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I. Overview........................................................................................................................................1

II. U.S. Domestic Actions and Partnerships to Slow the Near Term Growth of

Greenhouse Gas Emissions........................................................................................................3

A. Greenhouse Gas Intensity Goal..........................................................................................4B. Presidential Budget..............................................................................................................4C. Twenty in Ten........................................................................................................................5D. Climate Leaders....................................................................................................................5E. Climate VISION (Voluntary Innovative Sector Initiatives: Opportunities Now).......6F. ENERGY STAR®..................................................................................................................6G. Increased Fuel Economy Standards ..................................................................................7H. SmartWay Transport Partnership ......................................................................................7I. Reducing Aviation Greenhouse Gas Emissions...............................................................8J. 2007 Farm Bill: Promoting Biofuels ...................................................................................8K. Targeted Incentives for Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Sequestration ..........................9

Agriculture ..........................................................................................................................10M. EPA Domestic Methane Programs...................................................................................10N. EPA High Global Warming Potential Gas Partnership.................................................11O. Energy Policy Act Of 2005: Tax Incentives to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions..11P. Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emission Registry (“1605 (b)”) ........................................12Q. American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI)...................................................................13R. EnergySmart Schools .........................................................................................................13S. Green Power Partnership (GPP) ......................................................................................13T. DOE Green Power Network.............................................................................................14U. Combined Heat And Power Partnership (CHP) ...........................................................14V. State Clean Energy—Environment Partnership ............................................................14

III. U.S. Domestic Programs to Advance Climate Change Science and Accelerate

Climate Change Technology..................................................................................................................15

A. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)......................................................................16B. Climate Change Technology Program (CCTP) ............................................................. 17

1. Advanced Energy Initiative (AEI) .............................................................................182. Carbon Sequestration ..................................................................................................18

...............................................19................................................................20

5. Hydrogen ......................................................................................................................21

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6. Nuclear Fission.............................................................................................................217. Fusion Energy...............................................................................................................22

IV. International Climate Change Partnerships .........................................................................23

A. Major Economies Meeting ................................................................................................24........................24

C. Washington International Renewable Energy Conference (WIREC) ........................25D. Methane To Markets Partnership (M2M) .......................................................................26E. International Partnership For The Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) .................................26F. Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) .........................................................27G. Group On Earth Observations (GEO) .............................................................................28H. Generation IV International Forum (GIF) ......................................................................28I. Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) .................................................................29J. ITER......................................................................................................................................29K. U.S. Global Biofuels Engagement ....................................................................................30

1. Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP) ......................................................................302. International Biofuels Forum (IBF)............................................................................30

.........................................................30V. U.S. Bilateral and Multilateral Initiatives ............................................................................31

A. Bilateral and Regional Partnerships ................................................................................32B. USAID’S Global Climate Change Program....................................................................32C. Debt-for-Nature Agreements............................................................................................33D. President’s Initiative Against Illegal Logging (PIAIL) .................................................33E. Public-Private Forest Partnerships ..................................................................................34F. U.S. Contributions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) .......34G. U.S. Contributions to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) ....................................34

VI. International Clean Development Partnerships..................................................................35

A. The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) ...........................................................36B. Clean Energy Initiative......................................................................................................36

1. Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP)..............................................................362. Partnership For Clean Indoor Air (PCIA) ................................................................373. Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV)...................................................38

................................38D. Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) ............................39

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The United States is taking action on a compre-hensive and dynamic strategy to address climatechange at home and abroad. This approach isdesigned to foster breakthroughs in clean energytechnologies and encourages coordinated globalactivities that help meet the ultimate objectiveof the United Nations Framework Convention

greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations at a levelthat prevents dangerous human interferencewith the climate system while enabling sustain-

recent reports by the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC) have substantiallyimproved the science that guides policy deci-sions. The recent IPCC conclusions highlight theneed to set wise and effective policies to confrontthe challenges of energy security and climatechange.

