1

Uganda

Country Overview

Politics Thecurrentpresident,YoweriMuseveni,hasbeeninpowersince1986.Themostrecentpresidentialelectionswereheldin2016,andinternationalobserversclaimedthattheyfellshortofthestandardsusedtodetermine“freeandfair”elections.TheLord’sResistanceArmy(LRA)haswagedaninsurgencyinthenorthforabout20years,althoughviolencehasfallenoffinrecentyears.1

Economy Ugandaisclassifiedasalow-incomeeconomybytheWorldBank,althoughtheeconomyhasexpandedby6percenteachyearoverthepasttenyears.Thisgrowthcanbeattributedtogrowthintheenergy,construction,infrastructure,telecommunications,andfinancialservicessectors.2Uganda’smainexportsincludecoffee,transportationapparatus,petroleum,cement,andcanesugar.3In2013,71.9percentofemployedUgandanpeopleworkedinagriculture,andtheindustrycontributed24.7percenttotheGDP.4

Social/Human Development Asof2012,theWorldBankreportedthat19.5percentofthepopulationwaslivinginpoverty.Since1995,theUgandanlifeexpectancyhassteadilyincreasedfrom43.7to58.4yearsin2012.Uganda’sHDIfor2014was0.483,placingUganda163of188countries.Whenadjustedforinequality,Uganda’sfellto0.337.5

ThelargestethnicgroupsaretheBantu-speakingtribesliketheBaganda,Ankole,andKiga,aswellastheNiloticLango,Acholi,ItesoandKaramojong.6

Ugandahostsalargenumberofrefugees,primarilyfromSouthSudan.

2

U.S. Department of State TIP Report Summary (2017)

U.S. Department of State TIP Ranking: Tier 2 TheU.S.DepartmentofState’sTraffickinginPersonsreportnotestraffickingortraffickingriskinpotentiallyexportedsupplychainsincludingagriculture,fishing,forestry,cattleherding,mining,stonequarrying,brickmaking,carpentry,andsteelmanufacturing.Girlsandwomenarevulnerabletosextraffickingnearconstructionprojects.TherearereportsthatchildrenfromBurundi,DRC,Kenya,Rwanda,SouthSudan,andTanzaniaareinvolvedinforcedlaborinUganda’sagriculturesectors.

ReadthefullTIPReportat:https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271305.htm

Migrant and Other Vulnerable Populations TheWorldBankreportsUganda’snetmigrationtobenegative150,000peopleasof2012,andin2015therewereanestimated749,471internationalmigrantsinthecountry.7TheU.N.reportsthat1.4percentoftheUgandanpopulationaremigrants.8Therewere694,159“personsofconcern”inUgandain2015.Ofthose,approximately477,187wererefugees.9In2016morerefugeesenteredUgandathancrossedtheMediterranean.TheserefugeesareprimarilyfromtheconflictinSouthSudan.10

3

4

5

Exports and Trade ThetopexportsfromUgandaincludecoffee,tea,gold,maize,mineralfuelandfish.11

ThetopimportingcountriesofgoodsfromUgandaincludeRwanda,Italy,Netherlands,GermanyandIndia.12

6

Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors Analysis

Legal/Policy Risk Factors

Level of Legal Protection for Civil Liberties and Workers’ Rights

FreedomofAssociation

Ugandanlawallowsworkerstoformandjoinindependentunions,bargaincollectively,andtakeindustrialactionagainsttheiremployers.Membersofthearmedforcesareexemptfromsuchlegalprotections.WhilethelawinUgandaprotectsworkers’righttobargaincollectively,inpracticethe

7

governmentreportedlydoesnotadequatelyensurethattheserightsareprotected.TheITUCSurveyofAnnualViolationsreportsthatarrestsarecommonamongtradeunionists.Collectiveagreementisignored,therighttoorganizeisdenied,andalackofcollectivebargaininginthepublicsectoriscommon.13TheITUCratedUgandaa“3”intheir2015report.A“3”ratingstatesthatacountry“regularlyviolatedrights”ofworkers.14

WorkingConditions

The2016minimumwageinUgandaisUGX6,000shillings(USD1.7).ThishasnotchangedsinceJanuary1,1984.Themaximumworkweekis48hoursandtheminimumworkweekis10hours.Theworkweekmaybe56hoursaweekwiththeworker’sconsent.OccupationalHealthandSafetyisresponsibleforenforcingsafetyregulations.Workersintheinformalsectorarenotfullycoveredbylaborlaw.Thereare49districtlaborofficersforthe112districts.15

