toxicology of acute cerebrovascular radiation syndrome

Toxicology of Acute Cerebro-Vascular Radiation

Syndrome. Dmitri Popov. PhD, Radiobiology.

MD (Russia)Advanced Medical Technology and

Systems Inc. Canada.

Electromagnetic poisoningIn the pathogenesis of electromagnetic radiation

poisoning and functional disorders of the body closely combine specific elements ( cells, organ and systems toxicity), and the general stress response , the non-specific nature . The brain is more susceptible to damage from radiation injury. It has a high proportion of neurons, axons, stem cells: these are at great risk of damage with exposure to radiation, chemical breakdown products called free radicals, hydrolytic enzymes activation, biogenic amines reactions, autoimmune reactions, over-excitation reactions, des-inhibitory reactions. Клемпарская Н.П. и др. Аллергия и радиация. – М., 1968. – С. 157-162. 3.

Radiation poisoning. The brain also has special vulnerability to toxic damage, due to the following

factors: long shape of nerve cells require a supply line that is highly vulnerable to toxic

chemicals and radiation; impaired energy metabolism and/or reduced oxidative metabolism increases

risk of nerve cell damage; brain cells are unable to regenerate and damage/cell loss is usually permanent; the high metabolic rate of the brain cells render them more susceptible as even

brief (even minutes) adverse changes in brain metabolism can cause brain cell death promptly;

there is no barrier to keep toxins out of the brain when breathed in through the nose;

relatively small losses of neurons which use acetylcholine or dopanime as neurotransmitters can cause, respectively, profound reductions in memory or coordination;

Principals of Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment, US EPA, Fed Reg Aug 17, 1994. Клемпарская Н.П. и др. Аллергия и радиация. – М., 1968. – С. 157-162. 3.

Radiation Poisoning.Brain changes are accompanied by persisting

chronic symptoms including headache, fatigue, weakness, balance disturbance, impaired coordination, reduced memory, attention span and concentration and mood and personality changes.

Principals of Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment, US EPA, Fed Reg Aug 17, 1994.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14706464

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8934337_The_neurophysiology_of_brain_injury





Radiation Poisoning.Even low-level exposure to different form of

radiation or chemicals can cause changes in brain function. This study was a study of the acute short-term effects, but intermittent repeated exposures have been documented as capable of causing neural (brain) sensitization via the mechanism of time dependent sensitization.

G Ziem, “Profile of Patients with Chemical Injury and Sensitivity”, Int J Toxicol 18:401-409, 1999.

Radiation Poisoning.Brain damage can occur even following

relatively short-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation, which can also induce electromagnetic intolerance.

Toxic induced brain damage can induce chemical intolerance or de-sensitization to different chemical structures, neurotransmitters or internal molecular structures ( autoimmune reactions).

Radiation Poisoning.Individuals with toxic encephalopathy often

have long-term or permanent brain damage, which creates severe impairment in their ability to function.

A Bokina, “Investigation of the Mechanism of Action of Atmospheric Pollutants on the Central Nervous System and Comparative Evaluation of Methods of Study”, Environ Health Perspectives, 13:37-42, 1976.

Radiation Poisoning.Toxic exposure or toxic exposure of radiation

which leads to the formation of antibodies to the brain/nervous system leads to changes in the neuromuscular function.

HA El-Fawal, etal., “Neuroimmunotoxicology: humoral assessment of neurotoxicity and autoimmune mechanisms”. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 5: 767-775, Oct, 1999.

Radiation Poisoning.Long term exposure to organic solvents or to

Radiation can induce toxic encephalopathy with chronic persisting symptoms of fatigue (90%), impaired short term memory (94%), reduced concentration (88%), irritability (84%), headaches (81%) and other neuropsychiatric effects., P Gregersen, “Neurotoxic Effects of Organic Solvents in Exposed Workers: Two Controlled Follow-up Studies After 5.5 and 10.6 Years”, American J of Ind Med, 14:681-701, 1988.

RG Feldman, et al, “Chronic toxic encephalopathy in a painter exposed to mixed solvents”, Environmental Health Perspect. 107(5)417-22, May 1999.