The United States is meeting these challengesby integrating actions to address climate changeand energy security into a broader agenda thatpromotes pollution reduction and sustainableeconomic development because those actionswill be more sustainable and successful if theyproduce multiple economic and environmental

upon the fundamental principle that the worldcommunity must produce fewer greenhouse gasemissions and that it must be done in a way thatpromotes economic growth and helps nationsdeliver greater prosperity for their people.

Earth and moon from space.

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“Energy security and climate change are two of the great challenges

of our time. The United States takes these challenges seriously. The world’s response will help shape the future of the global economy and the condition of our environment for future generations.”

President George W. Bush 9/28/07

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Bush announced plans to cut GHG intensity—emissions per unit of economic activity—by

to meet this goal using a diverse portfolio of

States grew by 5 percent or 14 million people and

while our GHG emissions increased by about 1.6percent. Latest estimates show that from 2005-

energy-related carbon dioxide emissions actuallydecreased 1.3 percent.

continues to work collaboratively with nationsacross the globe. Active bilateral and multilater-al climate change initiatives and partnerships areidentifying solutions to global climate change.The Major Economies Meeting and other col-

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are promoting action and partnership amongkey countries and the private sector. These andother partnerships are reducing greenhouse gas

-tion of cleaner technologies.

-lined in this brochure reinforce our commitmentto working both at home and abroad to developconcrete solutions to the long-term challengeof global climate change. Many of these effortshave produced or will soon produce tangibleresults for the environment while also increas-ing economic development. The United Statesis working collaboratively to implement innova-tive programs which will help build consensusand momentum towards a successful post-2012framework.

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Amber waves of grain in the heartland of the United States. Domestic actions and public/private partnerships are leading tomany positive impacts, including the protection of America’s natural heritage.

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President Bush has set an ambitious target ofcutting our greenhouse gas intensity by 18percent between 2002 and 2012. Our objec-

While measuring progress in absolute terms

policy management purposes is the relativeimprovement in greenhouse gas emissionsintensity. The intensity measure appropri-

-comes that require less energy or otherwiselead to lower emissions. It sharply discounts

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house gas emitting activity from the UnitedStates to another country – in which case thedesired emissions reduction did not actuallyhappen.

To help meet

billion for climate change related activities

related to climate change.

The Administration estimates that its goalwill reduce cumulative emissions of carbondioxide (CO2

metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in2012 alone as compared to business as usualscenarios. Recent data indicate that theUnited States is on track to meet this goal.

1.3 percent reduction in energy-related CO2-

ic growth of 2.9 percent.

For more information please visit:http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020214.html and http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/policy/intensitygoal.html.

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President Bush’s Fiscal Year 2008 budget calls

billion for the Climate Change Science Pro-

billion for energy tax provisions that mayreduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Photovoltaic system, consisting of 372 solar panels on theroof of the Williams building, Boston, Massachusetts.

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During his 2007 State of the Union address

to reduce U.S. gasoline usage by 20 percentover the next ten years. The President hassubmitted legislative proposals to Congress

• Increase the supply of renewable andalternative fuels by setting a mandatoryfuels standard to require 35 billion gallonsof renewable and alternative fuels in ten

of projected annual gasoline use.

Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for carsand extend the current light truck rule. In

-nation with increasing the supply of renew-

total reduction in projected annual gasolineuse to 20 percent.

• Help confront climate change by slowingthe projected growth of carbon dioxide

within 10 years.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and

towards regulations that would cut gasolineconsumption and greenhouse gas emissionsfrom motor vehicles the transportation

point.

For more information please visit:http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2007/initiatives/energy.html.

Leaders is an EPA industry-governmentpartnership that works with companies to

A Ford Escape HEV, a Hymotion plug-in hybrid vehicle.Vehicles like this will help meet the President’s goal ofreducing U.S. gasoline consumption by 20 percent in 10 years.

