thehindu sci-tech compilation_ opv vaccines, 3-person ivf

Science (http://mrunal.org/category/science) / 2 years Ago /45 Comments (http://mrunal.org/2013/09/science-tech-thehindu-june-july-aug-part-1-of-3-medical-research-healthcare-disease-opv-ipv-cloning-three-person-ivf-monocrotophos-mid-day-meal-deaths-pioglitazone.html#comments)(http://www.flipkart.com/india-2015-english/p/itme3yz8rvpuhgky?pid=9788123019789&affid=mrunalrugm)

1. Prologue2. Diseases Related

1. #1: Vaccine Derived Polio + Need for IPV2. #2: Malaria3. #3: Fluorosis4. #5: Iodised Salt5. #4: Migraine6. #5: Aspergillosis

3. Research Related1. HeLa Cell-line2. Flu Related

1. #1: H7N9 Bird flu: potential bioweapon?2. #2: MERC Coronavirus

3. Lab grown organs1. #1: Lab-Grown: Meat2. #2: Lab-Grown: Tiny Brain3. #3: Lab-Grown: Liver

4. Cloning John Lenon5. Three-person IVF / Mitochondria Transfer6. Cancer Immune Naked Mole Rats7. Silver Antibiotic8. Neuro-science

1. #1: Human neurons and Carbon Dating2. #2: Neuroplasticity

4. Banning Drugs and Chemicals1. Mid Day Meal Deaths And Monocrotophos2. Open Sale of TB Drugs

[Science-Tech] TheHindu June-July-Aug: (Part 1 of 3) Medical research,Healthcare, Disease, OPV-IPV, Cloning, Three-Person IVF,Monocrotophos, Mid Day meal deaths, Pioglitazone

Mrunal (http://mrunal.org/)

3. Pioglitazone: Banned & unbanned4. Analgin: Banned5. Dextropropoxyphene: Banned

5. Food related1. #1: Honey2. Food additives are Poisonous

6. Animal related1. #1: Resilin, the rubber like protein2. #2: Animals do self-medication

7. Misc.1. Active Travel2. Apoptosis3. Pain Management Techniques4. Elastic Energy and Human Shoulder

Prologue

Until now, Ive compiled Hindu Sci-Tech upto May 2013. You can access the entire archive onMrunal.org/snt (http://mrunal.org/snt) now moving to next three months: June, July, andAugust 2013. This compilation runs in total three parts:

1. Medical / Healthcare related (given in present article)2. Agriculture,Environment & Biodiversity (EnB), Natural disasters, clean energy related3. Space, IT, Electronics, Nano-tech, allied topics of physics/chemistry.

Although CSAT-2013 prelims paper didnt contain much current affairs, but Hindu Sciencetech continues to remain important because it provides Science Theory/principles that can beasked in MCQs (in four statement true/false type questions) for example :Q. Consider following statements

1. Honey has Acidic PH, and infants body cannot tolerate food with Acidic PH.2. Infants body doesnt have well developed immune system to fight the bacterial spores

that are found in Honey.3. Honey has a low glycemic index, therefore infant body cannot digest it properly.

For which of the above reason(s), do the doctors advice against feeding honey to infants?

Answer choices

1. only 1 and 22. only 2 and 33. only 24. All three.

Answer= (read this article, youll get it.)Besides for CAPF and CDS, UPSC hasnt stopped asking Sci-Tech current affairs MCQ, yet.For the New syllabus of Mains:

Topics under New MainsSyllabus Topics covered from Hindu Sci-Tech under this article

(GS-II) Issues relating todevelopment andmanagement of SocialSector/Services relating toHealth

1. Government didnt ban a dangerous pesticide despitewarning from FAO and WHO. Ultimately led to the Mid-day Meal deaths in Chapra, Bihar.

2. The mismanagement over drug-regulation. An anti-diabetic drug was banned in haste and then ban wasrevoked. Many drugs are banned just now, while theyvebeen banned in developed countries for years.

3. Government banning open sale of TB drugs to preventdrug-resistance.

4. Government is not switching toward IPV vaccine forPolio, thus leading to case of vaccine derived polio virus.

5. National Programme for Prevention and Control ofFluorosis (NPPCF)

(GS3) Awareness in thefields of bio-technology

1. Mitochontrial transfer, cloning2. Lab grown meat, liver and brain3. Resilin

Disclaimer

1. Just because Im providing compilation for June, July, August, doesnt mean the end oftopics happened in that time-frame. You should follow-up on your own, reading /researching the topics from other sources. Because nothing prevents UPSC from asking

anything that is not covered/explained here.2. Ive covered only Thursday edition. However newspapers also have Science tech and allied

news topics even in the Non-Thursday editions. And again, nothing prevents UPSC fromasking anything from there. So one should keep habit of maintaining daily notes from thenewspaper on his own.

3. In short, Mrunal.org is just a supplement and catalyst for the preparation- not a substituteof TheHindu, Indianexpress, Yojana, Kurukshetra and other standard reference sources.And same applies for any other website and coaching. UPSC Success requires lot of self-study on your own.

Diseases Related

#1: Vaccine Derived Polio + Need for IPV

How does Oral Polio Vaccine work?

Oral polio vaccine contains a live, attenuated (weakened) vaccine-virus.When a child is vaccinated, the weakened vaccine-virus replicates in the intestine andenters into the bloodstream,This triggers an immune response in the child, thus Child becomes immune to (wild) polioin future.

What is Vaccine-derived polio?

In rare cases, the live-weakened virus from Oral polio vaccine itself becomes mutated. Thenchild gets polio from the virus inside vaccine itself. This is known as Vaccine Derived Polio.

Why in News?

