tourism in australia and new zealand

8/2/2019 Tourism in Australia and New Zealand

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TOURISM IN OCEANA (I):

AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND

THE GEOGRAPHIC SETTING

Region covers of the Earths surface Pacific Ocean serves as both a link and a

barrier

Many different overlapping place names

Country, island grouping, ethnic grouping, etc.

PHYSICAL PATTERNS

Climate

Most islands in tropical and subtropical zone

Mild temperatures

Arid in Australias interior, low islands

Australia: only one river system

Moist everywhere else, high islandsEl Nio: Causes droughts every 2-7 years

CLIMATES OF OCEANIA

Figure 11.8

PHYSICAL PATTERNS

Flora and Fauna

Isolation has had impacts on life in Oceania

Australia: 144 species of endemic marsupials

Endemic plants adapted to aridity

New Zealand and the Pacific: Islands have to be

colonized by animals and plants carried by wind or

birds

Biodiversity thins to east, away from land

HUMAN PATTERNS OVER TIME

The Peopling of Oceania

Australian Aborigines: migrated in 50,000-70,000

years ago

Melanesians settled surrounding areas (i.e., New Guinea)

Austronesians: Migrate throughout Pacific about

5000-6000 years ago

Three cultural regions: Micronesia, Melanesia,

Polynesia


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OCEANIA CULTURE GROUPS IN THE PACIFIC

Figure 11.13

COLONIZATION OF OCEANIA

Europeans first contacted thisarea in 1521, when thePortuguese explorer FerdinandMagellan landed on theMicronesian island of Guam(now a US colony)

The region was officially dividedamong colonial powers in theearly 19th century.

The colonial powers includedJapan, France, Britain, theUS, and Germany


Arrival of the Europeans

Pacific divided among Europeans by the 1800s

Displacement of natives, idea of noble savage

On resource-rich islands, relatively simple social

organization

On resource-poor islands, social hierarchiesinstituted


The Colonization of Australia and New Zealand

Australia: founded by UK as penal colony

NZ: Founded later by voluntary immigrants

Natives thrust into grinding poverty

Shifting Ties

Until WWII, strong ties to UK; after WWII, U.S.

Since 1970s, increasing connection to Asia

POPULATION PATTERNS

Just 34 million people

2/3 live in Australia

Australia and NZ: older, slower growing

populations

Other countries: younger, faster growing

High rates of urbanization throughout

Often poorer standard of living than rural


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POPULATION DENSITY IN OCEANIA

Figure 11.16

AUSTRALIA

ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ISSUES

Shift from Export to Service Economies

Still very little manufacturing; undercut by Asia

Pacific islands tend more towards extraction

Tourism

Growing rapidly, creates problems for ecology

Attempt to promote sustainable tourism

ORIGIN OF TOURISTS

Figure 11.26

THE EARLY DAYS

Australia received hardly any international tourists priorto 20th century due to geographic isolation

1958 = Australia received 60,000 international visitors(47,000 from Commonwealth countries)

The inclusion of Sydney and Melbourne on the[Thomas] Cook itinerary [in 1872] marked the beginningof packaged international tourist travel to the Australianand New Zealand colonies (Hall, 2007: 70)

Until the 1980s Australia was not important as aholiday destination, the great majority of visitors beingbusiness or VFR travellers (Boniface & Cooper, 2005:390)

AUSTRALIAN INTERNATIONAL

ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES


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AUSTRALIAN TOURISM TODAY

Tourism contributes approximately 10.5% of Australias GDP andaccounts for almost 12% of jobs.

On average today Australians are taking at least two domesticholidays each year (most of these occur at the intra-state level)

The domestic holiday high season is December to January andfocuses on the Eastern coastline between Sydney and NorthernQueensland

Australia is one of the worlds most popular backpacker tourismdestinations

VFR tourism is becoming less important than historically (particularlyfrom the UK)

Australia attracts a significant education tourism market, particularlyfrom Asia

AUSTRALIAN TOURISM RESOURCES

Cultural icons (e.g., Sydney opera house and Uluru)

Events (e.g., Sydney Gay and lesbian mardi gras and AustralianFormula 1 grand prix)

Beaches (more on these in a little while)

Vineyards (e.g., Hunter Valley)

Ski tourism (e.g., Thredbo and Perisher ski resorts in the SnowyMountains)

Natural wonders (e.g., the Great Barrier reef, Murray river, andBungle Bungle National Park)

Entertainment (e.g., Warner Brothers Movieworld)

Wildlife (e.g., kangaroos, wombats, koalas, Tasmanian Devils, theplatypus, and kookaburras)

Mining (e.g., Opel mining at Coober Pedy)

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN

TOURISM INDUSTRY

Long way from anywhere

Links with the American led war on terrorism

Human rights record

Health and safety fears (Australia ranked as the2nd most dangerous place for British tourists tovisit, with 59 dying in the country between April2005 and march 2004)

Image problems

Poor marketing campaigns

WHERE THE BLOODY HELL ARE YOU?WHERE THE BLOODY HELL ARE YOU?WHERE THE BLOODY HELL ARE YOU?WHERE THE BLOODY HELL ARE YOU?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TebeNC-

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ANOTHER FACE OF AUSTRALIA: THE CRONULLA RACE

RIOTS (2005)

"Come to Cronulla this weekend to take revenge. This Sundayevery Aussie in the Shire get down to North Cronulla tosupport Leb and wog bashing day." (Mass mobilising textmessage)

Examples of slogans and chants: "We Grew Here, You FlewHere", "Wog Free Zone", "Aussie Pride", "Ethnic CleansingUnit", "Lebs out".

