thien nhatmmd report

7/24/2019 Thien NhatMMD Report

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TRNGI HC BCH KHOA H NI

Vin Cng nghThng tin v Truyn thng

BI TP MN HC

Truyn thng a phng tin

v ng dngti:

Phng php nn Video tin tin

v ng dng

Gio vin hng dn: PGS.TS. Nguyn ThHong Lan

Sinh vin thc hin:

Nguyn Hng Nht SHSV:20111940

Nguyn Vn Thin SHSV: 20112282

H NI2014


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c lc

1.

Tng quan ................................................................................................................................ 3

2.

Gii thiu H.264/AVC .............................................................................................................. 3

3.

Cu trc ca bquy chun H.264/AVC ................................................................................. 43.1. Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) ................................................................................................... 4

3.2. Video Coding Layer (VCL) trong NAL Unit v phng thc ng gi............................................ 4

4.

Qu trnh nn ca H.264/AVC ................................................................................................ 5

4.1. Don........................................................................................................................................ 5

4.1.1. Intra-prediction ........................................................................................................................ 5

4.1.2. Inter-prediction ........................................................................................................................ 7

4.1.3. Blc khkhi vung ............................................................................................................ 9

4.2.

Bin i v Lng tha .............................................................................................................. 9

4.3. M ha Entropy ........................................................................................................................... 10

5. Qu trnh gii m video H.264/AVC................................................................................ 10

6. Chun H.264/AVC ............................................................................................................... 11

6.1. Cc hs - profile. ...................................................................................................................... 11

6.2. Cc cp - Level. ...................................................................................................................... 12

6.3. Kch thc buffer cho nhng hnh nh c gii m.............................................................. 13

7.

So snh phng php nn ca H.264/AVC vi MPEG-1........................................... 138. nh gi thnghim H.264/AVC v MPEG-1............................................................... 14

9. Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................................................. 15


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Phng php nn Video tin tinv ng dng

MPEG-4 Phn 10 - H.264/AVC

1. Tng quan

MPEG-4l mt phng php nh ngha cch thc nn m thanh v cc ni dung trc quan.MPEG-4bao gm nhiu chun, hay cn c gi l cc phn. MPEG-4hin nay bao gm tt c30 phn (1 phn ang trong qu trnh pht trin), a scc phn hin nay vn cha c trinkhai.

2. Gii thiu H.264/AVCH.264/AVC l mt chun nn video dng trong cng nghip, n l mt qu trnh bin i video sthnh mt nh dng khc chim t dung lng lu trhoc truyn ti hn. thc hin c iuny, chng ta cn c mt encoder (bm ha) bin video vdng nn v mt decoder (bgiim) chuyn dng nn ny thnh dliu video hin thln thit bnghe nhn.H.264/AVC l mt phn ca MPEG-4gi l MPEG-4 Phn 10. MPEG-4 Phn 10bao gm AVCvsdng bprofile c cp cao hn ngi tin nhim MPEG-4 Phn 2 (hay cn gi lMPEG-4Visual). Do vy cn khnng tnh ton ln v thut ton phc tp hn.H.264/AVC l mt vn bn nh ngha nh dng ca video nn v phng thc gii m nh dng c thti to li c chui hnh nh to nn video. Vn bn chun khng cp ti cchthc nn video s- iu ny c dnh cho cc nh pht trin encoder - nhng trong thc t, qutrnh m ha thng lm ngc li nhng g m qu trnh gii m thc hin.

Hnh 1: qu trnh m ha v gii m video theo chun H.264/AVC.L mt nh dng video, tt nhin nhim vchnh ca H.264/AVC l ng vai tr lm chun m hav nn video. Hin H.264/AVC c sdng trong rt nhiu thit b, dch v. n cl cc thit b


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u Blu-ray, cc dch vpht video trc tuyn qua internet nh YouTube, iTunes Store, Vimeo,cc phn mm nh Adobe Flash Player, Silverlight, VLC, v cc dch vtruyn hnh HDTV, truynhnh vtinh.Ngoi ra H264 cn c cc hng cng nghpht trin phc vcho cc mc ch khc nh:- XAVC: nh dng thu video c thhtrphn gii ln ti 4K (40962160) v tc khung

hnh / giy ln ti 60.- AVCHD: c pht trin bi Sony v Panasonic, dng thu video phn gii cao, c s

dng trong nhiu a Blu-ray v my PlayStation 3. Vc bn l H264 nhng c thm mtstnh nng c bit phc vcho cc thit bca hng.

