7

8. Foreign direct investment inflows, by region and economy, 2002–2016, selected years ............................................. 8

9. Migrant remittance inflows to LDCs, 2002–2016, selected years ................................................................................ 9

10. Selected indicators on foreign debt burden, 2002–2016, selected years ................................................................... 10

11. Selected indicators on education, 2016 .................................................................................................................... 11

12. Employment by sector in LDCs: 1991–2016, selected years ..................................................................................... 12

13. Total merchandise exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2002–2016, selected years ............................ 13

14. Total merchandise imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2002–2016, selected years ............................ 14

15. Product composition of merchandise exports, 2014–2016 ........................................................................................ 15

16. Energy exports of LDCs, 2014–2016 ........................................................................................................................ 16

17. Product composition of merchandise imports, 2014–2016 ....................................................................................... 17

18. Energy imports of LDCs, 2014–2016 ........................................................................................................................ 18

19. Main markets for merchandise exports of LDCs: share in 2014–2016 ...................................................................... 19

20. Main sources of merchandise imports of LDCs: share in 2014–2016 ........................................................................ 20

21. Total services exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2005–2016, selected years ................................... 21

22. Total services imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2005–2016, selected years ................................... 22

23. LDC merchandise and services export specialization 2014–2016 ............................................................................. 23

24. Total net ODA disbursements to LDCs and as percentage of GNI, 2002–2015, selected years ................................... 24

25. Gross aid disbursement to LDCs by sector, 2002–2015, selected years .................................................................... 25

26. Energy ODA disbursements to LDC, 2002–2015 ....................................................................................................... 26

27. Net ODA from individual DAC member countries to LDCs, 2000–2015, selected years .............................................. 27

28. Access to electricity in LDCs, 2002–2014, selected years ........................................................................................ 28

29. Total net installed electricity capacity in LDCs, levels, per capita and compound annual percentage growth rates, 2000–2014, selected years ...................................................................................................................................... 29

30. Total gross electricity production in LDCs, levels, per capita and annual average growth rates, 2000–2014, selected years .......................................................................................................................................................... 30

31. Composition of gross electricity production in LDCs by energy source, 2012–2014 .................................................. 31

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The Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries, 2017

Foreword

The Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2017 provides a collection of statistics and indicators relevant to the analysis of development in the least developed countries (LDCs). Reliable statistical information is indispensable for formulating sound economic policies and recommendations. The tables provide policymakers, researchers, academics, officials from national governments or international organizations, journalists, executive managers and members of non-governmental organizations access to cross-comparable sets of data. The tables are available online in document and spreadsheet format.

To help us provide better and more relevant statistics to users, you are invited to send your comments to [email protected].


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Country groups and product classifications used in these tables

LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIESGeographical/structural classificationUnless otherwise specified, in this Report the least developed countries (LDCs) are classified according to a combination of geographical and structural criteria. The small island LDCs that are geographically in Africa or Asia are thus grouped with the Pacific islands to form the island LDCs group, due to their structural similarities. Haiti and Madagascar, which are regarded as large island States, are grouped together with the African LDCs.

Equatorial Guinea graduated from the LDC category in June 2017. However, data for this country are still included in the group aggregates (though not shown individually), because the country was still an LDC during the period covered by the data. The resulting groups are as follows:

African LDCs and Haiti: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, the Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, the Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia.

Asian LDCs: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Yemen.

Island LDCs: the Comoros, Kiribati, Sao Tome and Principe, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

Export specialization*UNCTAD has classified the LDCs under six export specialization categories, according to which type of exports ac-counted for at least 45 per cent of total exports of goods and services in 2014–2016. The group composition is as follows:

Agricultural and food exporters: Guinea-Bissau, Malawi, Solomon Islands, Somalia*.

Fuel exporters: Angola, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Yemen.

Manufactures exporters: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Haiti, Lesotho.

Mineral exporters: The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Sierra Leone, Zambia.

Mixed exporters: Benin, Burundi, Kiribati, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Liberia, Madagascar, Mozam-bique, Myanmar, the Niger, Senegal, the Sudan, Togo, the United Republic of Tanzania.

Services exporters: Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, the Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Kiribati, Nepal, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu.

* No merchandise exports data are available for South Sudan.

OTHER GROUPS OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIESDeveloped countries: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Israel, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Holy See, Faeroe Islands, Gibraltar, Saint Pierre and Miquelon.

Other developing countries (ODCs): All developing countries (as classified by the United Nations) that are not LDCs.

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Product classificationGoods: The figures provided below are the codes of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), revision 3.

Primary commodities: Sections 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, division 68 and groups 667 and 971.

Agriculture and food: Sections 0, 1, 2, and 4, excluding divisions 27 and 28.

Minerals: Divisions 27, 28, 68, and groups 667 and 971.

Fuels: Section 3.

Manufactures: Sections 5, 6 (excluding division 68 and group 667), 7 and 8.

Labour-intensive and resource-intensive manufactures: Divisions 61, 63, 64, 65, 82, 83, 84, 85, 66 (excluding group 667).

Low-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures: Divisions 67, 69 and groups 785, 786, 791, 793, 895, 899.

Medium-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures: Divisions 62, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77 (excluding group 776), 81, and groups 781 to 784, 893, 894.

High-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures: Section 5, divisions 75, 76, 87, 88 and groups 776, 792, 891, 892, 896, 897.

Section 9 (Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC) has been included only in the total of exports of goods and services, but not in the goods classification above, except for group 971 (Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates)), which has been included in Minerals.

ProductsTrade data for energy products are grouped according to the categories below. The figures provided are the codes of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), revision 3.

Coal: Coke, coal and briquettes: Division 32.

Crude oil: Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude: Group 333.

Petroleum products: Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals (other than crude): Group 334, and Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., and related materials: Group 335.

Gas: Gas, natural and manufactured: Division 34.

Electricity: Electric current: Division 35.

Uranium: Uranium or thorium ores and concentrates: Group 286.

Services: Total services cover the following main categories: transport, travel, communications, construction, insurance, financial services, computer and information services, royalties and licence fees, other business services, personal, cultural, recreational and government services.


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Explanatory notesThe term “dollars” ($) refers to United States dollars unless otherwise stated. The term “billion” signifies 1,000 million.

Annual rates of growth and changes refer to compound rates. Exports are valued f.o.b. (free on board) and imports c.i.f. (cost, insurance, freight) unless otherwise specified.

Use of a dash (–) between dates representing years, e.g. 1981–1990, signifies the full period involved, including the initial and final years. An oblique stroke (/) between two years, e.g. 1991/92, signifies a fiscal or crop year.

Two dots (..) indicate that the data are not available, or are not separately reported.

A hyphen (-) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible.

Details and percentages do not necessarily add up to totals, because of rounding.


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1. Development indicators

Country

GNI per capita (current dollars)a Income level

Human Development Index (HDI)b Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI)c

Value RankAnnual average growth

Value

2016 20152000–2010

2010–2015

2015

Afghanistan 575 Low income 0.48 169 2.95 1.08 0.29Angola 3 435 Lower middle income 0.53 150 2.38 1.49 ..Bangladesh 1 327 Lower middle income 0.58 139 1.54 1.21 0.19Benin 822 Low income 0.49 167 1.40 1.32 0.34Bhutan 2 507 Lower middle income 0.61 132 .. 1.19 0.13Burkina Faso 640 Low income 0.40 185 .. 1.27 0.51Burundi 279 Low income 0.40 184 3.67 0.97 0.44Cambodia 1 138 Lower middle income 0.56 143 2.61 1.09 0.15Central African Republic 375 Low income 0.35 188 1.41 -0.47 0.42Chad 717 Low income 0.40 186 2.13 1.37 0.54Comoros 764 Low income 0.50 160 .. 0.78 0.17Democratic Republic of the Congo 415 Low income 0.44 176 1.89 1.79 0.37Djibouti 1 782d Lower middle income 0.47 172 2.19 0.98 0.13Equatorial Guinea 6 545 Upper middle income 0.59 135 0.96 0.44 ..Eritrea 761d Low income 0.42 179 .. 0.74 ..Ethiopia 659 Low income 0.45 174 3.79 1.71 0.54Gambia 439 Low income 0.45 173 1.40 0.46 0.29Guinea 491 Low income 0.41 183 1.80 1.45 0.43Guinea-Bissau 622 Low income 0.42 178 .. 0.67 0.49Haiti 783 Low income 0.49 163 0.60 0.96 0.24Kiribati 2 378 Lower middle income 0.59 137 .. 0.10 ..Lao People's Democratic Republic 2 151 Lower middle income 0.59 138 1.59 1.59 0.19Lesotho 1 208 Lower middle income 0.50 160 0.56 1.20 0.23Liberia 373 Low income 0.43 177 0.51 1.00 0.36Madagascar 397 Low income 0.51 158 1.01 0.33 0.42Malawi 322 Low income 0.48 170 1.40 1.38 0.27Mali 753 Low income 0.44 175 3.14 1.82 0.46Mauritania 1 117 Lower middle income 0.51 157 0.94 1.04 0.29Mozambique 478 Low income 0.42 181 2.90 1.03 0.39Myanmar 1 180e Lower middle income 0.56 145 2.12 1.10 ..Nepal 727 Low income 0.56 144 1.73 1.07 0.12Niger 373 Low income 0.35 187 2.41 1.76 0.58Rwanda 704 Low income 0.50 159 3.39 1.40 0.25Sao Tome and Principe 1 731 Lower middle income 0.57 142 0.94 1.00 0.22Senegal 950 Low income 0.49 162 1.80 1.65 0.28Sierra Leone 488 Low income 0.42 179 2.65 1.39 0.41Solomon Islands 1 883 Lower middle income 0.51 156 1.19 0.71 ..Somalia 101d Low income .. .. .. .. 0.50South Sudan 793e Low income 0.42 181 .. -0.49 0.55Sudan 2 144 Lower middle income 0.49 165 1.49 1.15 0.29Timor-Leste 2 135e Lower middle income 0.61 133 2.57 -0.03 0.32Togo 537 Low income 0.49 166 0.69 1.32 0.24Tuvalu 5 094 Upper middle income .. .. .. .. ..Uganda 658 Low income 0.49 163 1.88 0.66 0.36United Republic of Tanzania 873 Low income 0.53 151 2.45 1.27 0.33Vanuatu 2 843d Lower middle income 0.60 134 .. 0.20 0.13

Yemen 1 043 Lower middle income 0.48 168 1.06 -0.44 0.20Zambia 1 304 Lower middle income 0.58 139 2.50 1.30 0.26LDCs 957 0.508 - 1.90 1.08 0.33

Source: World Bank, WDI database (accessed august 2017); United Nations, Undata National account main aggregatesdatabase (accessed september 2017); UNDP, Human development Report 2016 (accessed September 2017); World Bank Economies Income classification (accessed September 2017).

Notes: a GNI current $ Atlas method , World Bank, WDI database (accessed August 2017); b HDI: below 0.550: Low human development ; between 0.550 and 0.699: Medium human development . See Technical notes 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/

files/hdr2016_technical_notes.pdf. c MPI : higher values indicate population multidimentionally poor. See Technical notes 5 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2016_technical_notes.pdf. d GNI current dollars, average 2013-2015 for Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia and Vanuatu. Source: Undata, National accounts main aggregates database (accessed

September 2017). e 2015 data for Myanmar, South Sudan and Timo-Leste. Source: World Bank, WDI database (accessed August 2017).

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2. Committee for Development Policy (CDP) reviews: 2009, 2012 and 2015

Country

Economic Vulnerability Indexa (EVI)

Human Assets

Indexb (HAI)


Human Assets

Indexb (HAI)


Human Assets

Indexb (HAI)CDP 2009 review CDP 2012 review CDP 2015 review

Afghanistan 39.5 15.2 38.8 22.5 35.1 43.1Angola 49.8 26.0 51.3 31.6 39.7 41.9Bangladesh 23.2 53.3 32.4 54.7 25.1 63.8Benin 42.5 41.1 36.2 41.1 31.2 50.1Bhutan 52.9 58.6 44.2 59.0 40.2 67.9Burkina Faso 43.8 33.2 37.5 29.2 39.5 36.5Burundi 56.8 22.1 57.2 20.8 49.9 41.0Cambodia 55.6 57.8 50.5 57.9 38.3 67.2Central African Republic 45.1 27.2 35.7 21.6 33.5 22.9Chad 53.5 20.0 52.8 18.1 46.0 24.4Comoros 56.9 48.2 49.9 45.3 45.8 54.2Democratic Reublic of the Congo 49.3 22.6 35.4 21.7 30.3 29.9Djibouti 51.2 44.5 46.3 42.4 37.7 54.6Equatorial Guinea 60.5 49.5 43.7 43.0 39.3 54.8Eritrea 55.5 36.2 59.0 35.6 56.8 41.2Ethiopia 32.0 28.4 33.5 28.2 31.8 39.2Gambia 56.3 42.6 67.8 49.2 70.7 62.1Guinea 27.9 37.4 28.6 36.8 24.9 38.7Guinea-Bissau 60.5 33.8 60.5 34.2 53.6 44.8Haiti 52.2 39.8 47.3 35.6 34.1 39.3Kiribati 75.3 87.6 82.0 86.9 71.5 86.3Lao People's Democratic Republic 59.9 62.3 37.1 61.4 36.2 60.8Lesotho 49.9 61.9 45.9 62.1 42.9 62.9Liberia 65.5 30.6 61.0 38.5 57.9 46.2Madagascar 37.2 45.5 38.0 52.5 36.7 53.5Malawi 55.9 46.2 51.9 44.1 41.1 53.7Mali 42.3 32.6 36.8 30.2 33.3 45.5Mauritania 47.1 54.6 44.2 47.1 41.2 49.5Mozambique 48.7 27.5 44.4 30.7 38.1 41.7Myanmar 37.4 66.0 45.0 68.8 33.7 72.7Nepal 33.6 58.3 27.8 59.8 26.8 68.7Niger 45.8 22.8 38.6 24.3 37.6 34.7Rwanda 55.0 33.0 47.3 42.2 40.7 51.5Sao Tome and Principe 55.0 72.1 46.1 74.9 39.2 77.4Senegal 37.6 40.7 36.1 47.0 33.0 55.9Sierra Leone 50.7 20.4 48.5 24.8 48.9 34.8Solomon Islands 58.0 64.1 55.2 65.1 50.8 71.7Somalia 62.6 9.4 50.1 1.4 36.3 7.8South Sudan .. .. .. .. 56.0 29.1Sudan 52.9 51.4 44.4 52.6 49.9 56.6Timor-Leste 56.7 54.0 53.3 48.1 55.0 57.4Togo 42.8 42.6 35.4 45.5 33.6 58.7Tuvalu 79.7 88.4 63.9 88.1 54.0 88.8Uganda 51.9 51.3 36.2 45.8 31.8 53.6United Republic of Tanzania 31.0 40.6 28.7 40.1 28.8 52Vanuatu 62.3 72.3 46.8 77.7 47.7 81.3Yemen 44.9 52.1 38.5 52.3 35.4 59.8Zambia 52.8 40.7 53.0 36.9 45.6 40.8

LDCsc 42.1 43.0 41.0 43.5 35.1 52.4Source: United Nations Committee for Development Policy (CDP) database: 2009, 2012 and 2015 review.Notes. a EVI :higher values indicate higher vulnerablity.See explanotory notes at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_publications/2008cdphandbook.pdf. b HAI: lower values indicate weaker human asset development. See explanotory notes at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_

publications/2008cdphandbook.pdf. c Total LDCs: weighted average by GDP current value (UNCTADstat database, accessed November 2017).


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3. Indicators on area and population, 2016Area Population

Country Land areaa

Per cent of arable land and land

under permanent crops

Per cent of land area covered by

forest

Density UrbanPoverty:

population below $1.90-a-dayb

Thousand square kilometers

Population per square kilometer of land area

Per cent

Afghanistan 652.9 12.1 2.1 53.1 25.6 ..Angola 1 246.7 4.2 46.6 23.1 36.6 30.1

Bangladesh 130.2 65.4 11.0 1

251.8 34.9 18.5Benin 112.8 28.4 39.1 96.4 45.6 49.5Bhutan 38.1 3.0 71.8 20.9 38.8 2.2Burkina Faso 273.6 23.0 20.0 68.2 30.3 43.7Burundi 25.7 60.4 10.4 409.8 13.1 73.7Cambodia 176.5 24.4 55.0 89.3 21.2 ..Central African Republic 623.0 3.0 35.6 7.4 43.0 66.3Chad 1 259.2 3.9 4.1 11.5 21.9 38.4Comoros 1.9 63.4 20.3 427.5 28.1 17.7Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 267.1 3.5 67.6 34.7 40.0 77.1Djibouti 23.2 0.1 0.2 40.7 75.0 22.5Equatorial Guinea 28.1 6.4 56.7 43.5 27.0 ..Eritrea 101.0 6.9 15.0 49.1 32.3 ..Ethiopia 1 000.0 16.3 12.4 102.4 19.7 33.5Gambia 10.1 44.0 47.9 201.4 60.1 ..Guinea 245.7 15.5 26.2 50.4 38.4 35.3Guinea-Bissau 28.1 19.6 70.8 64.6 50.5 67.1Haiti 27.6 49.0 3.6 393.6 59.2 24.9Kiribati 0.8 42.0 15.0 141.2 41.6 ..Lao People's Democratic Republic 230.8 7.2 79.6 29.3 41.9 22.7Lesotho 30.4 8.3 1.5 72.6 27.1 59.7Liberia 96.3 7.3 44.0 47.9 50.1 38.6Madagascar 581.8 7.1 21.5 42.8 35.8 77.8Malawi 94.3 41.8 33.8 191.9 16.2 70.9Mali 1 220.2 5.4 4.0 14.7 37.9 49.3Mauritania 1 030.7 0.4 0.2 4.2 58.7 5.9Mozambique 786.4 7.6 48.8 36.7 31.3 68.7Myanmar 653.1 18.8 46.1 81.0 35.8 6.5Nepal 143.4 16.2 25.4 202.2 18.8 15.0Niger 1 266.7 12.6 0.9 16.3 18.4 45.5Rwanda 24.7 58.1 18.9 483.1 31.9 60.4Sao Tome and Principe 1.0 49.7 55.8 208.2 68.2 32.3Senegal 192.5 17.2 43.4 80.0 44.0 38.0Sierra Leone 72.2 24.2 40.4 102.5 35.1 52.3Solomon Islands 28.0 3.6 78.5 21.4 22.7 25.1Somalia 627.3 1.8 10.4 22.8 32.0 ..South Sudan 619.7 4.5 11.5 19.7 19.5 42.7Sudan 1 861.5 9.3 10.5 21.3 34.8 14.9Timor-Leste 14.9 15.5 47.6 85.3 31.4 43.5Togo 54.4 51.8 4.2 139.8 39.1 49.1Tuvalu 0.0 60.0 33.3 369.9 54.3 3.3Uganda 200.5 45.4 11.7 206.9 16.4 34.6United Republic of Tanzania 885.8 17.7 52.8 62.7 31.3 49.1Vanuatu 12.2 11.9 36.1 22.2 26.4 13.1Yemen 528.0 2.9 1.0 52.2 33.3 18.8Zambia 743.4 5.0 65.9 22.3 40.0 57.5LDCs 20 272.1 9.4 27.4 48.4 31.3 37.4

African and Haiti 17 660.5 8.6 27.2 36.6 30.9 47.6Asian LDCs 2 552.9 15.1 26.6 129.4 32.0 15.9Island LDCs 61.5 11.5 58.7 55.5 31.3 20.9

ODCs 56 297.4 14.1 28.3 91.0 52.3 10.2Sources: FAO, FAOSTAT (accessed october 2017); United Nations/DESA/Population Division; World Bank, WDI database (accessed november 2017).Notes: a Land area: country area excluding Inland water. b Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population), refers to latest data 2007-2015.

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4. Real GDP growth, 2002–2017, selected years (Annual average growth rates, per cent)

Country 2002–2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016a 2017a

Afghanistan 7.4 14.0 5.7 2.7 1.3 2.4 2.5Angola 16.2 5.2 6.8 4.8 3.0 -0.7 1.5Bangladesh 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.8 7.2 7.1Benin 4.0 4.8 7.2 6.4 2.1 4.0 5.4Bhutan 8.4 6.4 3.6 4.0 6.1 6.2 5.9Burkina Faso 6.2 6.5 5.7 4.2 4.0 5.9 6.4Burundi 4.2 4.4 5.9 4.5 -4.0 -1.0 0.0Cambodia 10.4 7.3 7.4 7.1 7.2 7.0 6.9Central African Republic 2.3 4.1 -36.7 1.0 4.8 4.5 4.7Chad 9.9 8.8 5.8 6.9 1.8 -6.4 0.6Comoros 1.6 3.0 3.5 2.0 1.0 2.2 3.3Democratic Republic of the Congo 6.0 7.1 8.5 9.5 6.9 2.4 2.8Djibouti 4.1 4.8 5.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 7.0Equatorial Guinea 14.3 8.3 -4.1 -0.7 -9.1 -9.7 -7.4Eritrea -0.9 7.0 3.1 5.0 4.8 3.7 3.3Ethiopia 10.3 8.7 9.9 10.3 10.4 8.0 8.5The Gambia 3.3 5.6 4.8 0.9 4.3 2.2 3.0Guinea 3.3 5.9 3.9 3.7 3.5 6.6 6.7Guinea-Bissau 2.9 -1.7 3.3 1.0 5.1 5.1 5.0Haiti 0.9 2.9 4.2 2.8 1.2 1.4 1.0Kiribati 0.9 5.1 5.0 0.4 7.5 4.2 2.8Lao People’s Democratic Republic 7.6 7.8 8.0 7.6 7.3 7.0 6.9Lesotho 3.9 5.3 3.6 3.4 2.5 2.4 4.6Liberia 2.8 8.2 8.7 0.7 0.0 -1.6 2.6Madagascar 6.1 3.0 2.3 3.3 3.1 4.2 4.3Malawi 5.8 1.9 5.2 5.7 3.0 2.3 4.5Mali 4.8 -0.8 2.3 7.0 6.0 5.8 5.3Mauritania 8.1 5.8 6.1 5.6 0.9 1.7 3.8Mozambique 8.1 7.2 7.1 7.4 6.6 3.8 4.7Myanmar 12.1 7.3 8.4 8.0 7.0 6.1 7.2Nepal 4.0 4.8 4.1 6.0 3.3 0.4 7.5Niger 5.2 11.9 5.3 7.5 4.0 5.0 4.2Rwanda 8.1 8.8 4.7 7.6 8.9 5.9 6.2Sao Tome and Principe 5.8 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 5.0Senegal 4.8 4.5 3.6 4.1 6.5 6.7 6.8Sierra Leone 6.1 15.2 20.7 4.6 -20.5 6.1 6.0Solomon Islands 7.6 4.6 3.0 2.3 2.5 3.3 3.0Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Sudan 5.9 -3.0 5.2 1.6 4.9 3.1 3.7South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Timor-Leste 3.4 5.0 2.7 4.3 4.0 5.0 4.0Togo 2.7 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.3 5.0 5.0Tuvalu 1.0 -3.8 4.6 1.3 9.1 3.0 3.2Uganda 7.9 2.2 4.7 4.6 5.7 2.3 4.4United Republic of Tanzania 6.5 5.1 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.5Vanuatu 5.7 1.8 2.0 2.3 1.6 4.0 4.5Yemen 4.0 2.4 4.8 -0.2 -28.1 -9.8 -2.0Zambia 7.6 7.6 5.1 4.7 2.9 3.4 4.0LDCs 7.5 5.4 5.8 5.5 3.9 3.8 5.0 African LDCs and Haiti 8.0 4.8 5.7 5.4 4.3 2.9 4.1

Asian LDCs 6.7 6.5 6.2 5.7 3.1 5.3 6.4

Island LDCs 4.0 4.3 2.8 3.5 3.4 4.4 3.9

ODCs 6.9 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.2 3.9 4.3Developed economies 2.3 1.1 1.2 2.0 2.3 1.6 2.1

Sources: UNCTAD secretariat calculations based on data from IMF, World Economic Outlook database (accessed November 2017).Notes: a Data for 2016 are preliminary, and are forecasted for 2017. b Sudan include South Sudan until 2012.