Radiation Poisoning.Changes were seen in frontal, temporal and

limbic brain areas. Persons with toxic encephalopathy can develop limbic hypermetabolism documented on PET scans, associated with chemical intolerance. T Callender, “Evaluation of Chronic Neurological Sequelae After Acute Pesticide Exposure using SPECT Brain Scans”, J Toxicol Environ Health, 41:275-284, 1995.

Quite similar processes develop at radiation exposure.

Radiation Poisoning.The means by which various chemical compounds vs

Radiation cause acute or chronic brain effects include their solubility in fatty tissue or oxidation of fatty tissue, which is highly prevalent in the brain, the high rate of blood flow in the brain, and the ability of solvents and other petrochemicals or radiation toxins to attack the nerve cell membranes and energy metabolism as well as creating toxic metabolites and causing disturbances in the detoxification system. L Morrow, “Risk Factors Associated with Persistence of Neuropsychological Deficits in Persons with Organic Solvent Exposure”, J of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179:540-545, 1991.

Radiation Poisoning.Types of exposures causing brain damage

included industrial exposures and accidents, “tight” sick office building exposure and environmental overexposure.

G Heuser, “Neurospect Findings in Patients Exposed to Neurotoxic Chemicals”, Toxicology Ind Health, 10”561-571, 1994.

Types of radiation exposures causing brain damage included military exposure, industrial exposures after accidents, medical equipment exposure, high altitude exposure for pilots and cosmic exposure for astronauts.

Radiation Poisoning

SPECT scans show reduced blood flow to the brain in toxic encephalopathy. Brain cells (neurons) need high blood flow and oxygen needs, and reduced flow easily damages their function. These brain cells are readily damaged by reduced energy metabolism, a common finding in chemically injured patients.


Similar findings develop at Brain Radiation Injury.

Radiation PoisoningPetrochemical toxins or Radiation toxins generate increased

free radicals in Phase I, which damage the energy generating mitochondria, thus leading to less energy for Phase II and increased tissue damage from Phase I free radicals which cannot be detoxified adequately in Phase II. Nutrients necessary for energy production (in the body's mitochondria) include adequate thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5) and magnesium.39 Nutrients needed to help protect from free radical damage (also called oxidative stress) of Phase I include adequate antioxidants and other detoxification co-factors, including but not limited to vitamins C, E, Zinc, Selenium and Copper.39 A Englund, K Ringen, M Mehlman, Editors Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology, Vol II, Occ Health Hazards of Solvents, Princeton Scientific Publishers, 1982.

Radiation Poisoning.Nutrients necessary for Phase II

detoxification include cobalamine (B12), folate, methiomine, choline, N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, sulfate (in natural form).


http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-topics-in-ionizing-radiation-research/radiation-toxins-molecular-mechanisms-of-toxicity-and-radiomimetic-properties-





Radiation Poisoning. Brain ischemia develop after irradiation (reduced oxygen/blood

supply) can lead to increased free radicals, death of brain cells and neurodegenerative disease. Increased free radicals cause increased risk of neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson’s, AML, Altzeimers and increased brain aging.

A Sun, Y Chen, “Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders”, J Biomed Sci,: 5:401-414, 1998.

N Simonian, J Coyle “Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases”, Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36: 83-106

1996. Principals of Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment, US EPA, Fed Reg

Aug 17, 1994. http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-topics-in-ionizing-radia

tion-research/radiation-toxins-molecular-mechanisms-of-toxicity-and-radiomimetic-properties-




Radiation Poisoning.Free radicals also attack proteins, (including but not

limited to body enzymes, proteins which transport minerals and other vital nutrients and proteins needed for body repair). Free radicals also damage DNA and RNA, producing more damaged DNA products such as 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine), a marker of DNA damage.

A Sun, Y Chen, “Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders”, J Biomed Sci,:

5:401-414, 1998.

N Simonian, J Coyle “Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases”, Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36: 83-106

1996.

Classification of Cerebrovascular Radiation Syndrome.

Classification of Cerebrovascular Radiation Syndrome: depend on clinical signs, symptoms, general clinical picture.

