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Understanding Koreanthrough Construc�on Grammar

Greetings, feel-good talk and other cases

Stefan KnoobUniversity of Duisburg-Essen, Germany

Part IUnderstanding Korean through Construc�on Grammar

• A linguistic theory that arose from dissatisfac�onwith mechanical / technical theories such asgenera�ve grammar

• A linguistic theory that returns to the notion oflanguage as a system of meaning-making not thatdissimilar to that posited by semio�c theories

• A linguistic theory that regards language asinextricably bound up with general cognition


The outline that follows is based on my interpretationof theories of language developed by the cognitivelinguist William Cro� who himself draws on linguistssuch as Rudi Keller, Ronald Langacker, MichaelTomasello and Adele Goldberg, among other

W. Cro� 2000 Explaining language change:An evolutionary approach

2001 Radical Construction Grammar


A usage-based linguis�c theory– Language grammars are an inventory of “linguemes” that arereplicated across speakers and usage events

– Linguemes become entrenched in and across speakers throughrepeated usage

– The meaning of linguemes has no existence separate of theirinstan�ations in usage events

– Pairings of form and meaning exist only as fluid schema�cabstractions over experiential features common to usage events

• A usage-based linguis�c theory

A non-atomic theory– “Linguemes” are construc�ons of varying complexity andspecificity that arise through the combina�on of elements atvarious levels of fine-graining (morphemes, lexemes, words,phrases, clauses, clause-chains, sentences etc)

– Construc�ons are the ONLY primi�ves of the language system.and it is they who are replicated through language use.

– Elements such as morphemes, lexemes, words etc are NOTatomic primi�ves but only replicated as part of construc�ons

– This means that their func�on or meaning is always con�ngenton the construc�on as a whole and its other elements

• A usage-based linguis�c theory• A non-atomic theory

A non-reduc�ve theory– Linguemes are construc�ons that arise and propagate across�me and speakers through replica�on and entrenchment

– Replica�on and entrenchment result in the rise of cogni�veschemas at different levels of specificity

– Language and grammar thus consist of construc�on families ofvarious levels of specificity that are related through sharedelements

• A usage-based linguis�c theory• A non-atomic theory• A non-reduc�ve theory

– Language arises from and is fully embedded in general cogni�on– Language neither is nor can be gainfully modelled as a systemseparate from other aspects of cogni�on

– Meaning is always con�ngent on the experien�al context of theusage event, including Speaker’s and Hearer’s emo�ons andsocial-communica�ve intentions

An experien�ally embedded cogni�ve theory

• A usage-based linguis�c theory• A non-atomic theory• A non-reduc�ve theory• An experien�ally embedded cognitive theory

Or at least ...

not quite like him

Or at least ...

Recognising pa�erns:① GOOD-BYE

안녕히 가세요.“Goodbye (to person going)”

What every textbook teaches:

안녕히 계세요.“Goodbye (to person staying)”

And maybe also:

잘 가(요)!“Goodbye (to person going)”

잘 있어(요).“Goodbye (to person staying)”

Understanding Korean through Construc�on Grammar

다녀오겠습니다!


GOOD-BYE (other textbook phrases):“Goodbye (to person staying)”

갔다올게요!

“Goodbye (to person leaving)” 다녀오세요!

갔다오세요!

What people also say

잘갔다오세요!

영화 재미있게 보세요.

조심해서 가세요.

재미있게 놀다오세요.

재미있게 놀다가세요.

재미있게 이야기를나누세요.

편히쉬세요

안녕히주무세요!

맛있게드세요!

안녕히들어가세요!


GOOD-BYE:

Or, without Honorifica�on:

잘갔다와! 조심해서 가

영화 (재미있게) 잘봐.

.

재미있게 놀다가!

잘쉬어!

오늘잘해!

맛있게잘먹어!

잘놀다와! 잘 놀아!

운동열심히해! 공부열심히해!

크리스마스잘보내!