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5. Real GDP per capita growth, 2002–2017, selected years (Annual average growth rates, per cent)

Country 2002–2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016a 2017a

Afghanistan 4.0 11.2 3.2 0.3 -1.0 -1.9 -7.0Angola 12.9 2.1 3.7 1.8 0.0 -3.6 -1.5Bangladesh 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.2 5.7 6.1 6.0Benin 0.7 2.0 4.4 3.6 -0.4 1.5 2.9Bhutan 5.8 4.6 1.9 2.3 4.4 4.6 4.2Burkina Faso 3.0 3.3 2.6 1.2 1.1 4.1 3.5Burundi 2.3 2.0 3.5 2.0 -6.2 -3.4 -2.3Cambodia 8.7 5.4 5.9 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.4Central African Republic 0.5 2.1 -37.9 -0.9 2.8 2.5 2.8Chad 6.4 6.2 3.2 4.3 -0.7 -8.7 -2.1Comoros -0.7 -0.1 0.5 -0.9 -1.9 -0.8 0.3Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.0 4.0 5.3 6.3 3.8 -0.6 -0.2Djibouti 1.2 2.0 2.1 3.2 3.5 3.6 4.2Equatorial Guinea 11.0 5.4 -6.8 -3.4 -11.5 -12.1 -9.8Eritrea -4.1 3.6 -0.2 1.6 1.4 0.4 0.0Ethiopia 7.2 7.0 8.2 8.6 8.7 6.3 6.8The Gambia 0.0 2.2 1.4 -2.3 1.0 -1.1 -0.3Guinea 1.1 3.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 4.0 4.1Guinea-Bissau 0.7 -3.8 1.0 -1.2 2.9 2.8 2.8Haiti -0.6 1.4 2.8 1.4 -0.1 0.2 -0.2Kiribati -1.2 3.1 4.0 -1.4 6.6 2.3 0.1Lao People’s Democratic Republic 5.9 6.3 6.5 6.1 5.6 5.5 5.4Lesotho 3.7 5.0 3.3 3.2 2.3 2.1 4.4Liberia 1.3 5.5 5.9 -1.9 -2.5 -3.9 0.2Madagascar 3.0 0.2 -0.6 0.5 0.3 1.3 1.5Malawi 3.2 -1.0 2.3 2.7 0.1 -0.6 1.6Mali 1.4 -3.7 -0.7 3.6 2.6 2.4 1.9Mauritania 6.5 3.2 3.6 3.1 -1.4 -0.6 1.4Mozambique 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.5 3.7 1.1 2.0Myanmar 11.4 6.4 7.5 7.1 6.1 5.3 6.4Nepal 2.8 3.6 2.9 4.7 2.1 -0.8 6.2Niger 1.4 8.5 2.1 4.3 0.8 1.9 1.1Rwanda 6.0 5.7 2.3 5.1 6.0 3.8 3.5Sao Tome and Principe 3.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 2.5Senegal 2.0 1.3 0.4 0.9 3.3 3.5 3.6Sierra Leone 2.4 13.0 18.2 2.4 -21.6 4.1 4.1Solomon Islands 5.0 2.3 0.8 -0.1 0.3 1.0 0.8Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Sudan 3.2 -9.6 2.0 -1.5 1.8 0.0 0.7South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Timor-Leste 1.4 2.7 0.2 1.6 1.7 2.7 1.7Togo -0.4 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.2Tuvalu -0.9 -3.8 4.6 1.3 9.1 3.0 3.2Uganda 4.3 -0.9 1.7 1.6 2.6 -0.7 1.4United Republic of Tanzania 3.5 2.7 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.4Vanuatu 3.3 -0.7 -0.4 0.0 -0.7 1.7 2.3Yemen 0.8 -0.6 1.8 -3.1 -30.2 -12.4 -4.8Zambia 4.7 4.4 1.9 1.5 -0.2 0.3 0.8LDCs 5.0 3.0 3.6 3.2 1.7 1.6 2.5 African LDCs and Haiti 5.0 1.8 3.0 2.7 1.7 0.3 1.4 Asian LDCs 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.3 1.8 3.7 4.2

Island LDCs 1.8 1.8 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.9 1.4

ODCs 5.5 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.0 2.6 3.0Developed economies 1.8 0.7 0.8 1.5 1.8 1.1 1.7

Sources: Same as for table 4.

6


6. Gross fixed capital formation, gross domestic savings and external resource gap in LDCs, 2002–2015, selected years (Per cent of real GDP)

Country Gross fixed capital formation Gross domestic savings External resource gap2002– 2008

2012 2013 2014 20152002–2008

2012 2013 2014 20152002– 2008

2012 2013 2014 2015

Afghanistan 19.3 15.9 14.2 10.7 11.7 -19.2 -27.9 -19.9 -28.0 -27.9 -38.4 -43.8 -34.1 -38.8 -39.6

Angola 26.9 28.6 27.7 27.5 12.9 52.1 52.4 48.9 50.1 34.8 25.2 23.8 21.2 22.6 21.9

Bangladesh 24.3 29.0 28.8 29.9 30.0 19.9 27.3 27.8 29.1 29.4 -4.3 -1.7 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6

Benin 21.2 23.1 30.7 27.8 28.2 10.6 10.7 12.9 15.3 16.4 -10.6 -12.4 -17.8 -12.5 -11.8

Bhutan 50.6 66.8 42.5 57.0 55.1 37.9 40.6 38.4 33.5 32.4 -12.7 -26.1 -4.0 -23.4 -22.8

Burkina Faso 18.9 34.7 36.0 30.0 30.5 8.4 16.2 15.8 17.5 14.9 -10.5 -18.5 -20.1 -12.5 -15.5

Burundi 17.1 22.5 22.1 21.6 15.6 -5.3 -4.7 -11.2 -11.0 -35.3 -22.4 -27.2 -33.3 -32.7 -50.9

Cambodia 19.4 21.6 23.2 23.6 22.8 11.5 7.6 9.1 11.4 13.5 -7.9 -14.0 -14.1 -12.2 -9.3

Central African Republic 9.8 10.0 5.5 6.5 9.0 4.5 5.8 -1.5 -11.6 -11.3 -5.3 -4.2 -7.0 -18.1 -20.3

Chad 23.6 25.4 25.4 24.0 24.0 17.4 17.2 13.1 15.6 15.6 -6.2 -8.2 -12.2 -8.4 -8.4

Comoros 14.7 15.2 14.5 14.0 14.0 9.6 5.7 3.5 5.6 5.4 -5.1 -9.5 -11.0 -8.4 -8.6

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 12.6 36.2 33.2 31.9 27.3 13.2 14.6 12.3 14.0 14.8 0.6 -21.6 -20.8 -17.9 -12.5

Djibouti 21.1 19.6 28.2 30.7 41.4 -4.3 -30.0 -15.1 -14.3 -2.2 -25.4 -49.5 -43.3 -45.0 -43.6

Equatorial Guinea 23.1 41.5 26.4 25.9 44.2 71.5 66.9 58.2 58.9 72.7 48.4 25.4 31.8 33.0 28.4

Eritrea 14.4 8.2 7.8 7.3 7.3 -12.8 20.7 17.6 20.4 13.4 -27.2 12.5 9.8 13.0 6.1

Ethiopia 25.4 56.0 58.0 66.4 74.3 12.0 17.2 17.5 20.8 25.1 -13.3 -38.8 -40.5 -45.6 -49.2

Gambia 33.2 23.0 21.4 21.2 21.1 9.4 8.1 7.7 -2.3 -1.2 -23.9 -14.9 -13.7 -23.5 -22.3

Guinea 20.6 37.1 31.3 14.2 15.6 7.8 -0.3 -7.1 -18.2 -13.3 -12.8 -37.4 -38.4 -32.4 -28.9

Guinea-Bissau 7.5 8.3 7.1 7.9 7.9 -5.7 -0.6 1.8 1.2 -3.1 -13.2 -8.8 -5.3 -6.7 -10.9

Haiti 27.4 29.7 30.2 30.0 30.4 0.5 -1.1 0.4 0.8 1.4 -26.9 -30.8 -29.8 -29.2 -29.1

Kiribati 43.4 42.7 42.8 42.4 43.7 -39.3 -37.1 -37.3 -36.2 -40.2 -82.6 -79.8 -80.1 -78.6 -83.9

Lao People's Dem. Republic 39.3 47.1 43.7 45.1 47.5 24.0 31.5 30.0 30.5 29.9 -15.3 -15.6 -13.7 -14.6 -17.6

Lesotho 26.3 32.5 37.8 31.5 34.7 -45.7 -42.4 -33.0 -34.8 -29.0 -72.0 -74.9 -70.8 -66.3 -63.7

Liberia 18.2 25.4 19.5 19.5 20.0 -34.5 -31.8 -32.4 -50.5 -36.7 -52.7 -57.2 -51.8 -70.0 -56.6

Madagascar 25.7 31.0 29.5 28.9 27.5 6.4 9.3 10.6 13.2 14.3 -19.3 -21.7 -18.9 -15.6 -13.2

Malawi 16.1 7.9 8.7 8.5 9.8 -1.1 -1.3 11.5 10.5 5.7 -17.3 -9.2 2.8 2.0 -4.1

Mali 20.0 14.0 16.5 16.3 16.8 12.7 11.0 11.5 9.5 7.2 -7.4 -3.0 -5.0 -6.8 -9.6

Mauritania 35.5 78.7 61.1 66.7 53.5 10.4 5.6 7.3 11.7 11.2 -25.1 -73.1 -53.8 -55.1 -42.3

Mozambique 14.3 35.5 50.7 58.5 41.2 3.0 6.4 5.9 8.4 8.9 -11.3 -29.0 -44.9 -50.1 -32.3

Myanmar 13.6 33.0 34.8 36.7 39.4 14.4 20.1 17.5 18.4 20.2 0.8 -12.9 -17.3 -18.2 -19.2

Nepal 20.9 19.3 21.6 22.7 26.4 11.4 4.4 6.8 7.8 7.2 -9.4 -14.9 -14.8 -14.9 -19.2

Niger 21.6 32.6 33.1 34.5 35.5 9.9 16.6 17.5 17.2 14.2 -11.7 -16.0 -15.6 -17.3 -21.2

Rwanda 17.6 26.4 27.0 27.6 28.2 2.1 5.2 6.6 7.3 5.0 -15.5 -21.1 -20.4 -20.3 -23.2

Sao Tome and Principe 26.4 22.3 18.5 15.6 19.9 -18.7 -30.8 -38.5 -41.4 -23.0 -45.1 -53.1 -57.0 -57.0 -42.9

Senegal 24.7 26.4 30.1 31.1 31.0 7.2 7.6 8.7 8.1 9.1 -17.5 -18.9 -21.4 -23.0 -21.9

Sierra Leone 9.6 26.7 18.7 16.7 16.9 -2.2 -0.9 7.4 8.7 -5.9 -11.8 -27.6 -11.3 -7.9 -22.9

Solomon Islands 13.3 13.3 18.1 13.5 13.9 -4.9 17.4 18.2 12.7 13.0 -18.2 4.0 0.2 -0.8 -0.9

Somalia 21.0 20.8 20.7 20.5 20.5 19.7 19.4 19.4 20.3 20.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -0.2 -0.1

South Sudan .. 8.8 9.4 7.7 6.2 .. -1.0 14.7 24.4 25.6 .. -9.8 5.3 16.8 19.4

Sudan a 17.2 19.2 19.3 19.2 19.2 16.1 7.7 8.6 8.2 8.2 -1.1 -11.4 -10.8 -11.0 -11.1

Timor-Leste b 4.9 15.1 12.6 19.2 15.6 60.3 60.5 60.2 42.0 54.2 55.4 45.5 47.6 22.8 38.6

Togo 16.1 31.9 31.3 31.7 31.7 -8.8 10.2 -7.1 -5.0 -0.6 -24.9 -21.7 -38.4 -36.7 -32.3

Tuvalu 62.6 48.8 49.7 48.2 48.5 -2.8 2.1 -0.1 -1.3 -1.7 -65.4 -46.7 -49.8 -49.5 -50.2

Uganda 26.9 32.0 31.2 30.2 30.5 15.0 20.8 21.8 18.1 17.3 -11.9 -11.2 -9.5 -12.1 -13.2

United Republic of Tanzania 27.7 36.0 35.0 37.4 39.0 24.7 25.1 22.9 25.6 29.7 -2.9 -10.9 -12.1 -11.8 -9.3

Vanuatu 27.5 26.4 30.3 32.3 29.7 21.0 25.0 24.2 23.8 24.3 -6.5 -1.4 -6.1 -8.6 -5.4

Yemen 18.1 23.6 23.4 25.0 5.5 26.7 27.1 25.0 18.0 8.6 8.6 3.4 1.6 -7.0 3.1

Zambia 27.6 23.7 25.6 26.4 42.2 17.1 9.5 10.9 14.2 9.7 -10.5 -14.2 -14.7 -12.2 -32.5

LDCs 22.1 29.4 29.4 30.2 29.2 19.8 21.0 20.5 20.8 19.6 -2.3 -8.3 -8.8 -9.4 -9.7

African LDCs and Haiti 22.3 30.5 30.4 31.1 29.8 20.9 21.3 20.4 21.3 19.1 -1.4 -9.1 -10.0 -9.8 -10.6

Asian LDCs 21.8 27.7 27.7 28.8 28.5 17.3 19.9 20.3 19.9 20.2 -4.6 -7.8 -7.4 -8.8 -8.3

Islands LDCs 12.7 16.8 16.3 19.2 17.5 31.6 38.4 35.0 21.6 27.8 18.9 21.6 18.7 2.4 10.2

ODCs 26.6 31.4 31.7 31.7 31.6 32.5 34.3 34.3 34.4 34.6 5.9 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.9

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed October 2017).Notes: a Sudan includes South Sudan until 2011; b Timor-Leste average 2003–2008.


7

7. Share of value added in main economic sectors in LDCs, 1990–2015, selected years (Per cent of GDP)

Country

Agriculture, hunting, forestry, fishing

Industry Services

Manufacturing Non-manufacturing1990 2000 2010 2015 1990 2000 2010 2015 1990 2000 2010 2015 1990 2000 2010 2015

Afghanistan 35.7

57.0

29.6

23.3 3.5 6.4 8.9 11.4

20.2

16.8

13.0

12.0

40.6

19.8

48.5

53.3

Angola 18.0 5.7 6.2 6.8 36.0 70.2 47.6 46.6 5.0 2.9 4.5 4.6

41.0

21.2

41.7

42.0

Bangladesh 31.5

25.5

17.8

15.5 8.0 10.1 9.3 10.5

13.4

15.2

16.9

17.6

47.2

49.2

56.0

56.3

Benin 35.4

25.5

25.4

23.2 5.2 8.0 9.3 9.3 7.5

23.4

15.4

15.7

51.9

43.1

49.9

51.9

Bhutan 37.1

27.4

17.5

17.2 18.0 27.6 35.5 35.0 8.2 8.4 9.1 8.9

36.7

36.6

37.9

38.8

Burkina Faso 28.8

32.8

35.1

34.5 6.7 8.4 12.9 15.0

14.3

13.2 7.4 6.7 50.3

45.6

44.7

43.7

Burundi 52.4

40.5

40.7

36.3 4.3 5.7 5.4 4.8

16.8

13.2

10.8 9.1 26.5

40.7

43.0

49.8

Cambodia 50.1

37.8

36.0

28.2 4.4 6.2 7.6 12.4 7.3

16.9

15.6

17.0

38.2

39.1

40.7

42.3

Central African Republic 36.0

41.4

41.2

34.9 7.4 8.0 5.5 4.6

18.9

10.9

18.6

20.2

37.7

39.7

34.8

40.4

Chad 27.3

33.4

35.9

25.4 7.9 5.7 29.4 28.9 8.4 7.0 7.3

10.1

56.4

53.8

27.4

35.6

Comoros 38.4

34.3

32.5

30.7 5.6 2.9 2.6 2.3 4.0 1.2 1.5 1.6

52.0

61.6

63.3

65.3

Democratic Republic of the Congo 31.0

32.3

22.4

19.9 17.7 12.6 23.5 27.0

11.3

10.0

17.0

17.3

40.0

45.1

37.0

35.9

Djibouti 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.3 18.4 12.6 15.6 19.1 3.6 2.6 3.4 2.3 74.9

81.3

77.4

75.3

Equatorial Guinea 14.2 5.8 1.1 1.2 12.6 60.0 53.4 54.4 3.2

11.2

20.9

18.7

70.0

23.1

24.6

25.7

Eritrea .. 15.1

19.1

17.2 .. 11.8 17.1 17.4 ..

11.2 6.0 6.0 .. 61.9

57.8

59.3

Ethiopiaa 41.1

47.8

45.3

40.5 5.3 6.6 6.2 12.0

11.1 5.8 4.2 4.0 42.5

39.8

44.3

43.5

Gambia 17.8

23.8

30.7

21.1 5.6 7.8 8.1 9.7 8.2 6.6 5.0 5.1

68.4

61.7

56.3

64.0

Guinea 19.7

22.7

18.6

19.8 30.6 29.7 23.0 22.0 3.0 3.0

11.3

10.8

46.7

44.6

47.1

47.4

Guinea-Bissau 44.6

43.3

46.2

45.0 14.3 0.8 1.8 1.7 3.9

13.9

11.6

12.7

37.2

41.9

40.3

40.5

Haiti 30.9

23.5

21.0

16.7 9.7 22.0 25.1 28.4

14.2

10.0 8.6 9.8 45.2

44.6

45.4

45.1

Kiribati 24.8

23.6

24.6

24.1 4.4 9.4 4.6 8.8 9.6 4.8 5.8 4.8

61.2

62.2

65.0

62.2

Lao People's Democratic Republic 45.1

43.5

29.7

23.6 8.4 11.0 18.8 24.3 4.0 7.8

10.1 8.5 42.5

37.8

41.4

43.6

Lesotho 18.6

11.9 8.3 7.7 9.4 16.8 17.3 20.9 9.6

13.6

13.8

10.4

62.4

57.7

60.5

61.0

Liberia 53.4

71.8

70.0

70.8 5.3 0.3 5.5 5.6

11.2 0.3 5.7 5.8 30.0

27.6

18.7

17.9

Madagascar 31.8

28.9

27.6

24.9 1.8 3.7 5.2 4.6

12.2

12.2

14.3

13.8

54.1

55.2

52.9

56.7

Malawi 46.0

41.4

31.9

26.1 8.8 4.6 5.7 7.2

21.8

14.9

10.7 9.4 23.4

39.1

51.7

57.3

Mali 40.3

34.9

34.9

39.9 4.2 9.2 9.2 5.8

12.3

14.5

16.1

13.8

43.2

41.3

39.7

40.5

Mauritania 45.8

35.9

21.3

20.9 15.4 16.3 33.4 33.5 7.7

11.1 7.5 8.2 31.1

36.7

37.8

37.4

Mozambique 37.1

22.8

28.9

24.6 2.5 6.1 7.5 11.3

16.0

16.8

11.1 9.8 44.5

54.2

52.5

54.4

Myanmar 57.3

57.2

36.9

26.7 2.8 2.5 6.6 13.9 7.8 7.2

19.9

20.7

32.2

33.1

36.7

38.7

Nepal 48.4

37.7

35.4

31.8 6.3 8.1 8.8 8.8 6.0 9.2 6.3 6.1

39.3

45.0

49.5

53.3

Niger 34.0

41.2

43.8

39.6 11.0 6.3 11.6 12.9 6.4 6.4 5.1 6.2

48.6

46.1

39.4

41.3

Rwanda 44.0

39.2

34.7

34.6 7.2 6.4 8.0 10.0

12.3 7.0 5.8 5.1 36.5

47.4

51.5

50.3

Sao Tome and Principe 27.6

20.0

11.8

12.3 10.2 9.8 9.3 8.4 7.7 7.6 8.9 6.4

54.5

62.6

70.1

73.0

Senegal 19.1

19.1

17.5

15.5 6.1 8.6 9.6 10.4

17.2

14.7

13.8

13.7

57.6

57.6

59.2

60.4

Sierra Leone 48.1

48.3

55.2

51.4 5.6 6.1 5.8 15.8 3.5 3.3 2.3 1.8

42.8

42.2

36.7

31.1

Solomon Islands 45.5

34.7

28.7

28.2 4.2 4.7 5.3 7.0 3.7 8.0 8.0 8.6

46.6

52.6

57.9

56.3

Somalia 69.3

60.2

60.2

60.2 4.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5

24.7

32.5

32.5

32.5

South Sudan .. .. .. 4.6 .. .. .. 55.7 .. .. .. 2.3 .. .. .. 37.4

Sudanb 41.4

37.1

34.6

32.4 6.1 11.7 14.7 11.5 6.0 5.7 8.2 8.5

46.5

45.6

42.5

47.6

Timor-Leste .. .. 4.5 5.2 .. .. 82.1 79.7 .. .. 0.2 0.2 .. .. 13.2

14.9

Togo 37.9

37.6

46.1

45.7 14.8 10.4 9.4 12.8

10.5 9.2 8.7 6.9 36.9

42.2

35.7

34.6

Tuvalu 25.6

19.4

27.6

26.0 13.0 7.0 4.6 6.5 1.5 0.8 1.1 1.1

59.8

72.8

66.7

66.4

Uganda 46.4

31.8

26.1

25.6 6.1 10.9 10.3 12.3 7.1

10.1

10.1 9.2 40.5

47.3

53.5

52.9

United Republic of Tanzania 29.7

31.5

31.7

31.0 6.6 9.0 14.1 20.2

10.0 8.2 7.3 5.7 53.7

51.2

46.9

43.1

Vanuatu 23.9

25.6

21.9

26.7 4.6 7.7 8.0 4.8 5.3 4.8 5.1 3.6

66.2

61.9

65.0

64.9

Yemen 22.0

12.2

12.0

14.7 15.3 36.8 29.9 28.4 7.2 5.3 8.5 8.5

52.7

45.7

49.5

48.4

Zambia 17.0

17.4

10.0 8.2 18.7 14.8 26.1 23.9

29.4

10.2 8.0 8.4 35.0

57.6

55.9

59.5

LDCs 33.5

29.7

23.8

21.7 11.3 15.6 19.3 20.1

10.8

10.3

11.0

11.1

44.2

44.4

45.9

47.1

African LDCs and Haiti 32.4

29.5

24.1

23.0 13.0 17.7 23.1 24.3

10.5 8.8 8.8 8.0 44.1

44.1

44.0

44.7

Asian LDCs 36.2

30.0

23.6

19.7 7.5 12.7 11.9 13.3

11.7

12.6

15.0

16.1

44.3

44.7

49.5

50.9

Islands LDCs 35.6

30.9

13.5

17.1 5.7 5.3 51.6 39.1 4.7 4.5 2.0 2.7

54.0

59.4

32.9

41.1 ODCs 13.7 9.4 8.7 8.6 18.6 21.4 17.9 15.6 18.7 15.4 21.3 20.7 48.9 53.8 52.0 55.1

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2017).Notes: a Ethiopia includes Eritrea until 1991; b The Sudan includes South Sudan until 2011.