Acute Cerebrovascular Radiation Syndrome. Sub-Acute Cerebrovascular Radiation

Syndrome. Chronic Electromagnetic Toxic

Cerebrovascular Radiation Syndrome.

Radiation Poisoning.Accelerated neurodegenerative disease occurs from

increased oxidative stress such as from chemical/radiation exposure. Increased lipid peroxides is an indicator of brain and cellular membrane lipid damage. Free radicals from chemicals damage cellular and other body membranes, resulting in reduced polyunsaturated lipids (omega 3’s), making membranes less flexible, and makes them more permeable to undesired amounts of substances. This leads to further damage and death to brain cells and energy-generating structures called mitochondria.





Classification of Cerebrovascular Radiation Syndrome.Acute Cerebrovascular Radiation Syndrome:1. Toxic Encephalopathy.2. Toxic Encephalomyelopathy.3. Toxic Neuropathy.4. Toxic Encephalo-Myelo-Radiculopathy. 5. Toxic Neuromuscular Syndrome . 6. Toxic Astheno-Vegetative syndrome .

Classification of Cerebrovascular Radiation Syndrome.

Clinical signs and symptoms characterized different toxic forms and toxic types of clinical neurological syndromes, which develop after mammals underwent different, relatively high, doses of radiation and depend on different types of radiation.

Radiation Poisoning.Toxic Encephalopathy as part of complex of symptoms

at Acute Cerebrovascular Radiation Syndrome. . http://he123.liverfoundation.org/diagnosis/what-are-the-stages-of-he/

Grade 0: Minimal HEThis stage is very hard to detect as changes in memory, concentration and intellectual functioning are so minimal that they may not be outwardly noticeable. Coordination can be affected and although subtle . Poorer performance . Need to be referred for special testing, called neuropsychiatric testing, to evaluate thinking abilities by doing a number of specifically designed tasks with a trained examiner.

Radiation PoisoningToxic Encephalopathy as part of complex of

symptoms at Acute Cerebrovascular Radiation Syndrome. http://he123.liverfoundation.org/diagnosis/what-are-the-stages-of-he/

Type A – Acute. Type B – Chronic.

Grade 1: Mild HEMay have a short attention span, notice mood changes like depression or irritability, and have sleep problems.

http://he123.liverfoundation.org/diagnosis/what-are-the-stages-of-he/


Radiation PoisoningToxic Encephalopathy.


Grade 2: Moderate HEMay keep forgetting things, have no energy and exhibit inappropriate behavior. Speech may be slurred and you can have trouble doing mental tasks such as basic math. Hands might shake and patient can have difficulty writing.

Radiation PoisoningToxic Encephalopathy as part of complex of


Grade 3: Severe HEPatient may be confused as to where he is or what day it is and be extremely sleepy, but can still be woken up. May be unable to do basic mental tasks, feel extremely anxious and act strangely, irrationally.

Radiation Poisoning.Toxic Encephalopathy as part of complex of


Grade 4: ComaThe last stage of HE is when the person becomes unconscious and slips into a coma.

Radiation Poisoning.Radiation Toxic Encephalomyelopathy.Radiation Toxic Metabolic Encephalopathy – Type A.Radiation Toxic Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy –

Type B. Fatal mitochondrial damage and their function disorder, manifested as seizures, psychomotor retardation, spasticity, cranial nerve palsies, and ataxia; due to deficiencies of cytochrome c oxidase or NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase or other enzymes involved in energy metabolism; pathologically, there is widespread symmetric ischemia, necrosis of brain tissue.

Radiation Toxicity.

Radiation Toxic Astheno-Vegetative syndrome.

Radiation Poisoninghttp://www.intechopen.com/books/current-top

ics-in-ionizing-radiation-research/radiation-toxins-molecular-mechanisms-of-toxicity-and-radiomimetic-properties-

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.3535P

http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a523724.pdf

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1507136711000666











Radiation Poisoning.



http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/105/6/551

http://drbobseiler.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/article_03-52_gaetz.pdf












toxicology of acute cerebrovascular radiation syndrome

Health & Medicine

brain changes

brain metabolism

radiation injury

brain function

permanent brain damage

toxic induced brain

neural brain sensitization

toxic damage