3. Cu trc ca bquy chun H.264/AVC

Bquy chun H.264/AVC bao gm 2 phn chnh:

3.1. Network Abstraction Layer (NAL)

c sdng nhm to tnh thn thin vi mi trng mng cho nh dng H.264/AVC. Cngvi nhiu hthng khc nhau nh:

RTP/TP cho mi loi giao tip c dy v khng dy thi gian thc. Cc nh dng file (ISO, MP4, MMS,). H.32x cho dch vm thoi. MPEG2 cho truyn hnh.

Dliu video c m ha, v cha trong cc n vthuc lp NAL, gi l cc NAL Unit. Ngoi racn cc gi NAL Unit cha cc thng tin khc, nn NAL Unit c chia lm 2 loi:

VCL NAL Unit: NAL unit cha thng tin vvideo m ha. Non-VCL NAL Unit: NAL unit cha cc thng tin khc.

Header Byte: Byte u tin ca mi n vNAL, cho bit loi thng tin m NAL ny cha.Enumeration Prevention Bytes: Byte c chn vo dliu ti trng nhm ngn vic to ra tipu m (net code prefix ngoi mun).Gii thch: Net Code Prefix c sdng nhm nh danh nh dng file. Trong H264, code nyc a vo gia cc lp NAL, gm 3 bytes, chkhng c a trc tip vo lp NAL trongcu trc Byte Stream (dng byte). Code c t cui NAL unit ny l tip u m ca NAL unittip theo (EOF).

3.2. Video Coding Layer (VCL) trong NAL Unit v phng thc ng gi

Mi NAL Unit (NALU) bao gm 1 byte NALU Header, sau l dy byte ni dung video m ha(VCL) hoc thng tin iu khin (Non-VCL).Byte header cha thng tin vloi NALU v tnh quan trng ca NALU (NALU c cha

thng tin vslice sdng tham chiu khng?v nu khng c cc slice ny sgy kh khncho vic gii m cc ni dung cn tham chiu).NALU c thc truyn pht (stream) di dng cc dng bit hoc ng gi di dng cc file.


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Hnh 2: NAL Unit

4. Qu trnh nn ca H.264/AVC

Qu trnh nn / m ha ca H.264/AVC bao gm 3 cng on (xem hnh 1): Don, Bin i &Lng tha v M ha Entropy.

4.1. Don

Cng on ny xl mt khung hnh video theo tng khi nhc gi l cc Macroblock(kch thc 16x16 pixels). V cng l l do ti sao cc video hin nay c chiu ngang vchiu dc u l cc schia ht cho 16 m bo nn cao nht (VD: 1280720,720480,). Vy i vi nhng video c phn gii khng chia ht cho 16? Dng hocct cui cng sc lm gi(clone). V dvideo 19201080 sc thm 8 dng cui

trthnh 19201088, sau schnh cho decoder ct bt cc dng / ct ginytrong qu trnh gii m (decode).Cng on ny phng on macroblock da theo cc dliu c m ha ttrc: tchnh khung hnh video hin ti (intraprediction) hoc tcc khung hnh trc cm ha v truyn ti (interprediction). Sau , encoder strphn phng on ny tmacroblock hin thi to ra phn d (residual).

Vic tm kim mt don interframe hp l cho macroblock cn c gi l c lng chuyn ngVic trdon interframevi macroblock gc c gi l b chuyn ng

Cc phng thc phng on trong H.264/AVC linh hot hn cc nh dng trc , chora kt quphng on tt hn cng nh khnng nn cao hn.

4.1.1. Intra-prediction

Intra-prediction sdng cc block 1616 v 44 don cc macroblock tcc pixel m ha xung quanh n, trong cng 1 khung hnh.

don intraframe, H.264/AVC cung cp. 9 phng php dnh cho don intraframe ca thnh phn Luma (Y) trong khi

4x4.


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M A B C D E F G H

I a b c d

J e f g h

K i j k l

L m n o p

Hnh 3: Cc nhn ca cc pixel c sdng don.