Underlying constructions and schemas:

안녕히 VerbStem-(으)세요! 재미있게 VerbStem-(으)세요!

잘 VerbStem- /ㅓ !

Ac�on-Specific-Adverb VerbStem-(으)세요!

재미있게 VerbStem- /ㅓ ! 열심히 VerbStem- /ㅓ !

Objekt 잘 VerbStem- /ㅓ !


GOOD-BYE

Common features:• Command referring toMo�on or Current/Planned Action• 잘 or안녕히. Alterna�vely ac�on-specific adverb that

expresses sa�sfactory or successful performance of action

(나/우리)갈게요! (저)가겠습니다.

저먼저들어가겠습니다

(저) (먼저) VSt-(으)ㄹ게요


GOOD-BYE (II):

(나/우리)먼저갈게요! (저)먼저가겠습니다.

(저) (먼저) VSt-겠습니다

나먼저잘께! 먼저퇴근할게요!

Underlying schemas:


GOOD-BYE (II)

Common features:

• Used when leaving before others• Announcement of inten�on to go, go home, turn in for rest etc• Op�onal addi�on of저/나 and먼저 to emphasis the contrast

with remaining person



(나/우리)갈게요!


GOOD-BYE (II) – Replies:


(나/우리)갈게요!




네,가세요! 네,안녕히가세요!

네,조심해서 가세요! etc.



네,들어가세요!

네,조심해서 가세요! etc.


(나/우리) (먼저)잘게요!



(저/저희) (먼저)자겠습니다!





네,자요! 네,주무세요!

네,잘자요! 네,안녕히주무세요!





네,자요! 네,주무세요!

네,잘자요! 네,안녕히주무세요!

네,그러세요!

네,그래요,그럼!


GOOD-BYE (II) – Simple exchange schema

(나/우리) (먼저)갈게요! ― 네,가세요!

저먼저들어가겠습니다! ―네, (안녕히)들어가십시오!

저먼저자겠습니다 ! ―네, (안녕히)주무십시오!

Common features:• Announcement of inten�on to go, go home, turn in for rest etc• Acknowledgement through reac�ve “then go ahead” command

먼저잘게요 ! ―네,그러세요!

(나/우리)갈게요! (저)가겠습니다.




GOOD-BYE (II):



나먼저잘께! 먼저퇴근할게요!


ExercisesWho says these when? And to whom?

(1) 재미있게노세요!

(2) 다녀올께요 !

(3) 저먼저가겠습니다

(4) 파티를잘해요!

(5) 공부열심히해요!

(6) 잘게!

(7) 맛있게드시고가세요!


ExercisesWho says these when? And to whom?

(1) 재미있게노세요!

(2) 다녀올께요 !

(3) 저먼저가겠습니다

(4) 파티를잘해요!

(5) 공부열심히해요!

(6) 잘게!

(7) 맛있게드시고가세요!

Who would give what as an appropriate reply?


ExercisesWhat do you say instead to ...

(1) 재미있게노세요! .. a close same-age friend?

(2) 다녀올께요 ! .. to the father of a friend?

(3) 저먼저가겠습니다! .. to an equal colleague

(4) 파티를잘해요! .. to you friend’s older sister?

(5) 공부열심히해요! .. to a student in the year below?

(6) 잘게! .. to your professor on an academic field trip?

(7) 맛있게드시고가세요! .. to your housemate?

Exercises(1) What might you say to your roommate when leaving the

house? Think about different contexts!!!

(2) What might you say to your roommate when he leaves foruniversity? Think about different contexts!!!


잘갔다오셨어요?

영화 재미있게 보셨어요 ?

재미있게 놀았어?

편히쉬셨어요?

발표잘했어?

맛있게잘먹었어?

운동열심히했어? 공부열심히했어 ?

크리스마스를 안녕히 보내셨어요?

재미있게 놀다오셨어요?

잘갔다왔어?