In July 2013, an infant from Beed District Maharashtra was infected with ^this Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPVs) type 2 and got paralyzed.Our Heath ministrys approach was thik-hai this is just an isolated case. But WHO isworried and rushed a team to the Maharashtra.

What do Experts say?

That baby was not given sufficient number of polio doses (undervaccinated) so it seemsbaby infected by a vaccine-derived poliovirus from another person.

Not every child who gets infected with VDPV will become paralysed but this baby wasalready undernourished, hence paralyzed.

Will this remove Indias polio free status?

As per the WHO definition, only wild polio considered for deciding the polio-free status ofa country.Therefore, this Maharashtra case will not alter Indias polio status. Because it was fromVaccine derived poliovirus and not from wild variety of polio virus.Although such technical juggling of definition will not bring that babys legs back, nor it willreduce the danger of polio among other India kids.

Then what should be done?

The root cause of the problem is the use of live, weakened polio virus in the oral poliovaccine (OPV)But this virus are still alive and quite often undergoes genetic changes=> causes polio.Thus, the very vaccine that is supposed to protect children against polio causes thedisease.Endgame / ultimate solution= introduce IPV (injectable polio-vaccine) instead of using oralpolio vaccine. In just two injections of IPV, child becomes 100% immune to polio.

Challenges in introducing IPV?

1. we dont have enough trained doctors/nurses to give injections to all kids in rural areas. +the recent case in Uttar Pradesh, where a rickshaw puller gave injection to baby and thebaby died. (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/infant-dies-in-govt-hospital-after--rickshawpuller--gives-injection/1143442/0)

2. IPV is more expensive to produce than OPV.

#2: Malaria

Mosquito Bites

Mosquitoes are___ meaning ___

Theyre most active during dawn and dusk. However, they are all not

crepuscular active at night.

ectothermicthey seek warmthbut are quite vulnerable to hot, dry conditions, hence hate directsunlight.

Male vs Female Mosquitos

Malemosquito

Usually feed on nectar, juice and decaying matter, which serve as theenergy source

femalemosquito

need to ingest the blood meal that serves as the protein source fordeveloping the eggs.

We experience more mosquito bites at night. Why?

1. Mosquitoes are known to be attracted UV light. They use UV light to find damp watersources.

2. But during daytime, Infra red light is more intense during day time is known to curtailmosquito activity.

3. During evening and night, Mosquitoes thermal and odour receptors become moreefficient at detecting blood source.

4. A Mosquito can detect victim more quickly if the person is big or, pregnant, exhaling moreCO and has sweetish smell or had a pint of beer.

Malaria Vaccine: Haem Synthesis

Haemoglobin inside human blood=helps in oxygen transport.When Malaria parasite consumes this Hemoglobin=> generates haem.Malaria Parasite needs Haem for its own energy production.So, if we can destroy parasites genes responsible for haem synthesis=> then we canmake a genetically attenuated parasite that might serve as a vaccine candidate formalaria.IISc, Bangalore working on this logic.

#3: Fluorosis

Cause: drinking water with excess fluoride content.

water with moderate level=> dental enamel becomes defective.water with high level floride=>bones in skeletal system get affected. stiffness and pain inthe joints.Fluorosis is a crippling disorder. Its effects are permanent and irreversible in nature.Meaning there is no cure / treatmentpermissible fluoride limit, as per BIS is 1 ppm in drinking water. But At least 19 Stateshave been identified with fluoride in water level above the safe limit.Concerned at increasing cases of fluorosis, the Union government has asked the States toprovide alternative source of drinking water to the people in areas with highconcentration of fluorosis in groundwater.

National Programme for Prevention and Control of Fluorosis (NPPCF)

WHO? Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (AND NOT Ministry of Drinking water)

WHEN? 11 FYP

WHERE 100 districts in 17 affected states

WHAT? support provided for: 1 district lab with staff, carry out water and urine samples,+ awareness.

#5: Iodised Salt

Iodised salt=essential to prevent mental retardation and goiter.National Policy of Universal Salt Iodisation (1986)= recommends Iodine should be mixedin salt for 15 parts per million.but In Chhattisgarh alone 70 per cent public doesnt get access to iodised salt.

Success in Madhya Pradesh

Anjha Chulha (community kitchen), a state-wide joint feeding programmeIt converges two existing national programmes, 1) Supplementary Nutrition Programmeof the Integrated Child Development Services and 2) Midday Meal SchemeMeals served at anganwadi centres and schools are prepared in a common kitchen, bytrained staff, and iodised salt is used.

#4: Migraine

th

Two Types Of Headaches

Primary headache secondary headache

more common among patients less

They occur for no obviousreason. Example migraine,tension-type headache.

occur because of serious underlying conditions e.g.brain tumor, inflammatory diseases, abnormalities ofthe spinal fluid.

There are no tests for theseheadaches, only tests to rule outother causes.

can be detected through tests.

Migraine

1. Migraine is the commonest cause of all primary headaches2. Migraine is a chronic disease, meaning youve to deal with for years.3. Migraines are genetically inherited.4. Migraine attacks are often linked to a trigger (unavoidable external conditions such as

heat, sunlight or sweat)

#5: Aspergillosis

Aspergillus= one type of FungusAspergillosis=disease caused by above FungusAustralian researchers found it to be deadly in cats, dogs and men. + Common antifungaldrugs failed to kill this fungus, hence more dangerous.

