trane 3 green refrigerant

Topics:– What is refrigerant?

– What impacts do refrigerants really have on the environment?

– What is the best overall environmental solution?

– The Montreal Protocol update

– Increasing threats to the HFC’s

– What refrigerant do I pick?

Green RefrigerantGreen Refrigerant

What is refrigerant?


from ASHRAE Fundamentals Chapter 16

Refrigerant

� the vital working fluid in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and heat pumping systems.

� absorbs heat from one area, such as an air-conditioned space, and rejects it into another, such as outdoors, usually through evaporation and condensation process, respectively.

�Common refrigerant in HVAC industry are fluorocarbonssubstance


Composition of Fluorocarbons

Cl

C

Cl

FF

H

C

Cl

FF

C hloroF luoroC arbons

H

C

H

FF

H ydroC hloroF luoro

C arbons

H ydroF luoroC arbons

Phase out

Class 1Phase out

Class 2Phase

Down

expansionexpansiondevicedevice

A

F condensercondenser

pres

sure

pres

sure

B

CE D

compressorcompressor

enthalpyenthalpy

evaporatorevaporator

Basic refrigerant cycle

Refrigerant history

Refrigerant history

Which year is the invention of Refrigeration Cycle?(The FIRST Vapor Compression Cycle in the World)

A. 1698B. 1834 C. 1892

In 1698, Englishman Mr. Thomas Savery invented the First practical STEAM ENGINE.

In 1892, German Mr. Karl Diesel invented the First DIESEL ENGINE

Answer is (B). First practical refrigerating machine was built by Jacob Perkins in 1834

Refrigerant history

Historical perspective

• 1830 to 1930s – 1st generation “Whatever it works”

• 1931 to 1990s – 2nd generation “Safety & Durability”

• 1990 to 2010s – 3rd generation “Ozone protection”

• 2010s to … – 4nd generation “Global warming”

Source: Calm-The_Next_Generation_of_Refrigerants_(paper_ICR07-B2-534_Beijing)-IIR-2007.pdf http://www.jamesmcalm.com/

What impact do refrigerant have on environment?

What impacts do refrigerants have on the environment?

Source: IPCC/WMO Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System

Direct Environmental ImpactDirect Environmental Impact

Kyoto

Protocol

(1997)

Montreal

Protocol(1986)

What impacts do refrigerants have on the environment?

Indirect Environmental Impact

Up to 95% of a typical chiller’s global warming potential is CO2 created by energy consumption

What is the best overall environmental solution?

ASHRAE Recommendation

“American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) supports

overall environmentally balanced solutions to atmospheric concerns. Actions taken to secure low or zero ozone-depleting solutions at the expense of

energy efficiency would not represent a balanced approach.”

Position Statement and Paper on

“Ozone Depleting Substance”Approved by ASHRAE Board of Directors

Industry Refrigerant Commitment

Dedicated to applying science to find best balance

– Zero/Low Ozone depletion

– Low Global warming

– High Energy efficiency

– Short Atmospheric life

– Minimizing refrigerant emission

Focus on gaining confidence in global availability on all of today’s refrigerants

– Customers looking for assurances

– History helps clarify future: post-phase-out experience

Years ago the industry onlyfocused on ozone depletion

Industry Message Delivered in 1991Balance Environmental Outlook Required, Not a Singular Issue

Trane declared ozone depletion, global warming, and energy efficiency as all being equally important

As stated in 1991 Trane Article for HPAC Magazine.

Environment & Social Responsibility

• Offering the right refrigerant in the right product at the right time• Trane’s policy today is the same as it was in the 1980’s

MO McLinden and DA Didion 1987

Hydrogen

FluorineChlorine

Chemical Composition Choices

Affect Environmental Impact

FLAMMABLE

TOXIC

LONG ATMOSPHERIC LIFEIncreasing ODP

Increasing ODP Increasing GW

P

Increasing GWP

Optimal re

gion for re

frigerants

Optimal re

gion for re

frigerants

Today’s Pursuit: The Perfect Refrigerant

ODP V

ERSU

S GWP

ODP V

ERSU

S GWP

ODP V

ERSU

S GWP

ODP V

ERSU

S GWP

H

C

Cl

F

C

F

Cl F

R123:

