theoretical feasibility of cold fusion according to the bsm-sg unified theory

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FEASIBILITY OF LENR ACCORDING TO THE BSM-SG UNIFIED THEORY

STOYAN SARG SSE-2012 http://vixra.org/abs/1112.0043

Theoretical Feasibility of Cold Fusion According to the BSM - Supergravitation Unified Theory

Stoyan SargYork University, Toronto, Canada

[email protected]

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• Why the current progress in LENR (cold fusion) was not predicted and explained by the contemporary physics?• Maxwell in “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” vol. II ".....whenever energy is transmitted from one body to another in time, there must be a medium or substance in which the energy exists after it leaves one body and before it reaches the other”• After development of General Relativity (GR) Einstein claimed that the GR theory without Ether is unthinkable. His only argument against the material structure of Ether is that no working model has been suggested so far. ( A. Einstein, Sidelights on Relativity, 1921)• Einstein was not in favor of material Ether because the Equation E=mc2 then becomes not universally valid (the Ether could not be created or annihilated)• In Physics based on existence of Ether the mass m is not equivalent to matter. In BSM-SG theory the mass was derived as a parameter of the structural volume of the elementary particle immersed in the physical vacuum.• In nuclear reactions the mass m changes according to the Einstein equation E=mc2. This is a GR effect in the microscale range as envisioned by BSM-SG theory.

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Framework of the Basic Structures of Matter – Super Gravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG):

- Empty Euclidian space without QM physical properties and restrictions - Two super dens Fundamental Particles (FPs) with parameters associated to Planck’s scale and distinguished by size and vibrational time constant (in order of tpl = 5.39x10-44 (s)). - A Fundamental law of Super Gravitation (SG) - inverse cubic law in pure empty space.

01 023SG O

m mF G

r= , where: G0 – SG constant, m01 and m02 – SG masses, r –distance

In a primordial phase of the galactic evolution, the FPs congregate into geometrical formations with hierarchical levels. Formations, below the level of elementary particles are two sub-elementary particles called Twisted Prisms possessing an axial SG field anisotropy and opposite handedness due to an internal twisted structure. They built both: the underlying structure of the physical vacuum, called a Cosmic Lattice (CL) and the structure of the elementary particles (in formations of helical structures). G0 – its sign depends on the mutual distance between the FP formations in empty space

• Detectable signature of the CL space – by Modern Ether drift observations • Detectable signature of SG forces: Casimir and Van der Waals forces

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Cosmic Lattice – underlying structure of the physical vacuum• Right and left-handed flexible CL nodes – formed respectively by 4 right and 4 left-handed Internally Twisted Prisms held by SG forces. Node distance ~ 1.09E-20 (m)

• CL space – alternatively arranged right and left-handed CL nodes. The gaps between the CL nodes permits 3D spatial oscillations – Zero Point Energy (Mockup)

• CL node geometry - 2 set of axes: - abcd (along prisms) and xyz (orthogonal)• CL node return forces under SG law - symmetrical along xyz axes and asymmetrical along abcd axes. Result: a complex spatial oscillation with two identified frequencies : 1.09x1029 Hz – involved in light propagation and 1.236x1020 Hz Compton frequency (SPM vector) – involved in light speed constancy and QM interactions.

• SG field propagation by abcd axis – Newtonian gravity

• Oscillations along xyz axes – involved in EM waves, electrical and magnetic fields

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Helical Structures crystallized from the two types of prisms (with internal twisting)

Right-Hand

Left-Hand

Combined

Second order

Second order LH structure

Second order RH combined structure

All stable elementary particles: neutron, proton, electron and positron are made of heliacal structures

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The Mysterious Dark Energy estimated by the revealed structure of electron

• Electron - a three-body oscillating system with denser internal lattice. One of its two oscillating frequencies, is the Compton frequency. This structure exhibits all physical and QM parameters of the electron.

• The denser internal lattice modulates the CL space creating E-field lines.

• The strong CL Static pressure exercised on the impenetrable volume Ve of the electron defines it mass according to the derived equation:

• Hidden ZPE of CL static pressure. Using the revealed structure of electron and Einstein equation E = mc2 we obtain: 3.8E13 KWH/cm3. This is the mysterious Dark Energy – a primary source of the nuclear energy.

2cVPm eS=

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BSM-SG: Shape of protons and neutrons (built of helical structures) and their spatial arrangement in the atomic nuclei

• The strong SG field of the helical structures (from which the elementary particles are built) modulates the oscillating property of the CL nodes, which is detected as electrical charge.

• At close distance the SG forces play the role of nuclear forces. They are responsible for the stability of the nuclei and the shape of Coulomb field.