8


8. Foreign direct investment inflows, by region and economy, 2002–2016, selected years (Millions of dollars)

Country 2002–2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Afghanistan 148.3 26.8 47.2 36.7 163.1 99.6

Angola 9 481.2 15 077.7 14 345.9 16 543.2 16 176.4 14 363.6

Bangladesh 648.1 1 292.6 1 599.2 1 551.3 2 235.4 2 332.7

Benin 93.3 229.6 360.2 405.2 149.7 160.6

Bhutan 20.5 19.9 35.9 17.5 7.3 -12.5

Burkina Faso 82.2 329.3 490.3 355.9 231.8 308.7

Burundi 1.0 0.6 7.4 47.1 7.4 0.1

Cambodia 419.6 1 835.0 1 872.4 1 720.1 1 701.0 1 916.1

Central African Republic 35.8 70.0 1.9 3.5 3.0 31.2

Chad 267.2 579.8 520.2 -675.5 559.6 559.9

Comoros 2.2 10.4 4.2 4.7 5.1 8.0

Democratic Republic of the Congo 720.8 3 312.1 2 098.2 1 843.2 1 673.5 1 204.7

Djibouti 87.3 110.0 286.0 153.0 124.0 160.0

Equatorial Guinea 434.5 985.3 582.9 167.9 233.3 54.0

Eritrea 19.3 41.4 43.9 46.5 49.3 52.3

Ethiopia 343.7 278.6 1 343.9 1 855.2 2 192.7 3 196.4

Gambia 55.9 40.9 24.8 35.1 10.6 -1.8

Guinea 154.6 606.5 134.0 77.1 48.2 104.3

Guinea-Bissau 9.3 6.6 19.6 28.9 18.6 19.6

Haiti 45.2 156.0 160.4 99.0 105.7 104.4

Kiribati 0.8 -3.4 1.1 8.1 1.7 3.1

Lao People's Democratic Reublic. 115.3 294.4 426.7 720.8 1 118.7 889.9

Lesotho 47.5 138.9 123.3 161.7 168.9 132.2

Liberia 150.9 984.6 1 061.3 276.7 627.0 453.2

Madagascar 367.8 812.5 567.1 350.7 440.8 540.6

Malawi 97.9 129.5 445.5 598.8 287.7 325.6

Mali 148.2 397.9 307.9 144.0 275.4 125.5

Mauritania 288.9 1 388.6 1 125.7 501.0 502.1 271.6

Mozambique 338.6 5 629.4 6 175.1 4 901.8 3 866.8 3 093.4

Myanmar 577.6 496.9 584.3 946.2 2 824.0 2 190.0

Nepal -0.3 92.0 71.3 30.2 51.6 105.9

Niger 83.5 841.3 719.1 821.9 529.3 292.8

Rwanda 33.9 255.0 257.6 458.9 379.8 409.8

Sao Tome and Principe 25.6 22.5 12.2 27.1 28.6 22.2

Senegal 166.8 276.2 311.3 402.6 409.0 392.8

Sierra Leone 53.8 722.5 429.7 403.9 263.0 516.0

Solomon Islands 32.0 23.9 53.4 21.7 31.6 24.5

Somalia 48.9 107.3 258.0 283.0 306.0 339.0

South Sudan .. 161.0 -793.0 44.0 -71.0 -17.0

Sudana 1 455.7 2 311.0 1 687.9 1 251.3 1 728.4 1 063.8

Timor-Leste 12.5 38.5 49.6 49.3 43.0 5.5

Togo 53.4 121.5 183.5 53.9 257.8 254.9

Tuvalu .. 1.7 -0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2

Uganda 461.1 1 205.4 1 096.0 1 058.6 538.5 541.2

United Republic of Tanzania 618.5 1 799.6 2 087.3 1 672.6 1 604.6 1 365.4

Vanuatu 37.2 77.6 -19.4 -18.2 29.1 32.4

Yemen 494.2 -531.0 -133.6 -233.1 -15.4 -561.0

Zambia 606.3 1 731.5 2 099.8 1 488.8 1 582.7 468.5

LDCs 19 383.0 44 535.5 43 166.7 40 741.9 43 505.4 37 943.9 African LDCs and Haiti 16 852.8 40 837.9 38 562.8 35 859.2 35 280.5 30 887.3

Asian LDCs 2 423.4 3 526.5 4 503.4 4 789.7 8 085.5 6 960.7

Islands LDCs 106.8 171.2 100.5 93.0 139.4 95.9

ODCs 341 486.4 626 462.6 631 491.5 663 038.6 708 823.7 608 086.6

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2017).Note: a The Sudan includes South Sudan until 2011.


9

9. Migrant remittance inflows to LDCs, 2002–2016, selected years

CountryMillions of dollars Percentage of GNIa

2002–2008

2013 2014 2015 20162002–2008

2013 2014 2015 2016

Countries with remittances > 10 per cent of GNI in 2016

Nepal 1 342.6 5 588.9 5 888.7 6 729.9 6 606.8 15.7 28.8 29.0 31.1 30.6

Liberia 57.8 383.4 505.7 640.8 548.8 13.2 23.3 30.1 36.5 30.2

Haiti 1 008.6 1 781.0 1 977.0 2 195.6 2 358.7 22.5 21.0 22.4 25.1 29.2

Gambia 59.7 180.7 137.8 136.0 207.4 9.4 20.5 16.8 14.9 22.1

Comoros 73.0 115.9 126.0 128.8 130.6 19.0 18.7 19.4 22.6 21.1

Senegal 838.6 1 613.9 1 929.1 1 929.1 2 015.9 9.4 11.1 12.9 14.6 14.1

Lesotho 571.5 462.9 393.0 370.8 343.7 28.1 16.1 14.0 14.2 14.0

Yemen 1 305.3 3 342.5 3 350.5 3 350.5 3 350.5 8.2 8.7 8.3 9.2 12.3

Countries with remittances between 5 per cent and 10 per cent of GNI in 2016

Togo 210.9 397.4 427.3 363.6 351.2 10.2 11.6 10.6 9.8 8.7

Guinea-Bissau 29.5 63.8 92.4 85.0 93.3 5.0 6.2 8.4 8.1 8.3

Tuvalu 5.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 13.0 7.0 8.2 7.3 7.3

Mali 230.2 894.5 920.3 920.3 936.8 3.7 7.2 6.8 7.5 6.9

Kiribati 12.8 17.2 16.8 16.1 17.5 8.1 5.8 4.9 4.7 6.7

Bangladesh 5 029.5 13 867.0 14 987.5 15 295.5 13 559.4 6.8 8.6 8.1 7.4 5.8

Sao Tome and Principe 1.7 26.6 26.8 20.0 18.0 1.4 8.7 7.6 6.3 5.1

Countries with remittances < 5 per cent of GNI in 2016

Uganda 422.8 940.7 887.6 902.2 1.015.7 4.6 3.9 3.2 3.3 4.0

Burkina Faso 66.4 308.4 395.8 395.8 405.7 1.2 2.6 3.3 3.7 3.4

Djibouti 25.4 35.6 35.5 63.3 63.3 3.1 2.4 2.1 3.4 3.1

Timor-Leste 10.6 33.6 43.7 61.6 80.2 0.8 0.7 1.2 2.3 2.9

Madagascar 146.2 427.5 286.2 272.2 250.5 2.5 4.2 2.8 2.9 2.6

Vanuatu 5.4 23.7 28.1 24.1 18.9 1.3 3.0 3.5 3.3 2.6

Niger 60.2 145.9 218.8 171.5 181.6 1.7 1.9 2.7 2.4 2.4

Benin 140.6 248.7 304.3 214.4 207.1 2.9 2.7 3.2 2.6 2.4

Afghanistan 105.7 313.8 268.1 301.2 430.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.4 2.2

Rwanda 36.3 123.1 183.6 159.2 172.5 1.3 1.6 2.3 2.0 2.1

Cambodia 168.1 176.0 376.8 400.0 370.6 2.6 1.2 2.4 2.4 2.0

Solomon Islands 8.0 20.6 16.3 18.6 20.3 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.8

Burundi 0.8 48.6 56.3 51.0 51.0 0.1 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7

Bhutan 2.9 11.8 14.3 19.7 34.3 0.3 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.7

Sierra Leone 22.1 69.7 62.4 48.2 48.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.5

Myanmar 98.1 1 643.9 279.0 386.8 681.8 0.6 2.8 0.4 0.7 1.2

Ethiopia 186.2 624.4 1 796.4 1 087.0 772.2 1.3 1.3 3.2 1.7 1.1

Guinea 45.1 93.0 121.4 130.6 52.2 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.1 0.9

United Republic of Tanzania 18.8 381.9 389.5 387.8 411.2 0.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9

Mozambique 76.2 152.4 155.5 142.9 93.4 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9

Lao People's Democratic Republic 4.5 59.6 40.1 93.0 116.4 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.8

Malawi 15.4 34.1 38.5 34.4 34.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6

Zambia 53.8 54.0 58.3 47.0 38.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Sudan 1 099.9 619.5 506.6 151.4 153.4 3.8 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.2

Democratic Republic of the Congo 10.5 33.1 22.4 4.7 4.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Angola 82.1 11.1 31.0 11.1 11.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LDCsb 13 446.6 35 374.4 37 399.0 37 765.5 36 262.4 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.9

African LDCS and Haiti 5 412.5 10 129.3 11 932.4 10 915.7 10 822.4 2.5 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1

Asian LDCs 7 964.4 25 003.4 25 204.9 26 576.6 25 150.6 6.1 7.7 7.0 7.0 6.3

Islands LDCs 69.7 241.8 261.8 273.2 289.5 2.4 3.1 3.8 4.7 9.1

ODCs 172 161.3 345 346.5 364 796.0 370 460.1 363 024.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank, Data and analysis on migration and remittances, http://www.worldbank.org/migration, (accessed November 2017); World development Indicators database; and UNSD, UNdata database (accessed November 2017).

Notes: a GNI current dollars. Countries sorted by descending order 2016. b LDC aggregates excluding Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Mauritania, Somalia, South Sudan for which data are unavailable.

10


10. Selected indicators on foreign debt burden, 2002–2016, selected years

Country

External debt stocks (% of GNI current$)a

External debt stocks (% of exports of goods and services)

Total debt service (% of exports of goods and services)

2002–2008

2014 2015 20162002–2008

2014 2015 20162002–2008

2014 2015 2016

Countries with debt stocks > 100 per cent of GNI in 2016

Bhutan 75.5 100.7 107.3 113.8 173.2 258.3 297.5 357.0 6.3 11.6 19.1 11.7

Countries with debt stocks between 50 per cent and 100 per cent of GNI in 2016

Mozambique 55.2 51.8 68.6 95.7 164.0 153.4 209.7 268.9 2.3 3.8 8.5 12.8

Lao People's Democratic Republic 131.3 89.9 94.6 93.1 357.6 240.5 292.1 303.5 14.4 8.3 9.4 11.9

Mauritania 99.1 67.1 81.0 84.8 221.2 166.8 210.1 223.4 7.7 10.5 11.6 13.3

Djibouti 69.4 56.0 66.5 84.8 175.6 171.9 195.2 239.9 6.9 7.1 7.1 8.4

Sao Tome and Principe 265.1 60.1 78.5 70.4 1 564.6 213.7 257.1 230.7 29.1 13.4 2.8 2.8

Cambodia 43.0 50.1 55.0 54.4 59.1 75.8 83.7 83.4 0.7 6.3 6.8 6.5

Gambia 104.8 63.9 57.9 54.0 474.5 236.5 258.8 218.3 19.8 21.4 18.8 16.1

Liberia 933.5 40.5 47.7 52.3 1 091.4 118.9 211.3 211.5 66.9 3.1 11.2 2.6

Zambia 81.7 28.3 42.0 50.6 165.3 71.4 111.3 128.9 9.4 3.8 6.3 8.6

Countries with debt stocks < 50 per cent of GNI in 2016

Senegal 43.4 37.6 44.5 46.6 142.2 130.6 148.4 156.4 9.4 8.3 9.5 9.7

Somalia .. 56.8 53.0 46.3 .. 360.6 336.6 286.7 .. .. .. ..

Sierra Leone 85.4 25.3 32.9 44.8 504.1 80.2 167.4 170.5 6.4 2.3 6.4 4.2

Niger 50.4 33.0 41.2 43.5 258.9 154.2 237.9 .. 9.1 3.6 7.4 ..

Angola 48.1 24.5 28.6 41.2 39.0 47.5 80.1 119.5 9.1 10.6 15.5 25.6

Uganda 42.4 32.8 36.2 39.6 215.2 180.5 203.6 221.0 6.3 4.2 2.0 18.9

Central African Republic 78.4 37.5 41.6 38.8 524.8 289.2 331.3 305.3 14.9 7.0 8.9 11.2

Lesotho 37.0 32.0 34.0 35.9 49.9 65.5 62.4 65.3 4.6 3.0 3.9 4.2

United Republic of Tanzania 45.4 30.1 34.6 35.3 213.8 153.4 157.2 197.8 3.1 2.6 3.2 6.1

Malawi 61.6 28.1 27.9 34.7 281.6 81.3 92.8 101.9 6.4 3.2 3.6 4.0

Rwanda 51.2 25.8 27.8 34.1 331.8 171.3 190.1 220.8 6.7 4.7 9.3 10.6

Ethiopia 46.3 29.4 31.4 32.0 237.2 252.2 333.7 397.9 5.2 11.8 17.3 21.5

Madagascar 63.4 27.7 31.6 30.6 207.4 84.3 88.3 90.4 3.9 2.8 4.1 3.8

Vanuatu 34.6 27.3 30.0 29.4 76.2 55.2 60.6 50.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8

Togo 87.7 24.5 28.4 29.1 212.3 49.4 61.1 62.6 5.4 3.0 3.5 4.7

Mali 47.0 25.4 29.9 27.9 156.4 106.8 129.1 132.1 5.1 3.1 3.7 4.3

Benin 28.7 21.3 26.5 27.1 124.3 65.8 93.6 88.6 4.6 2.7 3.2 3.5

Haiti 34.6 22.0 23.8 26.8 241.1 119.4 119.4 130.7 10.3 1.4 2.0 5.3

Guinea-Bissau 189.5 24.6 29.9 26.3 938.3 130.1 106.7 88.6 7.3 1.0 0.8 1.6

Yemen 39.0 19.3 20.0 26.0 87.0 84.2 188.6 787.0 3.4 3.8 9.2 15.6

Comoros 78.8 22.3 23.5 25.9 483.5 132.7 138.2 149.9 13.7 0.5 7.4 5.9

Sudan 75.4 29.3 24.2 24.3 293.2 325.1 269.2 224.4 5.0 3.9 6.6 3.2

Burkina Faso 32.5 21.2 24.3 23.9 288.0 79.9 95.7 92.6 8.0 2.9 4.1 4.0

Guinea 106.8 23.1 22.3 23.8 311.5 77.6 77.4 90.7 13.9 4.1 5.5 4.2

Burundi 128.2 22.3 20.3 21.2 1 598.0 287.2 333.9 337.2 40.7 12.1 13.9 32.7

Solomon Islands 43.3 17.0 18.5 20.8 115.6 31.5 39.9 40.3 7.6 2.9 2.7 ..

Nepal 41.1 20.5 19.1 19.7 272.8 181.0 166.3 188.7 10.6 9.9 8.9 10.2

Chad 40.1 18.0 15.3 17.6 63.3 50.4 49.8 57.5 2.3 12.4 1.5 1.4

Bangladesh 27.0 19.3 18.6 17.6 191.4 108.6 114.4 111.6 7.6 6.0 4.9 4.8

Eritrea 71.0 22.6 18.4 16.8 1 098.3 .. .. .. 20.5 .. .. ..

Democratic Republic of the Congo 98.5 17.8 16.1 15.8 315.3 48.9 47.5 57.3 11.1 3.6 3.4 4.9

Afghanistan 18.3 12.8 12.5 12.2 97.0 195.9 180.3 179.0 0.5 2.9 3.2 3.3

Myanmar 56.1 10.0 11.3 11.0 112.4 45.3 60.2 58.3 24.0 0.5 0.6 0.9

LDCsb 50.9 25.8 27.3 29.1 150.3 99.9 127.7 144.1 7.3 6.3 7.4 10.4

African LDCS and Haiti 61.1 28.5 31.0 34.5 153.7 98.5 133.2 166.2 8.1 6.9 8.8 14.7

Asian LDCs 35.5 21.6 22.2 22.2 141.9 103.4 119.0 117.2 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.2

Islands LDCs 71.9 26.3 29.6 30.2 216.9 63.7 82.7 190.5 7.0 3.3 3.4 4.3

ODCs 26.0 23.6 22.9 23.6 78.2 93.7 95.0 105.3 12.6 9.5 10.2 14.2

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank, World development Indicators (accessed November 2017).Notes: a Countries sorted by descending order 2016; b LDC aggregates excluding Equatorial Guinea, Kiribati, South Sudan, Timor-Leste and Tuvalu which data is unavailable.


11

11. Selected indicators on education, 2016*

Country

Primary completion rate Net primary school enrolment rate

Net secondary school enrolment rate Youth literacy rate

(per cent of primary school-age population)(per cent of secondary school-age population)

(per cent of people aged 15-24)

Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male

Afghanistan 40.7 26.6 53.7 .. .. .. 48.9 35.6 61.4 47.0 32.1 61.9

Angola .. .. .. 84.0 73.0 94.9 12.4 11.1 13.7 77.4 70.6 84.9

Bangladesh 80.0 84.4 75.1 90.5 95.1 86.1 57.2 61.1 53.6 92.2 93.5 90.9

Benin 59.4 56.2 61.9 95.9 88.2 99.9 45.0 38.1 51.8 52.5 40.9 63.9

Bhutan 67.9 70.0 65.9 85.6 86.5 84.7 62.8 66.9 58.9 87.3 84.5 90.4

Burkina Faso 30.9 29.5 32.1 69.1 67.3 70.9 26.5 25.8 27.1 50.1 44.0 57.0

Burundi 39.8 38.4 41.4 94.1 95.0 93.3 27.7 28.4 27.0 79.6 75.0 85.3

Cambodia 72.3 77.2 67.7 94.9 96.2 93.7 38.2 36.5 39.8 87.1 85.9 88.4

Central African Republic .. .. .. 70.6 62.1 79.1 13.6 9.3 17.9 36.4 27.0 48.9

Chad 27.3 23.7 30.6 79.1 68.7 89.3 .. .. .. 30.8 22.4 40.7

Comoros .. .. .. 79.5 77.9 81.0 43.9 45.5 42.5 71.6 69.6 73.8

Democratic Republic of the Congo 68.9 66.5 71.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 85.0 79.7 91.0

Djibouti .. .. .. 53.5 54.0 60.7 25.4 21.3 29.4 .. .. ..

Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. 55.7 55.9 55.5 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eritrea .. .. .. 39.0 37.1 40.7 25.2 23.6 26.8 87.0 82.6 91.3

Ethiopia 39.6 40.8 38.1 85.6 82.4 88.7 31.0 30.5 31.6 55.0 47.0 63.0

Gambia 62.0 60.2 64.0 74.8 78.3 71.3 .. .. .. 60.8 56.1 66.0

Guinea 42.2 35.6 49.4 75.7 70.1 81.1 31.8 25.3 38.2 46.3 37.2 57.0

Guinea-Bissau 29.1 25.7 32.3 68.2 66.7 69.8 .. .. .. 60.4 49.8 71.3

Haiti 44.1 48.7 39.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Kiribati .. .. .. 95.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 67.1 68.2 66.1 92.7 92.1 93.3 54.3 53.5 55.1 72.1 67.1 77.3

Lesotho 64.9 78.2 52.6 80.2 81.5 78.8 37.1 45.3 29.1 86.6 94.0 79.6

Liberia 34.2 32.5 36.1 37.6 36.3 38.9 .. .. .. 49.1 37.2 63.5

Madagascar 39.0 42.6 35.4 .. .. .. 31.1 31.6 30.5 76.8 75.3 78.4

Malawi 54.3 58.5 50.5 97.5 95.3 89.9 36.7 36.0 37.3 72.9 73.4 72.5

Mali 42.0 37.8 45.5 55.7 52.5 58.8 31.1 27.7 34.3 49.4 39.2 60.5

Mauritania 38.3 34.8 42.4 79.2 81.1 77.4 24.3 23.5 25.1 56.1 47.7 66.4

Mozambique 41.5 39.4 43.7 89.1 86.8 91.4 18.6 18.8 18.5 67.1 56.5 79.8

Myanmar 83.2 84.5 81.8 94.5 87.3 88.2 48.3 48.6 47.9 84.8 84.4 85.1

Nepal 75.2 71.7 78.9 97.0 96.6 97.3 54.4 55.7 53.2 84.8 80.2 89.9

Niger 28.3 22.7 34.5 62.4 57.5 67.1 17.2 13.9 20.4 23.5 15.1 34.5

Rwanda 54.3 61.1 47.6 95.1 96.1 94.1 27.2 29.3 25.2 82.3 83.5 81.1

Sao Tome and Principe 67.3 72.9 62.6 94.9 93.6 96.2 67.2 70.7 63.7 96.7 96.4 97.1

Senegal 43.4 41.8 45.0 71.4 74.8 68.2 .. .. .. 55.9 51.0 61.1

Sierra Leone 66.6 68.3 64.7 99.1 99.3 98.9 .. .. .. 57.0 50.9 64.5

Solomon Islands .. .. .. 70.5 70.7 70.4 31.0 28.9 33.0 .. .. ..

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

South Sudan 24.5 18.2 31.5 30.9 26.7 35.1 .. .. .. 36.7 29.6 44.1

Sudan 65.4 64.4 66.5 53.8 55.1 52.4 .. .. .. 65.8 62.7 68.7

Timor-Leste 60.1 63.8 56.6 95.6 97.4 93.9 55.8 59.7 52.1 79.5 78.6 80.5

Togo 61.3 57.6 64.6 95.4 88.0 94.3 .. .. .. 84.3 78.4 89.7

Tuvalu .. .. .. 84.4 85.2 84.1 72.5 82.9 63.2 .. .. ..

Uganda 39.4 43.2 35.7 93.7 95.1 92.2 22.2 21.3 23.2 83.7 81.7 85.8

United Republic of Tanzania 79.5 83.7 75.1 80.1 80.7 79.5 .. .. .. 85.8 84.6 87.0

Vanuatu 81.1 84.5 78.0 85.8 87.1 84.6 49.5 51.2 48.0 .. .. ..

Yemen .. .. .. 84.8 77.8 91.6 41.7 33.2 49.9 .. .. ..

Zambia 75.0 76.0 .. 87.4 88.3 86.5 .. .. .. 88.7 86.5 91.2

LDCs 56.2 56.3 54.2 82.4 80.9 82.9 39.0 38.3 39.8 73.8 69.8 78.1

African LDCs and Haiti 51.8 51.9 49.1 79.2 77.1 80.7 27.0 25.8 28.2 67.8 62.6 73.7

Asian LDCs 71.1 71.0 70.7 91.4 91.6 89.0 52.7 52.7 52.8 85.0 83.6 86.4

Island LDCs 63.7 67.6 60.2 85.8 85.8 85.2 47.6 49.5 45.8 78.1 76.8 79.5

ODCs 82.4 82.8 80.9 89.0 88.1 89.6 65.8 66.0 65.5 92.2 90.2 94.0

Sources: UNESCO, UIS database (accessed November 2017).Notes: * 2016 or latest year available since 2006; LDCs group and ODCs weighted by primary or secondary school-age population and by group age population.

