UNITED STATES HISTORY REVIEW

•Causes of war in Europe- militarism (nations in the Balkans were building up their militaries and preparing to defend their country) nationalism (feelings of intense pride/patriotism in your country and a willingness to fight for your country)territorial rivalries (countries were fighting over land in the Balkans) alliances (countries began to form friendships or alliances with each other in the Balkans)

The spark that ignited war in Europe was the assassination of Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austria-Hungary)

Causes for WWI in Europe- Nationalism (pride in one’s country), militarism (building up one’s military), territorial rivalries (wanting the same land) , alliances (forming partnerships in case of war)

New weapons- U-boats (submarines), poison gas, tanks, machine guns

Allies- US, France, Russia, Italy, Great Britain, Japan, and dozens more

Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire

Causes of war in Europe- ◦ militarism (nations in the Balkans were building up their

militaries and preparing to defend their country)◦ nationalism (feelings of intense pride/patriotism in your

country and a willingness to fight for your country)◦ territorial rivalries (countries were fighting over land in

the Balkans) ◦ alliances (countries began to form friendships or alliances

with each other in the Balkans) The spark that ignited war in Europe was the assassination

of Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austria-Hungary)

WWI1914-1919

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

June 28, 1914……Archduke Francis Ferdinand is killed and Serbia is blamed

June 29,1914…..Austria Hungary issues Serbia an ultimatum to accept responsibility and they ignored it.

France was Russia’s ally and was in an alliance with Serbia…….so Russia is in the war.

Germany was aligned with Austria Hungary. Austria was granted a “Blank-Check” policy to support Austria.

Since Germany was Austria Hungary’s ally they turned and declared war on Russia since they were allied with Serbia.

Secret Alliances pulled many nations into war.

WWI

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

Resentment to German Americansfear of a threat from within the USA (treason/conspiracy, etc.)

1917 was a critical year- Germany resumed unrestricted submarine attacks and sunk any ships headed for the Allied nations in Europe.

USA sent convoys and wolfpacks.

USA declared neutrality and stated they would avoid getting directly in the war. However they issued the Lend-Lease Policy and the Cash-n-Carry policy to support the Allies (indirectly).

Lend-Lease Policy we would lease military supplies to allied nations at war. As German sub attacks increased we issued the Cash-n-Carry policy nations buying materials had to pay cash and transport their own supplies.

We created the National Security League to monitor aversive organizations and publications. We wanted to prevent treason.

The USA started increasing the military and raised taxes to pay for the war effort.

USA entered in a state of preparedness getting ready for war. The USA passed the National Defense Act that expand the Army and Navy. This was in response to the sinking of the Lusitania.

Causes of US entry- Lusitania (British ship torpedoed with 128 Americans on

board) Violation of the Sussex Pledge (Germany continued to sink

ships with Americans on board and they promised to stop sinking ships without giving adequate warning- they violated this promise)

UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE (Germany’s use of the submarine or u-boat)

Zimmerman Note (secret agreement Germany hoped to make with Mexico; they asked Mexico to attack us if the US got involved in the war to keep us preoccupied)

Lusitania- British ship that was sunk by a German u-boat; 128 Americans died; we were made but didn’t enter war yet

Unrestricted submarine warfare- Germany’s practice of sinking ships that aided the Allies; major cause of US entering WWI…1917 was the year that Germany escalated the sinking of ships and USA enters the war.

Zimmerman Telegram- letter sent from German official to German official in Mexico asking Mexico to attack

the US if we enter the war; they wanted to pre-occupy the USA to keep the USA out of the war. Germany told Mexico that they would gain back most of the western US if they cooperated.

ATTACK USA

The Russian Revolution in WWI was important to the Allied effort. When Russia started loosing they called on the USA to help (alliance system). In March 1917 Russia starts pulling out of the war and the USA enters the war to protect the other allies (France).

Russia had fallen under Lenin’s communism and became the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic. (USSR) The USA feared expansion of communism into USA.

Lead the Bolshevik party to overthrown the Romanov dynasty and murdered the family. He started the USSR and extended communism in Russia.

Communism is the opposite of democracy. Communist regimes has control over every aspect of human life. We feared communism would spread to the USA after Russia fell.

RUSSIAN TSAR

RUSSIA BECOMES USSR or Union of the S Soviet Socialist Republic COMMUNIST

The USA wanted to remove any communist threat in USA. A. Mitchell Palmer under President Harding started the Palmer Raids. People were arrested and censored for speaking against the American government. Many of the Bill of Rights were violated out of a fear of communism entering the USA.

This time period was called the Red Scare. During the war the government limited constitutional rights to protect the nation.

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

Examine chart page 486

$3 billions in loans were made to nations at war using the Lend-Lease Policy.

The USA sold Liberty Bonds to finance the government budget.

USA passed the Selective Service Act allowing men to be drafted for military service. They used the lottery system to draft men….they would pull their number.

USA prepared the American Expeditionary Forces to go and fight in Europe..

Campaigns like “Every Scout to Save a Soldier” started to advertise how supporting scouts promoted patriotism.

Rationing- Americans ration materials that could be used during the war effort.

Civilians planted Victory Gardens to send troops overseas fresh foods.

The Clean Plate Campaign……no waste! Waste was limiting a soldier from having his needs met.