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A Pratt & Whitney super alloy production facility of UnitedTechnologies Corporation (UTC). UTC worldwide energy use isdown by 19 percent and UTC was recognized by the U.S. EPA in2007 for achieving its initial climate change reduction goal underthe Climate Leaders program. UTC has set an aggressive new goal toreduce absolute greenhouse gas emissions by 12 percent by 2010.

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partners commit to reducing their impacton the environment by completinga corporate-wide inventory of their

a management plan to maintain consistent

progress to EPA.

Climate Leaders has grown to include

already achieving their goals. The totalU.S. greenhouse gas emissions of ClimateLeaders partners are more than 8 percentof the total U.S. GHG emissions.

For more information and a list of Climate

http://www.epa.gov/climateleaders.

President Bushannounced that 12major industrialsectors andThe BusinessRoundtable

had committedto work with

four of his cabinet

to contribute to meetinghis 18 percent intensity reduction goalby improving the energy efficiency orgreenhouse gas emissions intensityof its sector. Participating businessand trade associations representing 13energy-intensive industry sectors include

and semiconductors. These sectors accountfor approximately 40 to 45 percent of totalU.S. greenhouse gas emissions.

Climate VISION partners have issued letters

alone could avoid an estimated 90 millionmetric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

http://www.climatevision.gov.

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partnered with DOE since 1996 to accelerate

across more than 50 categories have been

buildings have been bench marked for en-

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partners have lowered their energy use usingENERGY STAR tools.

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ClimateVISION logo.

Memorandum of Understanding to work together towards

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for many product categories including com-

equipment; has added new products to theENERGY STAR family including commercial

power supplies and battery chargers; and isin the process of updating the requirements

-tem for energy use in buildings and facilitiesto include about 75 percent of the commercialsquare footage in the United States and about6 industrial sectors.

tons of greenhouse gas emissions roughlyequivalent to the annual emissions of 25 mil-

their utility bills.

http://www.energystar.gov/.

The United States has reformed and raised (CAFE)

standards for light trucks for seven consecu-

The higher standards are expected to save14 billion gallons of fuel over the life of the

The saving of 14 billion gallons of gasolinemeans that there will also be a net reductionin carbon dioxide emissions of 103 million

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light trucks would have pumped an addi-tional 11 billion metric tons of carbon dioxideinto the atmosphere between 1975 and 2005.That is almost the same as stopping all U.S.fossil fuel combustion for two years.

Transport Partnership is reducing fuel con-sumption and emissions as well as improvingenergy security. SmartWay facilitates the im-plementation of advanced technologies and

the overall environmental performance of

SmartWay to reduce emissions of greenhousegases and air pollutants associated with their

over 80 diesel truck and locomotive engineidling reduction projects being implementedaround the country. SmartWay is broaden-ing its reach to include other modes of freighttransportation throughout the global supply

33-66 million metric tons of carbon dioxideemissions as compared to business as usualscenarios.

The U.S. is working to reduce greenhouse gas emissionsfrom the transportation sector by increasing fuel economystandards and using alternative fuels.

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http://www.epa.gov/otaq/smartway/index.htm.

The United States supports a comprehensiveapproach to managing greenhouse gas emis-sions based on aviation’s traditional strengthsof technological and operational innovation.

-tal impacts is at the heart of our plan to mod-

20 years. Aircraft and aircraft engines have

committed to another 30 percent improve-ment by 2025.

The U.S. Next Generation Air TransportationSystem (NextGen) is pursuing a number of

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and also lessen aircraft noise. New technolo--

will greatly improve air transportation ef-

fewer emissions. Revolutionary aircraft andengines may lead to a 50-70 percent reductionin fuel burn compared to present aircraft in

may lead to a 6-10 percent energy intensityimprovement.

http://www.jpdo.gov/.