Research Related

HeLa Cell-line

In 1951, Henrietta Lacks died at an American hospital due to cervical cancer.In that era, USA didnt have any regulations for genetic research. So, the doctors used herbiopsy sample to create HeLa celline, without her knowledge or consent.Since then, these cells have been extensively used for a wide variety of biomedicalresearch.They even played a part in several Nobel-Prize-winning scientific discoveries.Her family didnt learn of the cells until 20 years after Lackss death, when scientists began

using her children in research without their knowledge. Later even their medical recordswere released to the press and published without consent.But now researchers have made an agreement with her family for controlled access tothe HeLa genome sequence.

Flu Related

#1: H7N9 Bird u: potential bioweapon?

This year, H7N9 bird flu virus killed many people in China.Chinese authorities order the closure of poultry markets => outbreak under control.But Scientists fear infections may rise again in the winter. There is always a chance thatvirus will undergo mutation and become more dangerous.Hence they want to carry lab-experiment on H7N9 virus, increase its virulence in lab, andstudy its ability to spread between people.

Pro arguments

1. The proposed experiments should give scientists early warning of the kinds of virus-mutations that could spark a pandemic.

2. The work will be done in high-security laboratories to minimise the risk of the modifiedviruses escaping and causing any damage.

3. This will help in advance research into drugs and vaccines before pandemic breakout ofH7N9.

anti-argument

1. This could help terrorists create lethal viruses as bioweapons.2. If virus escapes the lab because of some natural disaster (e.g. earthquake, tornado,

tsunami) =massive damage to population.

#2: MERC Coronavirus

2002 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), appeared in China and next yearexploded worldwide.

2012 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is viral respiratory illness first reportedin Saudi Arabia in 2012. It is caused by a coronavirus called MERS-CoV

Merc-COV:

1. It is a corona virus just like SARS.2. Like SARS, it causes severe respiratory disease.3. Like the SARS virus, it appears to have originated in bats.4. MERS virus has crossed from bats into an animal that humans frequently come into

contact with. But which animal exactly ? was it bird/pig/goatthat is yet to be found.5. MERS-CoV can spread through close contact with a sick person, and such transmission

has occurred in families as well as in hospitals.6. The SARS virus mutated over time and gained the ability to pass more easily from one

human to another. The big worry is that the MER-CoV might do something similar.

Lab grown organs

#1: Lab-Grown: Meat

Scientists have succeeded in growing meat in vitro (=outside body, in a lab/petri-dish)using stem cellsBut Cost of such meat burger- 2,50,000 euros.

Then why bother with artificially grown lab meat? why not just eat normal meat fromanimals?

1. it help save more than 42 million cattle from being butchered every year in the U.S. alone

As per FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) report, when cattle is raised for meatalone, it leads to

18% share in greenhouse gas emissions

30% land use for just grazing and growing animal food/feed.

Such cattle is injected with variety of antibiotics => led to rise in drug-resistant bacteria=>they jump from animals to humans and cause variety of diseases.

#2: Lab-Grown: Tiny Brain

Austrian scientists have grown tiny brain (called Cerebral organoid) in their lab

using stem cells.This tiny brain has many key features of the brain in a nine-week-old human embryo.

Limitations?

does not yet display all the brain regions organised in the fashion that would be found ina developing embryo.Since there are no blood vessels to bring oxygen and nutrients to cells deep inside=> tinybrain will not develop beyond about four millimetres in size.

Benefits?

1. Microcephaly= is a genetic disorder, leads to greatly reduced brain size and associatedmental disabilities.

2. Earlier scientists tried to experiment on mice-brain to understand this disease but did notsucceed.

3. but now with tiny brain, they can do more research on Microcephaly disorder.4. Ultimately theyll be able to research on more common disorders like schizophrenia or

autism

#3: Lab-Grown: Liver

Japanese scientists has used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) cells to produce arudimentary human liver that could function in mice.iPS cells=created from normal cells, you dont need stem cells. (recall earlier article aboutYamanakas stem cell research).

OPPORTUNITIES CHALLENGES

Will help patients with life-threatening liver damage.

These lab-grown liver buds are too small insize, must be produced in vast numbers

same principle can be used to makepancreas, kidneys and lungs in thelab.

Itll take yet another 10 years before such amethod is ready for clinical trials inhumans.

Cloning John Lenon

Some Canadian dentist has a tooth of late British Pop legend John Lennon- he wants to cloneit.

What is Clone?

A clone is a cell or an organism that is produced asexually from an ancestor. (=withoutsperm meeting egg)A Clone cell genetically identical to its ancestor.Thus the clone of Lennon, produced today, will be genetically the same John Lennon ofthe 70s.

Dolly Sheep cloning

Scientists chose three sheep: Molly, Polly and Polly

Polly(Blackface)

they removed genetic material from her egg-cell.Thus her egg remained onlyan empty reaction vessel.

Molly(Whiteface)

they took cells from her udder, extracted genetic material out of it, andplanted in Dollys empty egg cell. Thus an embrayo created.

Holly they planted above embryo in Hollys womb. Thus holly served as a surrogatemother.

Result: Dolly sheep was born. White faced, inherited the genes from Molly only. The onlymale DNA of Dolly came from Mollys fathers DNA contained in her somatic cells.

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/97816112@N02/9717641076/)Whether Cloning of Humansshould be allowed or not? => Its a Group Discussion/Interview topic.But whether Cloned John Lennon will be equally good singer-musician like original JohnLennon=> Answer is No.Because a Man does not live by body alone. What goes into the brain is interaction withthe external world. Culture is not coded in our DNA. Experience, education, environment all these matter.

Three-person IVF / Mitochondria Transfer

Why Mitochondria important?

Mitochondria crucial to the energy supply of cells.Defective Mitochondria= disrupted energy supply to muscles, heart, liver and brain.Mitochondrial diseases are incurable.

