UNIT 4

THE WORLD WAR I ERA

CHAPTER 19 THE WORLD WAR I ERA

OBJECTIVES

CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes and effects of World War I.

Objective 4.3: Analyze the military and financial ways in which America prepared for war.

THEME: At the beginning of the 20th century, a terrible war begins in Europe that will claim over 8 million lives. After staying neutral for a few years, the United States declared war to support its allies and felt the effects of warfare.

Presidents of the United States

George Washington; Federalist (1788) John Adams; Federalist (1796) Thomas Jefferson (1800) James Madison (1808) James Monroe (1816) John Quincy Adams (1824) Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) John Tyler; Whig (1841) James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) James Buchanan; Democrat (1856) Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) James Garfield; Republican (1880)

#21 - …Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881)Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884)Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888)Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)William McKinley; Republican (1896)Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901)William Howard Taft; Republican (1909)#28 - Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1913)

America: Pathways to the PresentAmerica: Pathways to the Present

Section 1: The Road to War

Section 2: The United States Declares War

Section 3: Americans on the European Front

Section 4: Americans on the Home Front

Chapter 19: The World War I Era (1914–1920)

Section 5: Global Peacemaker

AMERICANS ON THE EUROPEAN FRONT

Chapter 19 Section 3 NOTES:

TRAINING FOR WAR

Building an Army The United States lacked a large and

available military force. To start, Congress sent the Allies

supplies and $3 billion in loans. A small force of 14,500 led by General

Pershing was sent as well.

Congress passed a Selective Service Act in May 1917, drafting young men into the military. Draft was widely accepted All males age 21 to 31, later

changed to 18-45 3 out of 24 million were drafted

• Draftees, volunteers, and National Guard made up the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), led by General John J. Pershing.

Ideally, the military planned to give new soldiers several months of training in boot camps However, the need to send forces to

Europe quickly sometimes cut training time short.

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congress actions

U.S. ENTRY INTO WWI

General John J. Pershing, commanding general of the AEF. Referred to as the Doughboys and Yanks. 2 million in France by Sept. 1918

AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE

CHANGES IN RUSSIA

With the Russian Revolution (March 1917) Czar Nicholas II was overthrown However, the new Republican government remained involved in the

unpopular war

In the spring of 1918, Germany provided safe passage for Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Russian Bolsheviks, from Switzerland to Russia. The Bolsheviks successfully overthrew the Russian republican government and made

peace with Germany.

The 1918 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia leads to Russia exiting WWI, which puts the Allies in position to lose the war to Germany The resulting truce ceded valuable Russian land to Germany and also meant

that the German military could concentrate exclusively on the Western front. Before the arrival of American troops, Germany was able to gain ground in France,

coming within 50 miles of Paris in May 1918

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TRANSPORTING TROOPS

The Convoy SystemTo transport troops

across the Atlantic, the U.S. employed convoys, or groups of unarmed ships surrounded by armed naval vessels equipped to destroy submarines.

Due to the convoy system, German submarines did not sink a single ship carrying American troops.

American Soldiers in Europe By 1918, European nations had

begun to run out of men to recruit. Energetic American soldiers,

nicknamed doughboys, helped replace the tired fighters of Europe.

American soldiers bring energy to the battlefront and help turn the tide of war for the Allies

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ALLIED VICTORY1918

General John Pershing’s American troops, however, pushed back the Germans in a series of attacks. They recapture the village of Cantigny on May 28, 1918

Chateau-Thierry (June 4): Americans help save Paris from invasion At a loss of half their men, General James Harbord and his

“We dig no trenches to fall back on strategy” works and they push Central powers back to German border

Finally, the German army was driven to full retreat in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive Began on September 26, 1918 and ended on November 11

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Ending the War

In the face of Allied attacks and domestic revolutions, the Central Powers collapsed one by one. Austria-Hungary splintered into smaller nations of ethnic

groups German soldiers mutinied, feeling that defeat was

inevitable.

When the Kaiser of Germany fled to Holland, the new German republic signed an armistice, or cease-fire, at 5am on November 11, 1918 which ended WWI. WRITE THIS

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Effects of WarThe influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more people

than all of the wartime battles. Believed to be carried by Americans - Could kill within days Estimated ½ million in U.S. and 30 million worldwide perish

Dead and WoundedThe estimated death toll of World War I was 8 million Many more had lost limbs or been blinded by poison gas. Many sensed that the war had destroyed an entire generation of young men

and grieved for the loss of their talents and abilities.

Ottoman Empire In an act of genocide, or organized killing of an

entire people, the Ottoman Empire had murdered thousands of Armenians suspected of disloyalty to the government.

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