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COLONIAL R E P O R T S — A N N U A L

No. 1 7 4 2

Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of the

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE

*934 (For Report for IQ32 see No. x6y, (Price 2s. od.) and for Report for IQ33 see 7 T o. i6Sj (Price 2s. od.).)

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2 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL

ANNUAL REPORT ON T H E SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF THE PEOPLE OF THE BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE FOR THE YEAR 1934

C O N T E N T S

CHAPTBB. PAGE

I.—HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, AND CLIMATE 2

II.—GOVERNMENT 4

III.—POPULATION 6

IV.—HEALTH 7

V.—HOUSING 9

VI.—PRODUCTION 9

VII.—COMMERCE 1 7

V I I I . — W A G E S AND COST OF LIVING 2 0

IX.—EDUCATION AND WELFARE INSTITUTIONS 2 2

X,—TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS 2 5

XI.—BANKING, CURRENCY, AND WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 2 6

X I I . — P U B L I C WORKS 2 7

X I I I . — J U S T I C E , POLICE, AND PRISONS 2 9

XIV.—LEGISLATION 3 1

X V . — P U B L I C FINANCE AND TAXATION... 3 2

XVI.—VETERINARY 3 8

X V I I — MINING 4 2

XVIII.—MISCELLANEOUS 4 6

APPENDIX 5 1

I.—HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE. History.

Proclamation of British Protectorate.—During the year 1885 Sir Charles Warren, who was in command of an expedition despatched from England to pacify Southern Bechuanaland, where for some time previously hostilities had been proceeding between the Bechuana and Boers from the South African Bepublic, visited the principal Chiefs in Northern Bechuanaland (known as the

BECHUANALAND PROTECTOBATE, 1 9 3 4 3

Bechuanaland Protectora te) , namely, Khama, Gasietsiwe, and Sebele, and as a result a Brit ish Protectorate was proclaimed over their territories. No further steps were taken until the year 1891, when, by an Order in Council dated 9th May, the limits of the Bechaanaland Protectorate were more clearly defined, and the High Commissioner for South Africa was authorized to appoint such officers as might appear to him to be necessary to provide for the administrat ion of justice, the raising of revenue, and generally for the peace, order, and good government of all persons within the l imits of the Order. Sir Sidney Shippard, the Administrator of Bechuanaland, was appointed Resident Commissioner. An Assistant Commissioner was also appointed for the Southern Protectorate and another for the Northern Protectorate , the laws in force in the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope on the 10th of J u n e , 1891, being declared in force in the Terri tory, mutatis mutandis, and so far as not inapplicable. Subsequent legislation has been effected by Proclamation of the High Commissioner.

Relations with the British South Africa Company.—For fiscal and other purposes the Protectorate was treated as a portion of the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland until 15th November, 1895, when the latter was annexed to the Cape Colony. I n the au tumn of tha t year arrangements were made for the transfer of the administration of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, with the exception of certain reserves for native Chiefs, to the British South Africa Company. The country occupied by the Bamalete tribe and so much of the Baro-Tshidi Barolong country as lies within the limits of the Protectorate were transferred to the administration of the Brit ish South Africa Company. La te r the administration of the two areas above referred to was transferred to the British Government , by whom the Protectorate, in its ent i re ty , is still governed under the name of the Bechuanaland Protectorate. I t includes the Tat i Distr ict , which is a portion of the old Matabele-land conceded in 1887, by Lobengul r , to Mr. S. H , Edwards .

Geography* The Territory of the Bechuanaland Protectorate is bounded on

the south and east by the Union of South Africa, on the northeast by Southern Rhodesia, and on the north and on the west by the Terri torv of South-West Africa.

I t has not been surveyed as a whole, but i ts area is estimated at 275,000 square miles. I t s mean altitude is about 3,300 feet.

The eastern portion of the country has some fine hill scenery. The remainder, though it appears at first sight to be \e ry flat, is , in reality, undulat ing and is rich in grasses, shrubs, and trees. There are occasional outcrops of limestone, and the surface generally is sandy t*nd, except where boreholes and dams have been estab-

33017 A 2


lished. waterless. Old and well-defined river courses indicate, however, that at one time the country was well watered, as ig still the cane north and north-cunt of Lake X'gumi. There is reason to believe that pood underground waters exist, and development in this direction will be undertaken as soon as (he Territory if able to provide funds for the purpose.

OlirasU. The climate of the country on the whole is sub-tropical but varies

with latitude and altitude.

As latitude 22° South passes through the centre of the country nil that portion north of this line lies definitely in the Tropics.

By far the greatest area of the more populated portion of the Territory lies in an extensive saucerlike depression having an altitude of 3,000 to 8,200 feet bounded by higher ground at the extreme south (Hildnvale) and the lorth-east (Southern Rhodesia* where the altitudes are over 4,000 feet. There are also elevations at Kiinye, Serowe, and (ihanxi of 4,000 to 5,000 feet.

The climate of the higher portions of the Territory is sub-tropical varying to temperate. During the winter the days are pleasantly warm, and the nights cold with occasional frosts. The summer is hot but relief is obtained by a prevailing north-east breeze which generally springs up in the early part of the night; whereas, in the extensive basin, the winter, lasting from the beginning of May to the end of August, is likewise pleasantly warm and the nights comfortably cool. But in summer the days are very hot < ,,1 the nights are mostly very warm.

The atmosphere throughout the year is very dry which helps to mitigate the high temperatures, though to Euro|>eans this dryness and the strong sunlight week after week without clouds to soften it, has the effect of producing nervous irritability—particularly in Eur0}>cans whose occupation is sedentary and does not permit oi enough outdoor life.

Provided the necessary precautions are taken to guard against malaria, which is universal in the low-lying areas of the Territory, and provided sufficient outdoor exercise is taken, the climate is well suited to Europeans and their families.

II.-GOVERNMENT. The Bechirinaland Protectorate is administered bv a Bcsident

Commissioner under the direction of the High Commissioner for Basutoland, the Beehuatmland Protectorate and Swaziland (formerly styled the High Commissioner lor South Africa), the latter possessing the legislative authority which is exercised by Proclamation.

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE, 1 9 3 4 5

The Terri tory is divided, for administrative purposes, into the following Districts under Resident Magistrates w b j are assisted in the maintenance of law and order by a force of police :—

N'gami land (Headquarters-—Maun). Chobe (Kasane) , Ngwato (Serowe). Gaberones (Gaberones) . Lobats i (Lobatsi). Ghanzt (Gemsbok P a n ) . Francis town (Francistown). Tuii Block (Selika). Kweneng (Molepolole). Ngwaketsi (Kanye) . Kgalagadi (Lehututu).

The H igh Commissioner h empowered by the Order in Council of the 9 th of May, 1891, to legislate for the Protectorate by Proclamation, and it is provided tha t , in issuing such Proclamations, the High Commissioner shall respect any native laws or customs by which the civil relations of any native Chiefs, t r ibes, or populations are regulated, except so far as the same may be incompatible with the due exercise of His Majesty's power and jurisdiction.

The native Chiefs have hitherto adjudicated through their Kgotlas (Councils), according to native law and custom, in most mat ters arising amongst natives of their respective tribes. By Proclamation No. 75 of 1934. the constitution and functions of Native Courts have been defined, their powers and jurisdiction have been established on a proper legal footing, and adequate safeguards for the due administration of justice have been provided,

The jurisdiction of Native Courts-does not extend to any case in which the accused is charged with (a) treason, (h) nedition, ( c i murder or attempted murder . (*/) culpable homicide, (c) rape or at tempted rape, (/> assault with intent to do grievous IKXIHV harm, (f/) offences relating to the currency, (h) perjury, (i) conspiring against or subverting or a t tempting to subvert the attthoritx of any Chief or Sub-Chief, (j) offences constituted by any statute in force in the Territory unless in such statute it is otherwise provided. Nor does it extend to the hearing or determining of

any cause or proceeding whereby, in the ease of persons married under the law of the Territory, divorce or a declaration of nullity of marriage or an order for judicial separation is sought ; or (h) any cause or proceeding arising in connexion with a testamentary disposition of property or the distribution of the estate of a deceased person to which the law of the Territory applies or arising under the law relating to insolvency or involving matters or relationships between the parties to which native law and custom are inapplicable.

:;:HM? A a


The Proclamation provides for a right of appeal from any Native Court to the next Senior Court , viz. , from Jun io r Native Courts to Senior Nat ive Courts, and from Senior Nat ive Courts to the Court of Resident Magistrate , and to the Special Court under certain condit ions, i.e. if the amount of the judgment exceeds 4100, or where the combined value of the fine and compensation exceeds fifty pounds, or where sentence of imprisonment for a period exceeding six months or of corporal punishment exceeding five strokes has been imposed.

No suits, act ions, or proceedings in which a European is a party can be adjudicated upon by a Chief.

IIL—POPULATION-NO vital statistics are available. The vast area of the Terr i tory,

with a widely scattered population and a relatively small number of officials, has made it impossible for the Government to collect data which would be of any value.

At tempts have been made to get information as to the number of deaths tha t may have occurred during certain particular epidemics, but they have proved valueless.

x\ccording to the notices of death received in respect of Europeans, there was a total of 23 deaths in !934 out of an estimated total European population of 1,060, A Inch would give a death-rate of approximately 21 per thousand. But it is impossible to give the death-rate among natives.

The last census taken in 1921 gave the total European population as 1,743 ; Ind ians , other Asiatics and coloured persons as 1.055 ; and natives as 150.185; distributed t h u s : —

Asiatics and District. Europeans. Coloured. Native.

Bamangwato Reserve 2 3 0 6 5 8 , 0 4 7 Bakwena Reserve ... 307 7 7 11 ,162 Bangwaketsi Reserve 8 2 5 8 17 ,466 Bakgatla Reserve ... 1 3 — 11,604 Bamalete Reserve ... 6 9 3 7 4 , 5 7 8 Batawana Reserve ... 4 5 1 4 17 ,449 Batlokwa ... — 1,199 Tati Distiict 195 6 9 11.877 Gaberones Block 120 1 3 3 9 2 Tuli Block 8 6 6 !,<*74 Lobat&i Block 354 1 1.001 Barolong Farms 9 9 — 3 ,154 Ghanzi Distiict 124 3 4 1,698 Kazungula District ... 8 — 2 , 1 1 5 Nekati 4 — 8 3 6 Molopo Strip 4 — 1,285 Lehututu District ... 1 9 5 2 2 4 ,004 Railway Strip 184 2 1 8 9 4 4

TOTAL 1,743 1,055 150 ,185

No record has been kept of emigrants, but these, in any ewe, are very few.

BECl iU AN ALAND PROTECTORATE, 1 9 3 4 7

Immigration. In August, 1932, legislation was enacted to regulate the entry

of immigrants , other than native immigrants . The Proclamation lays down certain classes of persons who are

definitely prohibited from entering the Terr i tory ; other persons entering or desiring to enter may be required to satisfy the authorit ies by sworn declaration tha t they do not come within the prohibited class. On the information given in the declaration form, the Resident Commissioner issues or withholds, as the case may be, his sanction for person concerned to enter or to remain within the Territory.

Prohibited immigrants found within the Terri tory are given notice containing grounds of prohibition in writ ing, and may. within three days, give notice of appeal. If such appeals are dismissed, warrants are issued for the removal of such prohibited immigrants , and failing compliance with such warrant of removal prohibited immigrants render themselves liable to imprisonment with hard labour for a period not exceeding three months , and to removal from the Terri tory.

IV.—HEALTH. The European medical staff of the Administration consists of the

Principal Medical Officer, six Medical Officers, two District Surgeons (subsidized Medical Missionaries), two Hospital Matrons, four Staff Nurses , one Welfare Nurse , two Dispensers; and the Native Staff of two Dispensers, two pupil Dispensers, two Medical Orderlies, five female Nurses (Probationers).

Hospitals.—There are two Government Hospitals , one in the Southern Protectorate at Lobats i , opened in September, 1930, and the other in the Northern Protectorate at Serowe, which commenced to function in March, 1931. At each of these there is accommodation for some five European patients and approximately twenty native pat ients . The Medical Officers are responsible for the t reatment of all in-patients and the administration of the hospitals.

Good work is being done at the Medical Mission hospitals and dispensaries—Kanye (Seventh Day Advent is t ) ; Mochudi (Dutch Reformed Church ) ; and also at Molepolole (United Free Church of Scotland) where there is a first class hospital, with accommodation for twenty native pat ients , fully equipped on modern lines with operating thea t re . I t is staffed by two European nurses and native ward a t tendants (male and female). I t is a very valuable addition to the medical work of the Terri tory, and particularly to the Rakwena tr ibe, of which Molepolole is the capital.

At Mafeking the Administration have access to accommodation for European pat ients at the Victoria Hospi ta l , where the patients come under the medical care of the Principal Medical Officer.

S COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL

During the year 1984, 1,210 in-patients were treated in Government and Mission hospitals, of whom 53 died, compared with 838 in-patients and 46 deaths in 1933. All native in-pat ients , bona fide residents of the Protectorate , receive all maintenance and t rea tment in Government hospitals free of charge.

Dispensaries.—There are some fifteen dispensaries in the Territory, where out-patients are at tended by the Government Medical Officers. At these natives are afforded consultations and t rea tment for I s . per individual at tendance, while patients suffering from venereal disease are treated free. Likewise at the Mission stations the Medical Missionaries treat out-patients at a nominal charge, and venereal disease cases free.

In remote districts, where the inhabitants are sparsely scattered, syphilitic remedies are distributed free of charge, as opportunity permits .

T h e total number of out-patients treated at the Government and Medical Mission dispensaries was 55,500—of these 26,759 were first attendances.

Public Health.—It is imj>ossible to obtain throughout the Territory records of bir ths and deaths for natives, and such data as have been obtained would be valueless for statistical purposes. The only means of ascertaining to what extent the population is affected by particular diseases is by the record of diseases diagnosed among patients a t tending the out-patient depar tments . A comparison of the individual Districts shows great uniformity in the incidence of each particular disease throughout the Territory.