In Britain alone, around one in 6,500 children is born annually with a severemitochondrial disease like muscular dystrophy.Current methods can only reduce but not eliminate the risk; no treatment is availableeither.

Solution: mitochondrial transfer/ 3-Parent IVF

mom gives egg but her DNA material has defective genes for Mitochondria. So thatpart related to Mitochondria is removed.

dad sperm

donor(female) gives DNA that has right codes for healthy Mitochondria.

Thus, with help of genetic material from ^three people, an IVF baby is created. Embryotransferd to mother and baby is born without any disease related to mitochondria.

Why news/controversy/Anti-arguments:

1. UK government is planning to allow doctors to use ^this technique. But some MPs areagainst this method citing this is also stem-cell research, You are playing God andinterfering with his creation and hence against the (Christianity) religion.

2. This research will lead to Designer babies for example, pick DNA of Sachin for Stamina,DNA of Bacchan for Height, Hrithik Roshan for white skin and thus assemble an embryolike assembling a mobile phone or computer.

3. Designer babies are bad because then society will be divided into two parts: those withsuperior looks-body thanks to genetically engineering vs. those normally born. Hitler wasalso trying similar thing: remove all the Jews, handicapped and gypsies and create thestrong Aryan race with pure genes.

Pro Arguments for Mitochondria-Transfer:

1. Mitochondria from a healthy woman donor doesnt affect the appearance of the baby. Itmerely prevents baby from getting defective mitochondria related diseases. Thus thedonor-lady is not third parent.

2. Mitochondria are the power producers of a cell and do not in any way contribute to thetraits that make us humans. Hence, any fear that the latest development is a slippery

slope that would lead to producing designer babies is unfounded.3. The inheritance of donated mitochondria, will stop with the succeeding generation if the

baby is male.

Cancer Immune Naked Mole Rats

(http://www.flickr.com/photos/97816112@N02/9717641276/)

Naked mole rats live undergroundthey can live for more than 30 years, almost seven times longer than normal rats.They are also the only mammals that do not regulate their body temperature.Unlike normal house rats, theyre immune to cancer.

Why in News?

Scientists use rats to do cancer study and test various anti-cancer drugs.To induce cancer in a rat, the scientists exporse them to gamma radiation, transplantingtumours or injecting cancer-causing agents.But when scientists tried these cancer-tools on naked mole rat=#epicfail, nothinghappened. It didnt develop cancer.

Reason?

Hyaluronan= a chemical found in all animals, helps to hold cells together, and controlswhen cells grow in number.Cancer= unregulated growth of cells. So hyaluronan was thought to be involved in theprogression of malignant tumours.In Naked Mole rat, scientists found an unusually thick layer of ^this chemical.Thick hyaluronan might have helped increase the elasticity of the rats skin, allowing it tolive in small tunnels underground. This trait might be helping in preventing cancer cellgrowth as well.

Why beneficial? This mechanism may help us find cure for cancer.

Silver Antibiotic

Scientists are now interested in silver because Bacteria cant develop resistance againstsilver.silver unlike most antibiotics works in more than one way to kill bacteria.Now, silver is combined with conventional antibiotics to make a killer combo. First silverwill weaken the bacterial cell membrane, then conventional antibiotics will attack thebacteria.Bacteria are broadly classified into two groups called Gram-negative and Gram-positive.Gram-negatives have an extra cell membrane that protects the bacteria; this meansthat it is much more difficult for some antibiotics, such as gentamicin and vancomycin, topenetrate the cell.But with added silver, even weak antibiotics can fight with such strong gram negativebacteria.

Neuro-science

#1: Human neurons and Carbon Dating

It is generally believed that brain cells stop growing in adults=>As your age increases, yourmemory capacity decreases.But Sweden researchers measured the rate at which new neurons are added in the adulthuman brain, using Carbon dating method.

How does Carbon Dating work?

Carbon dating makes use of an isotope, carbon-14.Carbon-14 is generated in the upper atmosphere when cosmic rays strike nitrogen atoms.It then finds its way into different substances.When scientists measure the amount of the isotope in them, they can calculate how muchof it there was originally based on how quickly it is radioactively decaying.This number can reveal the age of the substance, too.

#2: Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity = ability of the nervous system (brain) to modify its organisation in

response to conditions imposed on it.Experiment on animals showed that increase physical exercise=increases grey matter inthe brain, promotes the formation of new nerve cells, blood vessels and connections(synapses) between neuronsThus exercise helps improve your brain, apart from keeping obesity, type 2 diabetes,stroke and hypertension away from your body.

Banning Drugs and Chemicals

Mid Day Meal Deaths And Monocrotophos

In Chapra (Bihar) >20 kids died after eating Mid day meal, contaminated with pesticideknown as Monocrotophos.Monocrotophos is an organophosphorus pesticide.Considered highly hazardous by FAO and World Health Organisation (WHO).Already banned in Australia, China, the European Union and the United States, and inmany countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.2004: WHO says this pesticide must be banned. But our (bogus) government refusedsaying Monocrotophos pesticide = cheaper than its competitors and more effective incontrolling pests.FAO+WHO+World Bank agree that Monocrotohpos and similar highly hazardous productsshould not sold in Developing countries because:1. Marketing-Distribution channels are not properly developed=> anyone can buy such

chemicals from anywhere and create havoc (same problem leading to Acid-throwingon girls.)

2. Small scale farmers lack knowledge, proper sprayers, and protective gear and storagefacilities. They do not dispose the empty pesticide containers safely=>environmentalproblems.

International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management

Adopted by FAO member- countries,It establishes voluntary standards of conduct for all public and private entities involved inpesticide management.Code states that a hazardous pesticide should be banned if risk-assessment says thatgiven pesticide cannot be handled without unacceptable risk to humans and theenvironment.