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Atomic nuclei in two rows of Periodic Table according to BSM-SG models

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Comparison between metal lattice images from a tunneling microscope and synthetic images using BSM-SG models

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Total energy balance of H2 molecule based on the SG field, in which the Coulomb energy is part of the SG field energy

• The comparison between the energy levels from the total energy balance and the vibrational and photoelectron spectra of H2 leads to derivation of the intrinsic SG parameter :

• Theoretical estimate of the binding energy between the proton and neutron in Deuteron by using the derived CSG parameter and applying an approximate classical 3 - step method: (a,b, c): (accuracy: 3.6%)

332200 10621.5)6455.0)1()(2( −×=++== pqcSG LLhmGC αν

Calculated value: 2.145 x 106 (eV) ; Experimental value 2.22457 x 106 (eV)

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Analysis of the Lamb shift dependence on Z and mass number. Signature of GR field curvature in microscale range

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Lamb shift vs mass number Lamb shift in first few elements Lamb shift vs Z-number

• The Lamb shift dependence on mass number (panels a., b.) indicates that neutrons are bound to individual protons

• The strong Giant Resonance discovered by Baldwin and Klaiber in 1947 is also a signature that the neutrons are bound to individual protons

• The steep dependence of Lamb shift on Z-number (panel c.) is an indication of GR field curvature in a microscale range.

a. b. c.

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GR effect in microscale as responsible for the access to nuclear energy

• Hypothesis: The atomic nucleus causes a field curvature – a micro GR effect. According to this effect, the atomic nuclei exhibit a feature of energy conservation by modification of detectible mass according to derived equation

Where: mp, mn, and me – masses of proton, neutron and electron, p – number of protons, n - number of neutrons

• The characteristic feature of the GR curvature is the wavelength redshift. The analogous characteristic parameter in GR micro-curvature is a change of λc(Compton wavelength).

•The change of atomic nucleus by nuclear reaction causes a change of the micro GR field curvature, which means a change of the parameter λc This happens in both cases: fission and fusion and the corresponding change of the nuclear mass is known as a binding energy given by Einstein equation E = mc2.

• The source of nuclear energy in fusion and fission reactions is the Static energy of CL space. Its estimate by the electron’s volume is 3.8E13 KWH/cm3.

theorySGBSMtoaccordingmassnuclearm

nmpmchgm

e

np

C

−−+−= 42

22 )1(

λπαα

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Proximity E-field of the proton and locked E-field of the neutron

Alpha decay in heavy elements as a result of the spatial arrangement of deuterons (cold fusion D + D -> He)

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Considerations for Modification of the Coulomb Barrier Leading to LENR

1. LENR is more probable between heavy and light nuclei with a proper neutron to proton ratio.

2. The knowledge of the nuclear 3D configuration helps to estimate the possibility for deeper penetration of the smaller nucleus into the heavier one. It also allows to find common structural features between elements that exhibit affinity to LENR.

3. The heavier element must be in a solid state and in a form of powder. These increases the active surface where LENR takes place.

4. A proper minimum temperature of the powder substance is required.

5. A proper pressure of the light element in a gas state is necessary. An additional pressure pulsation may increase the effectiveness.

6. Optional use of acoustic cavitations in a liquid phase.

7. Optional use of plasma arc and resonance effects. This creates longitudinal (Tesla) waves. They possess a stronger SG component that is able to modify the shape of the Coulomb field.

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Cold fusion by strong shock pulse in sono-fusion or EM pulse in plasma(Flyn and Taleyarkham methods explained by BSM-SG atomic models)

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Illustration of Pd+ D -> Ag reaction. The Coulomb barrier is shown by a gray color

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The role of Palladium as a catalyst for D+D -> He

He nuclei obtained from LENR of Pa as a catalyst in a deuterium atmosphere (first obtained by Dr. Case, New Hampshire)

Piantelli and Focardi-Rossi methodsimplemented in Rossi E-cat reactor

(Ni + D -> Cu + energy) & (Ni + D -> Cu + energy)

The test of 50 E-cat reactors on 28 Oct 2011 provided 479 KW power for 5.5 hrs (in form of heat).

(source: Sterling Allan and Hank Mills)

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LENR reactions

Experimentally proved Predicted from BSM-SG models

LENR obtained by Piantelli, Focardi and Rossi: Ni + D -> Cu

Ni + H -> Cu; Cu + H -> Zn

LENR predicted by BSM-SG theory:

Cr + D -> Mn; Mn + D -> Fe

Cr + H -> Mn; Mn + H -> Fe

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Conclusions:

• QM models of atoms, based on the Bohr planetary model, are not real physical but mathematical models. The scattering experiments cannot serve as a proof for the planetary model of the atoms, because they have only angular resolution and in the data interpretation all particles are assumed spherical. However, particles with shapes of twisted and folded torus will provide the same angular distribution.

• According to the BSM-SG atomic models, the Coulomb barrier is spread in much larger volume and it could be modified. The efficiency of LENR also depends on the mutual positions of nuclei and their exited state (nuclear spin).

• LENR does not involve severe refurbishment of atomic nuclei, so the radioactivity is missing or minimal.

• The radioactive waste provided by all nuclear plants on the Earth is about 12,000 metric tons per year. At year 2015 it will reach about 250,000 tons.

• A microgram of Plutonium penetrated in human body will lead to ill conditions with a life expectancy of 10 years (Los Alamos National Laboratory) (26): 78–79, (2000))

• LENR is a safest alternative to the presently used nuclear energy

theoretical feasibility of cold fusion according to the bsm-sg unified theory

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