12


12. Employment by sector in LDCs, 1991–2016, selected years (Percentage of total employment)

CountryEmployment in agriculture Employment in industry

of which: employment in utility sector

Employment in services

1991 2000 2010 2016 1991 2000 2010 2016 1991 2000 2010 2016 1991 2000 2010 2016

Afghanistan 62.0 69.4 64.2 61.6 12.1 11.0 9.4 10.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 25.8 19.6 26.4 28.5

Angola 10.0 9.1 4.9 4.2 38.5 38.2 37.9 37.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 51.5 52.7 57.2 58.4

Bangladesh 60.7 59.5 47.3 41.7 12.3 9.9 17.6 18.9 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 26.9 30.7 35.1 39.4

Benin 49.5 45.3 45.3 43.4 6.0 10.3 10.5 10.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 44.5 44.4 44.2 46.4

Bhutan 62.3 54.1 59.3 57.3 11.5 16.4 6.8 9.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.3 26.7 29.5 33.9 32.9

Burkina Faso 85.9 85.4 80.8 80.1 3.3 3.2 5.1 4.9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 10.8 11.4 14.1 15.0

Burundi 91.4 91.3 90.8 91.3 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.8 6.0 6.5 6.1

Cambodia 79.9 73.6 54.2 43.2 4.1 8.5 16.2 19.6 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.5 16.0 18.0 29.6 37.2

Central African Republic 68.6 69.9 69.6 72.4 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 26.4 25.7 25.8 23.3

Chad 77.2 78.1 78.0 76.6 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 21.0 20.1 20.0 21.4

Comoros 60.6 61.2 62.4 61.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 4.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 33.3 33.6 32.8 32.7

Democratic Republic of the Congo 67.5 71.7 68.1 65.4 4.3 4.5 6.0 5.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 28.3 23.8 25.9 28.8

Djibouti 22.6 25.5 25.7 23.6 21.9 19.8 23.0 23.9 .. .. .. .. 55.5 54.7 51.3 52.5

Equatorial Guinea 72.8 36.6 16.8 18.4 4.3 12.3 20.4 18.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 23.4 51.5 62.6 63.2

Eritrea 65.1 57.7 61.3 57.1 4.8 6.1 6.6 7.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 30.1 36.2 32.2 35.4

Ethiopia 49.4 48.1 66.8 70.9 12.4 13.7 9.1 8.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 38.2 38.2 24.1 20.9

Gambia 52.5 44.0 34.4 30.3 4.7 7.0 11.7 14.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 42.4 49.0 53.8 55.7

Guinea 75.3 74.6 74.3 69.8 5.6 5.5 5.8 7.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.6 19.1 19.9 19.9 22.9

Guinea-Bissau 65.5 63.3 62.4 60.4 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 29.5 31.5 32.2 33.9

Haiti 50.5 50.8 49.8 47.2 9.6 10.2 10.6 12.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 39.9 39.0 39.6 40.4

Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 85.9 84.7 81.9 79.0 3.4 2.8 3.6 3.9 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 10.7 12.5 14.6 17.1

Lesotho 62.4 67.3 42.1 40.4 12.2 9.4 20.1 20.3 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.2 25.3 23.2 38.0 39.5

Liberia 42.6 49.5 47.4 45.5 8.2 5.3 10.7 11.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 49.2 45.2 42.0 42.8

Madagascar 78.6 77.7 79.6 74.3 5.4 6.1 5.2 9.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 15.9 16.2 15.2 16.5

Malawi 74.4 72.8 70.5 69.9 4.9 4.4 4.8 4.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 20.6 22.8 24.7 25.4

Mali 44.4 43.0 58.9 57.0 15.0 15.2 13.8 14.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 40.6 41.7 27.3 28.4

Mauritania 51.5 49.0 44.0 40.5 7.2 7.9 9.2 9.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 41.3 43.3 46.7 50.1

Mozambique 79.0 77.1 75.6 75.0 3.2 3.9 3.8 4.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 17.8 19.0 20.7 21.0

Myanmar 57.1 52.1 38.3 24.9 7.6 9.8 13.8 14.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 35.3 38.1 48.0 60.8

Nepal 83.9 73.0 74.3 72.7 2.9 11.2 10.5 10.9 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.0 13.2 15.8 15.2 16.4

Niger 61.0 63.2 64.0 62.3 13.4 13.2 13.8 14.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 25.6 23.7 22.3 23.3

Rwanda 88.0 88.2 77.9 75.2 3.0 2.7 5.5 7.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 9.0 9.1 16.5 17.6

Sao Tome and Principe 36.4 32.4 26.0 22.0 12.1 16.2 16.0 13.6 .. .. .. .. 48.5 51.4 58.0 62.7

Senegal 50.9 49.5 55.5 52.0 12.8 13.6 21.0 20.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 36.3 36.9 23.5 27.5

Sierra Leone 67.1 67.9 68.6 68.2 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 26.3 25.5 25.0 25.4

Solomon Islands 51.9 50.5 51.7 47.9 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 45.6 47.7 45.5 49.7

Somalia 72.4 73.2 72.4 72.1 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 .. .. .. .. 23.1 22.3 22.8 23.2

Sudan 43.5 40.9 34.3 33.0 17.9 19.6 20.2 20.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 38.6 39.5 45.4 46.6

Timor-Leste 54.6 55.5 50.8 51.3 2.1 2.1 1.6 2.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 42.9 42.4 47.6 46.9

Togo 64.4 63.8 63.2 62.8 8.3 8.2 8.6 8.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 27.3 28.0 28.2 28.5

Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 69.0 66.0 73.7 72.4 7.6 8.1 6.9 7.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 23.4 25.9 19.4 20.3

United Republic of Tanzania 78.6 79.1 72.2 67.3 3.7 2.7 5.5 6.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 17.7 18.2 22.3 26.4

Vanuatu 63.6 60.8 61.2 61.2 6.1 6.3 7.1 6.9 .. .. .. .. 31.8 31.6 31.6 31.9

Yemen 52.0 46.3 24.1 28.6 11.2 12.7 19.0 17.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 36.8 41.1 56.9 54.3

Zambia 65.1 73.2 65.0 54.9 14.6 5.9 8.7 10.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 20.3 20.9 26.4 35.1

LDCsa 63.7 62.2 59.3 56.4 9.1 9.4 11.3 11.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 27.2 28.4 29.4 31.8

African LDCs and Haiti 63.9 63.5 65.5 64.2 8.7 9.0 9.0 9.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 27.4 27.6 25.6 26.5

Asian LDCs 63.6 60.5 49.4 43.2 9.6 9.9 15.1 16.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 26.8 29.6 35.4 40.8

Island LDCs 55.3 55.1 53.7 52.7 3.8 4.4 4.6 4.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 40.6 40.5 41.9 42.7

ODCs 50.5 46.1 35.5 30.8 18.7 18.6 22.3 23.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 30.8 35.3 42.2 46.2

Source: ILOstat - Trends Econometric Models, ILO estimates and projections (accessed November 2017). a LDC aggregates excluding Kiribati and Tuvalu which data is unvailable.


13

13. Total merchandise exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2002–2016, selected years

CountryTotal merchandise exports (millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (per cent)

2002– 2008

2009- 2016

2014 2015 20162002–2008

2008-2016

2014 2015 2016

Afghanistan 334.7 481.3 570.5 571.4 596.5 31.5 4.3 10.8 0.2 4.4

Angola 27 508.3 52 146.4 58 672.4 33 047.8 27 196.5 45.1 -6.1 -13.4 -43.7 -17.7

Bangladesh 10 071.1 26 105.3 30 102.6 31 734.2 34 275.3 17.7 11.2 3.4 5.4 8.0

Benin 743.0 1 629.6 2 563.2 1 778.1 1 354.1 18.4 5.2 29.3 -30.6 -23.8

Bhutan 328.2 565.9 578.7 545.1 520.8 36.2 -0.2 7.3 -5.8 -4.5

Burkina Faso 487.5 2 075.3 2 452.7 2 177.5 2 401.4 18.2 15.2 4.1 -11.2 10.3

Burundi 49.6 109.8 141.5 113.8 103.1 11.5 7.5 50.2 -19.6 -9.4

Cambodia 3 124.3 7 056.5 6 846.0 8 542.4 10 069.3 15.4 10.3 2.7 24.8 17.9

Central African Republic 146.0 130.5 95.7 85.4 93.4 3.2 -6.7 -17.5 -10.8 9.4

Chad 2 463.4 3 475.0 3 800.0 2 600.0 1 600.0 61.4 -6.7 0.0 -31.6 -38.5

Comoros 15.2 21.6 23.5 17.0 30.6 -16.8 11.6 14.4 -27.8 80.8

Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 433.5 5 740.7 6 600.0 5 800.0 5 525.9 24.1 4.8 4.8 -12.1 -4.7

Djibouti 46.4 112.0 129.2 133.6 140.5 11.1 10.1 8.0 3.4 5.2

Equatorial Guinea 7 173.7 10 837.5 12 600.0 6 500.0 4 800.0 38.3 -8.1 -14.3 -48.4 -26.2

Eritrea 16.6 332.6 625.7 485.0 335.4 -11.0 72.3 104.0 -22.5 -30.8

Ethiopia 922.3 2 745.2 3 427.4 3 049.6 2 918.7 23.8 9.1 10.1 -11.0 -4.3

Gambia 12.3 96.8 103.9 108.9 107.2 3.3 19.5 -2.1 4.8 -1.6

Guinea 932.1 1 702.4 1 946.7 1 781.2 2 414.0 14.5 7.9 9.3 -8.5 35.5

Guinea-Bissau 84.3 181.9 166.1 252.3 263.1 14.0 9.0 8.7 51.9 4.3

Haiti 430.4 817.3 852.0 1 037.0 1 001.7 10.3 9.7 -4.4 21.7 -3.4

Kiribati 5.3 7.9 10.1 11.0 11.0 23.0 8.5 52.0 8.4 0.0

Lao People's Democratic Republic 590.8 2 223.0 2 639.9 2 769.0 3 155.4 24.8 16.2 16.6 4.9 14.0

Lesotho 648.9 896.0 826.4 844.1 894.0 13.9 0.0 -2.4 2.1 5.9

Liberia 160.1 329.5 444.4 265.3 169.6 9.7 3.6 -20.5 -40.3 -36.1

Madagascar 972.9 1 733.8 2 243.2 2 164.5 2 256.4 15.0 10.3 16.7 -3.5 4.2

Malawi 606.8 1 197.5 1 341.9 1 080.1 1 087.5 15.4 1.4 11.1 -19.5 0.7

Mali 1 258.2 2 381.5 2 779.4 2 716.7 2 538.1 13.7 5.4 18.8 -2.3 -6.6

Mauritania 836.8 2 000.6 2 139.8 1 461.9 1 399.0 37.0 -0.6 -13.1 -31.7 -4.3

Mozambique 1 792.8 3 413.5 4 725.3 3 196.1 3 141.8 22.6 4.9 17.4 -32.4 -1.7

Myanmar 4 277.5 10 037.4 11 451.9 12 197.2 11 672.7 19.2 8.1 1.0 6.5 -4.3

Nepal 810.8 825.0 900.9 660.2 637.5 9.6 -4.4 4.4 -26.7 -3.4

Niger 503.4 1 243.6 1 444.5 1 087.0 1 052.5 19.0 2.6 -8.9 -24.7 -3.2

Rwanda 135.2 549.7 653.4 683.7 744.4 27.3 16.1 -7.1 4.6 8.9

Sao Tome and Principe 7.0 9.9 10.5 9.2 10.5 9.9 -0.4 51.3 -12.1 13.6

Senegal 1 487.1 2 480.2 2 750.2 2 611.7 2 640.3 10.1 3.7 3.4 -5.0 1.1

Sierra Leone 161.5 832.4 1 552.0 511.7 635.0 28.1 21.0 -19.0 -67.0 24.1

Solomon Islands 117.1 380.4 458.5 400.4 437.3 23.4 12.8 -6.3 -12.7 9.2

Somalia 287.1 481.9 510.0 440.0 440.0 9.0 0.8 -1.9 -13.7 0.0

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudana .. 4 267.0 5 462.5 2 985.0 1 734.9 .. -22.6 -22.9 -45.4 -41.9

Sudan (former)b 5 490.8 10 267.4 .. .. .. 34.5 -1.7 .. .. ..

Timor-Lestec 8.9 17.5 15.5 18.0 20.0 8.5 7.2 -12.2 16.4 11.1

Togo 635.1 1 189.7 1 324.1 1 010.1 1 293.0 8.8 4.9 -12.8 -23.7 28.0

Tuvalu 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.1 -4.4 460.5 -12.0 13.2

Uganda 926.9 2 147.8 2 262.0 2 267.0 2 543.2 24.6 5.9 -6.1 0.2 12.2

United Repubvlic of Tanzania 1 757.6 4 503.5 4 627.5 4 931.1 4 741.9 20.6 5.8 4.9 6.6 -3.8

Vanuatu 39.4 49.8 59.4 36.8 47.2 18.6 -3.4 61.5 -38.1 28.2

Yemen 5 289.7 6 307.4 7 800.0 1 000.0 1 000.0 16.4 -20.6 -6.0 -87.2 0.0

Zambia 2 687.0 7 868.4 9 687.9 6 983.2 5 804.1 37.9 4.6 -8.6 -27.9 -16.9

LDCs 88 816.4 175 989.0 200 419.2 152 701.4 145 855.1 28.6 0.7 -4.8 -23.8 -4.5

African LDCs and Haiti 63 797.5 121 899.9 138 950.9 94 189.2 83 370.7 33.8 -2.3 -7.5 -32.2 -11.5

Asian LDCs 24 827.2 53 601.8 60 890.5 58 019.5 61 927.6 17.6 7.2 2.2 -4.7 6.7

Island LDCs 191.7 487.4 577.8 492.6 556.9 17.9 9.7 0.0 -14.7 13.0

ODCs 3 839 190.7 7 164 050.9 8 272 741.0 7 176 113.0 6 823 408.2 20.5 3.8 0.5 -13.3 -4.9

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2017).Notes: a The Sudan data since 2012; b Former Sudan: data up to 2011; c Timor-Leste: data since 2003.

14


14. Total merchandise imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2002–2016, selected years

CountryTotal merchandise imports (millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (per cent)

2002–2008 2009–2016 2014 2015 20162002–2008

2008–2016

2014 2015 2016

Afghanistan 2 569.5 2 695.9 7 697.2 7 722.9 6 534.1 5.8 11.8 -10.0 0.3 -15.4

Angola 9 511.2 12 391.0 28 753.5 20 692.5 12 538.2 30.1 -2.4 7.5 -28.0 -39.4

Bangladesh 14 429.9 16 434.2 40 236.1 42 047.3 44 832.1 16.8 8.2 13.4 4.5 6.6

Benin 1 297.6 1 488.9 3 703.7 2 474.7 2 250.7 21.4 3.3 25.9 -33.2 -9.1

Bhutan 386.2 433.8 932.4 1 060.9 1 002.8 17.3 7.9 2.5 13.8 -5.5

Burkina Faso 1 273.5 1 435.1 3 575.1 2 979.8 3 160.7 15.0 9.1 -18.1 -16.7 6.1

Burundi 265.7 304.7 769.3 722.5 615.9 23.6 7.5 -5.2 -6.1 -14.8

Cambodia 4 102.4 4 604.2 9 702.4 10 668.9 12 371.0 19.6 8.9 1.5 10.0 16.0

Central African Republic 189.4 210.9 405.5 346.1 382.1 17.6 3.3 90.3 -14.7 10.4

Chad 1 354.7 1 406.1 3 100.0 2 600.0 2 200.0 9.7 2.7 3.3 -16.1 -15.4

Comoros 105.8 128.3 278.3 213.6 219.3 20.9 2.1 -2.2 -23.2 2.7

Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 558.4 2 961.1 6 500.0 6 200.0 5 648.4 24.5 5.7 3.2 -4.6 -8.9

Djibouti 327.5 363.7 803.0 1 080.4 1 128.1 17.8 12.9 11.6 34.5 4.4

Equatorial Guinea 1 770.2 2 440.6 5 500.0 3 400.0 2 800.0 37.3 -4.1 -1.8 -38.2 -17.6

Eritrea 500.6 506.7 1 111.2 1 003.0 1 037.4 2.2 8.8 8.7 -9.7 3.4

Ethiopia 4 420.6 5 332.1 15 551.0 16 913.5 16 588.4 29.4 11.2 27.2 8.8 -1.9

Gambia 245.3 265.8 387.2 416.8 367.8 13.8 3.6 10.6 7.6 -11.8

Guinea 924.6 980.8 2 509.2 2 138.6 2 092.0 14.8 8.4 34.2 -14.8 -2.2

Guinea-Bissau 118.3 136.0 194.2 205.6 226.0 24.8 1.0 17.2 5.9 9.9

Haiti 1 536.5 1 682.1 3 777.1 3 714.5 3 451.8 11.8 6.4 4.6 -1.7 -7.1

Kiribati 62.2 64.7 107.3 115.0 85.0 7.9 5.0 10.5 7.2 -26.1

Lao People's Democratic Republic 826.9 957.3 4 271.2 5 232.8 4 739.5 20.1 20.8 29.7 22.5 -9.4

Lesotho 1 389.4 1 539.4 2 144.0 2 017.9 1 851.4 12.8 0.2 -1.4 -5.9 -8.3

Liberia 396.3 449.6 1 996.6 1 687.2 1 311.0 28.6 13.2 73.6 -15.5 -22.3

Madagascar 1 902.0 2 267.4 3 354.8 2 960.9 2 965.3 27.8 -0.8 2.9 -11.7 0.1

Malawi 1 194.6 1 384.2 2 774.4 2 311.6 2 084.4 18.9 1.4 -2.5 -16.7 -9.8

Mali 1 778.5 2 001.3 4 178.1 4 110.6 3 845.4 20.5 4.5 5.6 -1.6 -6.5

Mauritania 1 097.7 1 227.1 2 646.3 1 948.0 1 950.9 26.6 3.8 -13.1 -26.4 0.2

Mozambique 2 523.7 2 841.0 8 743.1 7 907.6 5 024.1 16.7 8.5 -13.4 -9.6 -36.5

Myanmar 2 675.2 2 961.6 16 220.2 16 906.8 15 695.7 10.5 22.3 34.7 4.2 -7.2

Nepal 2 356.3 2 780.0 7 590.1 6 612.1 8 597.2 16.0 9.8 17.6 -12.9 30.0

Niger 913.7 1 166.3 2 757.1 2 458.3 1 860.7 22.4 2.1 8.9 -10.8 -24.3

Rwanda 523.3 674.1 2 468.3 2 378.0 2 293.0 28.8 10.7 7.2 -3.7 -3.6

Sao Tome and Principe 61.1 71.4 169.7 141.8 139.4 22.9 4.6 11.6 -16.4 -1.8

Senegal 3 690.9 4 074.1 6 502.7 5 595.4 5 477.9 20.3 0.9 -0.8 -14.0 -2.1

Sierra Leone 366.5 403.0 1 568.2 1 530.3 1 560.5 12.0 16.2 -11.9 -2.4 2.0

Solomon Islands 184.7 213.2 499.6 465.8 453.9 30.0 6.7 -13.9 -6.8 -2.6

Somalia 682.4 724.7 1 250.0 1 100.0 1 080.0 12.8 4.8 -3.8 -12.0 -1.8

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudana .. .. 9 084.2 8 413.4 5 549.4 .. -11.1 -7.5 -7.4 -34.0

Sudan (former)b 6 251.9 7 280.2 .. .. .. 28.3 1.0 .. .. ..

Timor-Lestec 153.5 173.5 858.4 910.0 780.0 12.6 20.5 1.9 6.0 -14.3

Togo 1 019.6 1 150.7 2 526.2 2 334.9 2 386.8 15.2 7.2 -8.6 -7.6 2.2

Tuvalu 14.0 14.4 22.2 37.0 28.1 15.7 6.2 7.1 66.3 -24.0

Uganda 2 400.0 2 853.3 6 073.5 5 528.1 5 099.4 26.5 3.1 4.4 -9.0 -7.8

United Republic of Tanzania 4 027.5 4 718.8 12 691.1 10 788.9 9 487.5 29.7 5.4 1.3 -15.0 -12.1

Vanuatu 174.8 201.6 288.7 338.5 389.2 22.8 2.9 0.0 17.3 15.0

Yemen 5 876.1 6 770.0 12 041.6 6 572.8 6 769.8 23.6 -3.2 -9.3 -45.4 3.0

Zambia 2 789.7 3 174.0 9 539.0 8 419.8 7 014.5 27.5 9.1 -6.1 -11.7 -16.7

LDCs 93 198.4 1 08 339.0 257 853.0 235 425.2 217 967.0 21.1 5.7 5.7 -8.7 -7.4

African LDCs and Haiti 59 241.6 69 834.9 156 937.7 136 379.1 115 330.0 23.8 3.5 3.2 -13.1 -15.4

Asian LDCs 33 222.6 37 636.9 98 691.2 96 824.5 100 542.3 16.7 9.2 10.2 -1.9 3.8

Island LDCs 734.2 867.1 2 224.2 2 221.7 2 094.8 23.9 8.9 -1.9 -0.1 -5.7

ODCs 3 447 168.9 6 950 138.3 7 674 761.7 7 653 432.8 6 683 510.6 19.8 4.0 -0.3 -12.7 -5.4

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2017).Notes: a The Sudan data since 2012; b Former Sudan : data up to 2011; c Timor-Leste: data since 2003.


15

15. Product composition of merchandise exports, 2014–2016 (Million of dollars and percentage shares)

Country

Total exports Primary commodities Manufactured goods

Un- allocatedTotal

Food and Agri-

culture

FuelsMinerals,

ores, metals

Total

Labour-intensive

and resource-intensive manu-

factures

Low-skill and technology-

intensive manu- actures

Medium-skill and

technology-

intensive manu-

factures

High-skill and technology-

£intensive manu-

factures

(million $) (Per cent)

Afghanistan 579.5 80.4 60.4 7.2 12.8 5.9 2.9 0.3 1.5 1.2 13.7

Angola 39 638.9 100.0 0.1 97.3 2.5 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Bangladesh 32 037.3 5.0 4.4 0.3 0.3 94.9 92.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.1

Benin 1 898.5 84.9 46.3 20.3 18.3 14.9 4.7 4.1 3.9 2.1 0.2

Bhutan 548.2 34.4 8.6 13.5 12.3 65.2 5.2 43.0 0.8 16.1 0.4

Burkina Faso 2 343.9 95.2 23.6 3.8 67.9 4.7 0.5 0.6 2.4 1.1 0.1

Burundi 119.5 86.7 37.8 0.2 48.6 13.0 3.3 1.1 3.8 4.7 0.4

Cambodia 8 485.9 14.2 9.7 0.0 4.4 85.7 76.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 0.1

Central African Republic 91.5 94.0 85.2 0.1 8.7 5.8 0.8 0.5 1.8 2.7 0.2

Chad 2 666.7 98.7 5.8 86.0 6.8 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.1

Comoros 23.7 73.7 71.2 0.0 2.4 24.4 1.4 2.7 2.3 18.0 1.9

Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 975.3 95.0 3.3 8.2 83.5 3.5 0.2 0.2 0.6 2.5 1.5

Djibouti 134.4 75.0 39.9 23.4 11.7 19.0 3.1 3.5 8.2 4.1 6.1

Equatorial Guinea 7 966.7 93.7 2.7 91.0 0.1 5.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.8 1.1

Eritrea 482.0 89.2 34.7 0.0 54.5 10.7 5.4 1.6 1.6 2.1 0.1

Ethiopia 3 131.9 89.7 72.3 11.1 6.3 8.9 5.9 0.3 1.7 1.0 1.4

Gambia 106.7 63.1 53.5 1.5 8.2 35.6 29.8 0.8 4.1 1.0 1.2

Guinea 2 047.3 92.4 6.3 24.5 61.6 7.2 0.1 0.2 1.4 5.5 0.3

Guinea-Bissau 227.1 98.3 93.7 4.4 0.3 1.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0

Haiti 963.6 10.8 9.1 0.0 1.7 82.3 75.1 0.7 4.5 2.0 6.9

Kiribati 10.7 95.0 93.8 1.1 0.1 3.4 0.1 1.8 0.7 0.8 1.6

Lao People's Democratic Republic 2 854.8 73.6 33.7 12.0 28.0 22.0 7.2 1.3 2.8 10.7 4.3

Lesotho 854.8 33.1 10.8 0.1 22.3 66.9 54.4 0.2 8.8 3.4 0.0

Liberia 293.1 66.2 21.4 2.8 42.0 33.3 0.1 31.1 0.8 1.3 0.5

Madagascar 2 221.4 70.5 35.2 1.4 33.9 28.4 23.0 0.8 0.9 3.6 1.0

Malawi 1 169.8 81.8 79.8 0.1 1.9 16.0 2.6 0.8 7.8 4.6 2.2

Mali 2 678.1 92.3 15.6 0.4 76.3 7.6 0.7 0.4 1.7 4.9 0.0

Mauritania 1 666.9 96.9 38.7 4.8 53.5 1.9 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.5 1.2

Mozambique 3 687.7 93.4 22.9 30.6 39.9 6.3 0.5 1.4 1.1 3.4 0.3

Myanmar 11 773.9 78.6 33.9 36.5 8.2 17.3 12.3 1.7 1.6 1.7 4.1

Nepal 732.9 31.2 28.1 0.0 3.1 68.7 47.9 12.0 2.0 6.8 0.1

Niger 1 194.7 67.0 18.2 16.7 32.1 32.1 1.2 0.3 2.3 28.3 0.9

Rwanda 693.8 86.9 36.6 10.7 39.6 10.6 2.9 1.2 4.2 2.4 2.5

Sao Tome and Principe 10.1 67.4 66.0 0.0 1.4 32.1 0.8 15.8 6.5 9.1 0.4

Senegal 2.667.4 72.0 34.2 19.1 18.7 26.4 8.9 3.6 2.8 11.1 1.6

Sierra Leone 899.6 94.0 5.6 0.2 88.2 5.8 1.0 2.1 2.1 0.6 0.2

Solomon Islands 432.1 83.4 80.5 0.0 2.9 1.9 0.9 0.1 0.5 0.4 14.7

Somalia 463.3 95.0 85.8 0.0 9.2 4.4 1.0 0.6 0.2 2.7 0.6

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 3 394.1 98.1 8.3 62.9 26.8 1.9 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.0

Timor-Leste 17.9 93.1 13.6 78.7 0.8 6.0 0.5 0.9 2.5 2.1 0.8

Togo 1 209.1 67.7 22.1 16.0 29.7 31.5 8.7 6.1 7.2 9.5 0.7

Tuvalu 0.2 53.7 52.7 0.6 0.3 45.8 1.9 25.1 11.2 7.6 0.5

Uganda 2 357.4 70.5 64.8 1.2 4.5 27.8 10.0 5.4 5.5 7.0 1.7

United Republic of Tanzania 4 766.8 85.2 42.3 1.4 41.4 14.5 7.7 1.0 1.4 4.5 0.3

Vanuatu 47.8 51.3 49.7 1.4 0.3 48.0 1.0 43.9 1.1 2.0 0.7

Yemen 3 266.7 95.2 11.2 80.1 3.9 4.8 0.3 0.8 2.0 1.7 0.0

Zambia 7.491.7 88.0 13.0 1.2 73.8 11.7 1.6 2.5 2.9 4.7 0.3

LDCs 166 325.2 69.3 14.7 37.3 17.4 29.9 24.9 1.2 1.3 2.4 0.8

African LDCs and Haiti 105 503.6 91.6 15.0 51.7 24.9 7.8 3.1 0.9 1.2 2.6 0.5

Asian LDCs 60 279.2 30.1 13.5 12.4 4.2 68.7 63.4 1.8 1.4 2.1 1.2

Island LDCs 542.4 80.4 75.1 2.8 2.5 7.7 0.9 4.5 0.8 1.5 11.9

ODCs 7 424 087.4 30.0 8.4 15.4 6.3 69.2 12.1 6.8 18.9 31.4 0.8

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2017).Note: Data based on UNCTAD merchandise trade matrix, including estimates values.