For monocrotophos, many governments have concluded that prohibition is the onlyeffective option to prevent harm to people and environment.But India hasnt done it so far.

Open Sale of TB Drugs

Total more than 8 million TB patients in the world, among them more than 2 million justliving in India alone.

TB treatment

through Government funded DOTs program 65% patients covered

Through private clinics remaining 35%

What is the problem?

Patients receiving treatment through private clinics= they take drugs irregularly. As a result,disease resurfaces and TB bacteria becomes more resistant to the drugs.

What is the solution?

Govt mulling ban on sale of TB drugs in open marketUnder the new initiative, patients going to private practitioners for treatment will getmedicines free of cost from chemists but only after the doctor informs them through adedicated call centre to be set up by the government.

Allied topic: DOTS therapy and MDR-TB. click me (http://mrunal.org/2012/02/science-tuberculosis-and-dots-therapy.html)

Pioglitazone: Banned & unbanned

Oral Antibiotic drug. Works as insulin sensitizer.major players, such as Ranbaxy, Cipla and Sun Pharma, manufacture the drug. Market>700 crores.used by over 35 lakh diabetes patients across the country

France bans this drug because it is believed to cause bladder cancer, anemia

2011 and even heart failure.but drug continues to be used in the US, the UK and other countries, albeit witha warning label.

2013 A doctor files petition to drug controller general of India (DGCI) to ban Pioglitazoneafter 8 cases related urinary bladder cancer were reported in the Chennai.

June2013

Ministry bans the drugs, on advice of the Central Drugs Standard ControlOrganisation (CDSCO).But Ministry didnt consult Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB).

July2013

Indian doctors protest against the ban. Government refers the matter to DrugsTechnical Advisory Board (DTAB).DTAB recommends lifting the ban with some conditions

Finally, ban is lifted, with following conditions

1. Drug will now be sold with a box warning (that the drug carries a significant risk of seriousor even life-threatening adverse effects)

2. Doctors will also be told that pioglitazone should not be prescribed as the first line oftreatment.

Analgin: Banned

Painkiller drug.Sold under the brand name NovalginAdverse effect: decreases WBC (white blood cell count)=>fatal.Analgin is banned in many countries including US, France, Nepal but the medicinecontinued to be sold in India as an over-the-counter drug for years.Anyways finally government woke up and banned It (along with diabetic drug Pioglitazon)

Dextropropoxyphene: Banned

Use?= mild pain killer and local anaesthetic effects

Whobanned? directorate of food and drugs administration

Howbanned? under Drugs and Cosmetic Act, 1940.

Whybanned?

because already banned in USA, the UK, the European Union, Australia,Canada, and Japan.This drug has potentially life-threatening effects convulsions,hypotension etc.

Food related

#1: Honey

Is it safe to give Honey for babies?

Honey contains spores from a certain bacteria, which find their way into honey combfrom dust and soil.These bacterial spores have no effect on adults.but for children, honey can cause death/paralysis, since the immune system of infants hasnot matured.Therefore, Paediatricians around the world strictly advise against feeding honey toinfants.But if your child is above one year, honey is perfectly safe and can even offer lasting relieffrom chronic cough.

Diabetes?

What? Glycemic index?

Honey 55

sugar 68

Food with Higher glycemic index= bad because

Foods with a higher glycemic index lead to a higher rise in blood sugar levels= problemfor diabetic patients.Even in normal person, such food causes the body to keep releasing insulin from thepancreas to process all that sugar. High insulin levels in the blood=> lead to obesity.

Honey and Healing property?

before the discovery of antibiotics, honey was widely used in healingHoney has Acidic PH=>prevents the growth of many bacteriaHoney has hydrogen peroxide=>gives antiseptic valueHoney has phytonutrients=> prevent colon and other cancers.

Honey and Weightloss?

It is a myth that honey does not add fat to your body.Honey has just as much carbohydrates as sugar so it is best to restrict its use, especially ifyoure trying to lose weight or are diabetic.

Raw vs Processed Honey?

Raw honey (that which has been directly collected from the honey comb and has notbeen processed and packaged) => more effective anti-bacterial agent than the processedhoney.when raw honey is subjected to excessive heat and preservatives during food-processing,many nutrients/compounds are lost.

Honey Energy?

honey is a mixture of glucose and fructose, both forms of simple sugar. And much likeordinary sugar, it is absorbed fairly quickly into your blood stream and has almost thesame effect on your body.

Food additives are Poisonous

Not much relevent from exam point of view, but before you eat junk food, wafers next time,do check the labels to protect your own health:

Coloring Agents

Children like bright colored food. Therefore most baked goods (cupcakes, frosting) and fastfoods (like pastas, cereals and some ready-to-mix sauces) come in eye-catching colours.Problem:

food coloring agent causes

blue#1 cancer

Red#40 ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in children (whichaffects their ability to concentrate and focus).

Red#3 used as artificial colour to cherries. Causes thyroid tumors

Carmine/Conchinealextract

Derived from insect. Gives pinking blush to candies, fruit juicesetc.While these are generally safe to consume, it can causeadverse reactions in some people.

Sweetners

aspartameused as a sugar substitute in diet soda, ice-creams etc. but it isneurotoxin (affects the brain)carcinogen (has the potential to cause cancer).

Acesulfame-K used in gums and gelatin (used in jellies) .causes cancer

Preservative

Monosodiumglutamate(MSG)

Ingredient in many a restaurant-style Chinese meal.also found in mostpackaged foods, from potato chips to soups and cannedmeatsIncreases obesity , causes liver inflammation.