Hello greetings

Underlying pa�erns:

안녕히 VerbStem-(으)셨어요?

잘 VerbStem-았/었어(요)?

재미있게 VerbStem-(으)셨어요?

Context-Specific-Adverb VerbStem-(으)셨어요?

재미있게 VerbStem-았/었어(요)?

만날때쓰는인사


• We have seen how a par�cular social-communica�ve meaningor func�on – SEPARATION GREETING or “good-bye” can becarried by family of construc�on linguemes of varying specificity

안녕히 VerbStem-(으)세요!

잘 VSt- /ㅓ(요) !

재미있게 VerbStem-(으)세요!

PositiveAdverb Mo�on/Ac�vityVerbCommand

재미있게 VerbStem- /ㅓ(요) ! 열심히 VSt- /ㅓ(요) !

Object 잘 VSt- /ㅓ(요) !


• We have seen how a par�cular social-communica�ve meaningor func�on – SEPARATION GREETING or “good-bye” can becarried by family of construc�on linguemes of varying specificity

• We have seen how awareness of the importance and func�on ofconstruc�ons and schemata of this kind can help us iden�fyrecurrent and entrenched pa�erns of language use

• We have seen how a�en�on to such pa�erns can help us inlearning Korean language “facts”

Recognising pa�erns: Possession (“have”)

언니네는 돈 좀 있는것같애.o.sister-family-SLCT money a.bit be.there fact seems“They do seem to have some money in the family.”

What word here can really be said to express

“POSSESSION” ?Does “있다” really MEAN “have” ?

언니네는 돈 많은것같애!older.sister.family-SLCT money be.much fact seems“They do seem to have loads of money.”

But what about these:

언니네는 집이 큰것같애!older.sister.family-SLCT house-SBJ be.big fact seems“Well, they do seem to have a massive house”

언니는 남편이 잘생긴것같애!older.sister-SLCT husband-SBJ handsome fact seems“Well, she does seem to have a handsome husband”

③Possession (“have”)

• Instead, the meaning of POSSESSION is carried by theDOUBLE SUBJECT construc�on as an abstract pa�ern.

POSSESSOR-이/가 POSSESSED(-이/가) 있다/없다

POSSESSOR-이/가 POSSESSED(-이/가) QUALITYVERB

• There is no Korean word equivalent for ‘have’

But it can also be with the verbs많다 (or적다)

POSSESSOR-이/가 POSSESSED(-이/가) 많다/적다

And it can also be with a verb that expresses a par�cularnoteworthy quality of the POSSESSED


This can be with the verbs있다/없다:

한국사람들이눈이작고 코가 납작합니다Koreans-SUBJ eye-SUBJ be.small-and nose-SUBJ is.flat

“Koreans have small eyes and flat noses”(*unless they have had plas�c surgery)




POSSESSION?




POSSESSION? No!Instead: PROPERTY RELATING TO (BODY) PART

PERSON/THING (BODY) PART(-이/가) QUALITYVERB


한국사람들이눈이작고 코가 큽니다Koreans-SUBJ eye-SUBJ be.small-and nose-SUBJ is.big

PERSON/THING-이/가 PART(-이/가) PROPERTYVERB

The English verb “have” has uses that have li�le to dowith POSSESSION and much more with PROPERTIES !!!


PERSON has/have PROPERTYADJECTIVE PART.OF.PERSON

So, if Korean has the construction:

Then this means English has the construction:


Recognising Pa�erns: “LIKE”

한국요리를너무좋아하는데 ,불고기는싫어해요.“I really like Haemultang, but I hate Bulgogi”

Traditional teaching:LIKE = 좋아하다

HATE / DON’T LIKE = 싫어하다LOVE = 사랑하다,좋아하다

부모는자식을다똑같이사랑해야되는데 ...“As a parent one should love all one’s children equally ...”