16


16. Energy exports of LDCs, 2014–2016 (Millions of dollars and percentage shares)

Country

Values Share of total merchandise exportsPetroleum and products

Ura- nium

Gas CoalElectri-

city

Total energy exports

Petroleum and products

Ura- nium

Gas CoalElectri-

city

Total energy exportsTotal

of which

Total

of which

Crude oil

Petro- leum

products

Crude oil

Petro- leum

products

(millions of dollars) (per cent)

Afghanistan 0.4 - 0.4 - 0.2 41.0 - 41.6 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.0 7.1 - 7.2

Angola 38 576.2 37 970.2 606.1 - - - - 38 576.2 97.3 95.8 1.5 - - - - 97.3

Bangladesh 83.6 15.6 68.0 - 0.0 0.2 - 83.9 0.3 0.0 0.2 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.3

Benin 364.2 0.0 364.1 0.0 21.8 0.0 - 386.0 19.2 0.0 19.2 0.0 1.1 0.0 - 20.3

Bhutan 0.2 0.0 0.2 - 0.0 3.7 70.2 74.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.7 12.8 13.5

Burkina Faso 89.0 0.0 89.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.0 3.8 0.0 3.8 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8

Burundi 0.3 - 0.3 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.3 0.2 - 0.2 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.2

Cambodia 0.2 0.0 0.2 - 0.0 0.3 - 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0

Central African Republic 0.0 - 0.0 - - 0.0 - 0.1 0.0 - 0.0 - - 0.0 - 0.1

Chad 2 294.1 2 242.4 51.7 - 0.1 1.0 - 2 295.2 86.0 84.1 1.9 - 0.0 0.0 - 86.1

Comoros 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 491.2 467.9 23.3 - 0.0 0.0 - 491.2 8.2 7.8 0.4 - 0.0 0.0 - 8.2

Djibouti 31.4 31.4 - - 0.0 - 31.4 23.3 - 23.3 - - 0.0 - 23.4

Equatorial Guinea 5 404.9 5 396.4 8.5 - 1 844.8 0.0 - 7 249.7 67.8 67.7 0.1 - 23.2 0.0 - 91.0

Eritrea 0.0 - - - - - 0.0 0.0 - - - - - 0.0

Ethiopia 337.3 0.0 337.3 - 9.1 0.0 - 346.4 10.8 0.0 10.8 - 0.3 0.0 - 11.1

Gambia 1.5 - 1.5 - 0.1 0.0 - 1.6 1.4 - 1.4 - 0.1 0.0 - 1.5

Guinea 494.8 490.1 4.7 - 7.0 0.0 - 501.7 24.2 23.9 0.2 - 0.3 0.0 - 24.5

Guinea-Bissau 9.6 9.4 0.2 - 0.3 - 9.9 4.2 4.1 0.1 - 0.1 - - 4.4

Haiti 0.0 - 0.0 - - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 - - 0.0 - 0.0

Kiribati 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.0 - 0.1 1.1 - 1.1 - 0.0 - - 1.1

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 26.4 0.6 26.0 0.8 0.9 2.7 312.2 343.0 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 10.9 12.0

Lesotho 0.2 0.0 0.2 - 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Liberia 7.0 6.0 3.0 - 1.8 - - 8.7 2.4 2.0 1.0 - 0.6 - - 3.0

Madagascar 31.0 0.0 31.0 2.0 0.7 0.0 - 33.6 1.4 0.0 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 - 1.5

Malawi 0.2 0.0 0.2 7.9 0.0 0.6 0.2 8.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.8

Mali 11.0 0.0 11.0 - 0.1 0.8 0.0 11.9 0.4 0.0 0.4 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4

Mauritania 79.2 71.5 7.7 - 0.4 0.0 79.6 4.7 4.3 0.5 - 0.0 0.0 - 4.8

Mozambique 212.9 18.2 200.8 - 240.0 460.7 213.7 1 127.3 5.8 0.5 5.4 - 6.5 12.5 5.8 30.6

Myanmar 105.4 69.8 35.6 - 4 190.8 1.0 - 4 297.1 0.9 0.6 0.3 - 35.6 0.0 - 36.5

Nepal 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - - - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - - - 0.0

Niger 194.3 0.0 194.3 259.0 5.8 0.0 459.1 16.3 0.0 16.3 21.7 0.5 0.0 - 38.4

Rwanda 74.0 0.0 74.0 - 0.1 0.0 0.2 74.3 10.7 0.0 10.7 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.7

Sao Tome and Principe - - 0.0 - - - - 0.0 - - 0.0 - - - - 0.0

Senegal 502.5 4.1 498.4 - 6.6 0.0 - 509.2 18.8 0.2 18.7 - 0.2 0.0 - 19.1

Sierra Leone 0.3 0.3 - 1.6 0.0 - 1.8 0.0 - 0.0 - 0.2 0.0 - 0.2

Solomon Islands 0.2 0.0 0.1 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0

Somalia 0.0 - 0.0 - - 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 - - 0.0 - 0.0

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 2 130.5 2 089.8 40.7 - 3.7 0.3 - 2 134.6 62.8 61.6 1.2 - 0.1 0.0 - 62.9

Timor-Leste 9.8 9.7 0.0 - 4.3 0.0 - 14.1 54.6 54.4 0.2 - 24.1 0.0 - 78.7

Togo 142.0 27.6 114.4 - 0.7 0.6 50.5 193.7 11.7 2.3 9.5 - 0.1 0.0 4.2 16.0

Tuvalu 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 - 0.5 - 0.1 0.0 - 0.6

Uganda 5.5 0.0 5.5 - 0.1 0.0 22.6 28.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 - 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.2

United Rep. of Tanzania 64.6 0.1 64.5 0.0 1.8 2.0 0.0 68.3 1.4 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4

Vanuatu 0.5 - 0.5 - 0.1 - - 0.7 1.1 - 1.1 - 0.3 - - 1.4

Yemen 1 266.9 1 137.0 129.8 - 1 348.1 0.2 - 2 615.1 38.8 34.8 4.0 - 41.3 0.0 - 80.1

Zambia 9.1 0.0 9.1 - 3.6 4.4 71.7 88.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 - 0.0 0.1 1.0 1.2

LDCs 53 052.4 50 018.3 3 034.2 265.9 7 694.0 518.3 741.4 62 272.1 31.9 30.1 1.8 0.2 4.6 0.3 0.4 37.4

African LDCs and Haiti 51 558.6 48 785.6 2 773.0 265.6 2 149.6 469.7 359.0 54 802.6 48.9 46.2 2.6 0.3 2.0 0.4 0.3 51.9

Asian LDCs 1 483.2 1 222.9 260.3 0.4 5 540.0 48.6 382.4 7 454.6 2.5 2.0 0.4 0.0 9.2 0.1 0.6 12.4

Island LDCs 10.6 9.7 0.8 - 4.4 0.0 - 15.0 1.9 1.8 0.2 - 0.8 0.0 - 2.8

ODCs 952 071.7 635 263.3 316 808.4 206.3 150 805.0 33 247.7 5 007.3 1 141 337.9 12.8 8.6 4.3 0.0 2.0 0.4 0.1 15.4



17

17. Product composition of merchandise imports, 2014–2016 (Millions of dollars and percentage shares)

Country

Total imports

Primary commodities Manufactured goods

Un- allo- catedTotal

Food and agriculture

FuelsMinerals,

ores, metals

Total

Labour-intensive

and resource-intensive manu-

factures

Low-skill and

technology-intensive manu-

factures

Medium-skill and


factures

High-skill and


factures

(Millions of dollars)

(per cent)

Afghanistan 7 318.1 39.5 26.4 12.6 0.6 40.8 10.1 4.9 10.2 15.7 19.7

Angola 20 661.4 22.6 17.8 4.2 0.6 71.6 10.0 17.6 30.6 13.4 5.8

Bangladesh 42 371.8 33.9 23.4 7.6 3.0 65.8 22.8 9.2 15.9 17.9 0.3

Benin 2 809.7 42.9 35.4 6.6 0.9 56.8 19.6 9.8 19.1 8.3 0.3

Bhutan 998.7 37.1 15.0 16.8 5.3 61.0 6.5 14.0 29.4 11.2 1.9

Burkina Faso 3 238.5 38.8 16.7 21.6 0.5 60.6 7.4 9.6 22.9 20.8 0.6

Burundi 702.5 27.1 14.2 11.9 1.0 72.4 10.4 10.8 21.1 30.2 0.5

Cambodia 10 914.1 26.9 12.7 9.5 4.7 72.9 33.5 8.9 17.9 12.6 0.2

Central African Republic 377.9 35.8 28.1 7.2 0.5 62.0 7.0 3.9 25.0 26.0 2.3

Chad 2 633.3 22.9 16.3 5.9 0.8 76.6 6.8 12.0 33.8 24.0 0.6

Comoros 237.1 40.7 36.7 3.5 0.5 55.0 17.7 8.2 18.9 10.2 4.3

Democratic Republic of the Congo 6 116.1 25.2 19.0 4.8 1.4 73.8 12.2 12.2 27.5 21.9 1.1

Djibouti 1 003.8 30.2 25.2 4.1 0.9 68.2 13.5 9.1 25.0 20.7 1.6

Equatorial Guinea 3 900.0 23.4 17.7 4.7 0.9 70.0 9.7 22.0 27.4 10.9 6.6

Eritrea 1 050.5 38.5 31.9 5.6 1.1 60.5 10.7 8.8 26.6 14.5 0.9

Ethiopia 16 351.0 23.3 8.2 13.7 1.4 70.3 7.5 13.3 29.6 19.9 6.4

Gambia 390.6 47.6 38.9 8.2 0.5 51.5 25.0 5.5 12.7 8.3 0.9

Guinea 2 246.6 48.0 23.2 24.2 0.6 51.2 11.9 9.4 17.3 12.5 0.8

Guinea-Bissau 208.6 56.0 41.7 13.9 0.4 43.5 9.2 7.5 13.6 13.1 0.5

Haiti 3 647.8 51.2 45.8 5.0 0.4 48.8 22.6 3.8 14.4 8.1 0.0

Kiribati 102.4 39.0 23.3 13.6 2.1 52.5 7.4 21.5 15.5 8.1 8.5

Lao People's Democratic Republic 4 747.8 31.8 12.7 14.0 5.1 67.4 7.6 12.3 32.1 15.4 0.8

Lesotho 2 004.4 39.0 24.6 13.7 0.7 61.0 21.7 5.7 20.3 13.3 0.0

Liberia 1 664.9 9.0 3.3 5.6 0.1 62.5 1.3 53.6 5.1 2.5 28.4

Madagascar 3 093.7 36.5 17.1 15.5 4.0 62.3 20.0 7.2 17.0 18.1 1.2

Malawi 2 390.1 24.0 13.9 9.1 1.0 74.3 9.9 8.8 18.8 36.8 1.7

Mali 4 044.7 32.7 16.5 15.4 0.8 66.9 11.9 9.6 23.7 21.7 0.4

Mauritania 2 181.7 38.9 22.2 16.3 0.4 59.7 15.4 12.8 21.8 9.7 1.4

Mozambique 7 224.9 39.7 14.8 20.2 4.6 58.1 9.2 12.5 20.7 15.7 2.2

Myanmar 16 274.2 27.6 13.2 13.5 0.9 68.9 9.4 16.9 29.4 13.2 3.5

Nepal 7 599.8 42.8 20.0 15.5 7.3 57.2 9.1 13.2 15.0 19.8 0.0

Niger 2 358.7 33.3 24.6 8.0 0.7 65.8 9.0 7.2 22.9 26.7 0.9

Rwanda 2 379.8 22.7 18.8 2.6 1.3 75.3 14.3 9.6 19.3 32.1 1.9

Sao Tome and Principe 150.3 57.5 32.8 23.5 1.1 42.5 9.8 6.6 15.4 10.7 0.0

Senegal 5 858.6 45.9 22.0 22.8 1.2 53.3 11.5 7.9 18.7 15.2 0.8

Sierra Leone 1 553.0 51.2 21.1 29.4 0.8 47.8 6.9 7.1 22.7 11.1 0.9

Solomon Islands 473.1 34.8 20.5 13.5 0.7 46.0 7.0 8.8 20.0 10.2 19.2

Somalia 1 143.3 54.6 53.1 1.3 0.2 44.8 14.9 5.0 14.9 10.0 0.6

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 7 682.4 30.4 22.2 6.6 1.6 69.6 11.3 10.0 28.3 20.0 0.0

Timor-Leste 849.5 53.6 35.7 16.8 1.1 44.8 6.6 9.2 18.2 10.8 1.6

Togo 2 416.0 58.2 9.5 48.3 0.4 41.0 14.6 6.2 9.2 11.0 0.8

Tuvalu 29.1 17.3 8.0 8.5 0.9 43.5 2.4 15.0 6.0 20.2 39.1

Uganda 5 567.0 29.7 13.3 14.7 1.7 69.8 10.5 9.0 22.4 27.9 0.5

United Republic of Tanzania 10 989.2 37.0 10.2 25.6 1.2 62.5 11.0 9.8 21.3 20.3 0.5

Vanuatu 338.8 37.2 19.3 17.6 0.4 62.8 7.2 19.6 16.6 19.3 0.0

Yemen 8 461.4 51.0 40.1 8.7 2.1 48.7 12.1 8.9 16.6 11.2 0.3

Zambia 8 324.4 34.2 7.2 11.5 15.5 65.4 5.5 8.8 29.7 21.3 0.4

LDCs 237 081.8 33.2 19.0 11.8 2.5 64.2 13.7 11.4 22.1 17.0 2.6

African LDCs and Haiti 136 215.6 32.1 17.1 12.8 2.1 65.2 10.8 11.9 24.5 18.0 2.7

Asian LDCs 98 686.0 34.6 21.3 10.2 3.0 63.1 18.0 10.6 18.8 15.8 2.3

Island LDCs 2 180.2 44.7 28.8 15.0 0.9 49.1 8.2 11.1 17.9 11.9 6.2

ODCs 6 886 103.3 31.8 9.2 13.8 8.8 66.6 6.1 5.7 20.9 33.9 1.6


18


18. Energy imports of LDCs, 2014–2016 (Million of dollars and percentage shares)

Country

Values Share of total merchandise importsPetroleum

and products

Ura- nium

Gas CoalElectr-

icity

Total energy imports

Petroleum and products

Ura- nium

Gas CoalElectri-

city

Total energy importsTotal

of which

Total

of which

Crude oil

Petro- leum

products

Crude oil

Petro- leum

products

($ millions) (per cent)

Afghanistan 348.8 0.3 348.5 196.9 374.6 0.0 920.3 4.8 0.0 4.8 - 2.7 5.1 0.0 12.6

Angola 851.9 6.3 845.7 0.0 21.3 0.5 0.0 873.8 4.1 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 4.2

Bangladesh 2 981.0 246.2 2 734.8 64.8 144.2 12.3 3 202.3 7.0 0.6 6.5 - 0.2 0.3 0.0 7.6

Benin 132.9 9.2 123.7 0.0 10.0 2.5 40.1 185.6 4.7 0.3 4.4 0.0 0.4 0.1 1.4 6.6

Bhutan 135.8 0.0 135.8 4.1 27.3 0.3 167.5 13.6 0.0 13.6 - 0.4 2.7 0.0 16.8

Burkina Faso 601.6 0.0 601.6 43.6 0.0 54.2 699.3 18.6 0.0 18.6 - 1.3 0.0 1.7 21.6

Burundi 82.7 0.0 82.7 0.5 0.2 0.0 83.5 11.8 0.0 11.8 - 0.1 0.0 0.0 11.9

Cambodia 843.2 8.0 835.3 35.5 54.6 99.2 1 032.5 7.7 0.1 7.7 - 0.3 0.5 0.9 9.5

Central African Republic 27.0 27.0 0.1 0.0 27.2 7.2 - 7.2 - 0.0 0.0 - 7.2

Chad 153.7 0.0 153.7 0.5 0.0 154.1 5.8 0.0 5.8 - 0.0 0.0 - 5.9

Comoros 7.4 0.0 7.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 8.2 3.1 0.0 3.1 - 0.3 0.0 0.0 3.5

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 246.3 0.1 246.3 0.0 0.3 5.2 43.3 295.2 4.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 4.8

Djibouti 37.4 0.4 37.0 0.3 3.4 41.0 3.7 0.0 3.7 - 0.0 0.3 - 4.1

Equatorial Guinea 182.5 0.0 182.5 2.7 0.0 185.2 4.7 0.0 4.7 - 0.1 0.0 - 4.7

Eritrea 56.3 26.5 29.8 1.3 0.6 0.7 58.9 5.4 2.5 2.8 - 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.6

Ethiopia 2 201.9 0.1 2 201.8 9.4 30.7 0.0 2 242.0 13.5 0.0 13.5 - 0.1 0.2 0.0 13.7

Gambia 32.0 0.1 32.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 32.2 8.2 0.0 8.2 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2

Guinea 542.6 6.0 536.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 543.0 24.2 0.3 23.9 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.2

Guinea-Bissau 28.7 1.5 27.3 0.3 0.0 29.1 13.8 0.7 13.1 - 0.2 0.0 - 13.9

Haiti 165.7 14.7 151.0 16.1 0.0 181.8 4.5 0.4 4.1 - 0.4 0.0 - 5.0

Kiribati 13.6 0.0 13.6 0.3 14.0 13.3 0.0 13.3 - 0.3 - - 13.6

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 570.5 2.1 568.3 2.8 9.9 81.6 664.8 12.0 0.0 12.0 - 0.1 0.2 1.7 14.0

Lesotho 234.9 1.4 233.5 25.9 3.5 10.6 274.9 11.7 0.1 11.6 - 1.3 0.2 0.5 13.7

Liberia 93.3 1.2 92.5 0.2 0.2 0.0 93.7 5.6 0.1 5.6 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6

Madagascar 435.4 0.0 435.4 0.0 9.0 33.7 478.1 14.1 0.0 14.1 0.0 0.3 1.1 - 15.5

Malawi 212.5 1.4 211.0 1.7 3.5 0.0 217.6 8.9 0.1 8.8 - 0.1 0.1 0.0 9.1

Mali 608.9 0.3 608.6 12.1 3.1 624.2 15.1 0.0 15.0 - 0.3 0.1 - 15.4

Mauritania 294.6 0.1 294.6 61.0 0.5 356.1 13.5 0.0 13.5 - 2.8 0.0 - 16.3

Mozambique 1 197.7 0.0 1 197.7 29.7 32.5 202.8 1 462.6 16.6 0.0 16.6 - 0.4 0.4 2.8 20.2

Myanmar 2 140.5 0.0 2.140.5 19.9 30.8 2 191.3 13.2 0.0 13.2 - 0.1 0.2 - 13.5

Nepal 855.3 0.0 855.3 206.6 119.8 1 181.7 11.3 0.0 11.3 - 2.7 1.6 - 15.5

Niger 165.3 0.0 165.3 3.0 0.0 19.7 187.9 7.0 0.0 7.0 - 0.1 0.0 0.8 8.0

Rwanda 55.5 0.0 55.5 4.0 2.7 0.2 62.4 2.3 0.0 2.3 - 0.2 0.1 0.0 2.6

Sao Tome and Principe 35.2 35.2 0.2 0.0 35.4 23.4 - 23.4 - 0.1 0.0 - 23.5

Senegal 1 232.7 444.1 788.6 65.1 36.9 1 334.7 21.0 7.6 13.5 - 1.1 0.6 - 22.8

Sierra Leone 455.2 1.0 454.5 0.7 0.1 455.9 29.3 0.1 29.3 - 0.0 0.0 - 29.4

Solomon Islands 62.9 0.0 62.9 0.9 0.0 63.8 13.3 0.0 13.3 - 0.2 0.0 - 13.5

Somalia 14.4 2.9 13.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 15.1 1.3 0.3 1.2 - 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.3

South Sudan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 441.4 20.9 420.5 65.9 0.3 0.0 507.7 5.7 0.3 5.5 - 0.9 0.0 0.0 6.6

Timor-Leste 139.8 0.0 139.8 0.0 2.7 0.0 142.5 16.5 0.0 16.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 - 16.8

Togo 1 152.5 0.0 1.152.4 6.4 7.7 1.4 1 168.0 47.7 0.0 47.7 - 0.3 0.3 0.1 48.3

Tuvalu 2.4 0.0 2.4 0.1 2.5 8.2 0.0 8.2 - 0.3 - - 8.5

Uganda 797.8 0.1 797.6 11.0 2.7 9.0 820.4 14.3 0.0 14.3 - 0.2 0.0 0.2 14.7

United Rep. of Tanzania 2 768.5 40.7 2 727.8 0.0 35.9 8.0 2.6 2 815.0 25.2 0.4 24.8 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 25.6

Vanuatu 56.2 0.0 56.2 3.4 0.0 0.0 59.7 16.6 0.0 16.6 - 1.0 0.0 0.0 17.6

Yemen 718.4 0.1 718.3 1.7 20.3 740.3 8.5 0.0 8.5 - 0.0 0.2 - 8.7

Zambia 935.4 209.7 725.7 0.0 1.4 7.6 9.5 953.9 11.2 2.5 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 11.5

LDCs 25.350.3 1 042.8 24 307.5 0.0 981.0 967.8 586.7 27 885.9 10.7 0.4 10.3 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.2 11.8