SodiumNitrate/SodiumNitrite (E 250)

used in canned pickles. causes cancer.

Breads

Potassium Bromide Used in banking breads. It gives a creamy white colour, and elasticityto bread. But potassium bromate is a known carcinogen, but in the US and in India, it isstill legal.therefore, it is better to use brown bread and ensure that you purchase a loaf that isfreshly baked.

Animal related

#1: Resilin, the rubber like protein

Resilin is a rubber-like proteinIt helps dragonflies, grasshoppers and other insects to flap their wings, jump and chirp

Resilin can stretch to three times its original length, then spring back to its initial shapewithout losing its elasticity.Scientists looking for its application in nanosprings, biorubbers, biosensors etc.Scientists have modified resilin with gold nanoparticles for possible use in medicaldiagnostics.

#2: Animals do self-medication

Sparrows pick up used cigarette butts and place them in their nests to reduce theparasite infection affecting the eggs and baby birds in the nests!

Mongooes feeds on chota-chand plant, before fighting cobras. Thus Nepalis foundout that Chota Chand is an antidote for snake bite.

Goat From observing the goats eating the coffee plant, Men found that coffeewas a stimulant.

Caterpillars chew on some medicinal plants to survive longer and produce healthiereggs.

Fruit Flies lay their eggs on food with high ethanol, to ward off infection by parasites

Chimanzees swallow whole leaves of some plants and defecate them in order to flushout intestinal parasites

It would thus appear that the practice of natural medicine, including Ayurveda, has its originfrom the plant and animal kingdom.

Misc.

Active Travel

Active travel means walking, cycling or use of public transportWorld Health Organisation (WHO) recommends active travel address the growing burdenof non-communicable diseases.

Apoptosis

It is the biological process clearing dead cells.apoptotic cells= Cells that are aging, damaged or infected and about to die,immune cells (phagocytes) engulf and destroy the apoptotic cells.If a dying cell is not cleared it will go into a post-apoptotic stage called necrosis=> leads to

inflammatory diseases like lupus in humans.

Pain Management Techniques

SteroidInjections

effective for patients suffering from arthritissteroid injections greatlyreduce inflammation (especially at the site of a nerve compression) andcan offer great relief from tortuous knee paibut have side effects

Nerve HeatingThe heat is transmitted to the tip of a needle => applied directly to thepaint transmitting nerves=>relieves pain and doesnt hamper with anyother body processes

ProlotherapyProcedure involves injecting an combo of anaesthetic + irritant, intothe site of pain.it also stimulates natural healing processes.

Antidepressent

when your pain is an obvious outcome of psychological issues, anti-depressants are prescribedThese pills will restore the chemical seratonin in your brain, a lack ofwhich can lead to chronic pain.But they should be taken as a long-term course in order to beeffective.

Elastic Energy and Human Shoulder

Humans do not have any of the characteristics so essential for hunting speed, strength,agility, claws or sharp canines to hunt down and kill a prey.Hence the ability to throw a spear or stone at high speed and great precision to kill/injurean animal =part of evolution.We can throw balls/stones/spears accurately because of the anatomical features thatallow the storage of elastic energy at the shoulder.The human shoulder acts much like a slingshot during a throw. It stores and releaseslarge amounts of elastic energy is stored in the stretched ligaments and tendons.Chimpanzees, on the other hand, do not have much mobility at the waist hence cannotthrow objects at great speed.

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R E P L Y ( / 2 0 1 3 / 0 9 / S C I E N C E - T E C H - T H E H I N D U - J U N E - J U L Y - A U G - P A R T - 1 - O F - 3 - M E D I C A L - R E S E A R C H -H E A L T H C A R E - D I S E A S E - O P V - I P V - C L O N I N G - T H R E E - P E R S O N - I V F - M O N O C R O T O P H O S - M I D - D A Y -M E A L - D E A T H S - P I O G L I T A Z O N E . H T M L ? R E P L Y T O C O M = 9 0 6 0 2 # R E S P O N D )

jackmrunal sir plz provide investment model material it is very hard toget even on internet.

R E P L Y ( / 2 0 1 3 / 0 9 / S C I E N C E - T E C H - T H E H I N D U - J U N E - J U L Y - A U G - P A R T - 1 - O F - 3 - M E D I C A L -R E S E A R C H - H E A L T H C A R E - D I S E A S E - O P V - I P V - C L O N I N G - T H R E E - P E R S O N - I V F -M O N O C R O T O P H O S - M I D - D A Y - M E A L - D E A T H S - P I O G L I T A Z O N E . H T M L ?R E P L Y T O C O M = 9 0 7 0 3 # R E S P O N D )

denticosubscribe to g k oday mains programme


MUNI85thanks a million mrunal sir..always you rock..


kashungThank you


prasannagood but expected relative analytical questions from u. option 3


satyendramrunal bhai,aapko bhi nahi pata ki kitni besabri se mai is article ka wait kar rahatha jug jug jio


gauravmrunal bhai thanks for info but i think its too bio centered. could youplease incorporate space realted stuff and other physics item too


Mehul@GaurvalMrunal said in prologue itself that total three parts will bereleased.part1. Medical / Healthcare related (given in present article)part2. Agriculture,Environment & Biodiversity (EnB), Naturaldisasters, clean energy relatedpart3. Space, IT, Electronics, Nano-tech, allied topics ofphysics/chemistry.


Rajeshnayakthanks mrunal sir you again rock


UDAYTHANK YOU VERY VERY MUCH SIR JI !!!


GopeshWE ALL ARE WAITING 4 UR NICE STUFF FOR D MAINS.. THANKS 4 THISARTICLE.