Malaria.—Very serious outbreaks of malaria occurred in the Ghanzi and Kgalagadi Districts, which owing to distance from the railway and from permanent medical assistance, and to lack of telegraphic or o ther communication, constituted a problem of some difficulty to the Administration, particularly as poverty and lack of food, due to-market restrictions on their produce by reason of outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease and locust depredations, drought, and denression generally, had considerably reduced the resistance of the population, both European and native.

W i t h *he use, however, of an aeroplane, quinine was distributed in far less t ime than would otherwise have been possible, and by energetic action the epidemics were tackled, and, aided by the advent of cold weather , were controlled and overcome in a comparatively short period of t ime.

Tuberculosis.—Actually the total number A new cases treated is the same as in 1933, i.e., 346, though it is a serious increase when compared with a total of 36 cases seen in 1927.

Syphilis.—The total number of new cases of syphilis t reated, i .e. , 7,163, was lower than in the previous two years, both as regards the actual number and the proportion of these in relation to the total number of out-patients.

BRCHUAKALAHD PROTECTORATE, 1 9 3 4 9

Yaws.— The total number of new cases treated in 1934 was 85, which is one less than in 1933. In the treatment of this disease the arsenical preparations have been used more liberally than in previous years; this has been made possible by a slight increase in the Medical Vote.

V.-HOUSING. The wage-earning population of the Protectorate consists of:—

(a) Traders and farmers who for the most part are toler- • ably well housed with reasonable sanitary conveniences, and

(6) Natives.—In the native towns and villages sanitation is , at present, non-existent. This state of affairs has the earnest attention of the Administration, which, however, is handicapped in its desire to establish more satisfactory conditions by iU present lack of sufficient funds to do so. By propaganda in schools and elsewhere natives are advised and encouraged to try to work out for themselves a simple form of sanitation.

Chiefs and a few of the more affluent Headmen live in brick-built or ston°-built houses, the floors being of hardened mud. The housing conditions of the rank and file vary enormously according to the tribe, the best housed being the Bakgatla. In this tribe most families occupy well-built stone or brick rondavels, excellently thatched. Generally speaking a householder has three good rondavels enclosed in a form of courtyard, the house and the courtyard wall being artistically decorated with multi-coloured geometric figures. The interior and surroundings of these courtyards are particularly clean and tidy.

The houses of the Bangwaketsi and Bamalete tribes consist of rondavels built of mud bricks and carefully thatched. Generally the householder has two such huts but less attention is paid to the courtyard, decorations, or general tidiness. The remaining tribes are satisfied with mud rondavels of smaller dimensions. Very indifferently thatched, two such hovels suffice a householder. They are surrounded by a rough wooden palisade, the surroundings of the huts and palisades being generally untidy and uncared for. In all cases, the better class rondavels have wooden doors and a small hut window, but the less pretentious simply have a mat hung over the doorway and no window.

Generally the parents and daughters occupy one rondavel and the sons and the male guests the other, thus allowing approximately three inhabitants per hut.

VI.—PRODUCTION. Minerals.

The only minerals at present produced are gold and silver in the Tati District. During 1984. 9,485 ounces of gold and 978 ounces of silver, valued at £65,578 and £90 respectively, were mined, as against 5,525 ounces cf gold and 622 ounces of silver, valued at ±'22,280 and £47 respectively, in the previous year.

10 COLON'AL REPORTS—ANNUAL

Cattle. The main occupation of the natives of the Protectorate is the

business of cattle rearing, and a good deal of attention has been concentrated during recent years on the improvement of the herd both by purchase, out of the Native F u n d , and by distribution amongst the various tr ibes, of pure bred bulls and cows.

In normal years cattle may, under certain specified conditions, be exported to most of the surrounding territories, but since the unfortunate outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease within its borders in 1933, a calamity of first-class veterinary and economic magnitude, the Bechuanaland Protectorate has been practically closed to all external markets for its animal and vegetable products. The clouds of depression and penury which hung so heavily over 1933 have remained to darken the greater part of the year 1934.

Dairying. Introductory .--The close of 1933 saw the Territory emerging

from the throes of foot-and-mouth disease and a severe drought. In December, copious rains fell in the Southern Protect*,, a te , but the rain, though opportune there , was insufficient in most parts ol the Territory to overcome the effects of the drought.

The new year dawned with every promise that the leeway would be mote than made up. but the season did not live up to expectations. The late rains were disappointing and drought conditions persisted. In many instances good crops were reaped, particularly in the south, but the grass was poor; that which had survived the drought grew rapidly but was of very little use for winter feeding.

Although adverse conditions retarded development, much was accomplished.

The dairy industry yielded ,4*20,000 approximately, as compared with 44,300 in the previous year, a striking enough proof tha t the Territory is resourcefully regaining its fee*! despite its severe setback,

Routine.—A much needed addition to the staff was effected in September by the appointment of another Assistant Dairy Expe r t , who was stationed at Lobats i , the other Assistant Dairy Exper t being transferred to Francistown.

The Territory now has more adequate at tention. The recruitment of two extra Native Dairy Instructors has

enabled a number of natives in the remote parts of the Territory to come in contact with more progressive ideas and s tandards, and it is hoped that the efforts in this direction will eventually bear fruit.

During the year the usual routine work was carried out including check testing and grading of cream against the two but ter factories, cheese grading at farm cheese factories, butter judging, determining


moisture content in but ter , answering farmers ' queries and inspecting all registered dairy premises in accordance with the existing dairy regulations.

I n addition much useful work wa* carried out under the various heads enumerated in this report .

Cream Production.—The main mat te r of interest in dairying from the native viewpoint is the supplement of individual effort in the past year by engaging in co-operation with Europeans.

There are many natives who, whilst unable to maintain successfully a creamery of their own , are well able to derive a suitable income by selling milk.

The system tha t has been followed is tha t a selected European approved by the Chief concerned has been allowed to open a chain of milk-buying cream depots in suitable areas.

The scheme briefly is that the European makes provision for buildings, equipment , machinery, motor transport , organization and management , and all that the >; tive has to do is to milk his cattle and deliver the milk to the native depot foreman, when, after separation, 75 per cent , of the separated milk is returned to the vendor.

I n the Bamangwato Reserve, some 440 of these milk depots have become firmly established. Recent a t tempts in the Bamalete and Bakgat la Reserves to establish similar chains have met only with partial success owing to the prevailing drought conditions.

Wi th the partial collapse of the beef marke t , these provide an alternative means of utilizing cattle economically.

Another feature of this development tha t is not without value is the opening for employment offered to the more educated type of native. This superior employment keeps them in the Reserves, otherwise they invariably drift to the Union towns and their ability is lost in relation to the general government and progress of the tr ibe.

The development of native dairying has also provided an income to natives who otherwise would not have been self-supporting. Fur the r this has been very favourably reflected in our hut tax returns.

Despite drought conditions, production of butterfat rose to 335,221 lb . , as compared with 64,346 lb. the previous year. The standard of quality was maintained. 62 per cent, of the native production was first-grade as compared with 56 per cent, in 1933 and 47 per cent , in 1932.

European butterfat has also gained a higher first-grade percentage, that is 76 per cent .

Butter Production .—The quality of the but ter manufactured by the Francistown and Lobatsi Creameries was satisfactory. 599,500 lb. were manufactured during the period under review.

mi A 4


reese Production.—Only 4,021 lb. of cheddar and gouda cheese were manufactured by three farm cheese factories. Expor t was allowed under permit and subject to certain veterinary restrictions, but the quantity was little above that required for local consumption. The comparatively small production of cheese was due to the fact that the majority of the farmers were not in the position to tie up capital for three months—the matur ing period, and they, therefore, produced cream in preference.

Cheese Factory at Ghanzi.—The Dairy Exper t visited Ghanzi in August and September with a view to investigating various possible ways of improving the economic conditions there.

I t was decided that a cheese factory would be likely to yield the most immediate return to settlers in that area, but on investigation it was found that such a factory would be impracticable and unprofitable. The chief difficulty lay in the concentration of sufficient milk at any one centre . An output of 500 lb. of cheese per diem would cost 11 Jd. per lb. landed at Walvis Bay—an output of 1,000 lb. per diem was required to bring the cost down to 10d. per lb.

The financial aspects of market ing the production as cream was then considered. This field proved to be much more hopeful, and is being explored with a view to put t ing it into effect so soon as the lifting of the veterinary restrictions caused by the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak permit .

Poultry.—In May, Messrs. Tollman Brothers and Davis, Limi ted , of Johannesburg , opened part of the Lobatsi Cold Storage premises as a poultry depot. Here birds were received from all parts of the territory, killed, trussed and chilled before railing to Johannesburg. A price of 4d. per pound live weight was paid at Lobatsi for native bred fowls, and a corresponding higher pri^e for bet ter bred birds, 25,220 birds being received of a total value of £1,630 8s. 7d. or I s . 3d. per bird.

The establishment of this depot has been the means of reducing the number of native bred cocks so that it will be a comparatively easy mat ter to grade up a bet ter class of bird from the existing native hens by the introduction of pure bred cocks.

Caponizing has been demonstrated throughout the Territory, and a t Ramath labama an experiment was carried out under the aegis of the Division to prove whether the caponizing of native cockerels would be of any advantage. I t was found that the capons gained weight more rapidly and economically than the cockerels.

There are several well established flocks of Whi te Leghorns , Rhode Island Reds , and Minorcas in the Terri tory, but egg production is precarious.

It is thought that farmers would be well advised to concentrate on the table bird, for which there is a ready market in Johannesburg at certain t imes in the year.

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE, 1 9 3 4 18 The potential possibilities of poultry in the Territory are

enormous. Grain is cheap and thick separated milk is available for at least seven months in the year.

Several flocks of W h i t e Leghorns were culled, and breeding pens made up , but the industry has now reached a stage where it is essential to introduce new blood to avoid producing stunted and unprofitable birds.

The Economic Utilization of Locusts.—The locust invasion dur ing the year under review was considerable. An organized campaign for their destruction by poison was initiated. Although this was successful, the poison on the grazing lands accounted for the death of many hundreds of cattle.

Arrangements were made with Messrs. Os-kop Ferti l izers (Ply.) Limited, to purchase dried locusts, poisoned and unpoisoned, at 3s. and 4s. 6d. per hundred pounds respectively, f.o.r. Protectorate stations.

British Machinery.—Several thousand pounds worth of Brit ish machinery have been imported into the Terri tory as a result of the development of the dairying, agricultural and mining industries. I t has been found that in most cases the prices are somewhat higher than those paid for foreign articles, but the increased expenditure is justified by the prolonged life of British machinery.

Agriculture. Crops.—Maize and kaffir corn are the staple crops of the

Beeliuanaland Protectorate. As a result of the better rains of the year under review, crops nearer to the average amount would have been reaped bm for the heavy infestations of locusts (and, in some par ts , mealie crickets also) whose serious depredations necessitated the continuance of Government assistance in certain portions of the Terri tory. Good crops on the whole were, however, reaped in the Chobe, Ngwato and Gaberones Districts .

At Maun , in the north-western region of the country, interesting experiments have been made on the demonstration irrigation plot which has been extended to over four acres, and planted with the idea of distributing purebred seeds (kaffir corn, mealies, pumpkins, beans, etc.) to improve existing food supplies. Citrus trees and bamboo have also been planted and experiments made with potato crops ; locusts, brown beetle?, and lack of good rains have retarded progress to a certain extent , but satisfactory results have been achieved, and the school children have been allowed to visit the plot once a week with a view to st imulat ing their interest.

Spineless cactus grows successfully and the Administration encourages such growth in view of its value as cattle fodder. Cow peas have also been grown with success in the Tuli Block.

Small quanti t ies of tobacco for local consumption were produced in the Bakwena and Kgalagadi Districts.

No cotton was grown during the year. 213017 A 5


Grand Total 335,221

BUTTER MANUFACTURED.— lb. Factory 599,500 Farm 2,145

Total 601.645

CHEESE PRODUCTION.— lb. Cheddar 841 Gouda 3,180

Total 4,021

Sundry Experiments.—Experiments in apiculture, sericulture and sisal production have commenced, but there are as yet no definite results on which to report.

Native Agricultural Demonstrators.—Native Agricultural Demonstrators have continued their useful work in the Reserves, educating the natives in improved methods of raising crops. Lectures have been given by these Demonstrators, and vegetable gardens have been started under their supervision in the local schools.

Statistics. 1st January to 31st December, 1934.

BUTTERFAT PRODUCTION. — First Grade.— lb. lb.

European 202,600 Native 39,293

2*1,893

Second Grade.— European 48,208 Native 11,774

59,982 Third Grade.—


25,832 Below Grade.—


7,514

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE, 1 9 3 4

WHOLE FRESH MILK.— Supplied to trains, etc

15

Gal. 2,618

POULTRY PRODUCTS FROM EUROPEANS AND NATIVES.— £ 8. d.

Poultry (32,754 head) 2.091 16 11 Eggs (6,279 dozen) 254 12 5

Total # 4 , 3 4 6 9 4

VALUE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS.— Europeans.— £ n. d.

Butterfat 12,076 9 4 Cheese 201 1 0 Farm Butter 197 12 5 Whole Fresh Milk 196 7 0 Factory Butter (being increase on value

due to manufacture) 2,415 5 10

Total £15,086 15 7 Nativrs.—

Butterfat 2,738 13 6

Grand Total £17,825 9 1

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE REGISTRATION OF PREMISES.—

Type of Business. 1930. 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934,

European— Cheese factory 14 14 11 11 11 Creamery 149 154 157 157 297 Butter factory 1 1 2 2 2 Cream depot — — 1 — — Stores selling dairy

11 produce 6 11 11 11 11 Milk sellers 4 7 18 18 6

European Total 174 187 200 199 327 •mu A 6


Native— Creamery 215 298 358 358 300 Milk sellers 301 342 409 409 4<»9

Coloured— Creamery 7 7 7 7 7

Grand Total 697 834 974 973 1,043

EUROPEAN CREAM PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT

Butterfat. 1030. 1031. 1932. 1933. 1934.