But what about these:

한국요리가너무좋은데 ,불고기는싫어요.“I really like Haemultang, but I hate Bulgogi”

좋다 = LIKE ?싫다 = HATE ?

부모는자식이모두똑같이좋아야되는데 ...“As a parent I/one should like all one’s children equally ...”

④PREFERENCE / LIKING (“like”)

And what about these:

Which of the transla�ons given under eachexample is the “correct” one?

한국요리가너무맛있는데 ,불고기는너무달어요.“Haemultang is really tasty, but Bulgogi is too sweet”

OR “I really like Haemultang, but I hate Bulgogi, it’s too sweet”

부모는자식을모두똑같이예뻐해아야되는데 ...“As a parent one should find all of one’s children equally pretty”

OR “As a parent one should like all one’s children equally ...”


• Let’s not simply learn the equa�ons좋다/좋아하다 = LIKE 싫다/싫어하다 = HATE

• Instead, understand that one expresses one’s ownPREFERENCE/LIKING by saying what quality it is thatunderlies this PREFERENCE/LIKING

(나는) X(-이/가) Quality.Verb(좋다,맛있다,예쁘다 etc)

• And, in case of somebody elses PREFERENCE/LIKING one putsthe relevant Quality Verb into the following construc�on:

PERSON-이/가 X-을/를 Quality.Verb-ㅏ/ㅓ하다(좋아하다,맛있어하다,예뻐하다)


버스로가요.“I go by bus.”


볼펜으로써요“Write with a biro”

망치로쳤어요“He hit it with a hammer”

현금으로샀어“I bought it with cash”

카드로샀어.“I bought it with the card”

차로왔어요.“We’ve come by car.”

Recognising pa�erns: with/by

버스를타고가요.“I go by bus.”

What Koreans actually tend to say:

볼펜가지고써요“Write with a biro”

망치를들고쳤어요“He hit it with a hammer”

현금주고샀어“I bought it with cash”

카드를쓰고샀어“I bought it with the card”

차를끌고왔어요.“We’ve come by car.”

⑤with/by (INSTRUMENT)

Underlying pa�ern:

INSTRUMENTManipula�onVSt-고

Where Verb refers to a specific Ac�on that the agentperforms when making use of the Instrument

e.g. VEHICLE-를타고 CAR.ONE.DRIVES-를끌고

INSTRUMENT-를가지고 INSTRUMENT-를들고

MONEY-를주고 (사다) CARD/CHEQUE/ETC-를쓰고

⑤with/by (INSTRUMENT)

But also, again, those we often don’t learn about:

우산을가져가세요!내일교과서를가져오새요

Recognising Pa�erns: “TAKE/BRING”

올때 맥주좀사와!

케이크를만들어갈까요?

샌드위치나준비해오세요

내일까지짧은글써오세요

But also, again, those we often don’t learn about:

티슈를챙기고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etc�ssues-ACC prepare-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

Often: makes sure to take/bring/carry �ssues with her

Also: makes sure she has �ssues with / on her

돈가지고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etcmoney-ACC take-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

Often: takes/brings/carries money with her

Also: has money with / on her

Recognising Pa�erns: “TAKE, GO WITH”

가방매고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etcbag-ACC �e-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

애기엎고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etcbaby put.on.back-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

Closely related are, again, the following:

carries a bag (around) with her

carries a bag (around) on her back

Mostly:

Some�mes:

carries baby (around) with her / on her back

goes (around) etc with her baby on her back

O�en:

Also:

Again, the English counterparts express part of the Koreanverbal chain seman�cs through nominal cons�tuents

돈가지고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etcmoney-ACC take-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

And again, of course, the one we all learn early on:

takes/brings/carries money with herO�en:

Also: has money with / on her

Nor these:

열쇠을주머니에넣고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etckey-ACC pocket-INTO put.in-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

차를 끌고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etccar-ACC pull.along-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

카트를 밀고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etccart-ACC push-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

친구를 데리고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etcfriend-ACC take-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