Discrimination

TheU.S.DepartmentofStatereportsthatdiscrimination(oftenintheformofviolentacts)iscommonamongmarginalizedgroupssuchaswomen,disabledpeople,theLGBTQ+,andchildren.Womenhavereporteddiscriminationwhentryingtoaccessemployment,credit,andincome.16

ForcedLabor

Ugandanlawsprohibitforcedlaborbyall,includingchildren.However,thelawdoesnotprotectthelaborrightsofprisoners.17

ChildLabor

UnderUgandanlaw,childrenwhoare15yearsofageandolderwhohavecompletedtheireducationmayworksevenhoursadayandarenottoexceed35hoursaweek.Children13yearsofagemaypartakein“lightwork”aslongasitdoesnotinterferewiththeireducation.Childrencannotworkbetween7p.m.and7a.m..ViolatingchildlaborlawsresultsinaUGX685,055shilling(USD188)fine.Aconvictionunderchildlaborlawhasnotoccurredsince2006.18

8

CivilSocietyOrganizations

In2016,AmnestyInternationalreportedthatUgandaexperiencedlargelevelsofpolicebrutalityaswellasattacksagainstactivists,journalists,andmediaworkers.Hostilitybetweencivilsocietyorganizationsandauthoritiescontinuedthroughouttheyearandtothepresent.19

Ratification of ILO Conventions Related to Human Trafficking or Rights of Workers and Migrants

20

Political Risk Factors Political Instability or Conflict

In2016,theFundforPeace(FFP)reportsthatUgandais97.7outof120(beingthemostunstable).Placingthenationinthe“alert”categoryforfragilityandinstability.UgandaisalsorankedbytheFFPasthetwenty-thirdmostunstablenationoutof178countriesassessed.21ViolencefromtheLord’sResistanceArmyhascontinuedbutatadecreasedpace.22

9

Level of Crime and Violence

OrganizedcrimeisnotcommoninUganda.Theriskforpolitical,economic,religiousandethnicviolenceisratedas“medium”bytheOverseasSecurityAdvisoryCouncil(OSAC).23TheAlliedDemocraticForcesareactiveneartheborderwiththeDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.24

State Persecution

Stateforceshaveusedforcewithimpunityagainstanti-governmentprotestors,includingarbitraryarrests,torture,andextrajudicialkillings.25.ThepolicehavealsobeendocumentedsystematicallytargetingLGBTQIgroupswithviolenceandintimidationthroughouttheyear.26

Level of Corruption

TheTransparencyInternationalCorruptionPerceptionIndexscoresUgandaasa25outof100.A100signifies“VeryClean”whilea0signifies“HighlyCorrupt.”Internationally,Ugandaisrankedat139of167countriesassessedin2015.27

Socio-Economic Risk Factors Level of National Economic Development

TheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram(UNDP)reportsa27.3percentinequalityinincome.Asof2014,Uganda’sHDIwasvaluedat.483.28TheAfricanDevelopmentBankGroupreportsthattheyexpectUganda’sGDPtoreach5.8percentin2017andthatcorruptionisoneofthebiggestconstraintsongrowth.29

Level and Extent of Poverty

Asof2011Ugandawasranked163withapovertyindexof.359bytheUNDPHumanDevelopmentReports.3020.6percentoftheUgandanpopulationlivesnearpoverty,33.33percentofthepopulationlivesinpoverty,and37.8percentofthepopulationlivesbelowtheincomepovertyline.31

10

Degree of Gender Inequality

Ugandanlawprovidesforequalrightsformenandwomen,butdiscriminationagainstwomenreportedlyremainswidespread.Someformsoflocalcustomarylawprohibitwomenfromowningproperty,andthereisdiscriminationagainstwomenindivorce,employment,andeducation.Sexualharassmentreportedlyremainswidespread.32Domesticviolencealsoremainsawidespreadproblemandisreportedlynotadequatelypunishedbylegalauthorities.33

Landlessness and Dispossession

LandconflictsarecommoninUgandaandoftenresultinviolence.LandconflictsoftenariseinHoimaandAmuruDistricttiedtotensionarisingfromoildiscoveries.34Large-scalelandacquisitionhasalsobeendocumentedaroundpalmoilplantationdevelopment.35

Environmental Factors ThemainenvironmentalissuesinUgandaarewidespreadpoaching,thedrainingofwetlandsforagriculturalirrigationprojects,andinvasivespeciesinLakeVictoria.36

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Key Commodity Supply Chains

Coffee Coffee Overview

Ugandahadarecordyearforcoffeeproductionin2015-2016,with4.5millionbagsproducedduringthemarketingyear.37Therearecurrently353,000hectaresoflanddedicatedtocoffeeproductioninUganda.38TherearemorethanthirtycompaniesengagedinexportingUgandancoffee,buttencompaniescontrolover80percentofthemarket.GermanyandItalyarethemaindestinationcountriesforUgandancoffee.39Over98percentofcoffeeinUgandaisgrownonsmallholderfarms.40Smallholderfarmsoftenintercropcoffeewithothercropssuchasgrains,fruits,orvegetables.