Hnh 4: Cc phng php intra-prediction dng cho don thnh phn Luma (Y)trong khi 4x4

Phng php th2 (DC) c thay i ty thuc vo vic mu A-M c tn ti haykhng, cc phng php khc chc thc hin khi tt ccc mu cn thit uc sn (nu cc mu E, F, G, H khng c, gi trca mu D sc sao chp vovtr thiu ca chng).Sau khi p dng ln lt c9 phng php don trn, vic tip theo encodersphi tnh ton gi trsai stuyt i (SAE - Sum of Absolute Errors) ca tngblock c don so vi block hnh nh gc. Phng php no cho gi trSAEnhnht sc chn. (p dng cho cdon Luma 16x16 v 2 thnh phnChroma).

| |

=

=

4 phng php dnh cho don intraframe ca thnh phn Luma (Y) trong khi16x16.


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Hnh 5: 4 phng php don interframe 16x16 ca thnh phn Luma(Y). 4 phng php dnh cho don intraframe ca 2 thnh phn Chroma (Cr v Cb).

Hai thnh phn ny lun c dng chung 1 phng php don. V sdngkhi c kch thc 8x8.4 phng php don ca 2 thnh phn ny tng tnh 4 phng php csdng don thnh phn Luma trong khi 16x16 chkhc tht: DC (ch0), Ngang (ch1), Dc (ch2), Cho (ch3).

4.1.2. Inter-prediction

Inter-prediction sdng kch thc khi (block size) trong mt khong (t1616 n 44)don cc pixel trong khung hnh hin thi tcc khung hnh trc v cng nm trnmt vng tng t.Cc thut ton dng trong don interframe: Diamond Search, Hexagon Search, FourStep Search,...

Chng xoay quanh mt hm tiu chun i snh. Cc hm thng dng l: Sai khc trung bnh tuyt i MAD:

12 | |

=0

=0

Sai khc trung bnh bnh phng MSE:

12 ( )2

=0

=0

Trong : l kch thc ca Macroblock, v l cc pixel tng ngTrong a strng hp, encoder sthnh cng trong vic thc hin don interframe,

nhng khi tm c cha hn hon ton trng khp vi khi trc c m haDo vy encoder phi thc hin tnh ton sai sgia chng. Phn dsinh ra trong php trl sai sdon, n sc chuyn i v gi ti cho decoder.Tm li, nu encoder thnh cng trong vic tm ra khi trong khung hnh tham chiu, n strvmt vector chuyn ng trti khi tm c v km theo l mt sai sdon.Sdng 2 thng tin ny, decoder sc thkhi phc li cc pixel nguyn thy ca block.


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Hnh 6: Qu trnh m ha interframe.

u im v nhc im ca phng php don ny: Nu thun li, thut ton stm ra c khi ph hp vi sai sb. V thsau khi

bin i, kch thc ca vector chuyn ng cng vi sai sdon sb hn kchthc m ha nu sdng nh gc.

Nu khng tm c khi ph hp, kch thc m ha sln hn kch thc mha nh gc. Lc ny, encoder ssinh mt ngoi lv gi km m ha ca nhgc cho khi .

Nu frame trc cng c don interframe th c thdn ti sai schngcht khi ti to hnh nh.

a phn trong cc thit k, c 2 loi interframe, l: P-frame v B-frame. Hai loi khunghnh ny km vi I-frame to thnh mt GOP (Group of Pictures). Cc I-frame khng cnthm thng tin g gii m nn n c thc dng lm khung hnh tham chiu. Cu trc

ny cho php ta c c I-frame theo mt chu k tun hon, gip ng bha vic gii mca decoder.

P-frameP-frame l hnh nh c don ktip. Don c thc hin nhhnh nh trc a phn l mt I-frame, cho nn n chim dng t khng gian lu trhn (vo khong50% so vi kch thc ca I-frame).Dliu thc hin don bao gm cc vector chuyn ng v cc hsdon qua bin i.

B-frame

B-frame l hnh nh c don theo 2 chiu, tframe trc v sau n. B-frame chimdng t khng gian lu trhn P-frame (vo khong 25% so vi kch thc ca I-frame).Tng tP-frame, B-frame cng c thhin qua cc vector chuyn ng v cc hsbin i. trnh sai schng cht khi ti to hnh nh, B-frame t khi c H.264/AVC sdng l frame tham chiu.