Another one that we all learn:

takes/brings a friend with herO�en:

Also: has friend with her

But not these:

친구를 끌고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etcFriend-ACC drag-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

양복입고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etcsuit put.on-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

Again closely related to the earlier construc�ons are:

puts on a suit and goes

goes / comes / goes around in a suitRarely:Mostly:

is wearing a suitOr:

셔츠벗고 가다 /오다 /다니다 etcshirt put.off-PF.SEQ go / come / go around etc

Rarely: takes off shirt and goes

Mostly: goes / comes / goes around in his vest / barechested

is not wearing his shirtOr:

옷입고 물놀이하다Clothes put.on-PF.SEQ splash around in the water

And of course the construc�ons with WEARING verbsbelong to a larger construc�on family in which the secondverb slot is open to a wide range of ac�vity verbs

Puts on his clothes and splashes around in the water

Splashes around fully dressedRarely:Mostly:

옷벗고 자다Clothes put.on-PF.SEQ sleeps

Rarely: Takes off clothes and sleeps

Mostly: Sleeps naked

Other cases: ⑨ THANKYOU

갑사합니다.


고맙습니다

And, less formally:

고마워(요)

What people actually say:

(맛있게)잘먹겠습니다.“Thank you” (for food not yet eaten)

(맛있게)잘먹었습니다.“Thank you” (for food not yet eaten)

DVD재미있게보겠습니다. 영화 재미있게 봤습니다“Thank you” (for DVD just received)

.“Thank you” (for showing me the film)

책 잘 보겠습니다.“Thank you” (for book just received)

책 재미있게 읽었습니다.“Thank you” (for book you gave last �me)

⑨THANK YOU


잘 VerbStem-겠습니다!

재미있게 VerbStem-겠습니다 / VerbStem-(으)ㄹ께(요)!

Context-Specific-Adverb VerbStem-겠습니다

잘 VerbStem-았/었습니다!

잘 VerbStem-(으)ㄹ께(요)!

재미있게 VerbStem-았/었습니다! / VerbStem-았/었어(요)!

⑨THANK YOU

(맛있게)잘먹겠습니다.“Thank you” (for food not yet eaten)

(맛있게)잘먹었습니다.“Thank you” (for food not yet eaten)

DVD재미있게보겠습니다. 영화 재미있게 봤습니다“Thank you” (for DVD just received)

.“Thank you” (for showing me the film)

책 잘 보겠습니다.“Thank you” (for book just received)

책 재미있게 읽었습니다.“Thank you” (for book you gave last �me)

감사한마음을표현하는말


잘 VerbStem-겠습니다!

재미있게 VerbStem-겠습니다 / VerbStem-(으)ㄹ께(요)!

Context-Specific-Adverb VerbStem-겠습니다

잘 VerbStem-았/었습니다!

잘 VerbStem-(으)ㄹ께(요)!

재미있게 VerbStem-았/었습니다! / VerbStem-았/었어(요)!

감사한마음을표현하는말

기분좋으라하는말

FEEL-GOOD TALK

FEEL-GOOD TALK

미인이시네요!“You are a beauty”

사진으로봤을때보다더예쁘시네요!“You are even more beau�ful

than when I saw you on the photo”

FEEL-GOOD TALK




VSt–(으)시네요 VSt–(으)셨네요/

FEEL-GOOD TALK




사모님스타일이참세련되셨네요!“Your style is truly most elegant!”

요리솜씨가참대단하시네요!“Your cooking skills are truly extraordinary!”


FEEL-GOOD TALK




/ ...참 VSt–(으)셨네요...참 VSt–(으)시네요

사모님스타일이참세련되셨네요!“Your style is truly most elegant!”

요리솜씨가참대단하시네요!“Your cooking skills are truly extraordinary!”



정리를정말열심히하시네요!“You truly �dy up with such effort!”

요리를아주잘하시네요!“You cook really well!”