January- January- January- January. January-Grade. Drcember. December. December. December. December.

lb. lb. lb. lb. !b. First . 276,572 358,637 342.802 32,612 202,600 Second 62.103 135,<i55 111,996 15.441 4*,208 Third 18.726 71,495 29,451 11,356 17,230 Below 1,414 17,<i20 19,304 1,138 2,603

Total .., 368,815 583.407 503,553 60,547 270,641

Grading Percentages. 1030. 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934.

Janunry- January- January- January- January-Grade. December. December. Decemtttr. December. December.

per cent. per cent. JH-T cent. per cent. per cent. First 77 o2 68 54 76 Second 17-3 23 -2 25 17 Third 5 3 12 6 19 6 Below •4 3 4 2 1

100 100 UK) 100 100

NATIVE CREAM PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT.

Butter fat. 1930. 1931 . 1932. 1933. 1934.

January- January- January- January- January-Grade. December. December. December. December. December.

lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. First 13,897 70,(504 5 3 , 6 5 5 2 ,148 3 0 , 2 9 3 Second 2 3 , 2 4 4 5 5 , 4 7 0 24,678 1,004 11 ,774 Third 3 1 , 8 5 3 6 1 , 8 0 8 3 0 , 7 0 2 537 8 , 6 0 2 Below 6,481 18 .010 4 .759 6 0 4 ,911

113,794 3 , 8 0 9


Grading Percentages. 1930. 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934.

January- January- January- January- January-Grade. December. December. December. December. December.

I»er cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. First • 18-4 34 47 50 <>2 Second 30-8 27 22 2H 19 Third 42-2 30 27 14 11 Below 8-6 9 4 2 8

100 100 100 100 100

EUROPEAN AND NATIVE P3ULTRY PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT.

1930. 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934.

January- January- January- January- January-DecefAer* December. December. December. December. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value. No. Value.

£ £ £ £ £ Poultry, head ...180,548 972 12,55<> 582 15,193 655 300 17 32,754 2,346 Eggs, dozen ... 17,897 906 14,953 673 20,453 800 3,300 132 6,279 254

tfotal ... ... £1,878 £1,235 £1,355 £149 £2,600

VH-—COMMERCE.

Traders deal, in the main , with firms in the Union or Rhodesia. I n a few isolated instances there are direct importations from the United Kingdom, Belgium, India and elsewhere overseas, but in the absence of Customs statistics no particulars can be given. The export t rade, in normal year,;, is almost wholly comprised of cattle, small stock and their by-products.

Owing to a further recrudescence of foot-and-mouth disease in the early months of 1934. and to the consequent continuance of many of the embargoes and restrictions already laid down by neighbouring Territories against produce from the Beehuanaland .Protectorate, the year again constitutes a dark one, on the whole, from an economic view, as compared with normal years.

Conditions, however, improved to a certain extent during its latter months and, in spite of the severe ban against the export of cattle and small stock, the ex|x>rt figures for the year reveal a considerable improvement u{>on those of the preceding year.

:W0I7 A 7


IMPORTS INTO THE BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE

FOR THE LAST THREE YEARS.

1932 . 1933 . 1934.

Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Qmnlity. Value.

From Union of South Aj rica.

£ £ £ Kaffir com ... bags 2 , 0 4 9 1,357 14 ,752 9 , 2 7 6 1,531 1,152 Mealies bags 5 ,181 2 , 4 6 0 3 , 0 0 9 1 ,831 4 6 4 2 5 5 Mealie meal ... bags 11 ,686 5 ,554 10 ,890 5 ,991 5 ,886 C 2 3 4 Wheat and bags 2 ,907 4 , 4 2 4 2 , 2 8 9 3 , 4 3 0 2 , 2 6 5 3 , 6 3 4

wheat meal. bags

Horses head 4 2 3 2 0 1 3 5 0 Donkeys head Y 2 5 0 — — Mules head J 2 2 8 Sheep and head 4 1 4 . _ . 3 0 0 2 2 7

goats. Cattle head 152 6 2 9 . . . 2 9 4 5 1 Pigs ... head — — Vehicles No. 1 5 1,683 11 2 , 1 9 6 2 0 4 , 8 2 8 General merchandise — 9 6 , 4 4 2 — 7 5 , 7 4 9 — 104 ,122

From Souther n Rhodesi a.

Kaffir corn ... bags 2 2 0 8 8 1,305 8 1 0 1 1 0 8 5 Mealies bags 1 2 5 6 7 1,731 9 9 5 1,874 1,249 Mealie meal ... bags 7 9 5 4 0 2 9 ,081 5 , 7 4 2 9 ,677 6 ,077 Wheat and bap 2 3 5 4 3 0 3 8 2 6 5 0 1,202 1,189

wheat meal* bap

Vehicles No. 4 3 8 9 2 2 0 0 1 1,802 General merchandise — 4 9 , 7 8 3 2 7 , 9 5 7 — 4 2 , 7 0 2

From Northern Rhodesia.

Mealies bags —— 3 5 2 4 Wheat and bags 4 9 1 3 6 1 3 3 2 11 2 7

wheat meal. General merchandise — 1,699 — 1,161 — 5 8 0

From Other Countries.

Kaffir corn ... bags 1 ,532 761 Mealies bags 2 2 1 0 9 — Mealie meal ... bags 11 8 6 6 —-Wheat and bags 13 2 4 8 1 3 . —

wheat meal. bags

Vehicles No. 1 1 3 5 _— — —-

General merchandise — 9 , 9 5 6 14 ,037 — 6 ,958

Tota ls ... — £ 1 5 0 , 8 9 6 — £ 1 7 8 , 6 7 4


EXPORTS FROM THE BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE

FOR THE LAST THREE YEARS.

Article. 1932. 1933. 1934.

Article. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.

To Union of South Africa. £ £

Kaffir corn ... bags 5,200 2,017 — Mealies bags — — 180 75 — Mealie meal ... bags 250 169 — — Cheese lb. 11,060 379 r>30 21 8,884 551 Bacon and lb. 5C5 13

hams. Butter lb. 462,008 24,732 — 101,078 10,067 Eggs doz. 5,353 169 49 1 1,545 30 Cattle head 10,483 39,311 715 2,918 — — Pigs head 1,503 2,630 — — — — Hides lb. 450,281 4,290 — 521 1,367,255 16,566 Skias (sheep Ib. 14,813 94 994 22 149,938 2,238

and goats). Skins and No. 4,817 3,622 1,066 192 4,122 695

karosaes(wild 4,122

animals). Ostrich feathers lb. 513 83 505 65 Mohair lb. — 262 41 Wool lb. 500 3 587 250 Cream and lb. 40,811 1,660 2,626 91 —

butterfat. 2,626

Firewood tons 233 278 _ Vehicles No. — — 2 736 2 275 Fowls head — — — 32,000 2,000 Other articles ... — 4,309 — 8 — 12

To Southern Rhodesia.

Kaffir corn ... bags 326 208 „ 150 64 Mealies bags 365 178 — — — Cheese lb. — — — 2,320 77 Butter !b. — — — . 262,049 21,719 Eggs doz. 240 15 .— . 161 8 Sheep and head 9,849 7,387 126 63 4,567 2,536

goats. Pig* head — — — _ 31 69 Hides... lb. 943,440 1,007 21 1,140 10 Skins (sheep lb. 2,784 33 — 109 78

and goats). Skins and No. 2,221 362 — — —

karosses (wild animals).

Gold OA. 2,247 9,443 5,525 22,280 9,485 65,578 Silver oz. 1,676 104 622 47 978 90 Other articles ... -— 1,032 — — 881


EXPORTS FROM THE BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE FOR THE LAST THREE YEARS—continued.

1932. 1933. 1934. Article. Article.

Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value.

To Northern Rhodesia. £ £ £

Kaffir corn ... bags 1,206 0 2 2 — -- — Mealies bags 1,656 7 0 4 . . . . 2 8 3 1 3 9 Cattle head 4 ,471 16,766 _ — 1,800 4 5 0 Sheep ami head 1,311 9 8 3 144 9 0

goats. Ski as and No. 1 2 1 2 — — 2 , 2 1 8 125

karossea. 2 , 2 1 8

Ivory. lb. — 123 5 3 4 120 Other articles ... 2 ,314 — —— 1,245

To othe r Countries. Kaffir corn ... bags 150 9 0 — — ——

Cheese lb. 106 6 — — — Cattle head 10 ,149 38 ,059 — — — Hides lb. 4 , 3 5 8 4 0 — 1 1 5 7 8 , 8 9 2 6 5 8 Skins and No. 8 ,821 762 7 3 0 . ,

karosses. Butter lb. — —— — — 198,579 12 ,411 Other articles —- 5 ,533 — — —

TOTAL . . . ... — £ 1 6 9 , 4 1 9 _ £27 ,964 — £ 1 3 9 , 1 3 8

Vm.~WAGES AND COST OP LIVING. Wages.

Europeans.—Other than Government there is but little employment for Europeans in the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Such Europeans as reside in the Territory are usually store-keepers or farmers, who, with European assistance in a few cases, generally manage their respective stores and farms with the aid of native labour.

Whi t e assistants who are employed can earn from £60 to £300 per annum.

Government employees are paid according to the scales laid down for the particular posts or ranks which they hold, and they are in most cases provided with quarters.

Natives.—For natives, who are mostly still in their tribal state— living in their villages and ploughing their lands—there are few avenues of employment open in the Territory beyond those mentioned above, or in respect of domestic services in the white settlements . Ranging from youths of 12 years or so, who are employed as herds, to adults of all ages, they can earn from £ 6 to £36 per a n n u m , and are usually supplied with food by their employers.


Provision was made during the year, under the Native Labourers* Compensation Proclamation No. 39 of 1934 for the payment of compensation by employers in respect of native labourers who suller injury or death in the course of employment in the Territory.

Labour. Labour for service on the Witwatersrand gold mines , the Natal

coal mines, and the diamond mines of South Wes t Africa is recruited under the conditions imposed by the Native Labour Proclamation No. 45 of 1907 as subsequently amended, which amply protects the liberty of the labourers.

Up to 1933, labour from the tropical regions -ying north of latitude 22° South might , for reasons of health, oniy be engaged from South West Africa for work on the Witwatersrand Mines. Towards the end of that year, however, and during 1934, the Union Government relaxed its embargo in this respect, and permitted experimental recruitment of tropical natives from north of the above-mentioned parallel from the Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Some 1,062 of these natives were recruited from the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and a record of their health statistics, which have been separately kept and reported upon by the Heal th Advisory Committee to the Transvaal Chamber of Mines, has revealed the fact tha t , although it is early to formulate a definite opinion, the results to date are good and augur well for the future.

Wi th in the Territory there has been increased mining activity in the Tat i District, and important legislation, as stated elsewhere in this report, has been promulgated from time to time during the year.

Cost of Living. Natives.— Maize meal , maize, and kaffir corn form the staple

food of the natives. These, in normal years, they grow on their lands, which they plough and reap at stated seasons, and supplement with milk from their herds, and, occasionally, with meat .

The average price of these commodities if bought from the traders is as follows :—

Mealies 8s. Ud. per 200 lb. bag. Mealie meal—

Rhodesian Pearl ... 16s. 6d. per 180 lb. bag. Union No. 1 Special ... 18s. 9d. per 180 lb. bag.

Kaffir corn 7s. 6d. per 200 lb. bag.

Europeans.—Such small hoarding-houses and hotels as exist in the larger centres charge at the rate of from 10s. to I2s . 6d. by the day or from £8 10s. to L10 by the month.

Mouse rents vary from £5 to i'7 10s. by the month , but in most centres it is practically impossible to rent a house.


IX.—EDUCATION AND WELFARE INSTITUTIONS.

During the year 1934, there were in the Bechuanaland Protectorate 11 schools for European children, attended by approximately 220 pupils, two coloured schools at Eraneistown and Molepolole, with a total enrolment of 63 pupils, and 92 native schools with an at tendance of 8,574 pupils.

The European schools are under the control of District School Committees elected by the adult European population and presided over by the Resident Magistrate, the proceedings of which are submitted to the Resident Commissioner for confirmation. There are no secondary European schools, either for industrial or academic work, within the Protectorate, but, subject to certain conditions, special bursaries are awarded, as the result of qualifying examinations held towards the end of each year, to a limited number of pupils who pass Standard V and Standard V I at the Protectorate primary schools. These bursaries of £24 per annum enti t le certain pupils to proceed, after passing Standard V, to schools outside the Protectorate, where there are facilities for academic work of a secondary n a t u r e ; and for other pupils, after passing Standard V I , to proceed to special schools for industrial, agricultural, or vocational training. Subject to certain conditions these bursaries are tenable up to the end of the year in which the child at tains the age of eighteen.

A further bursary of £24 per annum (or two bursaries of £24 each provided there are more than ten candidates) is granted yearly as a result of a competitive examination held in December for the children of permanent residents within the Protectorate, who, owing to various causes, e.g., health and distance from a Protectorate school, have found it necessary to have their children taught during the primary stage of their education at schools outside the Protectorate.

Gran t s for primary education of £16 each per annum, not exceeding three in each family, are available for children of European residents , from the age of five to fourteen, or until they have passed Standard V I .

The syllabus of instruction used in the primary European schools is, except for slight modification, identical with the code used in Southern Rhodesia, and each year the Education Depar tment of that Colony conducts part of the Standard V examination which is held in all primary schools. The results of the examination show that the work being done is, in most respects, satisfactory.

Since 1st April, 1931, the native schools have been financed from the Native Fund .


The distribution of native schools was as follows during 1934 :— Schools.