H

C

F

F

C

F

F

R134a:

OZONE OZONE OZONE OZONE

DEPLETIONDEPLETIONDEPLETIONDEPLETION

OZONE OZONE OZONE OZONE

DEPLETIONDEPLETIONDEPLETIONDEPLETION

GLOBALGLOBALGLOBALGLOBAL

WARMINGWARMINGWARMINGWARMING

GLOBALGLOBALGLOBALGLOBAL

WARMINGWARMINGWARMINGWARMING

CFC-1112

113114115

HCFC-22123124

141b142b

HFC-32125

134a143a152a

227ea236fa245fa

ODP (relative to R-11) GWP (relative to CO2)

0.00.00.20.40.60.81.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

ODP versus. GWP

J. M. Calm and G. C. Hourahan, “Refrigerant Data Summary,” Engineered Systems, 18(11):74-88, November 2001 (based on 1998 WMO and 2001 IPCC assessments) © JMC 2001

CFC-1112

113114115

HCFC-22123124

141b142b

HFC-32125

134a143a152a

227ea236fa245fa


0.00.00.20.40.60.81.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

ODP versus. GWP

Montreal Protocol(1987)


CFC-1112

113114115

HCFC-22123124

141b142b

HFC-32125

134a143a152a

227ea236fa245fa


0.00.00.20.40.60.81.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

ODP versus. GWP


Kyoto Protocol(1997)

CFC-1112

113114115

HCFC-22123124

141b142b

HFC-32125

134a143a152a

227ea236fa245fa


0.00.00.20.40.60.81.0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

404a407c410a


ODP versus. GWP

TraneTrane

YMCYMC

Best Solution: Complete Look at Environmental Impacts

ODP and GWP (Direct & Indirect Impacts)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

CFC-11

CFC-12

HCFC-22

HCFC-123

HFC-134a

HFC-410A

HFC-407C

HFC-245fa

GW

P (

CO

2=

1.0

)

Comparing Today’s Alternatives

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

Water Cooled Chiller Efficiency (COP)

Atmospheric Half-Life (Years)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

CFC-

11

CFC-

12

HCFC-

22

HCFC-

123

HFC-

134a

HFC-

410A

HFC-

407C

HFC-

245fa

OD

P (

R-1

1=

1.0

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

CFC-11

CFC-12

HCFC-22

HCFC-123

HFC-134a

HFC-410A

HFC-407C

HFC-245fa

Ye

ars

5.4

5.6

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

CFC-11

CFC-12

HCFC-22

HCFC-123

HFC-134a

HFC-410A

HFC-407C

HFC-245fa

CO

P

4 yrs

>5%

Industry Must Commit to the First Charge being the Last Charge

Design and Pressure Dictate Emissions

Summary of Refrigerant properties

CFC

11

CFC

12

HCFC

141b

HCFC

22

HCFC

123

HFC

134A

HFC

410A

HFC

407C

HFC

245FA Info source

Ozone depletion

potential 1 0.82 0.11 0.05 0.02 0.000015 0.00002 0.00002 0

UNEP, Montreal

Protocol

Global warming

potential 4680 10720 1713 1780 76 1320 2000 1700 1020

IPCC, Kyoto

Protocol

Best efficiency (COP) 6.58 6.29 NA 6.18 7.33 6.28 5.91 6.09 6.42 ARI 550

Atmospheric

half life 45 100 9.3 12 1.3 14 29 29 7.6 UNEP / IPCC

Leak rate NA NA NA 2% 0.50% 2% 2% 2% 2% LEED

Best impact

HCFC123 has favorable overall impact on the environment

Options For HVAC Refrigerants

Today’s Chemicals: No Perfect Refrigerant

Fluorocarbons“Natural”

Refrigerant

Ozone Depleters(Montreal Protocol)

Non- Ozone Depleters(Kyoto Protocol)

Class 1High ODP (CFC’s)

Class 2Low ODP (HCFC’s)