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Coffee

11

TheUgandancoffeesectorusesvulnerableworkersincludingchildren,migrantsandcasualhiredworkers.TheU.S.DepartmentofLabor’s2016ListofGoodsMadewithForcedLaborandChildLaborindicatesthatcoffeeisproducedwithchildlaborinUganda.41OnestudyfoundthattheaverageageatwhichchildrenbeginworkingincoffeeinUgandaiseleven,andthat48percentofchildrenworkinginthesectorreportedphysicalinjuries.42A2014studyonworkersinUgandaandEthiopianotedthepresenceofseasonalmigrants,butdidnotspecifytheirorigins.43Casualhiredlaborwasalsonotedaswidespreadina2014studyofcoffeeproductioninEthiopiaandUganda.44

Tea Tea Overview

Teaproductiontakesplaceonroughly40,000hectaresofland.Teaproductiondroppedsharplybetween2015and2016,largelyduetodroughtandlackofindustryregulation.45MostteaproductioninUgandatakesplaceonlargeestates,althoughsmallholdersarealsopresent.46

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Tea

Likecoffee,vulnerableworkersarepresentinteaproduction.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofLabor2016ListofGoodsProducedbyChildLabororForcedLabor,teaisproducedusingchildlaborinUganda.47ArecentBBCinvestigationfoundhazardouschildlaboronateaplantationinUganda,wherechildrencarriedseedlingsupasteephillandweededrows.48

Amongasampledpopulationinasmall-holdertea-producingregioninUganda,over50percentofrespondentshadparticipatedinwagedlaboronsmallteafarmsinthepastyear.49Commercialestatesutilizehiredlabor,butamongtheseworkersthereislikelytobeheterogeneityinstatus:somemaybepermanent,somemaybetemporaryandsomemaybecasualorhiredbyathird-partylaborprovider.ArecentnewsreportinUgandareportedRwandansbeing“trafficked”intothecountryforworkonteaplantations,althoughitisunclearwhethertheRwandansweretraffickedorparticipatinginsmugglingforvoluntarymigration.Thatsaid,itdoespointtothepresenceofmigrantworkersinthesector.50AUNreportsupportsthisfinding,notingthat“workonteaestates[inUganda]isshunnedbythelocalindigenouspeopleofteagrowingareas—theyregarditasbelowtheirstatus.Forthisreason,workerscomefromotherdistrictsandevenasfarasRwanda.”Thatreportanecdotallyestimatesthatmigrantsare40-60percentoftheteaworkforce.51

12

Gold Gold Overview

GoldisUganda’secondlargestexportproduct,largelyduetotherecentintroductionofgoldrefiningoperations,therebyincreasingtheproduct’sexportvalue.Uganda,whichhasrefiningcapability,isthoughttobeamajorregionalreceiverofgoldsmuggledfromSudanandtheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.52

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Gold

GlobalWitnesshasreportedthatunlicensedmineslackanygovernmentoversightornecessarysafetyprovisions,exposingworkers,includingchildren,topotentialmineshaftcollapseandhazardouschemicals.53Accordingtothe2016U.S.DepartmentofLabor’sListofGoodsProducedbyChildLabororForcedLabor,goldisproducedwithchildlaborinBurkinaFaso,theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,Ethiopia,Ghana,Guinea,Mali,Niger,Senegal,Sudan,Tanzania,andUganda.54Thereareanestimated50,000migrantsinminingcamps.55

Mineral Fuels Mineral Fuels Overview

TheUgandanoilandgasindustryisstillveryyoung,andoilproductionisnotslatedtobeginuntilafter2018.AsofJanuary2016thevastmajorityoftheworkintheoilsectorhasbeenfocusedonthedevelopmentandconstructionofinfrastructure,inadditiontothedrillingofexploratorywells.ThesewellsarebeingdrilledonLakeAlbertandLakeEdward,inadditiontosomelandbasedsites.56

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Mineral Fuels

LandspeculatorsinUgandabuylandfromfarmersinanticipationthattheycanresellthelandtooildevelopers.ThespeculatorsworkwithDistrictLandBoardstoobtaintitlestolandandworktoaggregatesmallpropertiesintolarger,morevaluableparcels.Therehavebeenreportsofviolenceandintimidationagainstlocalpeoplewhoarenotcooperative.57

13

ThisreportwasfundedbyagrantfromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofState.Theopinions,findingsandconclusionsstatedhereinarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofState.