Lobatsi Block 5 Batlokwa, Khale and Karnoutsa ... 3 Kanye Area 11 Molepolole Area 8 Mochudi Area 7 Serowe Area 34 Francistown Area 13 N'gainiland Area 1 Kgalagadi Area 7 Ghanzi Area ... 1 Chobe Area 2

Total 92

The two largest native schools in the Territory are the Khama Memorial School, Serowe, with an attendance of approximately 690 pupils, and the Mochudi National School, with an attendance oi' approximately 290 pupils. These schools were erected by the Bamangwato and Bakgatla tribes respectively.

As in the case of the European schools, so also the native schools have been under the control of a Committee in each tribal area, the personnel of the Committee being generally composed of the Resident Magistrate as Chairman, representatives of the leading Missionary Societies engaged in educational work within the area, the native Chief and his nominees. Since 1st January , 1931, these Native School Committees have been newly constituted so as to be partly elective. All Missions interested in the schools of each Reserve must now be represented by a Missionary and they have a preferential right to t he secretaryship. The duties of the Committees have been carefully regulated. The appointments of teachers are now amply safeguarded and controlled. Staffing arrangements have been standardized and a uniform scale of salaries adopted. I n the Bamangwato Reserve there are also a central executive committee and local school committees presided over by the Headman of the area or village. These Committees are of great value ki the educational system for natives who feel that they thus have direct contact with educational work.

There is not as yet any institution within the Protectorate where Bechuana teachers are trained but the Administration makes from general revenue a*nd from the Native Fund a total grant of £200 to the Tiger Kloof Inst i tut ion in the Cape Province, where there is excellent teacher training.

Since March, 1931, a new code designed solely for use in the Bechuanaland Protectorate schools has been brought into use. I t has been based to a great extent on the code issued by the Cape

24 COLONIAL R E P O R T S — A N N U A L

Provincial Education Depar tment for use in native schools. In its compilation much help was rendered by the Principal and Headmaster of the Tiger Kloof Inst i tut ion, Cape Province, who are well acquainted with the peculiar needs of the Protectorate and at the same t ime possess a full knowledge of the Cape Code, which ir. used at Tiger Kloof. In it an a t tempt has been made to meet the special needs of the Protectorate native children—particularly in respect of more attention to the vernacular (Tsoana) in all (lasses, and in the direction of fostering and improving, in the schools, arts and crafts peculiar to the Bechuana people. Agricultural work for the boys has also been stressed.

School work as regards the teaching of the vernacular is handicapped by the fact that there are but few books in the vernacular which have been specifically designed as textbooks for school use, but now that the question of Tsoana orthography has been settled, new and better text books are appearing in the schools.

A meeting of the Board of Advice on Native Education was held on the 9th of August, 1934.

During the year it has been possible for the Inspector of Education to visit most of the European schools within the Terri tory. A great many native schools have been visited also by him.

A mat te r which has seriously engaged the attention of the Administration lias been the question of arranging for the systematic inspection of all native schools within the Terri tory. Wi th this in view an experiment was made early in 1931 by the appointment of a native Supervisor of Schools in the Tat i District , who visits at regular intervals all schools in that area, spending two or three days at each school helping and advising the teachers and demonstrat ing new methods. This experiment has proved a great success, and there are now four native Supervisors at work in the Terri tory.

At most of the smaller native schools an unqualified teacher is in charge. W i t h only a limited number of qualified teachers available, the employment of such unqualified teachers is ui. oid-afele, but , by means of subsidiary t raining courses which are field from time to t ime, it is hoped to improve gradually their methods of teaching and to broaden their outlook and aims. The value of these courses has been evidenced by increased enthusiasm and keenness at all schools controlled by teachers who have attended them. To follow up and consolidate the work is the task of the Inspector of Education and the native Supervisors already referred to,

The administration also makes provision for the training of the sons of Chiefs and Headmen , and Moremi, the son of the late Chief Mathiba, N 'gami land , is in training at the Tiger Kloof Native Inst i tut ion, Cape Province.

A native Standard VI School Leaving Certificate Examinat ion is held annually in the Territory for pupils actually at school in Protectorate schools. On the results of this examination bursaries


are awarded from the Native F u n d to four suitable candidates each year, to enable them to proceed to approved Ins t i tu t ions in the Union of South Africa to take up teacher t ra ining.

Welfare Institutions. There are at present in the Terri tory no welfare inst i tut ions, but

a qualified nurse has undertaken welfare work among the natives in the Bamangwato Reserve and is render ing invaluable assistance to the natives there. Two Jeancs teachers , women, are also at work and others are in t ra ining.

There is no provision by means of insurance for accident, sickness, or old age.

X,—TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS. The main line of the Rhodesia Rai lways, L imi ted , passes through

the TeriiLory on its eastern side for a distance of 400 miles, entering from the south at Ramath labama and leaving the Territory at l iainaquabane.

There are tolerably good roads for motor transport from railway stations and sidings to the principal villages : one of considerable length is from Palapye Road to Serowe, constructed by the Serowe Automobile Club. Other good roads constructed by the Administration now run from Gaberones to Molepolole, from Hilda vale and from Lobatsi to Kanye , and from Kanye to Molepolole. A fairly good road for motor traffic all the way from south to north of the Territory is in existence, and the motor road between Kazungula on the Zambesi River and Maun in N 'gami land enables the journey to be done by car in three days. There is also a road from Ghanzi to the Ba tawana Boundary.

On the sandy tracts, where the going is very heavy, travelling is done by means of Cape carts or ox v >ns, but this is almost impossible in the extreme north during the tsetse fly season. The light motor lorry is gradually replacing this form of transport as far as the Europeans are concerned.

The Road Motor Service, operated in the Territory by the Union Railway authorit ies, is limited to one service—namely, that operating between Debeeti Siding and Selika, with a deviation via Machaneng and Sofala, for the g r a t e r convenience of the inhabitants of these districts.

There are 17 landing grounds for the use of air pilots who periodically visit the Terri tory. There are also two private landing-grounds on ranches in the Tuli Block, and the aerodrome on the Imperial Reserve at Mafeking Headquar ters has been pronounced by expert opinion to be second only to one other in South Africa.

Postal Communications. There are in the Terri tory two money order, savings bank, post,

telegraph and telephone offices; two money order, savings bank, post and telegraph offices; two postal order, telegraph and telephone agencies; twelve postal order agencies; five postal order and telegraph agencies; and one telegraph agency.


The postal work at all of these offices is controlled on behalf of the Administration by the Postmaster-General of the Unicn of South Africa; the telegraph work by the Postmaster-General of Southern Rhodesia, to which Government the telegraph line along the railway line belongs (except those constructed by the Railway Company) as well as a telegraph-telephone line from Serowe to Macloutsie and For t Tuli .

Lobatsi is connected with the t runk telephone system of the Union of South Africa, and Mochudi with the Railway line, these telephone lines being controlled by the Postmaster-General at Pretoria.

The rate of postage on letters for delivery within the Territory or in the Union of South Africa, Southern or Nor thern Rhodesia and the Province of Mozambique is 2d. for each ounce or fraction thereof. The charge for the delivery of letters to Great Br i ta in , Northern Ireland, and other Brit ish possessions is also 2d. foi each ounce or fraction thereof.

Air Mail. Since J anua ry , 1932, the Bechuanaland Protectorate has been

able to avail itself of air mail facilities to Europe and other parts of Africa.

XI.—BANKING, CURRENCY, AND WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Banks. There are, as yet , no banks in the Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Currency. Prior to 1932 the coinage legally current in the Bechuanaland

Protectorate was as declared by Orders in Council of 1911 and 1920, all British and all Transvaal coins, British coins being any which were, for the t ime being, legal tender in the United Kingdom, and Transvaal coins being those coined in the min t of the late South African Republic in accordance with the provisions of L a w No. 14 of 1891 of that Republic, or at the Pretoria branch of the Royal Mint .

Changes in the currency of the Territory were effected by the Currency Proclamation No. 54 of 1932 under which all coins, other than silver coins, which are legal tender in the United Kingdom, and all coins which are legal tender in the Union of South Afiica were declared to be legal tender in the Terri tory. By the same Proclamation, notes issued by the South African Reserve Bank were declared to be legal tender in the Terri tory, conditional upon the said Bank continr.ing on demand to pay its notes in United Kingdom coins or Union coins of legal tender, but this condition was suspended bv the Currency Amendment Proclamation No. 3 of 1933.

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE, 1 9 Q * •27

Weights and Measures. The weights and measures in use in the Territory are those

which are in use in the Union of South Africa.

XII.—PUBLIC WORKS. Roads.

Owing to lack of funds road work was, in general, limited to maintenance only, with tlie exception of the completion of the new motor road from Lobatsi to Kanye , a new road from Lobatsi to Ramathlabama, and the improvement and repairs of the Morwa-Pilane-Mochudi road.

Fences. Work under this head comprised maintenance of the border

fencing between the Protectorate , Southern lihodesia and the Transvaal . Continual inspection was necessitated on account of restrictions imposed under the foot-and-mouth disease campaign. Arrangements were made to start fencing on the Government farm at Lobatsi in connexion with killing operations at the Lobatsi Cold Storage Works .

Aerodromes. Owing to lack of funds, extension work in regard to aerodromes

could not be carried very far, but all existing aerodromes were generally kept in good condition.

Five emergency landing grounds in the Serowe District and one at Tshane in the Kgalagadi District were selected and sufficiently cleared and levelled to be of use in the foot-and-mouth campaign.

Temporary sites were selected and cleared at Kamoutsa and Mohembo, and a new aerodrome was made at Serowe, the old site not being considered safe.

Mechanical Transport. In order to cope with the increased demand for transport in

connexion with the foot-and-mouth disease and building operations, three new 'orries had to be purchased to replace two old lorries which wc unfit for further use. A new lorry for camp work at Mafeking was also bought to replace the one formerly used, which was no longer suitable for the heavy work required of it due to the increased camp duties.

The maintenance and upkeep of vehicles has therefore increased accordingly ; and one of the lorry drivers had to be stationed at Gaberones to assist the fitter mechanic. The lorries had to be continually overhauled and repaired owing to t h e heavy loads which they were forced to carry and the had roads which had to be traversed, most of these being rough tracks made to the new quarantine camps and foot-and-mouth cordons.

28 COLONIAL HE PORTS—ANNUAL

Scotch carts and water carts under the charge of the drill foreman and fence foremen also had to be repaired and maintained throughout the year.

Buildings. During the first part of 1934, little work was carried out in regard

to buildings, the work being mostly confined to repairs and general upkeep. A new filing room was built at headquarters.

Towards the end of the year, a new block of offices was built for the Public Works and Stores Depar tments , and major additions and alterations were carried out on the Store Office and Store Rooms. The Controller of Stores' quarters we>e re-roofed and thoroughly repaired and repainted throughout, and alterations and repairs were effected to the Accountant 's quarters,

The Resident Commissioner's Office was enlarged and improved ; the block of offices housing the Director of Education and Registrar of Deeds was renovated and repaired ; the Financial Secretary's quarters were painted and repaired throughout, and minor repairs were effected to all staff quarters at Mafeking.

F rom a grant from the Colonial Development F u n d , work was started on a Hospital at Francistown ; also quarters for the noncommissioned officers at Francistown and Maun were commenced.

The erection of a new Court House at Lobatsi , at which place the Sessions of the Special Court are held, was authorized as a matter of urgency at a cost of £2.000. This necessitated holding over until early 1935 the building of the non-commissioned officer's quarters at Maun , and the commencement of the Assistant Dairy Exper t ' s quarters at Lobatsi .

Water Supplies. Boreholes.—At sites chosen by the Union Geologist in 1933, four

boreholes were sunk under the new co-operative agreement between the Government and Native Syndicates, in the Bakgatla Reserve. Of these, two proved blank holes, and two were successful, each yielding approximately 20,000 gallons per day. Arrangements will be made to instal pumps in 1935.

A fifth borehole was started for Chief Molefi in the same reserve, and appears to be very successful.

Both drilling machines have caused considerable trouble during the year ; the particular drill which had previously been reported upon as being too light for the heavy work required in the eastern part of the Territory had to be continually overhauled and repaired.

Wells.—A good supply of water was obtained at Kanye towards the end of last year. A new pumping plant was installed, and an engine house, storage tanks , and pipe-line, e t c , were erected.

Four wells were sunk by contract at Molepolole for the Bakwena Tribe, at sites chosen by the Union Geologist. Unfortunately, only one well proved successful. It was proposed to install and to subject to a prolonged test, an animal gear pump at this well. The


animal gear pump is more economical to run than hand-operated pumps, and provided that the test proves satisfactory, this type of pump will be installed at other native wells.

Towards the completion of the fourth of the wells which were being sunk with compressed air operated machinery, the plant broke down and work was delayed until repairs could be effected. Owing to the three other wells at Mole})oiole being failures it was decided to purchase a good well about a mile distant from the camp, which had been subjected to a prolonged test.

The Government water supply at Marakalala was also re-tested in view of the revised proposals to erect a new cam)) there.

A further visit was arranged with the Union Geologist for the purpose of selecting well and boring sites in the native reserves and for the new camp it is proposed to build at Mochudi, and for water supply at Mahalapye.

Pumping plants and machinery, both Government and native owned have been maintained and kept in good repair throughout the year.

XIII.—JUSTICE, POLICE, AND PRISONS.

Justice.

The number of cases adjudicated upon by officials of the Administration during 1933-34 was 1,514, as against 1,684 in 1932-33.

Fourteen persons were charged with homicide; of these, three were discharged on the merits of their cases, two were committed for trial, one was acquitted, six were not tried (nolle prosequi), and two were bound over.

There were 114 cases of other offences against the person, in 94 of which convictions followed, 354 offences against property with 294 convictions, and 1,062 prosecutions for other oflYnees in which 970 convictions followed.

During the year, 873 persons were imprisoned, 303 were lined, and 18 were whipped.