African LDCs and Haiti 16.439.2 786.0 15 653.2 0.0 440.5 186.2 393.3 17 459.2 12.1 0.6 11.5 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 12.8

Asian LDCs 8 593.5 256.7 8 336.8 532.2 781.6 193.5 10 100.7 8.7 0.3 8.4 - 0.5 0.8 0.2 10.2

Island LDCs 317.6 0.1 317.5 0.0 8.3 0.1 0.0 326.0 14.6 0.0 14.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 15.0

ODCs 764 108.4 440 692.0 323 416.4 72.5 118 080.4 60 739.8 5.186.3 948 187.3 11.1 6.4 4.7 0.0 1.7 0.9 0.1 13.8



19

19. Main markets for merchandise exports of LDCs: share in 2014–2016 (Per cent)

Country

Developed economies Econo- mies in transi-

tion

Developing economiesUn- allo- catedTotal

European Union (28)

United States

and Canada

JapanOther

developed economies

Total China IndiaOther

developing Asia

Develop-

ing Africa

Other develop-

ing economies

Afghanistan 9.5 4.4 4.5 0.0 0.6 8.2 82.3 1.3 28.3 52.0 0.5 0.2 0.0

Angola 31.2 21.7 8.3 0.5 0.7 .. 68.5 45.8 8.0 8.4 3.7 2.7 0.3

Bangladesh 82.1 55.3 20.2 2.9 3.6 1.9 16.0 2.5 1.9 9.1 0.8 1.6 0.0

Benin 7.7 4.9 0.6 0.1 2.1 1.4 91.0 7.5 13.3 30.3 39.5 0.3 0.0

Bhutan 4.7 3.9 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 95.2 0.0 84.1 9.8 1.1 0.1 0.0

Burkina Faso 65.0 5.8 1.0 1.0 57.2 0.1 35.0 2.1 6.6 10.0 16.0 0.2 0.0

Burundi 19.5 13.5 2.4 0.4 3.2 1.3 79.2 1.2 0.2 54.7 22.9 0.1 0.0

Cambodia 72.8 36.2 27.4 6.8 2.4 0.9 26.3 4.8 0.2 19.5 0.3 1.5 0.0

Central African Republic 25.0 20.2 2.5 1.9 0.4 0.5 74.5 30.4 0.5 31.2 11.5 1.1 0.0

Chad 74.2 4.7 61.3 8.2 0.0 0.0 25.8 4.3 6.5 14.7 0.2 0.0 0.0

Comoros 56.1 46.3 2.8 0.0 7.0 4.2 39.3 0.0 8.9 .. 6.8 2.2 0.3

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 19.1 15.7 3.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 80.7 40.1 1.5 21.6 17.0 0.4 0.0

Djibouti 10.9 5.8 3.4 1.2 0.5 0.0 89.1 0.4 1.0 44.9 42.3 0.5 0.0

Equatorial Guinea 43.8 35.3 2.9 4.8 0.8 0.0 56.2 20.3 8.8 15.1 3.9 8.0 0.0

Eritrea 12.6 6.3 5.3 .. 1.0 0.1 87.4 39.2 30.3 14.0 2.4 1.4 0.0

Ethiopia 39.1 22.0 5.8 2.4 8.9 0.6 60.2 9.8 1.3 25.2 23.4 0.5 0.0

Gambia 10.7 10.1 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 89.3 23.1 14.5 8.4 43.0 0.2 0.0

Guinea 36.0 24.1 6.3 0.0 5.5 3.6 60.4 1.8 16.6 32.6 9.3 0.1 0.0

Guinea-Bissau 5.9 1.4 4.3 0.2 0.0 .. 94.1 .. 81.4 7.9 4.7 0.1 0.0

Haiti 89.1 3.6 84.6 0.3 0.6 1.1 9.8 0.9 0.2 1.7 0.6 6.3 0.0

Kiribati 8.8 0.1 1.8 6.2 0.6 0.0 91.2 4.8 0.0 77.4 3.2 5.7 0.0

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 10.5 5.9 1.3 2.3 1.0 0.2 89.3 32.5 2.1 54.3 0.4 0.1 0.0

Lesotho 58.3 19.5 38.4 0.2 0.3 0.0 41.7 0.4 0.2 1.1 39.8 0.2 0.0

Liberia 57.5 44.7 9.4 0.0 3.3 0.7 41.8 18.6 2.9 16.5 3.1 0.7 0.0

Madagascar 66.2 45.5 14.5 5.2 1.1 0.5 33.2 5.9 4.2 14.2 8.7 0.3 0.0

Malawi 41.2 32.5 7.0 0.6 1.1 6.5 52.3 4.2 3.6 9.2 34.8 0.5 0.0

Mali 17.1 3.2 0.6 0.0 13.3 1.8 81.1 2.9 3.7 61.1 13.2 0.2 0.0

Mauritania 42.2 22.6 1.5 5.0 13.1 1.9 55.8 33.4 0.7 3.9 17.8 0.1 0.0

Mozambique 42.2 37.9 1.9 1.3 1.1 1.1 56.7 12.2 8.4 9.3 25.8 1.0 0.0

Myanmar 9.5 3.6 0.9 4.8 0.2 0.2 90.3 38.6 8.2 42.9 0.1 0.5 0.0

Nepal 26.0 12.1 11.1 1.2 1.6 0.1 73.9 2.4 62.5 8.5 0.3 0.3 0.0

Niger 52.4 43.5 5.0 0.4 3.5 0.6 47.0 8.3 0.9 16.8 20.2 0.8 0.0

Rwanda 21.5 11.1 6.0 0.8 3.7 1.2 77.3 6.7 0.2 29.0 41.2 0.3 0.0

Sao Tome and Principe 71.5 65.5 3.2 0.4 2.4 0.2 28.3 0.0 0.2 17.6 9.2 1.3 0.0

Senegal 27.9 16.1 1.8 0.3 9.7 0.2 66.2 3.5 6.9 9.2 46.0 0.6 5.7

Sierra Leone 17.4 15.1 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 82.4 70.6 0.6 7.2 3.7 0.3 0.0

Solomon Islands 18.9 11.6 0.9 1.2 5.3 0.0 81.1 63.8 5.2 10.6 0.1 1.3 0.0

Somalia 3.6 2.5 0.2 0.9 0.1 1.3 95.0 3.9 5.5 84.8 0.8 0.1 0.0

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 11.0 2.5 1.2 7.2 0.0 0.0 89.0 49.7 2.2 33.8 3.1 0.2 0.0

Timor-Leste 25.1 9.9 3.0 8.2 4.0 0.1 74.9 0.1 0.2 74.0 0.5 0.1 0.0

Togo 11.0 5.4 1.4 0.1 4.1 0.1 88.9 5.6 8.5 23.2 51.3 0.3 0.0

Tuvalu 68.1 12.8 1.2 50.9 3.2 0.7 31.3 0.0 23.4 1.6 1.4 4.9 0.0

Uganda 26.9 22.3 2.2 0.4 2.0 0.9 72.2 2.8 1.7 13.0 54.1 0.6 0.0

United Rep. of Tanzania 26.0 12.9 2.1 3.8 7.2 0.8 73.2 8.3 17.9 17.5 28.8 0.7 0.0

Vanuatu 25.6 7.3 3.1 12.3 2.8 0.0 74.4 1.6 0.0 31.5 35.4 5.9 0.0

Yemen 9.3 1.5 0.6 7.2 0.0 0.0 90.7 31.6 3.3 51.3 4.4 0.0 0.0

Zambia 34.7 4.4 0.3 0.8 29.2 0.1 65.2 21.9 1.9 16.3 24.9 0.2 0.0

LDCs 42.2 25.2 10.2 2.5 4.3 0.7 56.9 22.3 6.1 17.7 9.1 1.6 0.2

African LDCs and Haiti 33.8 19.3 7.4 1.6 5.4 0.4 65.6 27.6 6.9 15.3 13.8 1.9 0.3

Asia LDCs 57.2 35.8 15.1 3.9 2.4 1.3 41.5 12.8 4.7 22.0 0.8 1.2 0.0

Island LDCs 22.1 13.4 1.3 2.4 5.0 0.2 77.6 51.1 4.6 16.5 3.7 1.8 0.0

ODCs 40.1 13.8 17.4 5.9 2.9 1.7 57.8 11.9 3.6 32.3 4.2 5.8 0.5


20


20. Main sources of merchandise imports of LDCs: share in 2014–2016 (Per cent)

Country

Developed economies

Econo- mies in

transition

Developing economies

Un- allo- cated

TotalEuropean

Union (28)

United States

and Canada

JapanOther

developed economies

Total China IndiaOther

developing Asia

Develop- ing

Africa

Other develop-

ing economies

Afghanistan 14.8 4.8 8.2 1.7 0.2 20.7 64.5 8.5 4.7 49.6 1.5 0.3 0.0

Angola 45.0 32.9 8.5 1.0 2.6 1.0 53.9 17.4 1.9 20.7 7.4 6.5 0.0

Bangladesh 17.2 6.7 4.0 4.1 2.4 3.8 79.1 25.0 14.7 33.0 2.1 4.3 0.0

Benin 27.8 19.8 7.1 0.2 0.7 0.3 71.9 31.2 8.4 19.2 10.9 2.1 0.0

Bhutan 7.7 4.7 0.3 2.2 0.5 0.1 92.2 1.7 83.7 6.8 0.1 0.0 0.0

Burkina Faso 37.6 28.6 4.5 3.2 1.2 2.2 60.2 9.1 3.8 7.5 37.7 2.1 0.0

Burundi 26.8 22.3 1.8 2.1 0.6 1.6 71.5 10.3 8.5 16.6 35.7 0.3 0.0

Cambodia 8.6 3.5 2.3 2.3 0.4 0.1 91.4 26.8 0.9 63.4 0.1 0.2 0.0

Central African Republic 55.2 36.4 9.1 3.5 6.2 0.2 44.6 4.4 2.7 16.9 18.8 1.8 0.0

Chad 65.3 50.7 13.3 0.4 0.9 3.7 31.0 6.7 2.0 3.1 19.0 0.2 0.0

Comoros 25.8 22.5 1.9 1.2 0.2 0.1 74.2 12.9 6.3 38.9 13.8 2.2 0.0

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 25.9 21.5 2.7 1.0 0.8 0.6 73.4 22.5 4.7 6.5 38.3 1.3 0.0

Djibouti 14.4 10.2 2.9 1.0 0.3 2.3 83.3 20.1 6.6 50.3 5.7 0.5 0.0

Equatorial Guinea 65.5 44.8 19.1 0.3 1.3 0.7 33.8 13.8 0.8 7.1 9.1 3.0 0.0

Eritrea 26.1 21.7 1.8 1.3 1.3 2.1 71.8 15.2 3.1 38.2 14.9 0.4 0.0

Ethiopia 28.3 15.6 8.9 3.2 0.6 1.9 69.8 32.4 6.8 25.7 4.5 0.5 0.0

Gambia 22.3 18.3 3.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 77.0 24.7 7.1 16.7 18.2 10.3 0.0

Guinea 42.9 39.0 2.1 1.2 0.6 0.5 56.6 22.0 7.6 15.4 9.5 2.2 0.0

Guinea-Bissau 53.7 52.0 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 46.3 5.9 3.1 14.3 20.9 2.0 0.0

Haiti 75.6 8.3 63.2 3.2 0.9 0.1 23.8 2.2 0.9 6.7 0.1 13.9 0.6

Kiribati 43.3 2.1 2.9 12.2 26.1 .. 56.7 14.2 0.5 21.3 0.8 19.8 0.0

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 5.5 2.6 0.6 1.8 0.5 0.3 94.2 20.9 0.7 72.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lesotho 1.6 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 98.4 3.5 0.8 6.0 88.0 0.0 0.0

Liberia 21.1 8.6 1.8 10.0 0.8 0.1 78.8 15.6 1.9 59.3 1.4 0.7 0.0

Madagascar 23.5 18.7 3.1 1.1 0.6 0.3 76.2 23.2 6.0 33.6 11.7 1.8 0.0

Malawi 18.6 10.5 3.5 2.6 2.0 1.0 80.4 12.3 11.4 17.5 38.7 0.5 0.0

Mali 34.3 28.6 3.1 1.2 1.3 3.0 62.7 12.4 3.5 3.9 40.3 2.5 0.0

Mauritania 42.5 31.6 8.9 1.1 1.0 1.5 56.0 19.0 1.5 19.9 10.4 5.3 0.0

Mozambique 21.5 14.3 2.8 1.7 2.7 0.6 77.9 14.8 10.5 18.7 32.2 1.8 0.0

Myanmar 13.8 2.2 1.8 9.1 0.7 0.2 86.0 34.5 4.6 46.0 0.1 0.8 0.0

Nepal 7.1 2.9 1.8 0.8 1.6 0.9 92.1 12.0 65.7 11.7 0.7 2.0 0.0

Niger 40.3 31.3 5.6 2.3 1.2 0.2 59.5 16.9 4.2 10.7 25.6 2.0 0.0

Rwanda 24.5 18.2 3.4 1.7 1.2 2.4 73.1 13.4 8.4 15.9 35.0 0.3 0.0

Sao Tome and Principe 69.1 66.0 2.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 30.9 2.2 0.6 2.4 25.5 0.3 0.0

Senegal 42.0 37.4 2.6 1.1 1.0 2.4 55.5 17.6 6.2 12.6 15.5 3.6 0.0

Sierra Leone 34.1 25.0 6.0 1.7 1.4 0.4 65.1 8.1 3.9 16.8 33.3 3.0 0.4

Solomon Islands 38.1 1.6 1.9 4.1 30.5 0.0 61.9 18.0 0.9 34.4 0.5 8.0 0.0

Somalia 5.6 3.8 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 94.3 11.2 15.7 51.0 14.7 1.8 0.0

Sudan 22.5 13.9 2.1 2.4 4.0 3.6 73.9 21.5 7.9 30.3 11.7 2.5 0.0

Timor-Leste 17.9 4.6 1.3 2.7 9.4 0.0 82.1 8.3 0.7 72.0 0.2 0.8 0.0

Togo 50.9 42.4 4.7 0.9 2.9 1.4 47.7 22.2 4.8 11.7 7.6 1.3 0.0

Tuvalu 24.6 0.1 0.8 14.1 9.6 0.0 75.4 3.9 0.1 43.7 1.0 26.8 0.0

Uganda 21.1 12.6 2.3 5.4 0.9 1.8 77.0 15.4 19.2 21.6 20.4 0.4 0.0

United Republic of Tanzania 19.3 9.6 2.8 3.0 3.9 1.0 79.7 24.1 17.0 28.1 10.1 0.4 0.0

Vanuatu 55.0 6.6 15.4 4.6 28.4 0.0 45.0 10.6 0.7 26.4 0.5 6.8 0.0

Yemen 21.8 11.1 3.7 3.0 3.9 2.8 75.4 16.0 7.4 39.5 4.5 7.9 0.0

Zambia 13.1 8.5 1.9 1.7 1.1 0.2 86.7 9.0 4.7 10.6 61.7 0.7 0.0

LDCs 24.8 14.7 5.4 2.9 1.9 2.2 72.9 20.4 9.7 28.3 11.9 2.7 0.0

African LDCS and Haiti 32.2 21.6 6.9 2.0 1.7 1.3 66.4 18.4 6.6 19.3 19.5 2.6 0.0

Asian LDCs 14.4 5.3 3.4 4.0 1.7 3.5 82.0 23.3 14.1 40.3 1.5 2.8 0.0

Islands LDCs 33.7 10.3 3.8 3.6 16.1 0.0 66.3 11.1 1.3 45.6 3.6 4.7 0.0

ODCs 38.5 14.6 12.3 6.8 4.9 2.4 58.0 16.5 2.0 30.2 3.5 5.8 1.1



21

21. Total services exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2005–2016, selected years

CountryTotal service exports (millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (per cent)

2005–2008a

2008–2016a 2014 2015 2016

2005–2008a

2008–2016a 2014 2015 2016

Afghanistan 414 1 441 1 246 731 431 128.2 -14.1 21.8 -41.4 -41.0

Angola 253 1 050 1 681 1 256 1 156 26.3 16.3 27.8 -25.3 -8.0

Bangladesh 1 814 2 801 3 133 3 117 3 585 15.1 6.9 4.5 -0.5 15.0

Benin 265 396 479 351 382 23.2 4.2 -7.0 -26.6 8.7

Bhutan 52 103 124 125 144 9.6 14.0 0.9 0.7 14.8

Burkina Faso 84 382 453 391 425 26.8 15.6 -8.9 -13.7 8.7

Burundi 46 83 74 57 73 28.5 -0.2 -41.6 -22.7 28.2

Cambodia 1 351 3 130 3 811 3 946 4 035 10.7 13.7 9.3 3.5 2.3

Central African Republic 56 100 128 116 .. 15.7 9.4 8.0 -8.9 ..

Chad 183 416 398 366 .. 33.2 -1.4 7.2 -8.1 ..

Comoros 52 76 85 84 .. 14.9 5.1 5.9 -1.8 ..

Democratic Republic of the Congo 499 370 315 173 .. 29.0 -20.1 6.3 -44.9 ..

Djibouti 261 382 382 455 .. 5.4 6.4 4.3 19.2 ..

Equatorial Guinea 46 74 88 75 .. 16.4 1.2 2.5 -15.1 ..

Eritrea 44 291 .. .. .. -3.9 40.4 .. .. ..

Ethiopia 1 308 2 693 3 022 2 951 2 981 19.9 7.7 -4.6 -2.3 1.0

Gambia 105 142 147 164 .. 15.1 5.4 11.8 11.8 ..

Guinea 75 113 108 .. .. 3.9 9.8 4.7 .. ..

Guinea-Bissau 21 38 47 36 37 138.4 -0.8 23.0 -23.3 2.4

Haiti 256 589 701 724 608 42.1 6.3 7.5 3.2 -15.9

Kiribati 11 13 12 .. .. 5.3 -2.7 -12.5 .. ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 277 655 764 799 .. 25.2 11.0 -2.1 4.6 ..

Lesotho 41 40 30 46 36 12.4 -3.4 -9.0 52.9 -20.8

Liberia 351 292 246 238 183 30.2 -6.9 -19.4 -3.2 -23.1

Madagascar 867 1 124 1 306 1 080 984 38.5 0.3 3.3 -17.4 -8.8

Malawi 70 98 109 116 94 4.5 5.1 -1.5 6.3 -19.1

Mali 355 406 456 433 435 18.6 1.3 6.5 -5.1 0.4

Mauritania 97 191 279 246 181 17.6 6.9 49.7 -11.7 -26.7

Mozambique 438 566 725 723 422 17.4 3.6 12.3 -0.3 -41.6

Myanmar 321 2 053 3 138 3 857 - 8.2 45.3 14.3 22.9 -

Nepal 500 1 057 1 389 1 430 1 282 24.8 10.9 16.7 3.0 -10.4

Niger 98 160 283 232 252 12.1 13.6 92.1 -18.3 8.7

Rwanda 251 579 592 838 851 49.3 10.9 3.0 41.5 1.6

Sao Tome and Principe 8 42 70 79 88 -0.6 36.9 93.3 12.6 11.2

Senegal 1 010 1 191 1 319 1 193 1 230 21.7 1.5 -0.8 -9.5 3.1

Sierra Leone 55 159 205 .. .. -7.4 16.4 -7.5 .. ..

Solomon Islands 48 105 113 105 111 6.7 9.5 -10.5 -6.5 5.5

Somaliab .. 241 251 254 258 .. 8.2 26.1 1.2 1.6

South Sudanc .. 154 36 40 37 .. -43.0 -89.0 12.7 -8.5

Sudand 337 1 080 1 568 1 767 1 585 45.5 27.5 24.6 12.7 -10.3

Timor-Lestee 35 69 74 73 77 13.7 5.8 5.6 -1.6 5.2

Togo 224 447 489 488 530 17.0 8.4 0.6 -0.3 8.7

Tuvalu 3 4 4 4 4 14.9 1.2 -2.2 -12.9 5.4

Uganda 642 1 814 2 007 2 175 1 606 16.9 10.7 -19.7 8.4 -26.2

United Republic of Tanzania 1 668 2 882 3 396 3 748 3 720 17.0 10.4 6.1 10.4 -0.8

Vanuatu 176 302 334 283 334 19.8 4.1 -5.3 -15.2 17.9

Yemen 713 1 264 1 707 728 .. 46.3 -11.9 -1.1 -57.3 ..

Zambia 600 764 851 862 885 5.5 6.6 12.2 1.3 2.7

LDCsf 16 385 32 225 38 560 37 690 36 330 22.7 8.2 4.6 -2.3 -3.6

African LDCs and Haiti f 10 608 19 111 22 560 22 310 21 070 21.7 7.6 2.0 -1.1 -5.6

Asia LDCsf 6.111 13 724 15 310 14 730 14 550 24.1 9.0 8.1 -4.1 -0.2

Island LDCsf 334 610 690 640 710 20.1 6.7 1.3 -7.8 11.8

ODCsf 764 953 1 217 802 1 453 370 1 413 870 1 399 410 18.1 6.1 7.6 -2.7 -1.0

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed October 2017); and UNCTAD secretariat estimates.Notes: a UNCTAD secretariat estimates, balance of payment BPM6; b Somalia average 2010-2016; c South Sudan: average 2012-2016; d The Sudan include South Sudan until 2011; e Timor Leste: average 2006-2008; f Totals include estimates for missing countries.

22


22. Total services imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2005–2016, selected years

CountryTotal service exports (millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (per cent)

2005–2008a

2008–2016a 2014 2015 2016

2005–2008a

2008–2016a 2014 2015 2016

Afghanistan 299.0 1 665.1 1 839.5 1 549.7 1 182.0 100.2 5.8 -11.4 -15.8 -23.7

Angola 12 271.2 20 197.5 24 957.6 17 276.2 12 546.0 50.2 -3.3 8.2 -30.8 -27.4

Bangladesh 2 918.9 6 148.7 7 770.2 7 699.5 8 518.8 18.2 12.6 18.3 -0.9 10.6

Benin 412.0 640.8 885.4 668.8 711.6 23.7 6.4 16.3 -24.5 6.4

Bhutan 100.6 171.2 189.5 194.8 197.1 1.5 8.0 6.8 2.8 1.2

Burkina Faso 443.4 1 112.2 1 308.5 1 166.3 1 240.8 19.6 10.9 -8.3 -10.9 6.4

Burundi 194.3 216.1 269.1 232.4 217.3 20.5 2.0 13.0 -13.6 -6.5

Cambodia 790.6 1 521.3 1 881.5 1 910.5 1 971.8 10.9 12.8 7.1 1.5 3.2

Central African Republic 134.6 204.4 250.0 215.7 .. 16.7 4.3 43.8 -13.7 ..

Chad 1 830.5 2 574.9 3 183.8 2 761.0 .. 3.1 5.5 2.6 -13.3 ..

Comoros 60.9 98.3 99.1 82.6 .. 19.7 2.0 -9.3 -16.7 ..

Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 448.1 2 391.2 3 082.2 2 025.8 .. 26.3 -0.5 18.8 -34.3 ..

Djibouti 102.6 190.2 218.4 266.4 .. 16.1 11.6 12.7 22.0 ..

Equatorial Guinea 1 152.6 2 532.2 2 789.5 2 446.5 .. 23.3 2.2 11.0 -12.3 ..

Eritrea 62.9 104.9 .. .. .. -16.0 15.3 .. .. ..

Ethiopia 1 626.2 2 946.1 2 852.8 3 185.8 3 626.9 28.2 4.4 28.0 11.7 13.8

Gambia 78.3 96.3 117.8 123.3 .. 18.8 8.3 77.6 4.6 ..

Guinea 336.5 593.8 659.6 .. .. 14.1 6.9 -5.3 .. ..

Guinea-Bissau 58.7 103.8 116.2 130.8 134.6 30.8 5.4 33.2 12.6 2.9

Haiti 641.0 1 057.9 1 096.4 986.4 1 006.1 11.4 2.7 0.6 -10.0 2.0

Kiribati 45.5 59.7 53.7 .. .. 7.1 2.5 -23.1 .. ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 57.0 410.5 497.3 585.1 .. 37.9 24.2 -6.8 17.7 ..