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4.1.3. Blc khkhi vung

Vic xl khung hnh theo cc Macroblock ssinh ra cc nh gi(nh gil cc yu tnhto ra bi ssai lch trong qu trnh tip nhn,xl, ti to dliu nh sng casensor, ng knh, thut ton... ) ti ng bin gia cc khi. Nhng nh githeo khi nyc thc gim bng cch p dng mt blc khkhi vung vo cc pixel gia haikhi, thng th chng slm mn qu trnh chuyn i pixel tkhi ny sang khi khc.Trong H.263+, tnh nng ny l ty chn, nhng trong H.264/AVC th n gip c i thin ng

kcht lng hnh nh.Hn na, blc khkhi vung c p dng trc khi sdng hnh nh lm khung hnhtham chiu, iu ny slm tng hiu quca qu trnh b chuyn ng.

4.2. Bin i v Lng tha

Khi dliu phn d sau cng on don sc bin i thng qua mt bchuyni snguyn(tng tbin i Cosin ri rc - DCT). Php bin i ny scho ra mttp cc hs, mi thnh phn sl mt gi trtrng scho mt nn chun c trc. Khic kt hp vi nhau, cc nn chun ny sc thti to li khi dliu phn d banu.

Hnh 7: Chuyn i ngc, kt hp nn chun vi cc hsti to khi nhu ra ca php chuyn i trn, mt khi hs, sc lng tha. V d: mi hssc chia cho mt gi trnguyn. Qu trnh lng tsgim chnh xc ca bhstheo mt tham slng tcho trc (quantization parameter). Do vy, nu ta t tham


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slng tqu cao sdn ti nhiu hsblng tv0, cho ta kt qunn vi hsnn cao nhng cht lng nh ti to li xu. Nu t tham slng tqu b th ta scnhiu hsc gi trkhc 0 hn, dn ti cht lng nh ti to tt hn nhng b li hsnn li thp.Qu trnh m ha video phi to ra mt scc gi trcn phi m ha c c dng bitnn. Cc gi trny bao gm:

- Tham slng t.- Thng tin cung cp cho bgii m (decoder) to li phng on.- Thng tin vcu trc ca dliu nn, v cng csdng nn.- Thng tin vton btrnh tvideo.

4.3. M ha Entropy

Kt qum ha t2 cng on trc scho mt dng cc bit, vic cui cng l m hadng bit ny bng cc thut ton m ha entropy. H.264/AVC sdng 2 thut ton m haentropy l CABAC (Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding)v CAVLC (Context

Adaptive Variable Length Coding).

CABAC cho cht lng nn tt hn nhng gii m phc tp hn. 2 thut ton ny u l

cc thut ton nn khng mt thng tin nn sdng CABAC c thgim c bitrate sovi CAVLC m vn gic cht lng. CABAC c thci thin cht lng nn khong10-15% so vi CAVLC.Cng on ny c thc hin Network Abstraction Layer (NAL).

5. Qu trnh gii m video H.264/AVC

Hnh 8: S khi ca bgii m H.264/AVC Gii m bitstream:Bgii m nhn c dng bit H.264/AVC, gii m cc thng sv tch ra cc thng tinc lit k phn trn.

Chia li tlv chuyn i ngc:Cc hslng tc chia li tl. Mi hsc nhn vi mt gi trsnguyn phc hi li kch thc ban u. Qu trnh chuyn i ngc kt hp cc phn nn chun,nh lng li bng cc thng s c chia li tltrn, to li cc khi dliuphn d. Cc khi dliu phn d c kt hp tip, to thnh cc macroblock phn d.


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Do mi decoder c cc cch nh lng v a ra gi tr khc nhau nn cng 1 video, khigii m trn cc hthng / phn mm khc nhau scho ra cht lng hnh nh c skhcbit.

Ti to:Vi mi Macroblock, decoder to mt phn on ging nh phn on to ra bi encoder.Sau thm phn on ny vo phn d c gii m ti to macroblock, sdnghin thsau khi p dng blc khkhi vung. Nhng khung hnh c ti to honchnh sc lu li 1 phn phc vcho qu trnh b chuyn ng ca vng lp ti to tiptheo.

6. Chun H.264/AVC

6.1. Cc hs - profile.

y l cc rng buc dnh cho encoder, thng qua profile m decoder c thnhn ranhng yu cu cn thit gii m video. Profile l cch sp lp ng dng nht nh ca

H.264/AVC: Baseline Profile (BP): Dng cho cc ng dng/thit bgi rvi khnng tnh ton cn hnch. Loi ny c sdng trong hi nghvideo v cc thit bdi ng.

