Tissue Engineering

Lecture 4Paper Review

Langer and Vacanti, Science, 1993

An Introduction to Tissue Engineering

• The term ‘tissue engineering’ coined in 1987 at a workshop sponsored by the NSF.

• “Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and the life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function.”

• 3 options: 1) Isolated cells or cell substitutes.2) Tissue-inducing substances.3) Cells placed within matrices.

Robert Langer and Joseph Vacanti

Over 1000 articlesOver 1000 patentsChemical Engineer who studied with the “father of angiogenesis” as a post-doc

Surgeon at MGHHas worked on 27 tissues/organs

Table 1: Hui Yeung

Disease

Incidence per year (Most recent

record) Source & NoteSkin, Burn 450000 American Burn Association

Skin, Pressure Sores 2500000National Library of Medicine (NLM), National

Institute of Health (NIH)Skin, Venous Stasis Ulcer 500000 – 2000000 NLM, NIHSkin, Diabetic Ulcer 230000 – 930000 NLM, NIHNeuromuscular disease 1500000 NLM, NIHSpinal Cord & Nerve 96000 NLM, NIHBone, Joint Replacement >1000000 Arthritis FoundationBone, Bone Graft ~1000000 Orthobulets, 13% annual growthBone, Internal Fixation N/A  

Bone, Facial Reconstruction 80000NLM, NIH, including child birth defect and

traumatic injuryCartilage, Patellar Resurfacing >600000 American Academy of Orthopadeic Surgeons

Cartilage,Chondromalacia patellae N/A  Cartilage, Meniscal repair 850000 University of Washington

Cartilage, Arthritis52M patience as of

2014 Center of Disease Control

Cartilage, Osteochondritis dissecans 48000 Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine

Table 1: Hiu Yeung

Table 1: Hiu Yeung

Tendon repair 64000Including flexor and extensor tendon (hand), rotator cuff

tendon and Achilles tendon

Ligament repair 200000American Academy of Orthopadeic Surgeons, including

ACL

Blood vessels, Heart 500000 Texasheart.org, Coronary BypassBlood vessels, Large and small vessels N/A  

Liver, Metabolic disorders 24000 NLM, NIH

Liver cirrhosis 70000 NLM, NIH

Liver cancer 33000 NLM, NIH

Pancreas (diabetes) 1700000 American Diabetes Association

Intestine 135000 Crohn's Disease, ulcerative colitis, NLM, NIH

Kidney 123175National Kidney Association, on how many people

needs transplant

Bladder 571518 National Cancer Institute, number of bladder cancer

Ureter 3300000 US news, on kidney stone instance per year

Urethra 4300000 Urology Care Foundation, urethara cancer

Hernia 1000000 Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons

Breast 307000 Number of breast implants done per year...

Blood transfusions 4500000 American Red Cross

Dental 500000American Academy of Implant Dentistry, Number of

implants done

DiseaseIncidence per year

(Most recent record) Source & Note

Figure 1: Akarawin Hongdusit

Figure 2:Michael Grunwald

Nervous System

• Most work in peripheral nerve guidance (some ability to regenerate, or reconnect)

Cornea

This is where Robert Langer started his biology work – growing blood vessels in eyes.

Skin

Cell only Cell + Material(PGA mesh)

Figure 3: Cody Siroka

Conclusions, Perspectives

• Cell sourcing was highlighted throughout the article. How do we grow these up in large quantities?

• Materials: Natural or synthetic? Be mindful of batch-to-batch variability.