High GWP Low GWP

RR--1111

RR--1212

RR--113113

RR--500500

RR--2222

RR--123123RR--134a134a

RR--410a410a

RR--407c407c

RR--3232

RR--152152

PropanePropane

ButaneButane

COCO22

AmmoniaAmmonia

GWPGWP

ODPODP

GWPGWPODPODP

ODPODP

GWPGWP

GWPGWP

GWPGWP

GWPGWPODPODP

GWPGWPODPODP

GWPGWPODPODP

GWPGWPODPODP

ConcernsConcernsOzone Depletion PotentialOzone Depletion Potential

Global Warming PotentialGlobal Warming Potential

FlammabilityFlammability

ToxicityToxicity

EfficiencyEfficiency

CostCost

The Montreal Protocol Update

Million Kilogram

s C

FC

Million Kilogram

s C

FC

Million Kilogram

s C

FC

Million Kilogram

s C

FC

-- --11 Equivalent

11 Equivalent

11 Equivalent

11 Equivalent

65% - 2004

10% - 2015

0.5% - 2020

35% - 2010

25%

2007 MP Change

15

10

5

0

HCFC Production Cap

US EPA Est. of HCFC use

Actual HCFC usage

Actual R-123 usage

ODP Weighted U.S. HCFC Use and Montreal Protocol HCFC Consumption Cap

1http://epa.gov/ozone/title6/phaseout/ServicingNeedsRevisedDraftReport_June.2008.pdf

Expected new HCFC demand1

2030202520202015201020052000199519901985

Note: Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before the phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.

Timeline of Refrigerant Usage

Montreal Protocol Signed

Kyoto Protocol Signed

19901990 20002000 20102010 20202020 20302030 20402040 20502050

Continued use of recycled CFC’s

Continued use of recycled R-22

Continued use of recycled R-123

Continued use of

recycled refrigerants for

developing countries

The beginning

of “no use” of

R-134a in MAC¥

in Europe

The beginning

of “no use” of

R-134a in MAC¥

in Europe

Note: Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before the phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.

¥ MAC: Mobil Air Conditioning

Developed Countries

No new R-22 for service

CFC production ends (R-11, R-12)

Developing Countries

Developed Countries

No new R-123 for service

No new HCFC Production


Developed Countries

CFC production ends (R-11, R-12)

Developed Countries

Production of most CFC equipment ends

Developed Countries

Production of R-22 equipment ends

TodayToday

Developed Countries

Production of new HCFC equipment ends

Developed Countries

Production of R-123 equipment ends

Increasing threats to HFCs?

• HFCs with comparatively higher GWPs(R-134a, R-410A, R-407C) are banned in Europefor mobile air conditioning beginning in new car models in 2011, and all car models in 2017

• European countries such as Denmark, Austria, and Switzerland have already banned the use of HFC’s.

• Refrigerant manufacturers are aggressively working to develop a new generation of lower GWP refrigerants (HFO’s) to replace current generation of HFC’s (R-134a, R-410A, R-407C)

• USA efforts with “cap and trade” legislation, such as the Waxman-Markey bill would reduce the production of HFC’s to 85% below 2005 levels by the year 2033

• UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and the Kyoto Protocol aim to reduce production of HFC’s over the coming years

Increasing Global Threats to the HFC’s

HFC Amendment to the Montreal ProtocolHFC Amendment to the Montreal Protocol

Introduced by Micronesia and Mauritius

Transfers responsibility for control of HFCs from the UNFCCC to the Montreal Protocol

Establishes baseline of average of 2004, 2005 and 2006 consumption of HFCs

– 15% reduction in 2015







HFC P

hase D

own

HFC P

hase D

own

HFC P

hase D

own

HFC P

hase D

own

Submitted on September 15, 2009Submitted on September 15, 2009

Proposal by U.S., Canada, and Mexico to transfer HFCs control to Montreal Protocol – Open Ended Working Group (OEWG 31)

Baseline of average of 2004, 2005, & 2006 consumption and production of HCFCs & HFCs

Phase down of production/consumption of HFCs in Developed Countries:

– 10% by 2013

– 20% by 2017

– 30% by 2020

– 50% by 2025

– 70% by 2029

– 85% by 2033


HFC P

hase D

own

HFC P

hase D

own

HFC P

hase D

own

HFC P

hase D

own

Hong Kong, alongside 20 other Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) economies, has set a target to achieve areduction in carbon footprint of at least 25% by 2030 (with 2005 as the base year).


