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tools and machines prehistory takeover throughout the 18 th century 19 th century julie johnson

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Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

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Page 1: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Tools and Machines

Prehistory

Takeover throughout the 18th Century

19th Century

Julie Johnson

Page 2: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Tool vs. Machine

Tool A device that provides a

mechanical advantage in accomplishing a physical task. (Wikipedia)

5 basic tools: lever, wedge, screw, pulley, and inclined plane

Page 3: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Tool vs. Machine

Machine A machine is any mechanical or

organic device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. (energy in for work out) (Wikipedia)

Components of a Machine: Combination of the 5 basic tools

Page 4: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Prehistory – Myth

Athena Workshop on Mt. Olympus Original inventor of all mechanical

arts Known for inventing the chariot Athena was senior partner to

Hephaestus which “means the goddess who removes from sight”

Page 5: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Prehistory - Myth

Minerva Roman goddess of handicrafts, known for

inventing the cart First to make iron weapons Specifically credited with inventing the distaff,

needle, weaving, olive “mills” and the technique of making olive oil

Page 6: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Prehistory - Myth

Brigit Celtic Triple Goddess before becoming an Irish

saint Required her bishops to be practicing goldsmiths

Tsenabonpil (Melanesia), Miti-Miti (Siberia), and Sarasvati (India)

Examples from primitive groups who credit women ancestors with giving people “all knowledge”

Page 7: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

The Early Tools

Prehistory of Mechanics 5 primary machines

Lever Wedge Screw Pulley Inclined Plane

Wheel and Axle

Page 8: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

The Early Tools - Lever

Lever is made of 3 parts: the weight, fulcrum, and power point. 3 types of levers based on where the 3

components are

Earliest form of the lever is the digging stick

Page 9: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

The Early Tools - Wedge

A wedge is used to separate two objects, or portions of objects, through the application of force, perpendicular to the inclined surfaces.

Used for splitting trees, breaking masses of ore, lifting weights, and hafting stone tools

Examples –knives, axes, nails, looms

Page 10: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

The Early Tools – Inclined Plane

The inclined plane permits one to overcome a large resistance by applying a relatively small force through a longer distance than the load is to be raised.

Since women were the burden bearers they are more likely to have invented the inclined plane

Page 11: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

The Early Tools - Screw

A screw is used to translate torque into linear force. It can also be defined as an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft.

Mayan culture has a screw-top ceramic jar Pottery making was predominantly or exclusively

women’s work in 80 out of 105 societies

Page 12: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

The Early Tools - Pulley

Pulleys are usually used in sets designed to reduce the amount of force needed to lift a load.

Amount of work is the same with or without pulleys Vertically or horizontally “dead-eye” pulley used rope wrapped

around a tree

Page 13: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Wheel and Axle

Rotary Motion Replaced back and forth motion

Fly-wheel Sister Tabitha Babbitt

Invented the circular saw in 1810

Page 14: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Wheel and Axle

Sindhi women and the rotary churn Meso-American culture Rollers

Women Eskimos Malta’s Temples

Page 15: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Primate Ethology

Chimps used natural hammers when cracking nuts in Ivory Coast, Africa Coula nut: easily use a rock on the

ground or eat in the “food tree” Hard-shelled Panda nut

Equal number ate the easy way Very few male chimps ate in the trees

or ate the Panda nut.

Page 16: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Takeover – Myth and History

Semiramis 3 different Middle Eastern queens Sammuramat, Naqi’a, and Nitokris

Sammuramat Assyrian Queen (ruled 810-738 BCE) War-like accomplishments Most likely the leader in her son’s wars Invented or improved siege engines Capitalized on the chastity belt brought from Near

East

Page 17: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Takeover – Myth and History Naqi’a (ruled 5 generations later)

Husband destroyed Babylon Large-flood control reservoir and flood walls Built mighty fortification wall, bridge across the

Euphrates, two palaces, reservoir outside the city, and a temple

Nitokris (Naqi’a in Herodotus) Legend of the subterranean hall, flooding it, and

drowning the men who murdered her husband Used a new kind of arch when building the third

pyramid of Giza Semiramis, Naqi’a, and Nitokris ruled in their own

rights

Page 18: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Takeover – Myth and History

Hypatia of Alexandria Very beautiful and educated Professor of astronomy, math, philosophy, and

mechanics Inventions include:

Astrolabe Method to distil water Instrument to measure water Hydroscope or hydrometer

Brutally murdered by Christian fanatics Symbolizes the end of ancient science

Page 19: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Takeover – The Printing Press Did women invent the printing press?

Arguable

3 major improvements Wood Engraving

15th Century, Isabella Cunio and her twin brother

Syllable Type 19th Century, unknown woman

Problem with perfect registry 19th Century, Helen Bruneau Van Vechten

                              

                                 

Page 20: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Takeover

Religion Men were in charge/owned women including their

inventions and patents Domesticating Women

Loss of interaction with the environment Lack of education Lack of time Lack of money

Marx View Men controlled resources (women’s time)

Page 21: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Tools of the Ancient World

Egypt Level Square Scale Mallet

Page 22: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Tools of the Ancient World

Egypt Chisel Sketch Pigment Boning Rods

Page 23: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Tools of the Ancient World

China Foundry Hydraulics and Irrigation Two Man Silk Loom

Page 24: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

The Mill

New Process Millstone Flour Mill, 1878 Water Powered Mills

Vitruvian Mechanism Rock to agitate the hopper to create an automatic feed Vertical versus horizontal blade alignment in water Gear ratios

Page 25: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Medieval Catapult

Could bring Castles down Hurl projectiles great distances Assembled on site Trebuchet and ballista

Page 26: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Leonardo DaVincci

Calculating machine Each complete turn changed a wheel 13 wheels

Other Machines Emergency Bridge Grindstone with Sieve

Page 27: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Landmark 19th Century Machines McCormick Reaper

Woman nailed shears on a board and wired them so one wire opened them and the other closed them

Revolutionize the agriculture industry

Small Electric Motor Emily Goss Davenport tore her wedding dress to

wind the silk around the coils of an electro magnet Are vital to household appliances

Page 28: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Landmark 19th Century Machines Burden Horseshoe Machine

Feminists of the 19th and 20th Centuries confidently claim that this machine was invented by a woman, but there are no names.