Endnotes

1Cakaj,LedioandPaulRonan.“TheLord’sResistanceArmyisfinallyweakeningincentralAfrica.Thiscoulddismantleit.”TheWashingtonPost.December2016.https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/06/uganda-is-about-to-give-up-looking-for-joseph-kony-but-defection-messaging-could-bring-his-army-to-a-halt/?utm_term=.58145ebe3edd2U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofEconomicandBusinessAffairs.2016InvestmentClimateStatements:Uganda.2016.https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2016/af/254257.htm3TheWorldBank.WorldIntegratedTradeSolution.UgandaTradeSummary2012Data.2012.http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/UGA/Year/2012/Summary4U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofEconomicandBusinessAffairs.2016InvestmentClimateStatements:Uganda.2016.https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2016/af/254257.htm5WorldBank.Uganda.http://data.worldbank.org/country/uganda6CentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA).WorldFactbook:Uganda.2017.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html7TheWorldBank.NetMigration.http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.NETM?locations=UG8TheWorldBank.NetMigration.http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG?locations=UG9UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR).UNHCRStatistics.http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/overview10Hattem,Julia.“MorerefugeesenteredUgandalastyearthancrossedtheMediterranean.”PRI.February2017.https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-08/more-refugees-entered-uganda-last-year-crossed-mediterranean11InternationalTradeCentre.TradeMap.www.trademap.org12InternationalTradeCentre.TradeMap.www.trademap.org13InternationalTradeUnionConfederation(ITUC).Uganda–ITUCSurveyofviolationsoftradeunionrights.http://survey.ituc-csi.org/Uganda.html#tabs-3

14

14InternationalTradeUnionConfederation(ITUC).The2015ITUCGlobalRightsIndex.2015.http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/survey_global_rights_index_2015_en.pdf15U.S.DepartmentofState.Uganda2016HumanRightsReport.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf16U.S.DepartmentofState.Uganda2016HumanRightsReport.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf17U.S.DepartmentofState.Uganda2016HumanRightsReport.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf18U.S.DepartmentofState.Uganda2016HumanRightsReport.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf19AmnestyInternational.AmnestyInternationalReport2015/16.2016.https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/annual_report_book_15_16_english-2.pdf20InternationalLaborOrganization.RatificationsforUganda.http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0::NO:11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:10332421FundforPeace.FragileStatesIndex2016.2016.http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/22Cakaj,LedioandPaulRonan.“TheLord’sResistanceArmyisfinallyweakeningincentralAfrica.Thiscoulddismantleit.”TheWashingtonPost.December2016.https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/12/06/uganda-is-about-to-give-up-looking-for-joseph-kony-but-defection-messaging-could-bring-his-army-to-a-halt/?utm_term=.58145ebe3edd23U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofDiplomaticSecurity.OverseasSecurityAdvisoryCouncil.Uganda2016CrimeandSafetyReport.2016.https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=1970724UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil.AlliedDemocraticForces.https://www.un.org/sc/suborg/en/sanctions/1533/materials/summaries/entity/allied-democratic-forces-%28adf%2925U.S.DepartmentofState.Uganda2016HumanRightsReport.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdfHumanRightsWatch.Uganda:Eventsof2016.https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/uganda26U.S.DepartmentofState.Uganda2016HumanRightsReport.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdfHumanRightsWatch.Uganda:Eventsof2016.https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/uganda27TransparencyInternational.CorruptionPerceptionsIndex2015.2015.http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015#results-table28UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.HumanDevelopmentReports2016:Uganda.2016.http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/UGA.pdf29AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup.UgandaEconomicOutlook.https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/uganda/uganda-economic-outlook/30UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.Multidimensionalpovertyindex.http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/3840631UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.HumanDevelopmentReports2016:Uganda.2016.http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/UGA.pdf32U.S.DepartmentofState.Uganda2016HumanRightsReport.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf33U.S.DepartmentofState.Uganda2016HumanRightsReport.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265526.pdf34Musumba,Micheal.Namati.ResearchonLandConflictsandSolutioninUganda.December2015.https://namati.org/resources/research-on-land-conflicts-and-solution-in-uganda/35Mwesigwa,Alon.“Ugandafarmerstakeonpalmoilgiantsoverlandgrabclaims.”TheGuardian.March2015.https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/mar/03/ugandan-farmers-take-on-palm-oil-giants-over-land-grab-claims36CentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA).WorldFactbook:Uganda.2017.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html37USDAForeignAgriculturalService.Uganda:2016AnnualCoffeeReport.May2016.https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Coffee%20Annual_Nairobi_Uganda_5-13-2016.pdf