Since 1912, a Special Court called the Special Court of the Bechuanaland Trotectorate has been established. This Court consists of a Judge or Advocate of the Supreme Court of South Africa, or any person who was admitted as a barrister in England or Northern Ireland or as an advocate in the Court of S e s s i o n of Scotland, appointed by the High Commissioner to be the President of the Court, and any two Resident Magistrates nominated by the "Resident Commissioner. Sir Cecil Fforde, K.C. , was appointed President of the Court on the 2nd of Ju ly , 1934. The jurisdiction of the Special Court is as follows :—

Criminal — Jurisdiction in respect of the trial of all persons charged on indictment of committing any offence within the Territory.

30 COLONIAL UK PORTS-—ANNUAL

Civil.—Jurisdiction in civil actions in which either party is a European and in which the claim or value of any property in dispute exceeds £1,000, or in which the actions for a divorce of persons joined in matrimony or for a declaration of nullity of marriage, or any such actions pending in any Court , in which either party is a European, as such Court may either on application to it by either party to the action, or on its own mere motion remove to the Special Court.

Appeals.—The Special Court is the Court of Appeal and Review in the Terri tory, but the right to appeal to the Privy Council lies against any final judgment, decree, sentence or order of the Special Court.

Provision has been made for the appoin tment of a Native Assessor to assist the Special Court when required. I t should also be noted that in all cases both criminal and civil in which natives only are concerned, the procedure is regulated by Proclamation 75 of 1934, providing for the constitution of Native Tribunals , all of which a.e subject to an eventual right of appeal to the Special Court.

The Resident Commissioner, subject to the foregoing exclusive jurisdiction of the Special Court , exercises all the powers of the Supreme Court of the (late) Cape Colony.

The rules governing the procedure in the Special Court and the Resident Commissioner's Court , are provided for by Regulat ion, and are mutatis mutandis, as far i s circumstances of the Terri tory permit , the same as, or similar to, those of the Supreme Court of the (late) Colony of the Cape of Good Hope.

Apart from these two Courts there are twelve Courts of Resident Magistrates, and six Courts of Assistant Resident Magistrates, and one Court of Special Justice of the Peace, from all of which appeal lies to the Special Court. The procedure in the Courts of the Resident Magistrates and other inferior Courts is the same as tha t which was in force in the (late) Colony of the Cape of Good Hope on the 10th of J u n e , 1891, and the jurisdiction of the Courts of the Resident Magistrates is, subject to the foregoing exclusive jurisdiction of the Special Court, the same as that of the Supreme Court of the (late) Colony of the Cape of Good Hope on the 10th of J u n e , 1891.

Courts of the Assistant Resident Magistrates have such jurisdiction in all mat ters and cases, civil and criminal, as was conferred prior to 10th J u n e , 1891, on the Courts of Resident Magistrates of the (late) Colony of the Cape of Good Hope.

There are also a number of Justices of the Peace throughout the country.

The proceedings in all Courts in regard to criminal matters are now governed by Proclamation No. 20 of 1933.


Prisons. There is a prison at Francis town and another at Gaberones. At

other stations there are lock-ups. Criminals of a dangerous type are sent to the Union of South Africa prisons by arrangement with the Union Government .

The health of the prisoners was good throughout the year, eight only having been sent to hospital, and 8-7 being the daily average number on the sick list.

Time is allowed, under the provisions of High Commissioner's Proclamation No. 20 of 1933, for the payment of fines by instalment . Suspended sentences of imprisonment are also governed by this Proclamation.

There are no Juvenile Courts in the Terri tory, but Proclamation No. 81 of 1921, as amended by Proclamation No. 37 of 1930 and No. 21 of 1932, provides for special t reatment of juvenile offenders in Union of South Africa institutions.

Police. There is no defence force; and the Bechuanaland Protectorate

police are responsible for the maintenance of law and order. This force is under the direct control of the Resident Commissioner who is the Commandant , and the existing establishment is as follows :—

1 Staff Officer. 6 Sub-Inspectors.

27 European Non-Commissioned Officer-. 1 Native Drill Corporal.

50 Native Mounted Police. 181 Native Dismounted Constables.

One rifle club exists in the Territory.

XIV.—LEGISLATION.

The following are the more important Proclamations and Notices promulgated during 1934 :—

Proclamation No. 39 : Native Labourers ' Compensation.

No. 40 : Regulation of Works and Machinery. ,, No. 52 : Dealing in unwrought Precious

Metals. ,, No. 54 : Preservation of Heal th and Regula

tion of Sanitation in mat ters connected with Prospecting and Mining.

32 COLONIAL REPORTS —ANNUAL

XV.—PUBLIC FINANCE AND TAXATION.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The following s tatement shows the revenue and expenditure for the past five financial years : —

REVENUE.

nead. 1020-30. 1030-31. 1031-32. 1932-33. 1033-3 £ £ £ £ £

Native Tax 42,451 40,740 31,921 26,027 9,624 Customs and Excise 30,913 25,579 26,313 27,899 29,100 Posts and Telephones ... 15,072 15,469 16,772 18,470 18,031 Licences ... 6,789 6,553 6,282 6,244 5.102 Revenue Stamps 522 527 529 670 646 Judicial Fines ... 017 069 438 687 474 European Poll Tax 1,231 1,218 1,249 1,996 1,234 Incomo Tax 39,613 37,871 2,686 2,245 2,432 Rentals and Transfer

Duty. 876 817 685 550 628

Native Fund Contribution 2,150 1,000 1,000 1,000 — Interest ... 3,064 2,174 1,725 1.157 1.028 Deductions from Salaries

and Allowances. —• — — 3,3J2 3,326

Fees for Veterinary Services.

— — — 1,915 220

Mining Pevenu< — 2,502 2,529 Miscellaneous 2,708 5,353 4,3')9 2,958 1,995

Total Ordinary Revenue 146,606 137 970 93,909 97,672 70,369 Extraordinary Revenue — 11,594 12,826 4,631 1,902 Parliamentary Grant in . . . . . — —- 177,000

Aid.

Total Revenue

No. 62 : Medical, Dental , and Pharmacy.

No. OS : Preservation of National and Historical Monuments , Relics and Antiques.

No. 71 : Native Administration.

No. 75 : Native Tribunals.

Notice No. 48 : Amendment of Prison Herniations.

No. 1 0 8 : Amendment of Prison Regulations,

No. 116; Sanitary Regulations.


EXPENDITURE.

Head. 192H-30. 1980-81. 1981-3,.'. 1932-8$. 1983-34.

£ £ £ £ £ Resident Commissioner... 10,310 11,572 12,015 12,634 13,071

District Administration.. 14,507 14,537 12,093 12,551 12,257

Police 30,324 31,813 29,316 29,263 31,963

Posts and Telegraphs ... 5,902 6,223 5,928 5,810 5,769

Ad in i lustration of J ustice 5,(513 6,169 5,750 5,461 5,358

Public Works Department — 4,821 5,075 2,872 3,070

Public Works Recurrent 16,541 9,722 7,308 5,837 6,699

Public Works Extraordinary.

70S — — • — —

Medical ... J 1,797 12,232 12,626 12,185 12,898

Education 5,710 6,103 5,022 4,444 7,572

Veterinary 15,095 13,350 17,558 23,065 14,134

Allowances to Chiefs 3,856 3,804 3,569 2,920 1.868

Pensions... 9,312 12,058 11,972 11,020 12,321

Miscellaneous 4,876 4,596 6,780 8,701 32,599

Total Ordinary Expenditure.

£134,581 £137,000 £135,012 £136,763 £159,579

Extraordinary Pixpendi-ture.

21,529 17,840 27,548 1,559 27,684

Colonial Development Fund.

. . . . 4,508 —

Total Expenditure £156,110 £154,840 £162,560 £142,830 £187,263

Assets and Liabilities.

The Assets and Liabilities at 31st March, 1934, were as follows :—

STATEMENT OF A S S E T S AND LIABILITIES AT 3 1 S T MARCH, 1 9 3 4 .

Standard Bankof South Africa Sundry Deposits Excess of Assets over Liabilities

Liabilities. £ s. d. 1,225 18 1 3,387 15 5

49,288 18 8

Assets. Cash in Hands of Sub-Ac- £ s. (L

11,370 17 7 8,000 0 0

countants Crown Agents ...

Loans— To Settlers 5,444 15 10 To Swaziland Government... 20,000 0 0

Sundry Advances South African Railways

£53,90? 12 2

The following amounts are not included as Liabilities in the above statement: —

On loan from Colonial Development Fund ... ... £6,035 6s. 3d. Grant-in-Aid from Imperial Treasury, 1933-34 ... £177,000 0s. Od.

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE, 1 9 3 4

Description of Main Heads o! Taxation. Native Tax.—The collection under this head for the year ended

31st Miu-eh, 1934, was £'9,024. Fuller details as regards the method of collection, e tc . , are given below.

Customs and Excise.—Under the Customs Agreement entered into with the Union of South Africa in 1910, the Bechuanaland Protectorate Administration receives annually 027622 per cent, of the total Customs Revenue of the Union, less payments to Northern and Southern Rhode.;!!*, and South Wes t Africa, The amount received for the 12 months ended 31st March, 1934, was £'27,495.

In addition to the above, a duty is levied on importations of Union manufactured spirits and beer into the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and the amount received in this connexion for the above period was .£1,605, making the total Customs Revenue for the Territory .£29,100. The rates of duty on spirits and beer are governed by the Schedule Par t I I I of Proclamation 65 of 1921.

Licences.—General dealers are subject to annual licences in terms of Proclamation No. 48 of 1924 which consolidated and amended the duties payable in respect of trading in the Bechuanaland Protectorate.

fjabour agents licences and motor vehicle licences are governed by Proclamations Nos. 45 of 1907 and 10 of 1929, as amended, respectively.

The laws in regard to the sale of intoxicating liquor and the licences payable in this connexion are laid down in Act 28 of 1883 of the Colony of t he Cape of Good Hope as in force in the Bechuanaland Protectorate by virtue of the provisions of Section 5 of the Proclamation of the 4th April, 1892, as 4 by Proclamation 30 of 1931.

The licences payable in respect of the sale of firearms, gunpowder and ammuni t ion, and the conditions appertaining thereto are governed by Proclamations dated JOtli J u n e , 1891, and 15th November, 1893.

The following s tatement shows the chief classes of licences and the amounts collected in respect of each during the past two years : —

Class of Licence. 1932-33. 1933-34. £ £

Ammunit ion, Gun and Gunpowder ... 963 623 Agents for Foreign Fi rms, General

Dealers and Importers ... ... 2,952 2.536 Labour Agents and Runners ... ... 207 299 Motor Vehicles and Di rs .. . 1,125 1,145 Liquor ... ... 311 288 Miscellaneous ... ... 656 211

£5,102

36 COLONIAL R E P O R T S — A N N U A L

Income-Tax.—The collection of income-tax is governed by Proclamation No. 70 of 1922 as amended. The general provisions of the Principal Proclamation apply each year to the determination of the taxable amount on which the tax is to be levied and the collection of the amount payable in respect of that taxable amount , but the actual rates levied are fixed by Proclamation each year.

The rates of tax imposed for the year ended 30th J u n e 1933, were fixed as follows :—

(1) In the case of companies, for each pound of taxable amount two shillings and s ixpence;

(2) In the case of persons other than companies

(a) W h e n the taxable amount does not exceed twenty-four thousand pounds*, for each pound of taxable amount one shilling and as many two-thousandths of a penny as there are pounds in that amount .

(b) W h e n the taxable amount exceeds twenty-four thousand pounds, for each pound of taxable amount , two shillings.

The amount collected for the financial year ended 31st March, 1934, was as follows :—

£ s. d. Arrear tax ... 737 15 1 Current tax ... ... ... 1,614 19 6 Tax paid in advance by officials 78 17 1

£2,431 11 8

The following s tatement shows the number of the different classes of persons a^essed for tax , the total amount of tax paid, and the aggregate of the taxable incomes in the several categories and also compares the collection with the previous year.

Total incomes Number taxed. Category. Amount of tax received. of taxpayers.

1982-33. 1938-3Jh 1932-88. 1988-8fh 1932-83, 1933-84. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ £

5 5 C o m p a n i e s 323 6 7 685 18 3 2,994 12,017 and Farmers.

19 29 Traders ... WO 2 2 459 7 10 14,281 20,329 73 59 Officials ... 844 (5 9 687 11 2 44,207 38,830 22 36 Others ... 157 1 8 519 17 4 19,151 20,632

Payments in — 78 17 1 — — advance by officials.

£2,244 17 2 £2,431 11 8 £80,633 £91,808


Poll Tax.-— Proclamation No. 44 of 1922 a^ amended provide* for the payment of a poll tax of £2 per annum in half-yearly instalments , by every male domiciled in the Protectorate , who is 21 years or over and who doe> not pay hut tax.

The total amount realized under this head amounted to £1,234 for the year ended 31st March, 1934.

Customs Tariff.—In accordance with the Customs Agreement entered into with the Union Government in 1910, Bechuanaland maintains a Customs Tar iff similar to that which exists in the Union of South Africa.

Stamp Duties.—Stamp duties are imposed in terms of Proclamation No. 11 of 1897 putt ing in force the laws of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope with regard to s tamp and licence duties.

Native Tax.—Native tax is imposed by the Bechuanaland Protectorate Native Tax Proclamation No. 1 of 1932 as amended. Every male native of eighteen years of age, or more, residing in the Bechuanaland Protectorate is liable for the payment of a tax at the rate of 15s. per annum, and in addition if such native has more than one wife, according to native custom, a further sum of 15s. for every such additional wife. No native, however, is liable to pay in respect of himself and his wives more than two pounds five shillings in any one year.

RATES OF NATIVE TAX.

Bamangwato (Serowe) and Batawana (N'gamiland) Rest of

Reserves. Territory. £ s. d. £' s. d.

1923-1924 1 3 0 1 5 0 1924-1925 1 3 0 1 5 0 1925-1926 1 3 0 1 5 0 1926-1927 1 3 0 1 5 0 1927-1928 1 3 0 1 5 0 1928-1929 1 3 0 1 5 0

Whole Territory Uniform rate.