AnilHi Mrunal,I think you have done a lot of secondary search, your hardwork is really appreciable, i want to add one more pointBharat Biotech International Ltd Launched the Typhoid Vaccine CalledTypbar TCVTypbar TCV- worlds first clinically proven typhoid conjugate vaccine forinfants 6 months & older and Adults.

Source-http://www.coalitionagainsttyphoid.org/sites/default/files/29.Mohan_.8TC.pdf(http://www.coalitionagainsttyphoid.org/sites/default/files/29.Mohan_.8TC.pdf)http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/biotechnology/20130826233353.htm(http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/biotechnology/20130826233353.htm)


naveen loharmrunal sir corrected me if i m wrongis there difference bw vaccine associated paralytic polio and vaccinederived paralytic polio(i think first one is associated with vaccinationsadverse effect and the other is occurred due to vaccine derived virusinfecting the other child) (taken from The hindu )


srivatsa

Hello sir,the article 2 related to mosqitoes is a bit confusing ,in daytime uv light is dominating at night infra light is dominating.correct meif i am wrong.


MubashirThank you sir so much. You doing a great job. Please keep doing it.And dont get disappointed coz of some n00b (sandeep/varsha), cozbad comments and personal attacks does affect anyone. Pleaseremember, thousands benefit from your site, mostly small town guyslike me. Regarding, your not qualifying IAS ( I was honestly surprised,coz whenever i brag about you before my friends and suggest themyour site like how baap-aadmi you are, they are like Is he going forworld-admnstratve-servc, if there is any :P) , we plan and Allah planstoo, and He is the best planner. If you would have qualified, it wouldhave been one IAS, now you are helpin hundreds. Point is, please keepdoing it for us. Thank you sir.


Manish SharnaThanks a To Sir


Pankaj Dwivedisir, kindly provide these articals in hindi too. thank you!


Harikrishnan DMosquito gets attracted to CO2 not CO. Also Dolly naturally gave birthto a sheep Bonnie. Thankyou for the wonderful article.


AnkitI applied for yojana hard copy ,as you said i follow, i m waiting torecieve but it take two months and still i m in waiting track. What to donext help me out-> MRUNAL-G


chaitanyaThanks Mrunal, One more article about Mid-day meal tragedyhttp://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/poisoned-by-the-lure-of-money/article5110167.ece?ref=sliderNews(http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/poisoned-by-the-lure-of-money/article5110167.ece?ref=sliderNews)


Uday Kumar JhaThank u Mrunal..it was Much awaited!!!


PR

PRHello Sir,Can you please tell whether UPSC sends acknowledgement emails forthe receipt of DAF for CSM examination. I have not received it till nowthough my DAF was delivered on Sept 2.Please reply soon.

Thnks,PR


RohanThey generally send acknowledgement 12-15 days afterreception of your DAF.


SumitHow Hyaluronan may be preventing the growth of cancerous cells inNaked mole rat is directly related to thickness and clustering. Scientistshave found ,If Hyaluronan thickness is reduced by chemical enzymes,it become vulnerable to cancer and vice versa.

Thanks Mrunal for this article.


Chandralekha

Thank you Mrunal sir


RAAspartame is the most safe food additive ever .No link to cancerwhatsoever


srinivasGreetings for the day !!!

Plz suggest strategy for FCI AGM ( general admin ) exam bcoz as permy understanding and search through various channels , its beenquite a reputed post , so I would humbly request you to throw somelight on effective strategy to crack the exam in 1 go .

Regards


kmahi evry1 i read tis in hindu..i cudnt understand can any1 helpme out.. according to quantitative easing policy, fed bank started buying long-maturity bonds in order to keep the long term interest rates lowmy doubt is how buying long-maturity bonds helps to keep interestrates low???


SumitFed objective : Keep interest rate low so that there is Easyliquidity and economy >> employment can be revived byabundance of free money.

How they are doing it :Relationship: There is an inverse relationship between Bondprices and interest rates. ( Read NCERT -11 Macroeconomics).Fed wants to keep interest rates low. Long maturity bonds aremore dangerous as compared to short maturity bonds(if interestrate perspective is used) as they have a larger horizon(timeperiod) and hence greater relationship with Long term interestrates. Fed has a target to buy X amount of Long maturity bondsto reduce interest rates to Y%. Even in future , it can sell out torealize the desired objective

R E P L Y ( / 2 0 1 3 / 0 9 / S C I E N C E - T E C H - T H E H I N D U - J U N E - J U L Y - A U G - P A R T - 1 - O F - 3 -M E D I C A L - R E S E A R C H - H E A L T H C A R E - D I S E A S E - O P V - I P V - C L O N I N G - T H R E E -P E R S O N - I V F - M O N O C R O T O P H O S - M I D - D A Y - M E A L - D E A T H S -P I O G L I T A Z O N E . H T M L ? R E P L Y T O C O M = 9 1 4 9 6 # R E S P O N D )

kmathanks alot @ sumit..


KHUSHI KA MONUexcellent work sir jee


Anand

AnandReading your article itself is a big treat for us.Thanks a ton.God bless you.


lalith kumarthank u sir for dis material support for us keep updating more


KARUNESH SINGHGR8 WORK SIR JI..THNX 4 PROVIDING SUCH A USEFUL MATTERS


SUNNYgr8 job sirwould like to meet u sometym in lyf


vicky jayarajsir, i want some tips for writting mains gs paper and essay. If you willprovide notes it will help me


shashamrunal sir why planning commission is not included in constituionalbodies even though it takes all decision while ministry of finance isincluded??