Key Suggestions:

Supply Side: Nuclear Energy

Demand Side: End-use Energy Efficiency(The Fastest, Cheapest & Most Effective Method!)

In Hong Kong, the Buildings Energy Efficiency Ordinance (Cap. 610)had been enacted in November 2010

Two subsidiary regulations under the Ordinance, namely

Buildings Energy Efficiency (Fees) Regulation (Cap. 610A) and Buildings Energy Efficiency (Registered Energy Assessors) Regulation (Cap. 610B) had also been enacted in March 2011

The Ordinance will come into full operation on 21 September 2012.

The core parts (Parts 2 to 6) of the Ordinance are now within the grace

period.


Guidelines To Account For And Report On Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Removals For Buildings In Hong Kong

• For compliance of ISO 14064-1

• HFC and PFC are commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning sectors, are

GHGs with global warming potentials (GWP) much higher than that of carbon dioxide.

Therefore, uncontrolled release of these gases into atmosphere may have significant

potential impact on climate change.


Which refrigerant do I pick?

Which Refrigerant Do I Pick???

Balanced Approach with a Focus on Efficiency

First, you must answer…

What are the real factorsover the life of a chiller?

Cost of Electricity 94.5%

First Cost of Chiller 5.18%

Cost of Initial Refrigerant 0.25%

Cost of Lifetime Refrigerant Supply 0.04%


Same Assessment Grade for R123 & R134a

Green Building Rating for Refrigerants

HFC134a: 1 pt

HCFC123: 1 pt

Considers ODP, GWP, leak

rate, refrigerant intensity

V1.1 (April 2010)

HFC134a: 1 pt

HCFC123: 0 pt

Considers only ODPV1.0 (Dec. 2009)

HFC134a: 1 pt

HCFC123: 1 pt

Considers ODP, GWP, leak

rate, refrigerant intensity

V2.2 (Nov2005)

HFC134a: 1 pt

HCFC123: 0 pt

Considers only ODPV2.1 (Nov2002)


Same Assessment Grade for R123 & R134a

Hong Kong Building Energy Code (BEC) Chiller COP Requirements

Water-Cooled Chiller Performance

5.50

5.70

5.90

6.10

6.30

6.50

6.70

6.90

7.10

1758 2109.6 2461.2 2812.8 3164.4 3516 3867.6 4219.2

Cooling Capacity (kW)

COP

BEC (COP) Above 1000kW

R134a COP

R123 COP

1. There are no perfect refrigerants

2. A balanced approach to environmental impact is important

3. R-22, R-123, R-134a, R-410a and 407c are all responsible HVAC refrigerant choices…Today

4. Cost of refrigerants will increase significantly

What does this mean?

• There are global pressures on the use of all fluorocarbons

• The balanced approach to refrigerant selection is the best way to protect the environment

– Ozone depletion

– Global warming

– Energy efficiency

– Short atmospheric life

– Low pressure (low tendency for leakage)

• For both environmental and economic benefit, focus on

the highest possible energy efficiency and the lowest

possible refrigerant emissions

Summary

Right Refrigerant for the Right Application

Trane: http://www.trane.com/COMMERCIAL/EnergyIaqEnvironment/

US EPA: http://www.epa.gov/Ozone/

US Green Buildings Council: http://www.usgbc.org/

Energy Star: http://www.energystar.gov/

James M. Calm: http://www.jamesmcalm.com/

PAFT (Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing): http://www.afeas.org/paft/

Refrigerant Pricing: http://www.r22.org/

EMSD HK: http://emsd.gov.hk

HK BEAM: http://www.beamsociety.org.hk

Important Technical Resources

0

1

2

3

4

5

1940 1980 2020 2060 2100

year

eq

uiv

ale

nt

ch

lori

ne

(p

pb

v/v

)

methyl chloridemethyl chloride

natural methyl bromidenatural methyl bromide

chlorofluorocarbonschlorofluorocarbons

halonsanthropogenic methyl bromide

methylchloroform

carbontetrachloride

hydrochlorofluorocarbons

D. J. Wuebbles and J. M. Calm, “An Environmental Rationale for Retention of Endangered Chemicals,”Science, 278(5340):1090-1091, 7 November 1997. © JMC 1997