£ s. d. 1929-1930 ... 1 5 0 1930-1931 ... 1 5 0 1931-1932 ... 1 5 0 1932-1938 ... 1 8 0 1933-1931 ... 0 15 0 1934-1935 ... 0 15 0

Native Fund Tax.—This tax represents 5s. of every native tax collected under Proclamation No. 1 of 1932 as amended. The total receipts under this head for the year ended 31st March, 1934, amounted to £3,800 3s. 9d. plus a grant from Vote " Education "


of £3,422 10s. 8d. to balance the shortfall in receipts as compared with expenditure and making a total of £7,222 14s. 5d., as compared with £6,619 16s. 9d. the previous financial year. The moneys standing to the credit of the Bechuanaland Protectorate Native Fund are used at the discretion of the High Commissioner for any one or more of the following panoses :—educa t ion of natives residing in the Bechuanaland Protects a t e ; abatement of contagious diseases; eradication of cattle diseases; improvement of native stock; and fencing of native areas.

A native who is domiciled in some country other than the Territory and who can produce proof tu the satisfaction of the Magistrate that he had paid his tax for the current year in that country shall not be liable to pay the tax for that year.

Resident Magistrates are empowered to exempt from the payment of tax, in whole or in part , after consultation wi th the Chief, any native who is able to prove to the satisfaction of the Magistrate that he is unable on account of poverty, to pay the tax without being deprived of his means of subsistence.

The rate of native tax was reduced from £ 1 8s. to 15s. by High Commissioner 's Notice No . 82 of 1933. The reduction in the rate of tax was necessitated by the reduction in the capacity of natives to contribute to taxation owing to the embargo on the export of all animals, and animal and vegetable products from the Territory due to the outbreak of foot and mouth disease. T h e position was further aggravated by the drought and famine conditions obtaining during the year.

Resident Magistrates are in charge of the collection of tax in their districts and perform this duty through the Chiefs and Headmen. The Chiefs are paid, under Proclamation No. 1 of 1932, a gratuity of ten per cent, of the value of current tax collected and five per cent, in respect of arrear tax paid to Magistrates on or before the 31st day of October, and five per cent, on all tax paid thereafter, whether in respect of current or arrear tax. During the year 1933-34 it was found necessary to double the amount of commission payable.

The tax may also be paid at all seats of magistrates and police camps. I n some districts other than Native Reserves, assistance is given by the Police in the collection of the tax.

XVI.—VETERINARY. General.

The Territory had fair general ra ins , except for certain areas in the northern portion of the Protectorate , particularly in the Tuli Block, Tati territory and Bamangwato Reserve, where the rainfall was below the average.

The losses of cattle due i o poverty throughout these districts were heavy, especially amongst breeding stock. I n the Native Reserves the losses were accentuated by overstocking, and in some cases by grazing on veld previously treated with locust poison.


Owing to conditions prevailing, a free issue of explosives was made to assist in sinking and deepening of wells in those districts most seriously affected.

The partial reduction of expo* f of produce and total cessation of cat t le export entailed by the foot-and-mouth disease restrictions has resulted in much poverty and distress, and this has shown itself, to a certain extent , in the cessation of improvements of conditions for stock life in the Territory in many areas.

Cattle Improvement, The Importation of Bull Calves.—The importat ion of pure-bred

Ayrshire bull calves was continued. Eleven fortnight old calves were imported from the Union of South Africa and were successfully reared on native cows.

This factor has now passed the experimental s tage, and it would appear that , where time is not a factor, hand reared imported calves are in every way a more satisfactory investment than imported mature bulls.

By comparison, the initial cost is infinitesimal and the chances for acclimatization are immense.

Castration.' Efforts to encourage the natives to castrate their surplus bull ca ives at an early age continue.

The pernicious practice of allowing young bulls to run with heifers has brought about inbreeding, with the result that numbers of young animals are stunted and weak in constitution.

The crude native methods are gradually being eliminated by the introduction of the Burdizzo castrators, but the number of young bulls castrated was below that of last year as the native dairy instructors were concentrated on the establishment of native milk buying c r eam depots.

Dehorning of Calves.—An intensive campaign in dehorning was carried out during the year on European and native owned calves. Kvery member of the Division was equipped with dehorning irons. The cauterizing method was found to be the most satisfactory on calves ranging from three to ten weeks old. The use of caustics cannot be recommended in this country where very little provision is made for housing calves. There is a great danger during wet weather of the caustic preparations causing blindness.

The cauterizing of the horn buds is a simple and effective operation, and the pain inflicted is momentary.

It is noticeable that the dehorned calf matures more rapidly than tho horned. This is particularly true of the native stock, where horns grow to a prodigious length. The increased value of the unblemished hide and the convenience of t rucking hornless cattle are also big jo in t s in favour of dehorning.

I t is hoped that all European owned calves will be dehorned this season. The introduction of this operation on native stock will be much slower, however, particularly with regard to trek oxen, since

40 COLONIAL h i )HTS—ANNUAL

honied oxen are more readily yoked. During the year, 1,314 head of cattle were dehorned.

Mutton Improvement.—The possibilities of a successful mutton industry in the Territory were proved by the satisfactory maintenance of an experimental flock of Blackhead Persian sheep at Ramathlabama.

A Colonial Development Fund grant of i 1.000 was authorized for the improvement of the mutton industry in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and negotiations were1 commenced with reputable Union breeders for the purchase and immediate delivery of 50 registered Blackhead Persian rams. These rams were imported to the Mahalapye area and exchanged on the basis of four native sheep for each ram. It is hoped that in this manner 1,000 rams will be imported.

Europeans and natives are taking full advantage of this con-cession, and time will doubtless show an immense improvement in the mutton industry.

Cattle Diseases. (a) Foot-and-mouth Disease.—Following the outbreak of foot-

and-mouth disease in 1033, which, as previously stated, was dealt with by an extensive inoculation campaign conducted in the eastern portion of the Terri tory, and completed in August, 1933, the year 1934 opened with police cordons and veterinary inspections on each side of the cordon at full strength.

Restrictions were gradually being removed by neighbouring Administrations. Permission had been obtained to export such products as butter manufactured from pasteurized cream, hides and skins, karosses and wild animal skins, after storage under Government supervision, and cattle, via Kfizungula, to the north, and it-was anticipated that normal export would resume at an early date. Such was the position for the first four months of the year when the augmented veterinary staff were carrying out intensive cattle inspections in the inoculated area in addition to ordinary routine duty. There was every reason to believe the Territory to be free from foot-and-mouth infection, when, on 4th May, a report was received from the Stock Inspector stationed at Rakops, some 200 miles west of Serowe, that he had found foot-and-mouth disease amongst a mob of 800 trade cattle at Sukwani, 17 miles north of Rakops ; these animals were being moved from N'gamiland and Ghanzi , and the herd had been added to at Makalamabedi on their journey to Palapye Road, where they were proceeding for export.

On 8th May the diagnosis was confirmed by the Government Veterinary Officer who had proceeded to Rakops with all speed. Inspections set on foot througho.it the Territory showed infection to have been present from Nokanen through Tsau and the area of Lake N 'gami to Maun. Active disease was present in the districts around Kachikau, Makalamabedi, Ghanzi and Rakops.

http://througho.it


Tt was decided, on account of widespread infection, to define the infected area and inoculate all cattle therein, and cordons were laid down 10 enclose it and to prevent the movement of animal or vegetable produce considered likely to convey infection.

Inoculation commenced on 29th J u n e , and was completed on 21th September. Altogether 201,771 head of cattle were inoculated.

(b) Trypanosomiasis.—In the N'gamiland and Chobe Districts there is some cause for anxiety at the spread of the tsetse fly, Glossina Morsitans, and an increase of trypanosomiasis amongst cattle and horses has resulted in some districts.

Steps are being taken to combat the spreading of the fly, and reports show that favourable progress is being made.

A Government Veterinary Officer is conducting these operations from Maun, N'gamiland, in conjunction with his work of supervising the foot-and-mouth disease quarantine area.

(c) Anthrax.—Very few cases of anthrax have been notified, hut inoculation against anthrax is being pursued throughout the Territory

(<7) Parasitic-Castro-Entcritis and Verminous Infestation is still prevalent, especially in the small stock of the Southern Protectorate where the rains have been good.

(e) Sheep Scab.—A few outbreaks of sheep scab have been notified in the Barolong Farms and Kanye areas, but all have been controlled and there is no fear of the disease spreading to any extent .

(/) Horse Sickness.— The Territory has been singularly free of horse sickness during 1934. Inoculation against this disease has not been pursued very actively, biu since the advent of the new vaccine issued from the Onderstepoort Laboratory, 80 horses and mules were inoculated before 31st December.

The following diseases have been placed on record during the yea r : heartwater, quarter evil, paratyphoid, sweating sickness of calves, stvfsickness and lamsiekte.

As in previous years, the chief cause of mortality among live stock was poverty occurring during winter mon ths ; absence of the common South African protozoal diseases associated with piroplasma, anaplasma and theileria is noteworthy.

The Locust Campaign. This Administration co-operated with the Union Government ,

who generously contributed on the pound for pound principle, in a campaign inaugurated for the destruction of red locusts. The Territory was divided into three sections, each being placed under a Senior Locust Officer.

The infestation was heavy throughout the whole of the Protectorate, and the campaign was rendered more difficult owing to the fact that the habit of this species differed widely from the Brown

42 COLONIAL KKi'OHTS—ANNUAL

variety of which we had had much experience in the past. Measures which had previously met with success had to be modified to combat the more active nature of the red variety.

There was some delay in commencing operations owing to the shortage of pumps and poison, but field operations on an extensive scale started on 10th February, and were carried on till the end of May.

Abattoirs.

Slaughtering operations commenced at .Lobatsi Cold Storage in September, and continued to the end of the year. Although not many cattle have been handled, the main difficulties associated with the commencement of such operations have been overcome and the works are now operating to capacity.

From the 3rd September to the 31st December, 1,071 head of cattle were slaughtered at Lobatsi and were ex|x>rted overseas, mainly as boned beef

Vaccines.

The following vaccines were issued during the year — Dose*.

Anthrax vaccine ... ... 113,183 Quarter evil vaccine ... ... ... ... 9,055 Paratyphoid vaccine ... ... ... ... 1,855 Horsesickness vaccine ... ... ... ... 80

XVII.—MINING. Prospecting and mining in the Bechuanaland Protectorate is

governed by the Mines and Minerals Proclamation No. 33 of 1932, which came into force on 12th August, 1932, and the Regulations thereunder published under High Commissioner's Notices No. I l l of 1932 dated 12th August, 1932, and No. 157 dated 21st October, 1932. I t should be noted, however, tha t the Ta t i District is presently excluded from the provisions of the Proclamation,

For the purposes of the Proclamation land is divided into :—

(a) Crown land. (b) Land held under Mineral Concession. (c) Land not held under Mineral Concession, and

(d) Private Land .

Under the Proclamation power is given to the High Commissioner to specify by notice published in the Gazette areas within the Bechuanaland Protectorate to which the Proclamation or such of its provisions as may be deemed advisable shall apply. Notices

BEC1J U AN ALAN I) PROTECTORATE, 1 9 3 4 43

applying the Proclamation to the following areas have been issued to date :—

Bamangwato Native Reserve. Bakwena Native Reserve. Gaberones Block (Private Land) . Tuli Block (Private L a n d ) . Ghanzi Magisterial District (Crown Land) . Kgalagadi Magisterial District (Crown jand). Chobe Magisterial District (Crown Land) . Bakgatla Native Reserve. Bangwaketse Native Reserve. Lobatsi Block (Private Land subject to Mineral Concession). Gungwe Reserve (Crown L a n d ) . Ba tawana Native Reserve.

On Crown Land to which the Proclamation has been applied prospecting is allowed in either of two ways, viz. : —

(1.) Under Prospecting Permit , provided the land has first been declared under High Commissioner's Notice published in the Gazette to be open to prospecting. Such Notice has been published in respect of the Magisterial Districts of Kgalagadi, Ghanzi and Chobe, excluding the Reserved Game Area in the last-mentioned district.

(2) By an exclusive right to prospect conferred under a Crown Grant issued by the High Commissioner. Such grant has been made in respect of an area of Crown Land within the Mining District of Bamangwato Reserve (Magisterial District of Francistown) known as the " Gungwe Reserve."

On Land held under Mineral Concession, i.e., land within a Native Reserve to which the Proclamation has been applied and which has been granted under concession made by the Chief and tribe with the approval of the Secretary of State for the purpose of prospecting or mining, prospecting m i y be carried on in terms of the concession, providing a prospecting permit is obtained by the concessionaires. The following is a list of Mineral Concessions presently of force and effect : -

Description of Concession

Area

Date of Concession

Bangwaketse Reserve

Bangwaketse Reserve

Bakgatla Reserve

13.10.1887

29.3.1888

22.7.1898

Date of Registration of

Concession

27.1.1933

27.1.1933

2.5.1933

Present Registered Holder

Balkis Limited

Balkis Limited

Linchwe Concession Co., Ltd.

Since the date of publication of the last Annual Report , the British South Africa Company has relinquished its concessionary rights in the Bakwena and Bamangwato Native Reserves.

4 4 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL

Land not held under Mineral Concession refers to Native Reserves which are not subject to such concession and the Bata-waua Native Reserve and Barolong Farms tall within this category. The Proclamation having been applied to the Batawana Reserve, prospecting within this area mav take place under the authority of :—

(a) A concession for such pur|X)se made by the Chief and tribe and approved by the Secretary of State . In addition thereto a prospecting permit is also required, or,

(b) A Ciown Grant issued by the High Commissioner, with the consent of the Chief and tribe.

" Public " or (lateral Prospecting on Native Reserves.—Such prospecting may take place under the authority of a prospecting permit provided the Proclamation has been applied to the Reserve and the land has also been declared under High Commissioner 's Notice, published in the Gazet te , to be open to such prospecting. It is extremely doubtful, however, whether any land within a Native Reserve will be made available for public prospecting. For the purposes of the Proclamation, the Baralong F a r m s are regarded as a Native Reserve.