Uday Kumar Jha@Shasha, Reason being very simple, any institution are givestatus like statutory or constitutional just to make it moreeffective. As PC being non statutory and Non constitutional bodywield enormous power as it is headed by PM. So why to conferany status if the institution has PM at its apex.Apart from that, Finance Commission as constitutional body feelrelegated to margin and harbors grudges against PC despite it ifNehru wished he cud have given PC that status but was notneeded then or now.


shashathanks uday..well i had sm picture of th firsy 2 reasn bt wasnt sure..i byhad nt thot of nehru wala cnceptthanks


chandu

Easy to understand.Thank you.


RaajeshGood efforts. Congrats from http://www.IASaspirants.com(http://www.IASaspirants.com)

R E P L Y ( / 2 0 1 3 / 0 9 / S C I E N C E - T E C H - T H E H I N D U - J U N E - J U L Y - A U G - P A R T - 1 - O F - 3 - M E D I C A L - R E S E A R C H -H E A L T H C A R E - D I S E A S E - O P V - I P V - C L O N I N G - T H R E E - P E R S O N - I V F - M O N O C R O T O P H O S - M I D - D A Y -M E A L - D E A T H S - P I O G L I T A Z O N E . H T M L ? R E P L Y T O C O M = 1 0 0 5 7 8 # R E S P O N D )

PreethaThank you sir. Very helpful material.


rahulAbout 3 parent babies:Well both this compilation as well as the latest compilation has a majorblunder with respect to 3 parent babies.Actually the mito moms, give a the entire egg cell whose nucleus hasbeen removed, while the geno-mom gives the nucleus. (A single eggcontains 100-1000s of Mitochondira at a given time, hence notpossible to remove all unhealthy ones and replace with healthy ones,hence the reverse process is done.)I hope I make my point, though its a bit late for mains, but its onlyduring revision that I got confused and figured it out.


Rohit

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ziya ahmadmongoose has natural immunity against neurotoxic enzymes andcobra has neurotoxic enzymes in its venom.when it fights with viper itcould be fatal for mongoose because viper has hemotoxic enzymes inits venom.

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30-Jun: Ambedkar Uni. Delhi (http://aud.ac.in/careerataud)

30-Jun: NEIGRIHMS (http://neigrihms.gov.in)

30-Jun: Lucknow Law (http://rmlnlu.ac.in/recruitment-notification-process.html)

30-Jun: AIIMS Raipur (http://www.aiimsraipur.edu.in/Career.aspx)

28-Jun: Ranchi Agro (http://www.bauranchi.org/application-for-the-post-of-teachers-2/)

22-Jun: DIATPune (http://14.139.111.180/admin.html)

22-Jun: IGIT (http://www.igitsarang.ac.in/careers.php)

22-Jun: Himachal Central Univ. (http://www.cuhimachal.ac.in/job_emp.aspx)

20-Jun: AIIMS Patna (http://www.aiimspatna.org/pages/recruitment.php )

19-Jun: NIT Jamshedpur Walk-in (http://nitjsr.ac.in/uploads/index.php?

id=786&category=notifications)

18-Jun: Barkatullah Univ. (http://www.bubhopal.nic.in/)

16-Jun: IIIT Bhubaneswar (https://sites.google.com/a/iiit-bh.ac.in/jobs/job-

advertisements/facultypositions)

15-Jun: S.Asian University (IT) (http://www.sau.ac.in/recruitment/jobs.html)

15-Jun: NIT Jamshedpur (http://117.211.91.62/)

Uniform

15-Jul: Army Dental (23) (http://indianarmy.nic.in)

10-Jul: Army 10+2 (http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/)

30-Jun: BSF Constable (http://bsf.nic.in/en/recruitment.html)

15-Jun: Navy Sailers (SSR) (http://nausena-bharti.nic.in/forthcomingSailor.php)

15-Jun: Daman Diu Constables (http://daman.nic.in/jobs/2015/616-12-05-2015.PDF)

B.Com,CA,HR,MBA

01-Jul: NIELIT Accounts (http://www.nielit.gov.in/recruitments.aspx)

25-Jun: MP Electricity Accounts

(https://www.mponline.gov.in/Portal/Services/Recruit_MPKVV/Indore/notification.aspx)

21-Jun: Lucknow Metro Accounts

(https://www.digialm.com/EForms/html/form2399/index.html)

RESULT /MARKSHEET

SSC 2014 T2

NCLAT

Hotel Management

TENTATIVE NOTIFICATIONS

IAS-IPS-IFoS: 16 May

IES: 7 Feb

SSC CGL: 2 May

SSC 10+2: 6 June

SSC Sub insp: 28 Mar

CAT: Aug 2015

RBI Officer / Assistant: ??

IBPS PO / Clerk / RRB: ??

(https://www.facebook.com/Mrunal.org)

(https://twitter.com/mrunal_patel)

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rel=author)

(http://www.youtube.com/user/TheMrunalPatel)

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uri=CivilServiceExam)HOME (HTTP://MRUNAL.ORG/) ECONOMY (HTTP://MRUNAL.ORG/ECONOMY)

DOWNLOAD (HTTP://MRUNAL.ORG/DOWNLOAD) CONTACT ME (HTTP://MRUNAL.ORG/CONTACT)

The work of Mrunal (http://mrunal.org/) is under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/l icenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en_US).Permissions beyond the scope of this

l icense may be available at Mrunal.org/contact (http://mrunal.org/contact).

(http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main?url=http://mrunal.org)

1. Online Form Part-I stops few days before deadline, so don't wait till last date. Dont

forget reg.id & roll no.Note'em in Google Drive (https://www.google.com/drive/)

2. I usually update vacancies every Monday.Purple link= newly added,Blue= existing.Last

updated Mon. Jun 15, at 9:30AM

ACIO 2015: ??

// /

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