Cut the cost of horseshoes, improved horse drawn traveling

Page 29: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Landmark 19th Century Machines

Sewing Machine Helen Augusta Blanchard – zigzag stitch Nina H Piffard and Eva J. Hall – self-threading needle

Dishwasher Josephine G. Cochran – first commercial dishwasher

Page 30: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Landmark 19th Century Machines

Washing Machine Martha H. Sanderson – Washing fluid Margaret Plunkett Colvin – Triumph Rotary Washer

Typewriter Lizzy Streshley – Machine for the blind Anna M. Rothert – Upper case treadle attachment

Page 31: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Landmark 19th Century Machines

Electrical Mary Riggins – Railway crossing gate Elizabeth E. Bell – Telephone mouthpiece

Domestic Labor Saving Nancy Graham – 2 stove patents Sarah B. Stearns – Improved carpet cleaner

Industrial and Manufacturing Mary Dixon Kies – straw weaving machine Mary Jane Montgomery – improved apparatus for

punching corrugated metal

Page 32: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Landmark 19th Century Machines

Office Machines Ellie N. Sperry – Check punch Mary E. Winter – Adding machine

Power Generation and Engines Maria Beasley – Steam generator Margaret Knight – Rotary factory-driving engines

Transportation Annie H. Chilton – Combination horse detacher

and brake Sarah P. Mather – Submarine telescope and lamp

Page 33: Tools and Machines Prehistory Takeover throughout the 18 th Century 19 th Century Julie Johnson

Landmark 19th Century Machines

Key Women Inventers Mlle Crepin – Band saw in 1846 Mary Jane Montgomery

Improved war vessel, improvement for

locomotive wheels, bridge

Harriet Ruth Tracey – 16 patents Elevators, sewing machines, fire escape, stove

Maria E. Beasley – 14 patents Barrel making machines, Barrel-setting-up machine,

steam generator, anti-derailment device


18 th century is about human reason 19 th century is about emotion

The Anglo-Saxon Period (prehistory – 1066 A.D.) Iberians (pre-Celtic peoples) (up to the 7 th century B.C.) Celts (up to the 4 th century B.C.) Roman Occupation

Modern Art 109 From mid-19 th century to mid-20 th century

The 20 th Century: The people’s century

The Enlightenment Late 17 th century- most of 18 th century (1600s-1700s)

14 th century

ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES: FROM THE PREHISTORY TO …€¦ · We describe the development of astronomical observatories since the prehistory until the late XVIII century, and how

A brief archaeology of Archaeology. “Moments in the prehistory of archaeology” Thutmose IV, Pharaoh of Egypt,15 th century BC, excavates the Sphinx. Nabonidus

Renaissance Art in Rome Renaissance 1420-16 th century Baroque 17 th century Neoclassicism 18 th century Early Renaissance 1420-1500c High Renaissance

Rise of Industrialism End of 19 th century, beginning of 20 th century U.S. became industrialized End of 19 th century, beginning of 20 th century U.S

EUROPE OF THE 18 TH CENTURY. SOCIETY OF THE 18 TH CENTURY

19 th Century Victorian Furniture 1830-1901 19 th Century 1J. Byrne 2015

Epidemic Diseases of the 19 th Century. The Demographic Context 19 th century experienced explosion of endemic & epidemic diseases19 th century experienced

Topic 13 Modern Christianity I.17 th century II.18 th century III.19 th century IV.20 th century

Polynesia 19 th Century and 21 st Century

Mies Van Der Rohe Modernism Late 19 th Century/Early 20 th Century

15 TH CENTURY FARMING 18 TH CENTURY FARMING THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

The belgian congo THE BELGIAN CONGO The Late 19 th Century The Early 20 th Century The Late 19 th Century The Early 20 th Century

Mies Van Der Rohe Modernism Late 19 th Century/Early 20 th Century

20 th Century World Wars Conflict of Ideology Trends in 20 th Century

History of Britain Prehistory to 21st Century

20 th Century vs. 21 st Century Education

18 th -19 th Century Russia

van Leeuwenhoek (17 th century) de Graaf (17 th century) Early 19 th century – blending theory

Baroque Late 16 th Century to Early 18 th Century

Art of the Late 19 th Century and early 20 th Century

Furniture Design Influences: 18 th Century Europe Early 19 th Century Europe Early 19 th Century North America Mid 19 th Century Anglo-American Late 19

The Age of Discovery Early 15 th Century to 17 th Century

Towards an environmental history of the amazon from prehistory to the nineteenth century

Land uses in Australia, late 18 th century – mid 19 th century

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE The Age of Exploration: 15 th Century- 17 th Century

English Poetry Level III 17 th -Century Poetry 18 th -Century Poetry Romantic Poetry

Gothic Art History 12 th century – 15 th century Architecture

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL = 16 TH CENTURY DUTCH REPUBLIC, FRANCE, ENGLAND = 17 TH CENTURY

18 th Century