15

38USDAForeignAgriculturalService.Uganda:2016AnnualCoffeeReport.May2016.https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Coffee%20Annual_Nairobi_Uganda_5-13-2016.pdf39USDAForeignAgriculturalService.Uganda:2016AnnualCoffeeReport.May2016.https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Coffee%20Annual_Nairobi_Uganda_5-13-2016.pdf40TheSustainableTradeInitiative(IDH).ABusinessCaseForSustainableCoffeeProduction.December2013.http://www.sustainablecoffeeprogram.com/site/getfile.php?id=212.41U.S.DepartmentofLabor.2016ListofGoodsProducedbyChildLabororForcedLabor.2016.https://www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/TVPRA_Report2016.pdf.42Obua,P.BVSDE.ChildLabourincommercialagricultureinUganda.2004.http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd46/child.pdf.43FTEPR.Fairtrade,EmploymentandPovertyReductioninEthiopiaandUganda.April2014.http://ftepr.org/wp-content/uploads/FTEPR-Final-Report-19-May-2014-FINAL.pdf.44FTEPR.Fairtrade,EmploymentandPovertyReductioninEthiopiaandUganda.April2014.http://ftepr.org/wp-content/uploads/FTEPR-Final-Report-19-May-2014-FINAL.pdf.45Matsiko,Philomena.“Uganda’steasectorfaceshardtimesthisyear.”TheEastAfrican.April2017.http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Uganda-tea-sector-faces-hard-times-this-year-/2560-3894772-12ac5n4/index.html46Ezra,Munyambonera,LakumaPaulCorti,andGulobaMadina.EconomicPolicyResearchCentre(EPRC).Uganda’sTeaSub-Sector:AComparativeReviewofTrends,ChallengesandCoordinationFailures.2014.http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/206133/.47U.S.DepartmentofLabor.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs(ILAB).2016ListofGoodsProducedbyChildLabororForcedLabor.2016.https://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/.48O’Dowd,VinnieandDannyVincent.“CatholicChurchlinkedtoUgandachildlabour.”BBCNews.January5,2016.http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35220869

49Cramer,Christopher,DeborahJohnston,BerndMueller,CarlosOya,andJohnSender.CanadianJournalofDevelopmentResearch.Howtodo(andhownottodo)fieldworkonFairTradeandruralpoverty.2014.http://ftepr.org/publications/#publication-563.50Kakogoso,Vanansio.“43RwandansArrestedinKabaleBeingTraffickedtoUnknownDestination.”MKNewsLink.December14,2016.http://mknewslink.com/2016/12/14/43-rwandans-arrested-kabale-trafficked-unknown-destination/.51Ezra,Munyambonera,LakumaPaulCorti,andGulobaMadina.EconomicPolicyResearchCentre(EPRC).Uganda’sTeaSub-Sector:AComparativeReviewofTrends,ChallengesandCoordinationFailures.2014.http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/206133/.52HumanRightsWatch(HRW).Uganda:Undermined.June2017.https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/uganda-undermined/.53HumanRightsWatch(HRW).Uganda:Undermined.June2017.https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/uganda-undermined/.54U.S.DepartmentofLabor.2016ListofGoodsProducedbyChildLabororForcedLabor.2016.https://www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/TVPRA_Report2016.pdf.55HumanRightsWatch(HRW).Uganda:Undermined.June2017.https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/uganda-undermined/.56Biryabarema,Elias."UgandagivesTullowOil,Totalproductionlicences."Reuters.ThomsonReuters,30Aug.2016.Web.14Apr.2017.57OilinUganda.OilandDispossession.http://www.oilinuganda.org/features/land/land-oil-and-dispossession.html.OilinUganda.ThugsAttackBusiliaVillagersWhoSayTheirLandWasStolen.http://www.oilinuganda.org/features/land/thugs-attack-buliisa-villagers-who-say-their-land-was-stolen.html#more-1366l.