The Administration’s 2007 Farm Bill propos-

responsible approach to supporting Amer-ica’s farmers and ranchers. The proposalscontinue this Administration’s commitmentto increase conservation programs (an ad-

energy that will help to lead us to the Presi-dent’s goal of reducing annual gasoline useby 20 percent in ten years. In order to meetthis goal additional land will be brought intosustainable production of crops for food and

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-nology develop over time.

The Administration’s Farm Bill proposals in--

tional renewable energy funding and targetsprograms to develop cellulosic ethanol.

The Petro Travel Center in Knoxville, TN provides

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other technical and operational improvements can lead

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http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdafarmbill?navtype=SU&navid=FARM_BILL_FORUMS.

USDA provides targeted incentives throughits conservation programs to encouragewider use of land management and produc-tion practices that sequester carbon andreduce greenhouse gas emissions. USDA also

to help farmers install renewable energysystems and make improvements in energy

emissions.

Through the Conservation Reserve Program

remove environmentally sensitive croplandfrom production and to install vegetative

CRP gives landowners the right to sell carboncredits generated from lands enrolled in theprogram; current enrollment is 36.8 million

lands was estimated at 50.6 million metrictons CO2 2and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions associated

-lion metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent.

The Conservation Security Program (CSP)promotes the conservation and improvement

life on tribal and private working agricul--

cant contributor within the area of carbonmanagement through enhancement activitiesthat promote carbon sequestration. Since its

acres have been engaged in soil managementactivities to improve carbon levels in soils.

-vation Grants (CIG) to fund the applicationand demonstration of innovative technolo-gies and approaches to conservation issues.Many of the awards made through the pro-

projects reduce CO2technologies for livestock manure manage-

-ane and N2O emissions.

http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=home&subject=copr&topic=crp and http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/.

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Corn provides the source of the ethanolpowering this bus in Peoria, Illinois.

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USDA’s Renewable Energy Systems and

provides loan guarantees and grants toagricultural producers and rural smallbusinesses to purchase renewable energy

in renewable energy systems and energy

approximately 400 renewable energy systems-

improvements.

USDA estimates that these may achieve an

and an estimated reduction in greenhousegas emissions of approximately 1 millionmetric tons of carbon.

http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/farmbill/index.html.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agencyworks in collaboration with the private sectorand State and local governments to imple-ment several voluntary programs that pro-

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designed to overcome a wide range of infor-

-able methane recovery and use opportunities.

The collective results of EPA’s methaneprograms have been substantial. U.S.methane emissions in 2005 were 11 percent

GDP growth over that time period. EPAexpects that these programs will maintainemissions below 1990 levels in the futuredue to expanded industry participationand the continuing commitment of partnercompanies to identify and implement cost-effective technologies and practices.

For more information please visit:http://www.epa.gov/methane/voluntary.html.

Low-pressure spray irrigation systems like the

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A set of voluntary partnerships between EPAand industry is substantially reducing U.S.emissions of high global warming potential

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partnership programs involve several indus-

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conditioning. These industries are reducinggreenhouse gas emissions by developing andimplementing cost-effective improvementsto their industrial processes. EPA High-GWPPartnership Goals include:

• PFC Reduction/Climate Partnership forthe Semiconductor Industry—ReducePFCs 10 percent below 1995 baseline byyear-end 2010;

• Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partner-ship—A direct carbon intensity (TCE/ton)reduction of 53 percent from 1990 levelsby 2010;

• SF6 Emissions Reduction Partnership forthe Magnesium Industry—Eliminate SF6emissions by the end of 2010; and

• Mobile Air Conditioning Partnership—Reduce HFCs 50 percent and improve fuel

industry partners are expected to maintainemissions below 1990 levels beyond the year

these industries that would ordinarily be ac-companied by higher emission levels.

For more information please visit:http://www.epa.gov/highgwp.