On Private Land, i .e., land other than Crown Land , or land in any Native Reserve or the forty-one farms known as the Barolong F a r m s , to which the Proclamation has been applied, public or general prospecting may take place under the authority of a prospecting permit , but only after the land has, with the consent of the registered holder of the mineral r ights, been declared under High Commissioner's Notice published in the Gazet te , to be open for such prospecting. No private land has yet been made available for public prospecting.

Before the registered holder of the mineral rights of private land may himself prospect he is required to obtain a prospecting permit .

The holder of a prospecting permit—the period of availability of which is one year, and for which a fee of £1 is payable—may peg under the authority of such permit , a maximum number of 500 claims, but no restriction as to the number of claims which may be pegged, is imposed on the holder of a mineral concession in respect of the land he holds under such concession or on the registered holder of the mineral r ights of private land.

Before any minerals may be worked on any land it is necessary that the person by whom these are being won shall be in possession of e i ther :—

(a) A Crown Grant issued for such purpose. (b) Claim licences for such number of claims as shall have

been pegged by him or otherwise acquired and registered in his name. T h e extent of a claim is 400 feet by 150 feet, equals 60,000 square feet, and the ra te of licence fee payable thereon varies according to the period for which the claim is held.

BECHUANALAND PR0TK( T0RATE, 1 9 3 4 45

For the first year the rate per claim is Id. per month ; during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th years, the rate is increased to I s . , and for the 5th and succeeding years, the rate is further increased to 5s. Such fees may be refunded by the Mining Commissioner on proof being furnished that the claim holder has spent during the period in respect of which a refund is claimed at least 10s. per month per claim in wages on work upon the claims, including an allowance of £30 a month for his own work if personally engaged thereon.

PROSPECTING FOR AND MINING OF DIAMONDS.

A special chapter of the Proclamation is devoted to the above, the provisions of which, briefly stated, are as follows . •-

Prospecting for or mining of Diamonds may not take place on Private Land , unless such land has first been specially declared by High Commissioner 's Notice, published in the Gazet te , to be open for such prospecting and mining. Tt should be noted that the publication of any such notice permitt ing public or general prospecting is not contemplated.

On Crown Land or Native Reserves such prospecting and mining is permitted only under the authority of Crown Grant .

Any person prospecting for or mining diamonds in contravention of the above provisions is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding £100 or to imprisonment with or without hard labour not exceeding six months in respect of each such operation undertaken by him, and any diamonds won may be forfeited to the Government of the Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Tn the regulations to the Proclamation " Mining Title " is defined as :—

(a) Claims for which a Certificate of Registration has been issued by the Registrar of Deeds.

(b) Mineral Concessions (whether granted previously or subsequently to the Proclamation).

(c) Crown Gran ts duly registered as required by the Proclamation.

Such title may be transferred, leased, or mortgaged. For the better protection of the claimholder's title to his claims, a certificate of Special Registration may be obtained, which is regarded as conclusive evidence that at the date of its issue the person named therein was in indisputable possession of the claims to which the certificate refers. Before such certificate can be granted the claims require to be surveyed and certain formalities regarding publication of notices, e t c , require to be complied with. The rights conferred by the certificate may not be upset, except on the ground of fraud.

For the purpose of administering the Proclamation the Territory is divided into Mining Districts, each district being under the supervision of a Mining Commissioner, who is authorized, inter

4 6 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL

alia, to issue prospecting permits and claim licences. Prospecting permits for use in respect of land in the Mining Districts of Kgalagadi, Ghanzi and Chobe may also be obtained on personal application at the Administrat ion 's offices at Mafeking.

The following is a list of the Mining Districts which have been established to date :—

Name of Mining District and Mining Commissioner s Address.

Bamangwato "Reserve, c/o Resident Magistrate, Serowe. Bakwena Reserve, c/o Resident Magistrate, Molepolole. Gaberones Block, c /o Resident Magistrate, Gaberones. Tuli Block, c /o Resident Magis t ra te , Serowe. Bangwaketse Reserve, c / n Resident Magistrate , Kanye. Lobatsi Block, c/o Resident Magistrate , Lobatsi . Bakgat la Reserve, c/o Resident Magistrate , Gaberones. Kgalagadi, Resident Magistra te , Tsabon, via Kuruman. Chobe, Resident Magistra te , Kasane. Ghanzi , Resident Magistrate , Ghanzi .

Tati District. As already stated, the above ]>istrict is presently excluded from

the provisions of the Mining Proclamation. Increased Mining activity in this District has necessitated the introduction of legislation dealing with the following mat ters : —

(a) The protection of life and limb, regulations regarding which were published under Proclamation No. 40 of 19.34.

(6) Native Labourers ' Compensation—vide Proclamation No. 39 of 1934.

(c) Hea l th and Sanitation on the Mines, dealt with under Proclamation No. 54 of 1934.

id) Dealings in Unwrought Precious Metals—vide Proclamation No. 52 of 1934.

(e) Workmen ' s Compensation—vide Proclamation No. 76 of 1934 and Regulations thereunder published under High Commissioner's Notice No. 29 of 1935,

(/) Gold Premium taxation—vide Proclamation No. 25 of 1934.

XVm.—MISCELLANEOUS. Visit of His Royal Highness Prince George.

An outstanding event during the year was the visit to the Territory of His Royal Highness Pr ince George, fourth son of H i s Majesty the King, and who has since been created Duke of Kent by H i s Majesty.

BKCH U AN ALAN I > .PROTECTORATE, 1 9 3 4 47

T h e visit w a s e x t r u a e l y short, but an oppor tun i ty w a s afforded at G a b e r o n e s for M i s J loyal H i g h n e s s to mee t and h a v e presented to h i m both E u r o p e a n residents and nat ive C h i e f s of the Pro tec tor a t e , after which an excel lent p rog ramme of na t ive sports w a s a r r anged , w h i c h included drill d i sp lays by troops of Pa th f inders and W a y f a r e r s , and the dance of the B a k g a t l a R e g i m e n t . A n e x t r e m e l y pleasant and enjoyable day w a s spent as a result of the efforts of all concerned , and H i s Roya l H i g h n e s s expressed his regret tha t he w a s unable to stay longer .

Departure of His Excellency Sir Herbert Stanley. S i r H e r b e r t S t a n l e y ' s re l inquishment of the post of H i g h

C o m m i s s i o n e r , to t ake up the Governor sh ip of Sou the rn Rhodesia is recorded w i t h grea t regret .

H e paid a fa rewel l visi t to the Ter r i to ry in J u l y , proceeding as far north as F r a n c i s t o w n , and re tu rn ing via M a h a l a p y o , L o b a t s i and K a n y e , and see ing as m u c h as was possible of E u r o p e a n res idents and na t i ve Ch ie f s w h o c a m e to bid h im fa rewe l l , and exp re s s their s incere good w i shes for his future happiness and prosper i ty , and that of L a d y S t a n l e y , in Rhodesia .

One of his last ac ts in the T e r r i t o r y was to lay the foundat ion s tone of S t . M a r k ' s C h u r c h at Lobats i ' .

Tour of the Resident Commissioner in the Territory. In the la t ter part of August and the first hal f of S e p t e m b e r , the

Res iden t C o m m i s s i o n e r , accompan ied by M r s . R e y , vis i ted the Te r r i t o ry on a tour wh ich inc luded some of the r emote parts of the N o r t h e r n P ro tec to ra te , g o i n g by aeroplane from S e r o w e to N ' g a m i l a n d and G h a n z i , and r e tu rn ing v i a the T u l i B l o c k , M o c h u d i , G a b e r o n e s , K h a l e , and L o b a t s i .

O n the tour the Res iden t Commiss ione r m e t , as far as w a s possible , the E u r o p e a n residents and the nat ive people a long the route , inspected schools , hospi tals and quar ters , presented var ious meda l s , enquired in to the ser ious economic condi t ions then preva i l ing wi th a v i e w to relief of d is t ress , examined the possibi l i t ies of deve lopment w o r k , and personal ly i n v e s t i g a t e d a number of ques t ions a w a i t i n g se t t lement by the Admin i s t r a t ion .

European Advisory Council. T h i s Counc i l he ld its E i g h t e e n t h Sess ion at M a f e k i n g in

D e c e m b e r , 1934. It represents seven electoral areas cover ing the who le Te r r i t o ry .

E a c h area- re turns one m e m b e r w h o must be a, qualified vote! ' , nominated by not less than five qualified voters , and w h o holds his seat on the Counc i l for a period of ' b r e e yea rs . I m m e d i a t e l y prior to a n e w elect ion (or by-e lec t ion) , a regis ter of qualified voters in each area is compi l ed .


The following have one vote : — Every owner or lessee of land situated within the Territory

of the value of £2(X) (two hundred pounds) or the owner of stock within the Territory of the value of £200 (two hundred pounds) and bona fide used for fanning purposes (legal proof of such ownership during the twelve months immediately preceding the compiling of the Voters' Roll must he furnished), or the holder of a general dealer 's licence within the Territory or a person who derives from sources within the Territory an annual income of not less than £200 (two hundred pounds) provided that in each case such person is either : —

(a) a .British subject of European parentage, of full age and sound mind, who has resided in the Territory for 12 months immediately preceding the compiling of the Voters' Roll, or

(b) an alien of full age and sound mind who lias resided in the Territory for five years immediately preceding the compiling of the Voters' Roll and who, if legislative provision be made therefor, would be eligible tor naturalization as a British subject,

and has made application for registration and been placed on the Voters ' Roll.

The Council suffered severely during the year by the lamented death of Mr. G. Haskins , Member for Electoral Division No. 4, and by the resignation of its Chairman. Mr. II. C. Weatheri l t , O . B . E . . J . P . , the termination of whose long and exceedingly valuable period of service is a severe blow to all concerned. By-elections in respect of Electoral Divisions Nos. 4 and 1 resj>eetivelv were thus necessitated and opportunity was also taken of the occasion to call for nominations for Electoral Division No. 8, which was then unrepresented, no candidates having been nominated at the General Election in 1933.

The by-elections resulted as follows : — Electoral Division No. 1, C. K. Going—returned unopposed. Electoral Division No. 3, Captain ( \ W . Mar t in . D.S .O.™

returned unopposed. Electoral Division No. 4. No nomination.

Native Advisory Council. This Council is representative of the Barolong, the Bakwena, the

Bangwaketsi , the : ; >kgatla,.the Bamalete, and the Batlokwa tribes of the Southern Protectorate and since i981 of the Batawana from the remote District of N'gamiland.

The Council consists of the Chiefs of the above-mentioned Districts each accompanied by some four members who are elected by the tribes according to their custom. It discusses with the Resident Commissioner all matters affecting native interests which its members desire to bring forward, especially the administration of the Native Fund .

BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE, 1 9 3 4 4 9

The Fund is devo'ed to purely native purposes, e.g. , native education, imp. omeni of native stock, water-supply in native reserves, and cost of anthrax and quarter evil vaccine. The revenue of the Fund is obtained by an annual tax of 5s. on every native liable for native tax.

No session of the Council was held during the year 1931.

Scout Movement and Girl Guides. For some time past a small troop of Guides has been in existence

at Francistown in the Northern Protectorate , and in the Lobatsi area in the Southern Protectorate, amongst the Afrikaans-speaking girls. There are no Scouts as yet.

Pathfinders and Wayfarers. The Pathfinder and Wayfarer Movements (African Scouts and

Guides) have strong detachments throughout the Territory with particularly promising troops at Kanye , Khale, Mochudi, Mole-polole and Kamoutsa. Guidance, help and control of the two movements are vested in two divisional Councils for the Protectorate, which meet from time to time at Headquar ters , Mafeking.

During the year Mrs. H. Dyke succeeded Mrs. J . I). RheinalU Jones as Superintendent for Wayfarers in the Protectorate.

Both organizations have expanded very considerably and their benefit to the African boys and girls of the Terti tory has been immense.

The pressing needs of the moment are more camps for the training of leaders and sub-leaders, increased financial support and extra assistance in respect of clerical work, which is increasing with the growth of the movements.

Lands and Surveys. Originally, all the lands in the Protectorate belonged to the several

native tribes to be found within its border, except that sovereignty over what is generally known as the Tati Concession, or Tati District, was claimed by Chief Khama of the P>amangwato and by the Matabele Chief Lobengula. In 1895, on behalf of their respective tribes, the Chiefs Khama, Scheie, and Bathoen abandoned certain territory. By Order in Council dated the .1 Oth May, 1904, the territory thus abandoned was declared Crown Lands and vested in His Majesty's High Commissioner for South Africa, who was empowered to make grants or leases thereof on such terms and conditions as he might think fit, subject to the directions of iho Secretary of State.

An Order in Council passed on the 10th January , 1910, added to the Crown Lands above-mentioned all other land in the Bechuanaland Protectorate eNewhere than in the Tat i District , with the exception of: (1) land included in any Native Reserve duly set apart by proclamation or the subject of any grant made by or on behalf of His Majesty, and (2) the 41 farms known as " the


Barolong F a r m s " (held by members of the Barolong tribe by virtue of certificates of occupation issued by the Chief Montsioa on the 28th March, 1N95), and vested such lands in the High Commissioner subject to the provisions of the Order in Council of 16th May, 1904.

The doubts as to the ownership of the lands in tlu, Tat i District were resolved by an Order in Council passed on 4th May, 1911, which vested these lands in (lis Majesty and empowered the High Commissioner to grant them (certain lands being reserved for the occupation of natives under the control of the Government) to the Tati Concessions, Limited, in full ownership. This grant was effected by Proclamation No. 2 of 1911, including the right to all minerals and precious stories under the land.