To

da

y

Chlorine-Bromine Loading

CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE

Back

Greenhouse Gas Growth Projections

Shift to GWP and CO2Shift to GWP and CO2

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Year

1990 2010 2030 2050

United Nations Environmental Program UNEP / EPA (1994)

Scenario for HFCsIPCC (IS92a) Scenario for all

other gases

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

Nitrous OxideNitrous Oxide

MethaneMethane

CFCs & HCFCs HFCsHFCs


Back

Greenhouse Gas Growth Projections

Shift to GWP and CO2Shift to GWP and CO2


Back

Annual mean temperature recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters (1885-2010). Data are not available from 1940 to 1946

Source form HKO HKSAR

Observed Climate Change in Hong Kong

Copenhagen - 1992 Montreal - September 2007

Developed Countries,except EU 27

1996

2004

2010

2015

2020

2020

|

2030

Freeze Quantities

35% reduction

65% reduction

90% reduction

99.5% reduction

Remaining 0.5% is for service only

Total Phase out

1996

2004

2010

2015

2020

2020

|

2030

Freeze Quantities

35% reduction

75% reduction

90% reduction

99.5% reduction


Total Phase out


2016

2040

Freeze Quantities at 2015 levels

No interim step down

Total Phase out

2013

2015

2020

2025

2030

2030

|

2040

Freeze QuantitiesBaseline set at average of 2009/2010

production levels

10% reduction

35% reduction

67.5% reduction

97.5% reduction


Total Phase out

European Union In the EU new HCFC products can no longer be delivered.

Export of HCFC products allowed till December 2009.

Jan. 2010: Ban on refilling existing products with virgin HCFC.

Jan. 2015: Ban on refilling existing products with recycled HCFC.

Note: Most recent Montreal Protocol meeting took place in Montreal, September 2007

Final Phase out dates of HCFCs have NOT changed Final Phase out dates of HCFCs have NOT changed

Montreal Protocol:HCFC Production and Consumption Reduction Dates


Back

Mil

lio

n K

ilo

gra

ms

CF

C-1

1 E

qu

iva

len

t

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

32.5% - 2015

2.5% - Service Tail

65% - 2020

90% - 2015

2013 Freeze point(Was 2016)

2009-2010 Baseline established(Was 2015)

Phase out of HCFC use in new equipment

(was 2040)

Sep 07 MP Change

Montreal Protocol Changes in HCFC Consumption Cap for Developing Countries e.g. PRC


Back

The latest assessment report from the Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee (RTOC), contains a great quote. The assessment is part of the United Nations

Environment Programme (UNEP) review pursuant to Article 6 of the Montreal Protocol.

“8.4.2.7 Environmental Evaluation for Retention of HCFC-123

as a Refrigerant for Centrifugal Chillers”

“Refrigerant HCFC-123 has a favorable overall impact on the environment that is attributable to five factors:

(1) a low ODP (2) a very low GWP(3) a very short atmospheric lifetime

(4) the extremely low emissions of current designs for R-123 chillers(5) the highest efficiency of all current options

Based on integrated assessments, considering the tradeoffs between

negligible impacts on stratospheric ozone and important benefits in addressing global warming, these studies recommend consideration of a phase-out exemption for HCFC-123.”

What Does the UNEP Scientific Community Say?

Science determined “Save it”Science determined “Save it”


Back

European UnionF-Gases Regulation & Directive


• F-Gases regulation covers air conditioning and industrial refrigeration systems. Focus is on containment and recovery of HFCs► Prevent and minimize leakage

► Mandatory inspections and/or leakage detection systems

► Maintenance of records

► Recovery

► Training and Certification

• F-Gases directive on car air conditioning ► No new vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2011

► Prohibit sale of vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2017

• Publication of regulation & directive in July/August 2006 ► Entry into force, at Member State level, 12 months after Publication in the EU

Official Journal

► Member States, except for Austria and Denmark, not allowed to enact stricter measures

► F-Gases measures are part of EU international commitments (Kyoto phase 1 & 2)