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 includes over

to 2015. Many of these tax incentives and(SF6), which is a potent greenhouse gas, has been theindustry standard cover gas for more than 30 years. In1999, EPA and the U.S. magnesium industry, with thesupport of the International Magnesium Association(IMA), launched a voluntary partnership to betterunderstand and reduce emissions of SF6 throughtechnically feasible and economically attractive actions.

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Molten Magnesium with Cover Gas.

Molten Magnesium without Cover Gas.

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-mote deployment of conservation and energy

and alternative motor vehicles. The Act alsogrants the DOE the authority to issue loanguarantees for a variety of commercial proj-

or sequester greenhouse gas emissions. Fur-

to indemnify against certain regulatory and

increase in the renewable content of gasolinefrom 15.1 billion to 28.4 billion liters while

mandates.

The Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse

and other entities to establish a publicrecord of their greenhouse gas emissionsand the results of voluntary measures to

were issued for the program. Enforced in

entity-wide reporting of emissions and

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-duced or sequestered 382 million metric tonsof carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhousegases.

http://www.pi.energy.gov/enhancingGHGregistry/ and http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/frntvrgg.html.

President George W. Bush holds the signed version H.R. 6, The Energy Policy Act of 2005, at Sandia National Laboratory in

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President Bush announced the AmericanCompetitiveness Initiative (ACI) in his 2006State of the Union Address. A centerpieceof the ACI is the commitment to doublingthe investment in key Federal agencies thatsupport basic research programs in the physi-cal sciences and engineering over the next 10

Science.

some of which will be directed toward invest-ments in clean energy technology research in-

and hydrogen and fuel cell technology. TheAdvanced Competitiveness Initiative will

to advance U.S. competitiveness by inspir-ing a new generation of American innovationthrough world-leading initiatives in high-endcomputation; bio-energy research centers;fourth generation light sources; and nano-technology.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2006/aci.

-lion annually on energy costs. DOE’s Ener-gySmart Schools Initiative promotes energy

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and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energysmartschools.

Introduced in 2001 as part of the President’s

Power Partnership is a voluntary program

power as a way to reduce the environmen-tal impacts associated with electricity use.Partners receive technical support and rec-ognition for meeting or exceeding EPA greenpower purchase requirements. The GPP has

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leges and universities.

Through the GPP more than 10 billion kilo-watt hours of green power are being pur-

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is the equivalent amount of electricity needed-

can households per year or needed to reducethe equivalent carbon dioxide emissions ofmore than 1.1 million passenger cars on U.S.roads.

For additional information please visit:http://www.epa.gov/greenpower.

A scientist examines a photo cell laser test. Researchlike this in physical sciences and engineering will bedoubled over the next ten years as part of ACI.

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DOE supports the green power market by

technical support to those offering or pur--

lence among Green Power Suppliers with theGreen Power Leadership Awards.

http://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower.

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federal and state policy makers and other

-cient CHP projects. The Partnership providesanalysis and outreach on emerging markets

for candidate sites and public recognition topromote the environmental and economic

The Partnership includes over 200 partners

megawatts (MW) of new CHP projects in avariety of sectors and applications.

http://www.epa.gov/chp/.

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signed to help states adopt a variety of clean

-change opportunities to explore and advancenew policies.

The Partnership is working with several-

resenting more than 50 percent of the U.S.population and greenhouse gas emissions.

http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/stateandlocal/.

Wind, a clean source of energy, can help a utility reduceits net emissions on a per kilowatt-hour basis.

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Sierra Nevada Brewery, Chico, California. AlliancePower Inc. worked with the Sierra Nevada Breweryto install a 1-megawatt CHP system operating since2005 with four 250-kilowatt Direct FuelCell® high-temperature molten carbonate fuel cells. The CHPsystem provides nearly 100 percent of the facility’sbase load power while waste heat is used as steam forthe brewing process and for onsite heating.

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Sandia National Laboratory’s dish/stirling test complex. Technologies like these offer the potential to power a cleaner future.