Lesotho 381.2 388.8 329.1 318.5 277.1 2.8 -5.4 -10.7 -3.2 -13.0

Liberia 1 197.5 1 025.1 1 226.4 968.7 656.1 16.0 -5.8 30.2 -21.0 -32.3

Madagascar 1 049.8 1 206.5 1 219.3 1 088.6 1 022.3 35.5 -3.4 -8.6 -10.7 -6.1

Malawi 164.9 249.6 268.8 291.6 245.2 4.7 3.4 9.7 8.5 -15.9

Mali 767.8 1 599.6 2 175.7 1 994.6 2 419.5 19.7 14.7 0.8 -8.3 21.3

Mauritania 516.4 787.0 900.3 640.7 670.3 26.6 0.6 -9.9 -28.8 4.6

Mozambique 805.0 2 849.1 3 657.1 3 022.3 3 203.0 14.2 19.6 -6.3 -17.4 6.0

Myanmar 581.1 1 848.6 2 266.8 2 442.8 .. 8.4 27.0 3.6 7.8 -

Nepal 625.5 1 002.8 1 197.1 1 200.8 1 249.9 27.1 6.0 21.6 0.3 4.1

Niger 395.1 913.6 1 041.8 972.7 1 034.9 27.2 6.1 6.4 -6.6 6.4

Rwanda 385.3 697.4 669.6 1 030.5 1 061.7 20.7 8.9 13.5 53.9 3.0

Sao Tome and Principe 17.2 44.9 84.6 67.1 60.0 22.6 19.8 75.5 -20.7 -10.6

Senegal 1 079.7 1 308.0 1 451.5 1 309.0 1 373.7 23.0 1.5 0.6 -9.8 4.9

Sierra Leone 97.7 527.9 1 207.8 .. .. 10.0 24.6 75.3 - -

Solomon Islands 84.2 196.4 223.6 182.8 233.5 26.9 9.0 -9.8 -18.2 27.7

Somaliab .. 1 174.3 1 248.0 1 195.0 1 237.0 .. 5.6 22.7 -4.2 3.5

South Sudanc .. 623.5 502.7 443.3 382.8 .. -21.6 -42.0 -11.8 -13.6

Sudand 2 310.5 2 130.5 2 074.8 1 773.9 1 522.9 17.6 -5.3 2.2 -14.5 -14.2

Timor-Lestee 261.8 818.3 451.8 666.7 607.0 45.3 -4.1 -11.1 47.6 -9.0

Togo 294.9 420.1 426.0 372.9 396.7 13.0 0.8 -9.6 -12.5 6.4

Tuvalu 18.3 25.1 15.1 16.1 19.3 49.9 -9.2 -16.4 7.0 19.9

Uganda 903.5 2 323.8 2 706.9 2 722.5 2 271.1 27.3 9.3 -2.4 0.6 -16.6

United Republic of Tanzania 1 383.0 2 263.5 2 668.7 2 685.1 2 088.2 11.4 5.2 7.2 0.6 -22.2

Vanuatu 88.8 144.1 144.9 179.0 155.9 20.5 4.1 -2.8 23.5 -12.9

Yemen 1 827.8 1 996.8 2 743.3 1 274.7 .. 21.1 -7.7 20.7 -53.5 ..

Zambia 649.0 1 284.1 1 644.4 1 432.4 1 393.3 29.7 10.6 -9.5 -12.9 -2.7

LDCsf 40 952.5 72 065.0 86 790.0 73 100.0 68 780.0 28.1 3.8 6.9 -15.8 -5.9

African LDCs and Haitif 33 175.0 55 915.0 67 330.0 54 990.0 48 990.0 29.5 2.3 6.1 -18.3 -10.9

Asia LDCsf 7 200.0 14 766.3 18 390.0 16 860.0 18 550.0 20.5 10.2 11.1 -8.3 10.0

Island LDCsf 575.0 1 386.3 1 070.0 1 250.0 1 240.0 53.9 -0.1 -7.0 16.8 -0.8

ODCsf 929 075.0 1537 048.8 1832 810.0 1754 950.0 1748 870.0 18.0 7.0 11.3 -4.2 -0.3

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed October 2017); and UNCTAD secretariat estimates.

Notes: a UNCTAD secretariat estimates, Balance of Payment BPM6; b Somalia average 2010-2016; c South Sudan: average 2012-2016; d The Sudan include South Sudan until 2011; e Timor Leste: average 2006-2008; f Totals include estimates for missing countries.


23

23. LDC merchandise and services export specialization, 2014–2016 (Percent of total merchandise and services exports)

Country Services Food and agriculture Fuels

Minerals, ores and metals, including gold and precious stones

Manufactured goods

Afghanistan 58.1 25.3 3.0 5.4 2.5

Angola 3.3 0.1 94.1 2.5 ..

Bangladesh 9.3 4.0 0.2 0.3 86.1

Benin 17.5 38.1 16.8 15.1 12.3

Bhutan 19.3 6.9 10.9 9.9 52.6

Burkina Faso 15.3 20.0 3.2 57.5 4.0

Burundi 36.4 24.1 0.2 30.9 8.2

Cambodia 31.7 6.6 0.0 3.0 58.6

Central African Republic 57.2 36.5 0.0 3.7 2.5

Chad 11.8 5.1 75.9 6.0 1.1

Comoros 78.4 15.4 0.0 0.5 5.3

Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.2 3.2 8.0 80.8 3.4

Djibouti 77.2 9.1 5.3 2.7 4.3

Equatorial Guinea 0.9 2.6 90.2 0.1 5.1

Eritrea 46.6 18.5 0.0 29.1 5.7

Ethiopia 48.8 37.0 5.7 3.2 4.6

Gambia 60.3 21.2 0.6 3.2 14.1

Guinea 6.5 5.9 22.9 57.6 6.8

Guinea-Bissau 14.9 79.7 3.7 0.3 1.4

Haiti 41.3 5.3 0.0 1.0 48.3

Kiribati 50.8 46.1 0.5 0.0 1.7

Lao People's Democratic Republic 22.0 26.3 9.3 21.8 17.2

Lesotho 4.2 10.3 0.1 21.3 64.1

Liberia 43.1 12.2 1.6 23.9 18.9

Madagascar 33.6 23.4 0.9 22.5 18.9

Malawi 8.3 73.2 0.1 1.7 14.6

Mali 14.1 13.4 0.4 65.5 6.6

Mauritania 12.4 33.9 4.2 46.8 1.7

Mozambique 14.5 19.6 26.2 34.2 5.4

Myanmar 23.7 25.9 27.8 6.3 13.2

Nepal 65.1 9.8 0.0 1.1 24.0

Niger 17.6 15.0 13.8 26.4 26.5

Rwanda 52.3 17.4 5.1 18.9 5.1

Sao Tome and Principe 88.7 7.5 - 0.2 3.6

Senegal 31.9 23.3 13.0 12.7 18.0

Sierra Leone 17.2 4.6 0.2 73.0 4.8

Solomon Islands 20.2 64.2 0.0 2.3 1.5

Somalia 35.4 55.4 0.0 5.9 2.9

South Sudan .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 32.6 5.6 42.4 18.1 1.3

Timor-Leste 80.7 2.6 15.2 0.2 1.2

Togo 29.3 15.6 11.3 21.0 22.3

Tuvalu 94.3 3.0 0.0 0.0 2.6

Uganda 45.0 35.6 0.7 2.5 15.3

United Republic of Tanzania 43.2 24.1 0.8 23.5 8.2

Vanuatu 86.9 6.5 0.2 0.0 6.3

Yemen 21.5 8.8 62.9 3.1 3.8

Zambia 10.4 11.6 1.1 66.2 10.5

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database and estimates (accessed November 2017).Notes: No data for South Sudan merchandise exports.

24


24. Total net ODA disbursements to LDCs and as percentage of GNI, 2002–2015, selected years

RecipientTotal Net ODA disbursement (current $) Net ODA received (% of GNI)

Millions of current dollars Per cent

2002-2008 2013 2014 2015 2002-2008 2013 2014 2015

Afghanistan 2 995.1 5 152.5 4 943.0 4 237.3 42.3 24.0 23.9 21.4

Angola 465.6 285.5 235.4 380.1 2.5 0.3 0.2 0.4

Bangladesh 1 406.1 2 633.6 2 422.6 2 570.1 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.2

Benin 396.7 660.2 599.3 430.2 8.0 7.3 6.3 5.1

Bhutan 86.1 136.8 130.6 97.3 10.8 8.1 7.2 5.3

Burkina Faso 738.6 1 045.1 1 123.4 997.0 13.5 8.8 9.2 9.1

Burundi 368.7 558.8 515.4 366.5 32.6 20.6 16.7 11.9

Cambodia 570.7 808.2 802.7 677.1 9.3 5.5 5.1 4.0

Central African Republic 126.4 202.8 611.0 486.7 8.5 13.5 36.0 32.2

Chad 328.6 459.3 391.9 606.7 7.6 3.7 3.0 5.7

Comoros 31.5 81.2 75.0 65.8 8.3 13.6 12.1 11.5

Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 243.8 2 584.0 2 400.0 2 599.0 20.9 9.5 8.1 8.0

Djibouti 94.4 149.3 164.7 169.6 11.7 10.0 9.7 9.1

Equatorial Guinea 28.3 4.6 0.5 7.5 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.1

Eritrea 226.7 81.3 82.1 92.0 22.5 2.3 2.0 1.9

Ethiopia 2 094.7 3 885.5 3 584.0 3 233.9 15.5 8.2 6.5 5.3

Gambia 73.8 112.3 100.3 107.7 11.7 8.2 6.5 5.0

Guinea 250.6 467.5 563.1 538.1 7.7 8.1 9.2 8.6

Guinea-Bissau 99.9 105.6 110.3 95.0 17.4 10.3 10.0 9.0

Haiti 474.1 1 152.1 1 082.4 1 042.7 11.3 13.6 12.3 11.7

Kiribati 23.6 65.0 80.7 65.0 15.0 22.1 24.8 20.1

Lao People's Democratic Republic 344.2 423.3 474.4 471.1 12.3 4.0 4.3 4.0

Lesotho 95.2 320.7 107.2 83.1 5.6 11.2 3.8 3.2

Liberia 461.7 535.9 749.6 1 094.4 87.4 32.6 44.6 61.7

Madagascar 802.3 499.3 586.2 677.0 14.6 4.9 5.5 7.1

Malawi 627.8 1 132.6 931.2 1 049.4 15.9 21.1 15.8 16.5

Mali 734.9 1 397.6 1 235.8 1 199.8 11.9 10.9 8.8 9.4

Mauritania 289.7 294.7 260.7 318.1 12.9 5.4 5.0 6.8

Mozambique 1 603.0 2 312.7 2 106.0 1 815.0 23.7 14.5 12.6 12.5

Myanmar 198.4 3 936.1 1 382.0 1 168.5 1.3 6.9 2.2 2.0

Nepal 499.7 873.3 883.8 1 222.4 5.9 4.5 4.4 5.8

Niger 511.6 797.3 917.8 868.0 15.0 10.7 11.3 12.3

Rwanda 582.9 1 086.3 1 035.0 1 081.7 20.9 14.7 13.4 13.7

Sao Tome and Principe 36.0 53.8 41.4 49.0 29.9 17.7 12.4 15.4

Senegal 781.7 994.5 1 108.7 879.1 8.9 6.8 7.2 6.5

Sierra Leone 392.4 449.1 914.0 946.3 23.4 9.2 19.0 21.6

Solomon Islands 154.5 289.8 198.5 190.0 35.0 27.6 18.1 16.5

Somalia 332.3 1 054.6 1 109.2 1 252.4 16.7 21.4 21.1 22.8

South Sudan .. 1 399.3 1 964.1 1 674.8 .. 11.4 16.6 21.1

Sudan 1 497.3 1 507.3 874.7 899.8 4.9 2.4 1.2 1.1

Timor-Leste 215.2 258.6 249.5 212.3 19.9 5.9 7.8 8.9

Togo 111.6 226.3 210.9 199.6 4.9 6.6 5.2 5.5

Tuvalu 11.2 27.6 34.3 49.7 29.0 50.2 63.5 89.2

Uganda 1 303.6 1 697.1 1 633.7 1 628.2 14.3 7.0 6.2 6.4

Tanzania 1 899.4 3 433.2 2 648.5 2 580.5 11.7 7.8 5.6 5.9

Vanuatu 48.1 91.3 100.4 186.6 11.7 11.5 12.3 25.8

Yemen 283.3 1 039.6 1 163.4 1 531.4 1.8 2.7 2.9 4.2

Zambia 1 069.4 1 145.3 997.7 797.1 14.1 4.2 3.8 4.0

Total LDCs 28 011.4 47 908.7 43 937.2 42 990.3 9.0 5.7 5.0 5.4

African LDCS and Haiti 21 107.9 32 037.8 30 954.8 30 196.9 10.2 6.3 5.4 5.6

Asian LDCs 6 383.5 15 003.6 12 202.6 11 975.2 4.9 4.6 3.4 3.2

Island LDCs 520.0 867.3 779.7 818.2 18.1 11.2 11.4 14.0

ODCs 63 162.8 98 621.0 112 658.0 105 008.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4

Source: Unctad calculations based on OECD, IDS database (accessed November 2017).


25

25. Gross aid disbursement to LDCs by sector, 2002–2015, selected years (Millions of constant dollars, 2015)

Recipient

Total all sectors

Social infrastructure and services

Economic infrastructure,

production sector,

multi-sector

Commodity aid/general

programme assistance,

total

Action relating to debt,

total

Humani- tarian aid,

totalOthers

2002 –2008

2013 –2015

2002 –2008

2013 –2015

2002 –2008

2013 –2015

2002 –2008

2013 –2015

2002 –2008

2013 –2015

2002 –2008

2013 –2015

2002 –2008

2013 –2015

Afghanistan 2 711.7 4 518.4 1 180.2 2 694.2 862.4 1 260.5 116.7 50.8 44.9 8.8 462.1 445.0 71.0 59.1

Angola 514.9 342.0 212.6 211.1 38.7 113.0 21.3 6.0 382.5 .. 111.2 10.1 21.9 ..

Bangladesh 1 676.0 3 043.5 639.1 1 341.8 564.1 1 266.0 159.3 288.8 213.5 2.3 53.8 110.8 46.2 33.9

Benin 576.4 544.3 176.1 251.0 125.1 224.3 51.3 41.9 210.7 3.8 1.3 6.7 12.0 16.5

Bhutan 71.5 120.8 33.9 35.1 32.0 78.3 2.9 0.6 .. 0.4 3.7 4.1 ..

Burkina Faso 928.0 1 038.5 294.3 405.8 207.2 390.5 152.5 162.2 249.0 8.1 5.8 48.8 19.1 23.1

Burundi 379.5 455.0 133.9 222.8 52.8 148.7 56.9 36.9 28.8 6.5 96.3 34.6 10.9 5.5

Cambodia 481.2 761.6 266.6 408.6 143.6 327.4 20.8 4.6 43.8 0.5 8.3 9.7 29.4 11.1

Central African Republic 139.5 411.4 49.2 106.1 35.4 57.8 20.2 53.5 14.1 3.2 17.1 188.7 3.5 2.0

Chad 361.4 679.0 109.4 151.2 98.2 94.6 30.7 54.4 19.9 200.9 95.0 163.2 8.1 14.6

Comoros 33.1 98.0 21.1 40.3 5.9 18.3 2.2 5.7 2.4 31.9 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.5

Dem. Republic of the Congo 2 566.0 2 444.9 522.8 1 097.3 257.9 602.1 156.0 41.7 1323.0 122.5 281.9 546.9 24.4 34.4

Djibouti 83.3 165.1 48.8 66.2 13.6 46.3 12.5 27.2 0.1 0.0 6.3 19.5 2.0 5.9

Equatorial Guinea 31.3 9.4 22.3 5.9 2.3 1.2 0.3 .. 5.2 1.2 0.5 0.1 1.1 1.1

Eritrea 228.0 80.7 83.2 45.4 36.0 24.6 13.0 1.2 .. 78.2 7.8 17.5 ..

Ethiopia 2 715.8 3 422.4 771.3 1 721.5 495.7 932.8 187.8 280.8 738.9 0.8 469.1 458.8 53.0 27.7

Gambia 96.2 111.9 34.7 44.2 20.9 43.0 7.4 7.5 30.8 0.1 0.8 2.4 1.6 14.8

Guinea 302.0 569.4 126.8 235.6 67.8 80.8 21.8 70.5 60.2 111.2 16.3 47.5 9.1 23.8

Guinea-Bissau 110.7 98.3 40.7 61.1 27.6 15.9 9.0 12.7 21.6 5.0 3.9 2.5 7.9 1.1

Haiti 450.6 1 025.6 230.5 510.0 55.1 297.0 66.7 56.5 13.7 0.5 67.7 148.9 16.9 12.7

Kiribati 24.2 63.2 11.5 27.1 11.7 35.9 0.1 0.2 .. 0.1 0.9 ..

Lao People's Dem. Republic 258.2 458.6 106.0 210.4 124.0 207.1 14.3 7.7 1.5 .. 2.6 9.1 9.9 ..

Lesotho 101.2 185.9 54.6 145.2 28.5 21.2 11.0 11.5 0.5 0.7 4.7 4.9 2.0 2.4

Liberia 501.6 771.8 180.4 315.7 35.7 197.9 55.8 80.6 284.1 18.6 101.6 160.5 6.3 4.8

Madagascar 1 231.7 623.8 244.7 267.1 284.5 168.2 103.8 112.9 575.2 52.9 9.3 14.5 14.2 8.1

Malawi 1 022.3 1 030.0 306.1 627.2 133.6 267.2 116.1 44.4 431.2 5.8 15.8 66.7 19.6 18.7

Mali 1 071.0 1 234.1 306.9 490.6 247.1 304.4 101.3 193.8 379.2 36.9 8.2 182.2 28.3 26.3

Mauritania 443.6 321.7 98.8 100.2 91.7 111.3 25.5 45.2 200.5 2.0 15.0 43.5 12.1 19.5

Mozambique 1 944.3 2 044.7 644.3 1 047.0 389.3 643.4 286.4 259.9 552.4 37.1 15.8 28.1 56.1 29.1

Myanmar 179.1 3 189.0 75.5 676.6 18.2 338.1 4.5 586.9 6.3 1 397.5 64.1 176.7 11.9 13.2

Nepal 487.9 1 081.6 219.5 521.2 173.5 430.1 21.8 21.2 28.7 0.4 28.4 96.6 16.0 12.0

Niger 718.7 817.8 187.3 298.1 117.6 164.8 95.3 158.4 280.2 5.7 26.9 169.6 11.4 21.2

Rwanda 787.1 1 014.7 309.5 615.8 107.1 344.8 113.2 17.9 224.3 2.2 19.3 25.9 13.7 8.1

Sao Tome and Principe 56.1 46.2 19.4 21.6 8.3 17.4 3.1 5.8 23.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.4 1.0

Senegal 1 186.2 1 000.7 358.5 395.9 245.0 479.8 45.4 54.9 512.1 8.8 4.3 32.9 21.0 28.4

Sierra Leone 468.4 778.1 143.7 257.6 53.4 92.8 78.1 123.8 130.5 58.3 49.7 249.4 13.1 15.7

Solomon Islands 185.4 201.8 149.8 141.2 19.3 53.0 9.6 0.8 1.4 .. 3.9 5.7 4.4 ..

Somalia 313.8 1 016.9 65.0 361.8 13.1 89.5 9.3 19.6 1.3 0.5 198.8 431.5 29.0 113.9

South Sudan .. 1 597.5 488.3 133.4 61.7 .. 907.7 ..

Sudan 1 398.7 1 125.3 301.7 246.9 106.6 224.4 64.3 26.0 3.2 0.3 900.6 597.1 22.4 30.7

Timor-Leste 226.7 215.3 149.7 116.0 46.2 91.5 15.2 4.4 .. 8.8 2.7 6.9 ..

Togo 129.7 214.0 63.9 95.9 27.6 85.4 11.2 17.4 22.1 3.0 1.7 1.8 4.7 10.5

Tuvalu 11.3 34.5 5.7 11.7 4.0 20.6 0.8 1.7 .. 0.0 0.5 1.0 ..

Uganda 1 875.4 1 654.4 646.6 970.0 285.6 559.2 150.3 34.3 597.1 0.1 151.9 68.3 44.0 22.6

United Republic of Tanzania 2 580.9 2 833.2 799.2 1 455.4 407.3 1 016.4 387.6 241.4 900.7 61.0 42.3 41.1 43.7 18.0

Vanuatu 54.6 118.5 31.8 47.9 18.5 37.0 0.7 18.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 26.2 3.4 1.3

Yemen 356.2 1 296.4 197.6 484.2 84.6 278.5 26.6 96.4 22.1 0.9 5.1 425.8 20.2 11.2

Zambia 1 819.0 969.0 454.3 651.1 180.4 275.9 195.4 23.4 950.5 1.3 15.5 6.7 22.9 10.6

LDCs 33 890.7 45 878.9 11 129.2 20 743.2 6 404.7 12 712.5 3 055.8 3.473.5 9 532.4 2 201.6 3 471.4 6 031.7 800.9 715.9

African LDCs and Haiti 27 077.6 30 631.5 8 021.7 13 965.2 4 288.5 8 252.9 2657.1 2380.0 9143.9 759.0 2833.2 4718.8 573.4 571.6

Asia LDCs 6 221.7 14 469.7 2 718.4 6 372.2 2 002.4 4 186.0 367.1 1056.9 360.7 1 410.3 624.6 1277.3 208.5 140.5

Island LDCs 591.4 777.6 389.0 405.8 113.9 273.6 31.7 36.6 27.8 32.3 13.6 35.6 19.1 3.8

ODCs 102 681.6 152 813.9 34 706.2 55 635.2 22 802.9 49 574.2 5961.5 7 759.9 20 435.4 3.050.4 7626.7 15 891.6 11 200.0 20 902.6

Source: UNCTAD calculations based on OECD, Creditor Reporting System (CRS) database (accessed November 2017).