The boundaries of the 41 Barolong F a r m s («vhich comprise all the land reserved to the Barolong tribe within the Protectorate) were defined by Proclamation No. 1 of 1896. The boundaries of the Bamangwato , B a t a v a n a , Bakgatla, Bakwena, and Bangwaketsi tribes were defined by Proclamation No. 9 of 1899 as amended by Proclamations Nos. 14 of 1907 and 55 of 1908 in respect of the Bakwena, and of the Bamalete tribe by Proclamation No. 28 of 1909. A reserve for the Batlokwa tribe was established by Proclamation No. 44 of 1933; and certain lands on the Nat a have been included in the Bamangwato Reserve by Proclamation No. 31 of 1933. Wi th the exception of five farms tha t had already been granted to pioneers by native Chiefs, and certain land retained for Government purposes, the Crown lands along the eastern border of the Protectorate were granted to the British South Africa Company by Proclamations Nos. 4, 12 and 13 of 1905 and became known as the Gaherones, T u b and Lobatsi Blocks.

Certain settlers to whom the late Mr. Cecil Rhodes had, under the Charter of the British South Africa Company, granted tracts of land in the Ghanzi District, w rere in 1898 and 1899 confirmed in their holdings by the High Commissioner on certain conditions, including the payment of an annual quit-rent a t the rate of £1 per thousand morgen (a morgen ~ 2-1165 English acres).

Apart from trading sites, which usually do not exceed 50 yards by 50 yards in extent , thirteen farms of 1,000 morgen each and one of 2,000 morgen have been leased by the Government to European settlers at an annual rental of £5 and £10 respectively. These leases are renewable annually. As a rule preference is given to persons who are already domiciled within the Territory.

Under an agreement between the Administration and the Imperial Cold Storage Company, Limited , signed in J u n e , 1925, 250,000 morgen of Crown Lands on the northern bank of the Molopo River have been placed at the disposal of the Company free of charge for twenty-five years, in consideration of the Company having agreed to erect cold storage and refrigerating works within the Terri tory, and to purchase a minimum of 10,000 Protectorate cattle annually for use in such works.

MKCHUANALANl) IMiOTKCTORATK, 1 9 3 4

The Crown Lands remaining comprise about P25,()00 square miles,. The Brit ish South Africa Company and the Tali Company,

Limited, have granted to European settlers a considerable quanti ty of the land placed at their disposal by the above-mentioned Proclamations.

No surveys have been made of any land within the Terri tory, except where such land lias been gran led to private corporations or individuals.

There are no irrigation works of any large scale within the Territory. Apart from the rivers Marico, Limpopo, Zambesi , Chobe, and the Okovango marshes and their outlets, there are practically no surface waters, except in the rainy season. The Rhodesia Railways, Limi ted , have constructed several dams in connexion with the working of the railway line, namely :—

APPENDIX.

Some publications relating to the Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Report on the Financial and Economic Position of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, 933. (Cmd. 4368.) H.M. Stationery Office. 3s. 6d.

Rise of South Africa (sections dealing with Bechuanaland Protectorate). Sir George Cory, M.A., D.Litt. Longmans Green & Co.

History of South Africa (section dealing with Bechuanaland Protectorate). G. M. Theal, Litt.D., LL.D. George Allen & Unwin.

The Kalahari or Thirstland Redemption. E. H. L. Schwarz. T. Mnskew Miller, Cape Town.

The Ban^u Past and Present: An ethnological and historical study of the Native Races of {South Africa. S. M. Molema. \V. Green & Sons, Ltd. 12s. 6d.

N'gamiland and the Kalahari. (Papers read at Royal Geographical Society, June, 1932.) Lt.-Col. C F . Hey. C.M.G. Vol. LXXX, No. 4, October, 193*?, of Geographical Journal.

Capacity in gallons. M illions

Lobatsi Metsimaswaaua CNotwani Siding) Mileage, 1,197 Palapye Tsessebe ( lnchwe River) Pilane

15 45

5 15 12

9

(33017-48) Wt. 2457-3543 825 2/36 P. St. 0.377/7

Reports, etc., of Imperial and Colonial Interest MIGRATION.

Report to the Secretary of State for Dominion Affaire of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Migration Policy. [Cmd. 4689.] Is. -id. (la. 8d.)

MALTA. Report of Royal Commission, 1931. [Cmd. 3993.] 3s. M. (3s. 1 Id.). Minutes of Evidence. (Colonial No. 68.] 5*. (6a. 9d.j.

IMPERIAL CONFERENCE, 1980. Summary of Proceedings. [Cmd. 3717.] 2*. (2s. 2d.). Appendices to the Summary of Proceedings. [Cmd. 3718.] 4*. (4s. 4d.). Report of the Conference on Standardisation. (Including Resolutions

adopted by the Imperial Conference). [Cmd. 3716.] 3d. (3id.;. COLONIAL OFFICE CONFERENCE, 1930.

Summary of Proceedings. [Cmd. 3628.] 2a. (2s. 2d. >. Appendices to the Summary of Proceedings. [Cmd. 3629.] 3s. (3s. 3d.).

KENYA. Native Affairs Department Annual Report for 1932. 3s. (3s. 4a'.). Report by the Financial Commissioner (Lord Moyne) on Certain Questions

in Kenya. May, 1932. [Cmd. 4093.] 2s. (2s. 2d.). KENYA, UGANDA, AND THE TANGANYIKA TERRITORY.

Railway Rater, and Finance. Report by Mr. Roger Gibb, September, 1932. [Cmd. 4235.] Is. 6d. (Is. Id.).

TANGANYIKA TERRITORY. Report by Sir Sydney Armitage Smith, K.B.E., C.B., on a Financial Mission.

[Cmd, 4182.] 2s. 6d. (2s. 8d.). East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani. Sixth Annual Report,

1933-34. [Colonial No. 100.] Is. (Is. Id.). BECHUANALAND PROT vTORATE.

Financial end Economic Position. Report of Commission, March. 1933. [Cmd. 4368.] 3«. 6d. (3s. 9d.).

SWAZILAND. Financial and Economic Situation. Report of Commission.

[Cmd. 4114.] 2s. 6d. (2s. 9dX MALAYA

Report, of Brigadier-General Sir S. H. Wilson, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., K.B.E., on his visit during 1932. [Cmd. 4276.] Is. (Is. Id.).

SEYCHELLES. i<inancial Situation. Report of Commission, July, 1933.

[Colonial No. 90.] Is. 3d. (Is. 6d.). MAURITIUS.

Financial Situation. Report of Commission, Deoeuber, 1931. [Cmd. 4034.] 4s. Qd. (4«. 10d.).

WEST INDIES. Report of th^ Closer Union Commission. (Leeward Islands, Windward

Islands. Trin Jad and Tobago.) [Cmd. 4383.] Is. (Is. Id.). Report of a Commission appointed to consider problems of Secondary and

Primary Education in Trinidad, Barbados, Leeward Islands, and Windward Islands. [Colonial No. 79.] 2s. (2*. 2d.).

BRITISH HONDURAS. Financial and Economic Position. Report of Commissioner, March, 1934.

ICmd. 4AK6.| 4s. 6d. (4s. 10r/.). BRITISH GUIANA.

Financial Situation. Report of Commission, June, 1931. ICmd. 3938.] Is. (Is. 2d.).

THE LEEWARD ISLANDS AND ST. LUCIA. Report by Sir Sydney Armitage Smith, K.B.E., C.B., on a Financial Mission,

Octolier, 1931. [Cmd. 3996.1 2s. (2s. 2d.). PALESTINE.

Report on Immigration, Land Settlement and DevelopmtTt. by Sir John Hope Simpson, CLE., 1930. [Cmd. 3686.1 3s. (3«. 3d.).

Appendix to Report, containing Mans. [Cmd. 3687.] 2s. (2s. 3d.).

AU prices are net. Those in brackets include postage.

Obtainable from

HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE LONDON : Adastral House, Kingsway, W.C.2;

EDINBURGH 2 : 120, George Street; MANCHESTER 1 : York Street; CARDIFF: 1, St. Andrew's Crescent; BELFAST : 80, Chichester Street;


COLONIAL ANNUAL REPORTS

H.M. Stationery Office publishes the Annual Reports on the Social and Economic Progress of the Peoples of the Colonies and Protectorates, most of which contain a map of the Dependency concerned. More than 40 Reports appear each year and they are supplied at the Subscription price of 50s . per annum. (This rate does not include Mandated Territories.) Individual Reports may also be purchased and

standing orders placed for their annual supply. BAHAMAS. BARBADOS. BASUTOLAND. B ECHO A NA LA ND PROTECTORATE. BERMUDA. BRITISH GUIANA. BRITISH HONDURAS. BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS PRO

TECTORATE. BRUNEI, STATE OF. CAYMAN ISLANDS (JAMAICA). CEYLON. CYPRUS. FALKLAND ISLANDS. FEDERATED MALAY STATES. FIJI. GAMBIA. GIBRALTAR. GILBERT & ELLICE ISLANDS. GOLD COAST. GRENADA. HONC KONG. JAMAICA. JOHORE.

KEDAH AND PERLIS. KELANTAN. KENYA COLONY & PROTECTORATE. LEEWARD ISLANDS. MAURITIUS. NEW HEBRIDES. NIGERIA. NORTHERN RHODESIA. NYASALAND. ST. HELENA. ST. LUCIA. ST. VINCENT. SEYCHELLES. SIERRA LEONE. SOMALI LAND. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. SWAZILIND. TONGAN ISLANDS PROTECTORATE. TRENGGANU. TRINIDAD & TOBAGO. TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS. UGANDA. ZANZIBAR PROTECTORATE.

MANDATED TERRITORIES Annual Reports are published on the undermentioned territories administered by H.M. Government under mandate from the

League of Nations.

PALESTINE AND TRANS JORDAN. BRITISH CAMEROONS. TANGANYIKA TERRITORY. BRITISH TOGOLAND.

Further particulars as to the latest reports and prices obtainable from the Sale Offices of

H i s MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE

CROWN AGENTS FOR THE COLONIES. Publications issued by the Governments of British Colonies, Protectorates, and Mandated Territories, can be obtained from the Ci OWN AGENTS FOR THE COLONIES, 4 Milibank, Westminster, S.W.I. They include Departmental

Reports, Laws, Handbooks, etc.

S. O. Code No. 5 8 - 1 7 4 Z

Reports, etc., of Imperial and Colonial Interest

AN ECONOMIC SURVEY OF THE COLONIAL EMPIRE, 1938. [Colonial No. 96.] £1 5*. (£1 5*. 9dX

CUSTOMS TARIFFS OF THE COLONIAL EMPIRE. [Colonial No. 97.] (3 volumes.)

Part 1—Africa. 2s. 6d. (2s. 9d.) Part II—Eastern, Mediterranean, and Pacific. 3«. 6d. (3*. 9d.) Part III—Went Indies. 3». Qd. (3a. 94.)

COLONIAL REGULATIONS. Regulations for His Majesty's Colonial Service.

Part I—Public Officer*. [Colonial No. 88-1.] 9d. <lOd.). Part II—Public Business. [Colonial No. 88-2.] Is. 3d. (Is. 4d.).

COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE LIST. ist Edition, January, 1933. [Colonial No. 80.] 2s. (2s. 2d.). Supplement to 1st Edition, 1st January, 1934.

[Colonial No. 92.] 9rf. (10d.). COLONIAL SERVICE.

Report of Committee OL Leave and Passage Conditions for the Colonial Service. [CmJ. 4730.] 9d. UOd.).

COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COMMIT1EE. Fifth Annual Report covering the period 1st April, 1933, to 31st March,

1934. [Cmd. 4634.] 9rf. (I0d.). EMPIRE SURVEY.

Conference of Empire Survey Officers, 1931. [Colonial No. 70.] £1 (£1 0*. 9d.).

IMPERIAL ECONOMIC CONFERENCE, OTTAWA, 1932. Summary of Proceedings and copies of Trade Agreements.

[Cmd. 4174.] Is. U. 'yls. M.). Appendices to the Summary of Proceedings [Cmd. 4175.] 35. (3*. 'id.).

ECONOMIC CONSULTATION AND COOPERATION. Report of Imperial Committee, 1933. [Chnd. 4335.] 2s. (2s. 2d.).

NEWFOUNDLAND. Report of Royal Commission, with Appendices and Maps.

[Cmd. 4480.] 5«. 6d*. (5*. lid.). Papers relating to the Report. [Cmd. 4479.] 2d. (2Jd.j.

CLOSER UNION IN EAST AFRICA. Report of the Commission on Closer Union of the Dependencies in Eastern

and Central Africa, 1929. [Cmd. 3234.] 6s. (6s. 5d.>. Report of Sir Samuel Wilson, Q.C.M.6., K.C.B., K.B.E., on his visit to

East Africa, 1929. [Cmd. 3378.] 9rf. (I0d.). Report of Joint Seleot Committee. H.C. 156.

Vol. I—Report and Proceedings ... Is. 6d. (Is. 8d.). Vol. II—Minutes and Evidence ... £1 10s. (£1 10s. 9d.). Vol. Ill—Appendices 4s. 6d. (4«. lid.).

KENYA LAND COMMISSION. Report, September, 1933. [Cmd. 4556.] l i s . (Us. 9d.). Evidence and Memoranda. [Colonial No. 91.]

Vol. 1 £2 (£2 Os. 9d.). Vol. II £2 <£2 0s. 9d.). Vol. I l l £2 (£2 0s. 9rf.).

Summary ol Conclusions reached by His Majesty's Government [Cmd. 4680/1 2d. (2$d).

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN EAST AFRICA. Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the administration of Justice in

Kenya, Uganda, and the Tanganyika Territory in Criminal Matters. [Cmd. 4623.] 3s. <3«. 3d.).

Evidence and Memoranda. [Colonia! No. 96.] £1 (£1 0s. 6d.), All prices are net. Those in brackets include postage.

Obtainable from

HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE I ONDON: Adastral House, Kingsway, W.C.2;

EDINBURGH 2 : 120, George Street; MANCHESTER 1: York Street; CARDIFF: 1, St. Andew's Crescent; BELFAST : 80 , Chichester Street;


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