Main Profile (MP): Sdng cho ng dng tm trung, pht hoc lu tr. Thng cdng cho nh dng pht sng v tuyn phn gii chun trc y.

Extended Profile (XP): Sdng cho cc ng dng pht video, vi nn cao, khnngchu li tt v tng thch khi chuyn dng pht gia cc server vi nhau.

High Profile (HiP): Loi sdng chnh cho truyn hnh phn gii cao v lu trtrn a(HDTV, Bluray, HD DVD,).

High 10bit Profile (Hi10P): Ging nh HiP nhng hin nay cc thit bcn c sa i tng thch vi nh dng sdng 10bit mi mu mu.

High 4:2:2 Profile (Hi422P): Sdng cho cc ng dng chuyn nghip vi video interlacedv sdng video 10bit. Htrly mu mu dng 4:2:2.

High 4:4:4 Profile (Hi444P): Tng tnh trn nhng ly mu mu dng 4:4:4, htrlnti 14bit mu mu. Htrm ha khng mt thng tin.Ngoi ra, cc hs ny cn bao gm mt sloi con htrcho all-intra, tc l mt sthitbthu / ghi hnh, chnh sa chuyn nghip chsdng Intra-Frame. Tng ng vi cc loiprofile lit k trn:

High 10 Intra Profile. High 4:2:2 Intra Profile. High 4:4:4 Intra Profile.

CAVLC 4:4:4 Intra Profile (chsdng m ha entropy CAVLC).Trn PC, Bluray, Mac, chyu sdng Main Profile v High Profile.So snh cc tnh nng gia cc profile:


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Baseline Extended Main High High 10 High4:2:2

High4:4:4

I / P Slice C C C C C C C

B Slice Khng C C C C C C

a khung hnhtham chiu

C C C C C C C

Blc khkhivung

C C C C C C C

CAVLC C C C C C C C

CABAC Khng Khng C C C C C

M ha interlace Khng C C C C C C

Chuyn i 8x8hoc 4x4

Khng Khng Khng C C C C

Lng ttheo matrn


iu khinChroma ring


M ha khunmu ring

Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng C

M ha khng mtmt thng tin

Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng C

Bng 1: So snh tnh nng gia cc profile.

6.2. Cc cp - Level.

y l cc cp yu cu cho decoder c tm tt:


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Level Tc gii m ti a Kch thckhung hnh ti a

Video bitrate ti a phn gii@tckhung hnh (skhung hnh lutrong buffer)Mu

Luma/sMB/s Mu

Luma/sMB Baseline /

Extended /MainProfile

HighProfile

Hi10Profile

1 380 160 1 485 25 344 99 64 80 [email protected] (8)[email protected] (4)

3.1 27 648 000 108 000 921 600 3 600 14 000 17 500 42 [email protected] ([email protected] (111 [email protected] (

4.1 62 914 560 245 760 2 097 152 8 192 50 000 62 500 150 0001 [email protected] (1 9201 [email protected] 0481 [email protected]

Bng 2: Tm tt cc level cho decoder.

Ngoi ra cc lp trnh vin hoc cc nh pht trin phn cng / ng dng cng c thdavo level sn xut sn phm da theo c tnh trn ddng hn. V dnh quy nhcho chun gii m DXVA.

6.3. Kch thc buffer cho nhng hnh nh c gii m.

Nhng hnh nh c m ha trc bi encoder H.264/AVC sc sdng xy dng phng on cho nhng hnh nh tip theo. iu ny gip encoder a ra quytnh hiu qunht m ha mt hnh nh. Ti decoder, nhng hnh nh c gii msc lu trtrong mt buffer phc vqu trnh b chuyn ng cho khung hnh tiptheo.

V d: trnh chiu mt video vi phn gii 1920x1080 Level 4.1 th decoder scnmt buffer c thcha c 4 khung hnh.

7. So snh phng php nn ca H.264/AVC vi MPEG-1

Ging nhau:- Qu trnh m ha u da trn khng gian mu YUV.- u sdng php bin i ri rc cc khi trc khi a hsvo qu trnh lng tha.