26


26. Energy ODA disbursements to LDC, 2002–2015 (Millions of constant dollars, 2015)

2002–2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Countries receiving above 140 million$, 2015 Bangladesh 116.3 76.8 132.9 133.0 376.4 327.5 336.9 349.0

United Republic of Tanzania 44.1 118.0 125.7 74.6 142.0 281.4 216.3 250.8

Afghanistan 61.5 168.0 225.9 293.1 297.8 337.2 135.0 208.4

Angola 2.5 0.5 1.0 0.4 1.1 0.8 1.1 196.4

Democratic Republic of the Congo 9.8 48.5 28.3 69.3 154.6 180.3 148.2 180.3

Yemen 10.7 16.2 21.3 7.2 21.8 15.6 149.8 178.3

Ethiopia 81.5 186.5 110.5 97.2 100.5 163.4 122.3 147.1

Other countries receiving above 100 million$, 2015 Mozambique 49.7 53.3 27.9 38.5 53.1 151.1 144.5 117.2

Uganda 44.2 110.5 124.3 60.4 47.4 110.7 92.7 114.7

Sudan 38.8 47.1 36.3 29.6 53.5 46.2 22.6 108.0

Lao People's Democratic Republic 12.0 15.8 29.2 21.0 16.8 14.6 30.2 106.5

Other countries receiving below 100 million$, 2015 Zambia 13.7 8.0 17.9 37.5 14.4 33.4 48.3 86.4

Liberia 50.1 11.3 20.3 34.3 28.1 49.5 97.5 78.7

Nepal 44.0 66.3 62.3 59.1 87.6 49.0 60.3 71.1

Rwanda 9.9 42.3 37.3 72.6 33.8 40.3 47.1 63.8

Mauritania 5.4 36.5 61.5 55.3 108.8 31.1 46.5 56.2

Senegal 18.6 15.2 7.2 38.5 41.4 33.3 58.4 55.6

Mali 11.9 39.1 22.0 41.8 34.5 49.3 49.3 48.6

Burkina Faso 16.0 23.7 26.4 12.9 22.4 31.7 31.8 48.6

Haiti 2.0 4.3 25.2 55.9 57.9 52.5 35.0 46.8

Malawi 5.8 2.0 14.6 5.2 26.7 5.1 14.1 39.6

Benin 7.3 13.1 12.7 12.6 13.7 26.8 21.6 37.4

Myanmar 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 1.1 17.3 21.5 36.8

Sierra Leone 12.3 30.7 12.7 7.4 16.2 8.9 4.6 23.9

Somalia 0.1 .. 0.2 .. 0.3 2.1 2.4 17.4

Guinea 3.0 0.7 0.3 8.5 6.4 7.5 12.2 15.3

Madagascar 6.8 4.1 4.1 9.7 11.3 9.1 3.5 12.3

Sao Tome and Principe 0.4 .. 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 11.9

Cambodia 8.5 11.7 28.2 23.5 26.0 21.6 25.7 11.7

Burundi 0.3 1.7 12.7 12.7 20.5 13.6 10.2 10.4

Togo 6.7 0.0 3.5 2.9 1.6 6.1 6.2 9.3

Bhutan 3.5 5.0 40.8 14.9 20.4 16.5 45.0 8.5

Gambia 0.9 1.6 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.8 2.4 7.6

Tuvalu 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 9.0 7.6

Niger 0.6 0.5 0.1 1.7 0.7 2.9 16.2 6.6

Solomon Islands 2.0 0.2 1.0 0.7 1.6 1.7 2.1 6.4

Vanuatu 1.7 1.0 0.0 .. 1.6 0.8 3.5 4.7

Comoros 0.3 .. .. .. 0.3 0.7 1.5 4.5

Kiribati 3.5 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.8 2.5 4.2

Djibouti 2.5 20.2 9.2 1.4 1.6 10.7 3.6 3.2

Guinea-Bissau 1.8 3.1 1.1 5.1 7.3 4.8 3.2 2.8

South Sudan .. .. .. 0.4 3.2 8.0 1.6 2.0

Central African Republic 0.0 2.9 0.1 4.9 2.6 0.4 4.1 1.6

Lesotho 4.3 0.3 0.2 11.1 6.1 0.4 0.6 1.5

Timor-Leste 4.6 3.3 5.9 2.1 3.0 1.4 0.5 0.7

Chad 4.6 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5

Eritrea 7.7 2.9 13.8 0.3 2.0 .. 0.9 0.0

Equatorial Guinea 0.1 0.0 .. .. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LDCs 678.4 1 194.3 1 307.1 1 359.3 1 868.9 2 168.4 2 093.1 2 800.9 African LDCS and Haiti 407.9 829.8 759.1 803.9 1 013.9 1 362.2 1 269.4 1 790.7

Asian LDCs 257.9 359.9 540.7 551.9 847.9 799.5 804.5 970.2

Island LDCs 12.6 4.5 7.3 3.5 7.1 6.7 19.2 40.0

ODCs 2 406.8 3 145.7 4 669.3 5 128.4 5 468.2 5 262.7 6 343.5 6 363.6 Sources: OECD, OECDstat Creditor Reporting System (CRS) database (accessed July 2017).


27

27. Net ODAa from individual DAC member countries to LDCs, 2000–2015, selected years

CountryPercentage of GNIb Millions of dollars

2000 –2003 2006 –2008 2013 –2015 2000 –2003 2006 –2008 2013 –2015

Luxembourg 0.25 0.39 0.40 45 140 163

Sweden 0.22 0.28 0.29 559 1 354 1 635

Norway 0.30 0.33 0.28 531 1 332 1 352

Denmark 0.34 0.32 0.24 567 1 023 811

United Kingdom 0.09 0.14 0.22 1 533 4 063 6 306

Finland 0.10 0.14 0.19 135 358 502

Ireland 0.18 0.27 0.18 166 605 389

Belgium 0.13 0.17 0.15 317 818 750

Netherlands 0.23 0.21 0.14 1 021 1 746 1 174

Switzerland 0.09 0.10 0.13 271 481 876

France 0.10 0.11 0.10 1 459 2 919 2 726

Iceland 0.05 0.12 0.10 4 19 16

Japan 0.05 0.06 0.10 2 254 2 815 4 729

Canada 0.05 0.11 0.09 358 1 563 1 602

DAC total 0.06 0.08 0.09 14 732 33 489 41 147Germany 0.07 0.09 0.09 1 357 3 141 3 264

Australia 0.06 0.07 0.08 248 644 1 150

Austria 0.07 0.07 0.07 145 265 308

New Zealand 0.05 0.07 0.07 28 79 135

United States 0.02 0.05 0.06 2 425 6 957 10 805

Portugal 0.14 0.09 0.05 167 210 117

Korea Republic 0.01 0.02 0.05 62 193 718

Italy 0.06 0.06 0.05 760 1 246 929

Spain 0.04 0.08 0.03 261 1 147 415

Czech Republic 0.01 0.03 0.03 5 61 48

Poland 0.01 0.03 0.03 12 113 127

Slovenia .. 0.03 0.02 .. 13 10

Hungary .. 0.03 0.02 .. 36 27

Slovak Republic 0.01 0.05 0.02 1 34 19

Greece 0.03 0.04 0.02 39 122 44

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on OECD, IDS database (accessed November 2017); United Nations, Undata database for GNI (accessed November 2017).Notes: a Net disbursements including imputed flows through multilateral channels. b Donor countries in descending order of the ODA to GNI ratio in 2013-2015.

28


28. Access to electricity in LDCs, 2000–2014, selected years

Country

Population with access to electricity

Access to electricity,

total

Access to electricity, urban

Access to electricity, rural

ThousandsPer cent of total

populationPer cent of urban population Per cent of rural population

2000 2010 2014 2014 2000 2010 2014 2000 2010 2014

Afghanistan 33 12 299 29 318 89.5 .. 82.8 98.7 .. 32.4 87.8

Angola 6 870 8 210 8 615 32.0 .. 78.3 51.0 13.3 6.2 3.0

Bangladesh 42 106 84 078 99 469 62.4 81.2 90.1 90.7 20.5 42.5 51.4

Benin 1 413 3 146 3 508 34.1 45.9 65.4 57.6 4.9 13.9 16.0

Bhutan 184 600 776 100.0 .. 97.5 100.0 21.4 74.4 96.0

Burkina Faso 1 068 2 044 3 377 19.2 47.7 48.5 58.0 0.8 1.4 3.0

Burundi 252 465 692 7.0 38.7 49.0 52.1 0.8 1.0 2.0

Cambodia 2 017 4 450 8 567 56.1 60.6 91.3 96.9 9.0 18.8 49.2

Central African Republic 225 436 557 12.3 15.6 24.9 26.3 0.7 1.7 3.1

Chad 245 761 1 088 8.0 12.3 18.3 20.2 0.4 3.1 4.5

Comoros 214 440 560 73.8 65.8 88.0 96.1 29.1 54.5 65.0

Democratic Republic of the Congo 3 154 8 292 9 953 13.5 20.0 31.0 42.0 1.0 0.8 0.4

Djibouti 407 421 426 46.7 70.9 61.2 57.4 10.6 10.2 10.4

Equatorial Guinea 371 622 763 67.6 .. .. 100.0 36.0 42.0 44.8

Eritrea 995 1 800 2 175 45.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.1 5.7 7.2

Ethiopia 8 450 19 175 26 484 27.2 76.2 94.7 92.0 0.4 6.6 12.2

Gambia 423 712 905 47.2 51.2 63.8 71.0 18.2 14.1 13.0

Guinea 1 494 2 641 3 263 27.6 50.7 64.5 68.5 1.8 3.1 4.0

Guinea-Bissau 93 297 17.2 .. 11.8 33.1 1.6 3.5 4.0

Haiti 2 881 3 632 4 011 37.9 81.9 56.8 53.3 5.2 14.1 17.2

Kiribati 64 65 53 48.1 .. 89.5 80.8 64.4 44.2 22.2

Lao People's Dem.Republic 2 299 4 247 5 135 78.1 93.6 90.9 94.7 28.9 56.6 68.1

Lesotho 8 387 597 27.8 .. 54.6 61.5 .. 7.3 11.8

Liberia 188 401 9.1 .. 8.9 16.8 0.0 0.9 1.7

Madagascar 2 121 3 329 3 968 16.8 35.4 30.4 28.5 5.3 8.9 10.7

Malawi 546 1 320 2 031 11.9 28.7 34.7 46.1 1.0 3.5 4.7

Mali 1 137 3 368 4 630 27.3 31.7 46.5 51.3 1.9 8.7 11.8

Mauritania 468 1 146 1 577 38.8 .. 54.0 76.9 2.2 2.6 2.3

Mozambique 1 256 4 124 5 774 21.2 20.5 45.2 53.7 1.4 4.4 6.0

Myanmar 21 151 24 476 27 001 52.0 .. 89.0 85.5 11.7 34.3 49.0

Nepal 6 466 18 238 24 046 84.9 74.1 94.0 97.7 20.0 62.1 81.7

Niger 905 2 034 2 740 14.3 41.6 51.6 53.5 1.5 4.0 5.4

Rwanda 498 994 2 246 19.8 38.9 44.5 71.8 0.9 4.0 9.1

Sao Tome and Principe 73 105 131 68.6 64.1 68.6 75.8 39.0 46.1 54.8

Senegal 3 638 6 905 8 873 61.0 77.1 93.4 85.0 9.6 24.3 32.7

Sierra Leone 751 900 927 13.1 .. 35.1 31.6 1.4 0.9 1.0

Solomon Islands 39 146 202 35.1 54.8 42.9 39.4 1.0 23.9 33.9

Somalia 508 1 821 2 576 19.1 .. 28.0 31.3 0.1 7.5 11.2

South Sudan .. 151 522 4.5 .. 4.0 8.4 .. 0.7 3.6

Sudan 9 428 12 891 16 944 44.9 69.6 65.8 76.3 17.8 23.5 31.7

Timor-Leste 211 422 550 45.4 .. 83.4 63.0 .. 24.0 37.0

Togo 843 2 417 3 304 45.7 35.9 45.2 83.2 7.7 32.3 16.3

Tuvalu 9 10 11 98.5 .. 98.2 99.4 93.7 95.9 97.2

Uganda 2 013 4 469 7 922 20.4 50.2 59.2 51.4 2.6 5.4 10.3

United Rep. of Tanzania 3 368 6 823 8 097 15.5 37.8 46.2 41.2 1.8 3.7 4.0

Vanuatu 41 73 89 34.5 48.2 87.8 100.0 15.0 12.3 11.5

Yemen 9 084 15 548 18 908 72.0 88.7 94.5 97.4 37.3 52.5 59.0

Zambia 1 759 3 047 4 358 27.9 44.1 49.8 61.5 2.2 3.1 3.8

LDCs 141 488 273 960 358 419 38.3 56.7 65.7 67.6 9.5 19.4 26.5 African LDCs and Haiti 57 496 108 764 143 601 23.5 45.1 52.5 54.8 3.3 6.6 9.1

Asian LDCs 83 341 163 935 213 221 66.4 80.7 90.0 91.8 19.6 42.1 59.0

Island LDCs 652 1 261 1 597 51.2 61.1 78.2 72.5 20.0 32.0 41.5

ODCs 3 292 931 4 169 704 4 473 919 90.2 96.0 97.5 98.3 68.6 78.8 81.9Source: World Bank, WDI database (accessed November 2017).


29

29. Total net installed electricity capacitya in LDCs, levels, per capita and compound annual percentage growth rates, 2000–2014, selected years

CountryTotal net installed capacity Total net installed capacity per capita

Compound annual

percentage growth rate

Thousand of kilowatts Kilowatts per person per year Per cent

2000 2010 2014 2000 2010 2014 2000–2014

Afghanistan 472.0 489.0 431.0 0.023 0.017 0.013 -0.6

Angola 500.0 1439.0 2070.0 0.030 0.062 0.077 10.7

Bangladesh 3 691.0 5 827.0 11 557.0 0.028 0.038 0.073 8.5

Benin 57.0 99.0 208.0 0.008 0.011 0.020 9.7

Bhutan 350.0 1 505.5 1 631.5 0.610 2.069 2.101 11.6

Burkina Faso 78.0 237.5 297.8 0.007 0.015 0.017 10.0

Burundi 33.0 39.0 41.0 0.005 0.004 0.004 1.6

Cambodia 130.0 362.0 1513.3 0.011 0.025 0.099 19.2

Central African Republic 43.0 44.0 44.0 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.2

Chad 29.0 41.0 47.0 0.003 0.003 0.003 3.5

Comoros 6.0 23.0 25.0 0.011 0.033 0.033 10.7

Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 475.0 2 506.0 2 606.0 0.053 0.039 0.035 0.4

Djibouti 85.0 130.0 130.0 0.118 0.153 0.143 3.1

Equatorial Guinea 12.0 93.0 334.0 0.020 0.098 0.296 26.8

Eritrea 165.0 140.0 140.0 0.049 0.032 0.029 -1.2

Ethiopia 835.7 2 155.0 2 311.0 0.013 0.025 0.024 7.5

Gambia 29.0 74.0 115.5 0.024 0.044 0.060 10.4

Guinea 335.0 432.0 518.2 0.038 0.040 0.044 3.2

Guinea-Bissau 21.0 27.2 28.0 0.017 0.017 0.016 2.1

Haiti 263.0 267.3 320.0 0.031 0.027 0.030 1.4

Kiribati 4.0 6.0 6.0 0.047 0.059 0.055 3.0

Lao People's Democratic Republic 684.5 2 745.7 3 284.0 0.128 0.440 0.499 11.9

Lesotho 80.0 80.0 80.0 0.043 0.039 0.037 -

Liberia 70.0 78.0 91.0 0.024 0.020 0.021 1.9

Madagascar 228.0 507.2 508.0 0.014 0.024 0.022 5.9

Malawi 460.0 502.0 501.5 0.040 0.033 0.029 0.6

Mali 115.7 578.6 890.0 0.011 0.038 0.052 15.7

Mauritania 123.0 196.0 315.0 0.045 0.054 0.078 6.9

Mozambique 2 368.0 2 478.0 2 682.4 0.131 0.102 0.099 0.9

Myanmar 1 171.0 3 413.0 4 805.0 0.025 0.068 0.093 10.6

Nepal 587.0 630.0 829.2 0.025 0.023 0.029 2.5

Niger 145.0 135.0 176.0 0.013 0.008 0.009 1.4

Rwanda 34.3 84.1 118.6 0.004 0.008 0.010 9.3

Sao Tome and Principe 10.3 14.3 18.5 0.074 0.082 0.097 4.3

Senegal 283.0 686.0 875.0 0.029 0.053 0.060 8.4

Sierra Leone 55.0 76.5 76.5 0.012 0.012 0.011 2.4

Solomon Islands 23.0 36.0 36.0 0.056 0.068 0.063 3.3

Somalia 60.0 80.0 80.0 0.007 0.007 0.006 2.1

South Sudan .. .. 82.0 .. .. 0.007 ..

Sudanb 772.0 2 338.0 3 117.0 0.023 0.053 0.083 10.5

Timor-Lestec .. 50.2 286.0 .. 0.045 0.236 15.4

Togo 123.0 169.0 227.0 0.025 0.026 0.031 4.5

Tuvalu 1.0 2.5 2.8 0.106 0.237 0.257 7.6

Uganda 269.0 548.0 883.3 0.011 0.016 0.023 8.9

United Republic of Tanzania 424.0 1 112.0 1 115.0 0.012 0.024 0.021 7.2

Vanuatu 16.4 29.3 31.4 0.089 0.124 0.121 4.8

Yemen 873.0 1 334.4 1 519.0 0.049 0.057 0.058 4.0

Zambia 1 703.0 1 888.0 2 452.0 0.162 0.136 0.157 2.6

LDCs 20 292.9 35 728.3 4 9456.5 0.031 0.042 0.053 6.6 African LDCs and Haiti 12 273.7 19 260.3 23 480.7 0.030 0.035 0.038 4.7

Asian LDCs 7 958.5 16 306.6 25 570.0 0.031 0.054 0.080 8.7

Island LDCs 60.7 161.4 405.8 0.044 0.057 0.130 14.5

Source: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from UNSD Energy Statistics database (accessed February 2017).Notes: a Total net installed capacity of electric power plants, main activity and autoproducer. b The Sudan includes South Sudan until 2011. c Timor-Leste data since 2003.

30


30. Total gross electricity production in LDCs, levels, per capita and annual average growth rates, 2000–2014, selected years

Country

Total gross electricity production

Total gross electricity production

per capita

Annual average growth

rateGW/h KW/h per person per year Per cent

2000 2010 2014 2000 2010 2014 2000-2014

Afghanistan 687.7 892.0 1 049.3 34.2 31.0 32.0 2.7

Angola 1 445.0 5 449.0 9 480.0 87.9 233.2 352.1 14.3

Bangladesh 15 771.0 40 790.0 55 845.0 119.9 268.1 350.3 9.8

Benin 84.0 150.0 184.0 12.2 16.3 17.9 7.9

Bhutan 1 810.0 7 328.3 7 003.9 3 156.5 10 071.3 9 020.4 12.5

Burkina Faso 390.4 565.3 870.0 33.6 36.2 49.5 5.3

Burundi 101.0 142.0 173.8 15.8 16.2 17.6 3.3

Cambodia 326.0 994.0 3 059.0 26.8 69.5 200.3 13.3

Central African Republic 107.0 160.0 183.0 28.5 36.0 40.5 4.1

Chad 95.0 200.0 225.0 11.4 16.8 16.6 7.0

Comoros 29.0 63.6 54.6 53.5 92.2 71.9 5.0

Democratic Republic of the Congo 6 017.0 7 905.0 8 831.0 127.8 122.5 119.8 2.6

Djibouti 180.0 379.0 402.0 250.8 445.3 440.7 6.7

Equatorial Guinea 50.3 122.0 439.0 81.9 128.3 388.7 13.9

Eritrea 210.0 311.0 370.0 61.9 70.8 78.0 3.4

Ethiopia 1 689.0 4 980.0 9 615.0 25.4 56.8 98.8 13.1

Gambia 90.0 245.2 260.8 73.1 144.9 136.0 6.1

Guinea 913.0 958.2 1 015.0 103.6 88.8 86.0 0.5

Guinea-Bissau 25.1 32.0 35.4 20.2 20.5 20.5 3.2

Haiti 547.0 587.0 1 033.0 64.0 58.7 97.7 5.3

Kiribati 14.5 24.1 24.3 171.8 234.8 220.0 4.3

Lao People's Democratic Republic 4 241.2 3 755.1 4 380.0 795.8 601.2 666.0 0.1

Lesotho 371.6 500.6 515.2 198.9 245.3 240.1 2.5

Liberia 200.0 250.0 300.0 69.3 63.3 68.3 3.7

Madagascar 882.8 1 359.8 1 658.5 56.0 64.3 70.3 4.5

Malawi 1 226.0 2 023.6 2 097.5 107.8 133.4 122.9 4.4

Mali 807.0 1 292.0 1 679.4 73.6 85.7 99.0 3.6

Mauritania 387.0 727.3 910.0 142.8 201.5 223.9 5.8

Mozambique 8 849.0 16 666.0 17 739.0 489.8 688.1 651.9 3.9

Myanmar 5 118.0 8 625.1 14 156.3 111.0 172.0 272.6 7.8

Nepal 1 659.0 3 208.0 3 507.7 69.9 118.7 123.8 5.1

Niger 189.6 292.0 438.8 16.7 17.8 22.9 7.0

Rwanda 113.0 281.1 476.1 14.1 27.4 42.0 12.9

Sao Tome and Principe 26.1 57.2 67.0 188.3 327.3 350.3 7.4

Senegal 1 671.0 2 618.0 3 406.0 169.1 202.7 234.2 5.0

Sierra Leone 94.7 170.6 180.7 20.7 26.4 25.5 3.7

Solomon Islands 68.2 87.4 91.9 165.3 165.6 159.7 2.9

Somalia 250.0 327.0 350.0 27.7 27.1 25.9 2.4

South Sudan .. .. 488.0 .. .. 42.3 4.7

Sudana 2 450.0 7 499.0 11 376.0 72.2 168.7 301.4 12.3

Timor-Lesteb .. 136.6 349.0 .. 123.1 287.8 14.2

Togo 275.0 320.2 357.7 55.3 49.2 49.5 3.5

Tuvalu 2.8 5.4 5.1 297.2 511.8 467.5 4.0

Uganda 1 582.2 2 456.0 3 257.7 65.8 72.4 83.9 4.8

United Republic of Tanzania 2 479.0 5 274.0 6 219.0 72.5 114.4 119.1 7.3

Vanuatu 45.1 68.9 66.6 243.7 291.8 257.3 3.7

Yemen 3 413.0 7 755.0 7 646.0 190.9 328.5 291.3 6.7

Zambia 7 798.0 10 448.0 14 452.0 740.5 754.4 925.2 4.2

LDCs 74 781.3 148 481.7 196 324.1 112.5 174.7 209.9 7.1 African LDCs and Haiti 41 569.7 74 691.0 99 018.5 102.5 137.3 162.1 6.1

Asian LDCs 33 025.9 73 347.5 96 647.1 128.3 242.1 300.8 8.4

Island LDCs 185.7 443.2 658.5 135.3 155.5 211.1 8.4

Source: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from UNSD Energy Statistics database (accessed February 2017).Notes: a The Sudan includes South Sudan until 2011; b Timor-Leste data since 2003.


31

31. Composition of gross electricity production in LDCs by energy source, 2012–2014 (Per cent)

Country Oil products Coal Natural

gas Hydro Solar Wind

Bagasse, fuelwood,

biofuels and waste

Others

Chad 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Comoros 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Djibouti 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Gambia 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Guinea-Bissau 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Kiribati 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Liberia 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Mauritania 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Solomon Islands 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Somalia 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Timor-Leste 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Tuvalu 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

South Sudan 99.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 ..

Eritrea 99.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 ..

Benin 99.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 ..

Sao Tome and Principe 89.6 0.0 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Senegal 89.1 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 3.6 1.9

Burkina Faso 86.6 0.0 0.0 13.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Haiti 85.9 0.0 0.0 14.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Vanuatu 77.7 0.0 0.0 10.5 0.3 4.4 7.0 ..

Rwanda 59.6 0.0 0.0 40.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 ..

Yemen 55.4 0.0 44.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Guinea 52.5 0.0 0.0 47.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Madagascar 48.7 0.0 0.0 51.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Mali 44.9 0.0 0.0 55.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Angola 42.7 0.0 0.0 57.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Sierra Leone 34.8 0.0 0.0 65.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Togo 33.9 0.0 33.1 31.8 0.0 0.0 1.3 ..

Niger 33.3 66.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Cambodia 32.1 15.8 0.0 51.2 0.2 0.0 0.7 ..

Uganda 28.7 0.0 0.0 70.7 0.0 0.0 0.6 ..

Sudan 24.5 0.0 0.0 75.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

United Republic of Tanzania 16.4 0.0 49.0 34.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 ..

Central African Republic 14.6 0.0 0.0 85.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Burundi 11.4 0.0 0.0 88.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Malawi 8.7 0.0 0.0 91.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Bangladesh 7.1 1.4 89.9 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 ..

Afghanistan 7.0 9.7 0.0 83.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 1.9 5.2 0.0 88.2 4.6 0.0 0.0 ..

Myanmar 1.6 2.4 27.6 68.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Mozambique 1.5 0.0 3.0 95.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Zambia 1.0 0.0 0.0 99.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Nepal 0.3 0.0 0.0 99.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Ethiopia 0.1 0.0 0.0 96.1 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.2

Bhutan 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 ..

Lesotho 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ..

Source: UNCTAD secretariat calculations, based on data from UNSD Energy Statistics database, accessed February 2017Notes: LDCs are ranked in increasing order of relevance of combustible fuels generation. The decomposition of the latter across different fuels has been computed as a weighted average of each country’s fuels inputs, with weights being given by the mean

efficiency rates of electricity plants, as reported in UNDESA (2016).

statistical tables on the least developed...

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