글씨를참예쁘게쓰시네요!“Your handwriting ist really pretty / neat !”



요리솜씨가참대단하시네요!“Your cooking skills are truly amazing!”


정리를정말열심히하시네요!“You truly �dy up with such effort!”


글씨를참예쁘게쓰시네요!“Your handwriting ist really pretty / neat !”

/... (참 )잘 AKTION.VSt–(으)시네요

참,정말,아주,너무잘,예쁘게,맛있게,멋있게,열심히 ...


/

교수님이유머가많으신것같네요“You seem to be very humorous!”

... Honorific.VSt+Modifier것같네요

Schema features:• Picking up on a posi�ve character trait

that makes the person attractive to other people• Stating this in the form of a tenta�ve impression/opinion


아이들을참잘가르치시는것같네요.“You seem to be teaching the kids really well!”

/... (참 )잘 Honorific.VSt+Modifier것같네요


Schema features:• Picking up on a socially a�ractive skill of the person,

esp. a skill that brings the person a lot of popularity• Again, sta�ng this in the form of a tenta�ve impression/opinion

– 주요문형기분좋으라하는말

/

요리하는거좋아하시나봐요!“I get the impression you really like cooking”

... Honorific.VSt–나봐요

아이들하고너무잘노시나봐요.“I get the impression you are really good at playing with children!”

/... (참 )잘 Honorific.VSt–나봐요


... VSt–나보네요


...어떻게그렇게잘 AKTION.VSt–(으)세요?

노래를어떻게그렇게잘부르세요?“How on earth are you able to sing that well!”

잘,예쁘게,맛있게,멋있게,열심히 ...

김치를어떻게그렇게맛있게담그세요?“How on earth do you manage to make such good Kimchi?”

어떻게그렇게어려운일을빨리끝내셨어요“How did you manage to do such a difficult job so quickly?”


___님이 [계시]니(까) [상황이좋]네요

선생님이계시니까분위기가사네요“What with you being here the atmosphere is really alive!”

열심히도와주시니까일이원만하게빨리끝나네요“What with you helping me out, the job is get�ng done really quickly”

이렇게열심히일하시니내년에좋은성과가있을거예요

“What with you working as hard as I see you working hereyou are surely going to have success next year”


Posi�ve appraisal

머리모양이예쁘시네요.머리어디서하셨어요?“Your hairstyle is so nice. Where did you get your hair done?”

요리참잘하시네요.혹시요리학원다니셨어요?“You are really good at cooking. Did you maybe go to a cooking school”

김치를어떻게그렇게맛있게담그세요?혹시어머님께배우셨어요?

“How on earth have you made such delicious Kimchi?Did you maybe learn this from your mother?”

혹시 .........................?


Posi�ve appraisal

아주날씬해지셨네요.무슨비결이있으세요“You have become so slim. Is there a secret method behind this?”

어머님눈가에주름이하나도안보이네요.어떻게관리를하세요?

_“There is not a single wrinkle around you eyes!How are you taking care of your skin?”

몸매가좋으셔서옷맵시가사네요.혹시무슨비결이나있으세요

“You have such a good figure, your dress style is really coming alive.Is there a secret to this?”

무슨비결이있으세요?


Praise

글씨를참예쁘게쓰시네요.하교다니실때선생님께칭찬을많이받으셨겠어요

“Your handwriting is so pretty! You must have been get�ng a lot of praise from yourschool teachers!”

요리하는거좋아하시나봐요.아이어머니가행복하시겠어요

“You seem to like cooking. Your wife must be the happiest person on earth!”

You must be so popular


[Praiseworthy fact] /ㅓ서 You must be so popular!

사모님이애교가넘치셔서남편께사랑많이받으시겠어요.

“You are brimming with charm,you must be get�ng a lot of affection from your husband”

교수님이유머가만점이라서학생들에게인기가많으시겠어요

“Professor you are get�ng full points on humour,you are surely going to be massively popular with your students!

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