Daylight Savings Time----use less energy that can be conserved for the war effort. Spring forward and fall back time changes

Isolationism- US belief that we needed to stay out of world affairs after WWI; we did not like war and did not want to get involved in another one

Liberty bonds and victory gardens (war propaganda)- people bought war bonds (allowed the government to borrow money) and planted their own gardens to help conserve food for the troops

Hoover and the Food Administration (meatless Mondays and wheatless Wednesdays)- extremely successful;

People voluntarily didn’t eat meat on Mon. or wheat on Wed. in order to ensure enough food for troops

Charles Schenck wrote the 15,000 letters urging the drafted men to not show up. He was arrested and his case went to the Supreme Court and was ruled that a citizen can not put the government in “CLEAR and PRESENT Danger.” The was the standard set for sedition…….your views can’t lead to dangerous actions.

War Finance Administration (Liberty Loan Drives)(Liberty Loan Drives)

Committee on Public Information(George Creel)…speaking and writing(George Creel)…speaking and writing

Espionage and Sedition Acts….spies Fuel Administration (Harry Garfield)(Harry Garfield) Food Administration (Herbert Hoover)(Herbert Hoover)

rationingrationing War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch)(Bernard Baruch) National War Labor Board (W.H. Taft)(W.H. Taft) Wartime industries convert productionWartime industries convert production

U.S. Posters

Which one of the following was MOST decisive in changing America’s neutrality tosupport for the Allied Powers in World War I?A The sinking of the battleship U.S.S. MaineB Unrestricted German submarine warfareC Publication of the De Lomé LetterD Violation of the Polish border by German troops

Selective Service Act- established the draft

Woodrow Wilson- elected in 1912 and 1916; pres. During WWI

Fourteen Points- Wilson’s peace plan after WWI; only achieved one point- the 14th point (freedom of seas, no secret agreements, etc)

League of Nations- Wilson’s 14th point; established a world-wide peace keeping body

armistice- a cease-fire when both sides agree to stop fighting; signed on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month- Nov. 11, 1918 (now is celebrated as Veteran’s Day)

Treaty of Versailles- ended the war; established the League of Nations (without the US); punished Germany harshly; Germany had to pay billions in war reparations and had to admit full guilt; Germ and Axis lost land; new unstable countries were formed; this treaty helped bring about WWII

“to make the world safe for democracy”- Wilson’s famous quote

“to make the world safe for democracy”- Wilson’s famous quote

Bolshevik Revolution- occurred in 1917 when Tsar Nicholas and his family were murdered; this is when Russia became communist

Great Migration- mass movement of Af-Am from the south to the north in search of war related jobs in industries; they were promised a better way of life

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetery, France

The Somme American Cemetery, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

Which of the following acts was intended to prevent disloyalty among United States citizens during World War I?A The Hepburn ActB The Sedition ActC The Volstead ActD The Hatch Act

American participation in World War I contributed to the economic opportunities available to African Americans by —A creating a need for African American workers on Midwestern grain farms.B encouraging the African American owners of small businesses to seek war contracts.C inflating the price of cotton and thus increasing profits from sharecropping.D opening up Northern industrial jobs to African American workers

Which statement correctly describes the Great Migration of 1914-1920?A Migration of more than one million farmers from the Plains states to the West Coastduring the Dust BowlB Migration of hundreds of thousands of African Americans to northern industrial citiesin search of jobsC Immigration of 40,000 Chinese to the United States in order to work on thetranscontinental railroadD Immigration of over one million persons of Irish descent to the United States for workin industrial centers in the Northeast

Effects- The Treaty of Versailles was signed at the

end of the war and punished Germany harshly. They were forced to disarm their military, pay billions of dollars in war reparations, admit full guilt, and they lost their colonies. The treaty created new, weak countries that would eventually fall to Germany again in WWII.

Isolationism- The US retreated from world affairs after WWI because they did not want to get involved again in “someone else’s war”.

WHAT IS THE CARTOON SAYING ABOUT WOODROW WILSON?

The spirit of postwar isolationism in America was BEST illustrated in 1920 when the United States Senate rejected American participation in the —A European Union.B League of Nations.C North Atlantic Treaty Organization.D Commonwealth of Independent States.

Causes of US entry- Lusitania (British ship torpedoed with 128

Americans on board)Violation of the Sussex Pledge (Germany

continued to sink ships with Americans on board and they promised to stop sinking ships without giving adequate warning- they violated this promise)

UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE (Germany’s use of the submarine or u-boat)

Zimmerman Note (secret agreement Germany hoped to make with Mexico; they asked Mexico to attack us if the US got involved in the war to keep us preoccupied)

Causes of US entry- Lusitania (British ship torpedoed with 128

Americans on board)Violation of the Sussex Pledge (Germany

continued to sink ships with Americans on board and they promised to stop sinking ships without giving adequate warning- they violated this promise)

UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE (Germany’s use of the submarine or u-boat)

Zimmerman Note (secret agreement Germany hoped to make with Mexico; they asked Mexico to attack us if the US got involved in the war to keep us preoccupied)

•Effects- The Treaty of Versailles was signed at the end of the war and punished Germany harshly. They were forced to disarm their military, pay billions of dollars in war reparations, admit full guilt, and they lost their colonies. The treaty created new, weak countries that would eventually fall to Germany again in WWII.Isolationism- The US retreated from world affairs after WWI because they did not want to get involved again in “someone else’s war”. As a result, we did not sign the Treaty of Versailles which established the League of Nations that was set up as a peace keeping organization designed to prevent future wars. The League was never successful due to the US absence.

Flu virus--mutated and was spread around the world by Americans during the war.

Race riots in Tulsa and Chicago (read page 312)

Inflation in prices

Palmer Raids (investigations for feared communist…many led to arrest) Read page 313-314

Sacco and Vanzetti arrest/trial and execution

fear on immigrants (read page 313)

Warren G. Harding and a “Return to Normalcy”

The American giant becomes a creditor nation.