tim maker, senior program director biomass energy resource center overview of wood-fired district...
TRANSCRIPT
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Tim Maker, Senior Program DirectorBiomass Energy Resource Center
OVERVIEW OF WOOD-FIRED DISTRICT HEATING
Vermont Technical CollegeRandolph, VermontMarch 18, 2008
It’s Not Easy Building Green
Vermont Community Development AssociationWinter Meeting
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Biomass Energy Resource Center (BERC)
BERC is a national not-for-profit organization working to
promote responsible use of biomass for energy.
BERC’s mission is to achieve a healthier environment,
strengthen local economies, and increase energy security
across the United States by developing sustainable biomass
systems at the community level.
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Imagine your community’s downtown center.
Imagine what it would be like to:
• Get off oil.
• To use a heating fuel that comes from your county.
• Keep all heating fuel dollars in the local economy.
• Become a renewably heated community.
• Know that building heat would be affordable no
matter what happened in the world.
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This presentation and the ones that follow are about realizing this vision.
First, let’s look at the future of oil availability
and oil cost.
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Crude Oil Production in the US
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Cru
de
Oil
An
nu
al P
rod
uct
ion
, B
illi
on
Bar
rels
Peak Production in 1970
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Bil
lio
n B
arre
ls p
er Y
ear
History
Forecast
USGS Estimates of Ultimate Recovery
Note: US volumes were added to the USGS foreign volumes to obtain world totals.
Peak in 2030
World Oil Production History & Forecast:
One Scenario
Source: US DOE, Energy Information Administration
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After the World Oil Peak – What Happens to Communities in Rural Areas?
• Very high, rapidly increasing oil and gas costs
• Competitive disadvantage
• Economic un-development
• Dependence on an unfriendly global economy
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High oil prices and reduced oil availability will have a big impact on Vermont’s communities.
• Transportation
• Community planning
• Downtown development
• Vibrant, resilient, secure communities
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Local Energy:A new paradigm for the relationship between communities and forests
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What Are the Characteristics of Local Energy?
• Uses community-scale technology
• Replaces fossil fuels with local biomass*, for heat
and power
• Uses efficient, clean technology
• Has strict requirement for sustainable fuels
* In Vermont, biomass fuel means low-grade wood.
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What Are the Benefits of Local Energy?
• Keeps local energy dollars circulating in the community
• Displaces expensive fossil fuels and increases security
• Scaled to link community energy economy with local
resources
• Acts as a force for sustainable forestry
• Uses available fuel, woodchips or pellets, at high efficiency
• Uses manageable volumes of biomass for each project
• Supports forest-products industry and creates jobs
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Comparative Cost of Heat -Various Fuels
Fuel Unit Cost/unit Average Efficiency
$/MMBtu Delivered
Heating Oil gallons $3.00 80% $27.17
Propane gallons $2.50 85% $31.97
Natural Gas MMBtu $12 85% $14.12
Woodchips tons $50 70% $7.09
Wood Pellets tons $220 80% $17.23
Compares individual building fossil fuel heating to biomass (wood) district heating
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What Does Local Energy Look Like?
• School woodchip and pellet heating
• Other institutional heating
• Wood-fired campus energy systems
• Community district energy
(using wood fuel)
• Small-scale power generation and CHP
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Community District Heating
Wood-fired central heating plant, with buried
hot water piping to individual buildings
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District Heat Infrastructure
District heat pipes being laid in shallow trench
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District Heating in Europe
• In Denmark, 60% of residences (1.5 million homes)
are heated through district systems.
• In Finland, 50% of all space heating comes from
district heating; over 90% of all apartments, public and
commercial buildings are connected to district heat.
• Belgrade has 300 miles of district heat piping serving
180 million square feet of building space.
(In the US only 3% of space heating is done with district heat systems.)
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District Heating in Europe
District heat share of single-family houses:
• Iceland 85% (geothermal)
• Denmark 47% (16% biomass)
• Austria 13% (21% biomass)
• Finland 12% (18% biomass)
• Sweden 11% (42% biomass)
Source: http://www.euroheat.org/ecoheatcool/documents/Ecoheatcool%20WP4%20Web.pdf
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District Heating in Europe
• 5,000 community district heating systems in Europe
• 78% of district heat sources are non-fossil
• Biomass (wood residues) is the biggest fuel source
• Other heat sources also used: industrial waste heat,
heat from CHP, geothermal, waste incineration
In Vermont we don’t have these other heat sources, but what we do have lot of is BIOMASS.
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Biomass Community District Energy
UrbanSetting
District Energy St. Paul
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Biomass Community District Energy
Small
Community
Setting
Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
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Biomass Community District Energy
Green Acres Family HousingBarre, Vermont
Small-Scale
Setting
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Biomass Community District Energy
Cobb Hill Co-HousingHartland Four Corners, Vermont
Cordwood boiler system
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Creating New from OldWood-fired District Heating
Montpelier State Complex District Heating System
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New District/Campus Wood Energy
Crotched Mountain Rehab CenterGreenfield, New Hampshire
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Wood Fuel Sources for District Energy
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Fuel Transport and Delivery
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Biomass District Energy Development Issues
How do we build a new kind of municipal
infrastructure?
• It’s not a technology issue.
• It’s a money issue.
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Biomass District Energy Development Issues
Where could the capital come from?
• Federal $
• State $
• Municipal bonds
• Private capital
• Fuel cost savings (ESCOs, a new NESCO?)
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Conclusion
Using our abundant wood residues to replace fossil
fuels to heat downtowns using district energy
systems makes sense in many ways.
The challenge is how to organize and finance this
new form of municipal infrastructure.
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Timothy MakerSenior Program Director
Biomass Energy Resource Center43 State StreetMontpelier, VT 05601802-223-7770 X 123
Contact Information
www.biomasscenter.org