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Khc nhau:

MPEG-1 H.264/AVC

- Thng dng phn gii chun SIF:352x240, 352x288, or 320x240

- Trong php DCT, chp dng vi kchthc block bng 8

- c lng chuyn ng dng kch thcblock cnh

- Mi P-Frame chc ththam chiu ti 1hnh nh (n khung hnh tham chiu)

- Vector chuyn ng c chnh xc ti pixel

- M ha entropy: RLE, Huffman.

- Dng vi phn gin t12896 ti4,0962,304

- Php chuyn i snguyn p dng vikch thc block bng 4 hoc 8

- c lng chuyn ng dng kch thcblock thay i.- P-Frame c ththam chiu ti nhiu hnh

nh (a khung hnh tham chiu)- Vector chuyn ng c chnh xc ti

pixel- M ha entropy: CABAC, CAVLC.

Bng 3: So snh phng php nn ca MPEG-1 v H.264/AVC

8. nh gi thnghim H.264/AVC v MPEG-1

Tin hnh thnghim vi 2 video nh dng YUV4MPEG khng nn c ly tngun:https://media.xiph.org/video/derf/

Cng csdng

MPEG-1 Encoder: mpeg2enc trong bcng cmjpegtools trn Ubuntu Linux. H.264/AVC Encoder: x264.exe trn Windows

Decoder: Media Player Classic trn Windows.

Tin hnh

Tn tp tin: tt_sif.y4m |https://media.xiph.org/video/derf/y4m/tt_sif.y4m

phn gii: 352 x 240

Dung lng: 19 008 946 byte

Cc so snh vhnh nh c thc hin trn cng mt khung hnh.
https://media.xiph.org/video/derf/https://media.xiph.org/video/derf/https://media.xiph.org/video/derf/y4m/tt_sif.y4mhttps://media.xiph.org/video/derf/y4m/tt_sif.y4mhttps://media.xiph.org/video/derf/y4m/tt_sif.y4mhttps://media.xiph.org/video/derf/y4m/tt_sif.y4mhttps://media.xiph.org/video/derf/


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Kt quMPEG-1 H.264/AVC

Dung lngvideo sau m ha

690 152 byte 591 974 byte

Cht lng hnhnh

Hnh nh bhin tng blocking nhng ni c vn g

Khng bhin tng blocking, ccvn ghin ln r rng

Chuy n ng Chuyn ng ca chic vt b

nhe, khng nhn r

Chuyn ng ca chic vt c th

hin

Bng 4: So snh kt quthnghimVic thnghim c tin hnh tip tc vi dliu video th2(https://media.xiph.org/video/derf/y4m/foreman_cif.y4m )cng cho kt qutng t, H.264/AVC tra vt tri hn hn cvmt cht lng hnh nh ti to ln dung lng lu trchim dng.

Nguyn nhn l do H.264/AVC c m hnh don interframe, intraframe tt hn so vi MPEG-1vkhnng thay i ty theo ngcnh (kch thc block khng cnh, nm trong khong t16x16 ti 4x4), chnhxc cao hn(vector chuyn ng c chnh xc pixel), khnng thamchiu a khung hnh (so vi n khung hnh tham chiu ca MPEG-1).

9. Ti liu tham kho[1] http://www.vcodex.com/h264.html

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC

[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block-matching_algorithm

[5] Block Matching Algorithms For Motion Estimation. Aroh Barjatya, Student Member, IEEE

[6] Motion Estimation and Intra Frame Prediction in H.264/AVC Encoder, Rahul Vanam,

University of Washington.
https://media.xiph.org/video/derf/y4m/foreman_cif.y4mhttps://media.xiph.org/video/derf/y4m/foreman_cif.y4mhttps://media.xiph.org/video/derf/y4m/foreman_cif.y4mhttp://www.vcodex.com/h264.htmlhttp://www.vcodex.com/h264.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block-matching_algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block-matching_algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block-matching_algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVChttp://www.vcodex.com/h264.htmlhttps://media.xiph.org/video/derf/y4m/foreman_cif.y4m


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[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_frame

[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_interpolation

[9] H.264 / MPEG-4 Part 10 White Paper

[10] Understanding the Application: An Overview of the H.264 Standard
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_framehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_framehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_interpolationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_interpolationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_interpolationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_frame

thien nhatmmd report

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