They will probably, like, possibly out-breed us. (youngAustralian who took part in riots)

Cronulla in 2005 features echoes of the philosophy of theOne Nation party founded in Ipswich, Queensland in 1997that saw Australia as being a place for whites of northwestEuropean descent


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AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF AUSTRALIAAN ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF AUSTRALIAAN ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF AUSTRALIAAN ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF AUSTRALIA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRtp6xS

J-rI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=411ueiat2

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NEW ZEALAND: ON THE EDGE

MARKETING NEW ZEALAND (WHAT

NZ HAS TO OFFER)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeJSfRD

wQ4A

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dl2su4en

JhI&feature=fvsr

INBOUND VISITORS

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

Visitornumbers

19 70 1 98 4 1 99 2 19 94 19 99 20 04 2 00 5 2 00 8

Year

TOP MARKETS SEASONALITY


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EXPENDITURE INBOUND MARKETS

Australia and New Zealand are economically, culturally, andpolitically part of the developed Western world (Boniface &Cooper, 2005: 389)

This is, traditionally, where they have looked to for tourists

Australia (about 40% of all international visitors)

UK (12% approximately)

USA (9% approximately)

Asia China (5% approximately)

Since the 1990s the overall market mix has becomeincreasingly diverse and less dominated by English-speakingtourists from the traditional markets of Australia, the USAand the United Kingdom (Pearce & Simmons, 1997: 202)

LOOKING TO ASIA

Since 1970, Australia and New Zealand haveloosened their ties to Britain and forged closertrade links with the USA and the countries ofeast Asia, especially Japan (Boniface &Cooper, 2005: 389)

Much recent growth has occurred from Asia

due to more general developments in outboundtravel from this region (Pearce & Simmons,1997: 197)

Circuit tourism = touring New Zealand (by car,

campervan, coach, by bike, or on foot)

VFR tourism

Destination-based tourism (e.g., Queenstown)

SHORT-TERM OUTBOUND TOURISM

FROM NEW ZEALAND

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1800000

2000000

Numberofdepartures

1970 1980 1990 1993 2008

Year

OUTBOUND DESTINATIONS

Australia dominates (about 50% of all

outbound visits are to this country)

Southeast Asia

South Pacific islands

The UK

North America


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LONG-TERM OUTBOUND TOURISM: THE OE

Rite of passage/coming of age ritual To escape and to see what is out there in the world

Generally young Kiwis first major trip outside ofthe country

It blends tourism and work, with the latter seen asa means of extending the duration of the travelexperience (work to travel)

The intention is not to migrate though this canoccur as a result of the OE and the experienceitself can lead to several years being spent awayfrom New Zealand

PROBLEMS

Remoteness: A strength and a problem End of oil

Pressure on visitor experiences (particularly

popular walking tracks)

Cheap tour experiences degrading quality of

visitor experienceCampervans, freedom

camping, and trash

OPPORTUNITIES:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=it9RnDqiAJ

8&feature=related

KIWIS ON HOLIDAY

Data from the late 1980s showed a decline in the scale ofdomestic tourism at the same time that more NewZealanders were travelling abroad than had previously beenthe case

Similar pattern is seen from 2004 to 2008

International tourism being substituted for domestic tourism

the domestic tourism industry contributed $12.4 billion or57% of total tourism expenditure in 2008

65% of domestic trips did not involve an overnight stay Of the overnight trips most were defined as a holiday (42%),

with the rest accounted for by VFR (38%) and business (16%)

SUGGESTED READINGS

Bell, C. 2002. The big 'OE' : Young New Zealand travellers assecular pilgrims. Tourist Studies. 2 (2): 143 - 158

Boniface, B. & Cooper, C. 2005. Worldwide Destinations: TheGeography of Travel and Tourism (4th ed). Oxford: Elsevier.pp. 398 - 401

Pearce, D. & Simmons, D. 1997. New Zealand: Tourism thechallenges of growth. F. Go & C. Jenkins (eds). Tourism andEconomic Development in Asia and Australasia. London:Pinter. pp. 197 220

Hall, M, C. 2007. Tourism in Australia: development, Issuesand Change. Ch 3.

Schott, C. (2010) Tourism and the Implications of ClimateChange: Issues and Actions. Emerald

tourism in australia and new zealand

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