• EU Commission will assess F-gases progress in 2010

European HFC RestrictionsCap & Trade Movements


• Denmark► General HFC ban in 2006► HFC ban on HVAC equipment in 2007, except if the factory refrigerant charge

is <10kg for cooling applications or <50 kg for heat pump applications • Austria

► HFC ban on HVAC equipment, appliances and cars in 2008, except if factory charge is <20kg of refrigerant

• Switzerland► Domestic refrigeration HFC Ban - 2003► Air conditioners HFC Ban - 2005► Mobile air conditioning HFC Ban – 2008

• Japan► GHG emissions reduction target of 60-80% by 2050► Cap & trade program fall of 2008► Regulation on HFCs

• New Zealand Cap & Trade (Legislation in process)► Six gases including HFCs► All sectors

• Australia Cap & Trade (Mid-2011)► Five gases (separate regulation for HFCs)► 25% reduction by 2020 and 60% reduction by 2050 from 2000 level

Back

USGBC LEED EA #4

Select the Lowest Carbon Footprint RefrigerantSelect the Lowest Carbon Footprint Refrigerant


USGBC LEED EA #4

No Leaks Means No Direct Environmental ImpactNo Leaks Means No Direct Environmental Impact


Back

Observed Global Tropospheric Concentration Trends

Source: 2006 IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System

R-123 = 0.03

R-134a = 26

R-22 = 157

R-11 = 256

R-12 = 538


Back

R123 chiller Job ReferenceProject Name Client Model Qty Capacity

(Tons)

Year

(1) HONG KONG

Hennessy Centre Redevelopment HYSAN CVHF910 5 4,750 2011

Mandarin Oriental Hotel Central MOHG CVHG770 4 2,600 2011

HKU Centennial Campus HKU/HK Gov’t CVHF770 5 4,500 2011

HK Jockey Club Racing Courses (Shatin & Happy

Valley)

HKJC CVHF910 CVHE420 10 9,000 2010

NKIL 6215 KOWLOON BAY NAN FUNG CVHG780 4 3,200 2010

FESTIVAL WALK Festival Walk CVHG1100 3 3,900 2009

Charter House HK LAND CVHF770 3 2,250 2011

CITYPLAZA 1 & 4 CHILLER ADDITIONAL SWIRE PROPERTIES CVHG670 CVHG1060 3 1,300 2008

FACTORY BUILDING AT DAI CHEONG STREET, TAI

PO

ORIENTAL PRESS

GROUP

CVHG780 4 4,000 2004

HOPEWELL CENTRE RENOVATION HOPEWELL CVHE830 CVHE930 4 3,400 1996

THE EXCELSIOR, HONG KONG THE EXCELSIOR,

HONG KONG

CVHE590

CHHF570

2

4

1,300

2,400

1994

2010

THE HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY

HKUST/ HK Gov’t CVHE1067 CVHE760

CVHG480

8

3

4,000

1,500

1991 2011

R123 chiller Job ReferenceProject Name Client Model Qty Capacity

(Tons)

Year

(1) HONG KONG

11 Argyle Street Nam Fung CVHG480 2 800 2009

JW Marriott Hotel (Central) Swire Property CVHG1100 4 2,400 2009

Hillton Tower Chiller Replacement Times Square Properties CVHE450 1 300 2010

Equinix Kerry Warehouse Phase 1 EQuinix CVHE045 3 945 2011

Worldwide House Chiller Replacement MTRC CVHG670 1 610 2011

HK Exchange Data Centre HK Exchange CVHF1070/450 8 5,800 2011/12

Peninsula Centre Peninsula Centre CVHG670/650 3 2,000 2011/12

(2) MACAU

VENETIAN PACKAGES 5 & 6 VENETIAN CDHG2150 22 44,000 2007

(3) SINGAPORE

ONE RAFFLE LINK HONG KONG LAND CVHG1067 5 3,350 2003

RAFFLE CITY CAPITAL LAND CDHG2150 7 12,000 2000

trane 3 green refrigerant

Documents

refilling existing products

increasing global threats

cfc production ends

buildings energy efficiency

refrigerant data summary

odp considers odp

global warming

kyoto protocol