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The President established the U.S. ClimateChange Science Program (CCSP) in 2002 aspart of a new ministerial-level managementstructure to oversee public investments inclimate change science and technology. TheCCSP incorporates the U.S. Global Change

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by the President in 2001. The Program coor-

global change and climate change sponsoredby 13 participating departments and agen-cies of the U.S. Government. It is responsiblefor facilitating the development of a strate-gic approach to federally supported climate

agencies.

Its principal aims are to investigate naturaland human-induced changes in the Earth’s

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for national and international decision-mak-

for guiding climate research. The plan is

1. Improving our knowledge of climatehistory and variability;

2. Improving our ability to quantify factorsthat affect climate;

3. Reducing uncertainty in climateprojections;

4. Improving our understanding of thesensitivity and adaptability of ecosystemsand human systems to climate change;and

5. Exploring options to manage risks.

has successfully integrated a wide range ofthe research and climate science priorities ofthe 13 CCSP agencies. CCSP has taken onsome of the most challenging questions inclimate science and is developing productsto convey the most advanced state of knowl-

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public.

Twenty-one Synthesis and Assessment Prod-

Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmo-sphere: Steps for Understanding and Rec-

of 2006 and answers a set of key questions

Keck II Telescope atop 14,000-foot Mauna Kea Volcanoin Hawaii.

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A DOE employee monitors the temperature ofcombustion gas from a slugging combustor.

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related to ongoing observations of the Earth’stemperature. This report was an importantaddition to the IPCC Working Group I Fourth

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released Scenarios of Greenhouse Gas Emis-sions and Atmospheric Concentrations andReview of Integrated Scenario Development

-puter-based models to assess the economicand technological impacts of limiting green-

understanding regarding the effects of climatechange on energy production and use in the

Change on Energy Production and Use in the

1. How might climate change affect energyconsumption;

2. How might climate change affect energyproduction and supply; and

3. How might climate change have other ef-fects that indirectly shape energy produc-tion and consumption?

a full range of science questions and evaluateoptions for responses that are of the great-est relevance to decision and policy makersand planners. The products are intendedto provide the best possible state of science

For more information on the CCSP and acomplete list of the Synthesis and AssessmentProducts please visit:http://www.climatescience.gov.

The United States is leading the developmentof many advanced technology options that

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ter greenhouse gas emissions. CCTP was

-nual investment in climate-related technology

and to further the President’s National Cli-mate Change Technology Initiative (NCCTI). Ten Federal agencies support a broad portfo-lio of activities within this framework.

Basic guidance for the program is provided

September 2006. CCTP’s strategic vision hassix complementary goals: (1) reducing emis-sions from energy use and infrastructure;(2) reducing emissions from energy supply;(3) capturing and sequestering carbon diox-ide; (4) reducing emissions of other green-house gases; (5) measuring and monitoringemissions; and (6) bolstering the contribu-tions of basic science.

CCTP’s principal aim is to accelerate thedevelopment and reduce the cost of new andadvanced technologies. It provides strategicdirection for the climate-related elementsof the overall Federal technology portfolio.CCTP also is assessing different technologyoptions and their potential contributions toreducing greenhouse gas emissions over the

Multi-faceted stretched membrane heliostatundergoes a check of its skin.

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a diverse R&D portfolio that covers a wide-

2 gases.

Many CCTP activities build on existing

expanded and realigned some activities andlaunched new initiatives in key technol-ogy areas to support the CCTP’s goals. The

could advance technologies to reduce green-house gas emissions on a large scale.

http://www.climatetechnology.gov/.

-dent Bush announced plans for the Advanced

of energy by accelerating advanced energytechnologies. Examples of AEI investment

which aims to make solar energy cost-com-petitive with conventional forms of electric-

aims to make cellulosic ethanol cost competi-tive with gasoline by 2012; (3) the Hydrogen

technology needed for commercially viablehydrogen-powered fuel cells; (4) the Plug-

which aims to develop advanced batterytechnologies that allow PHEVs to have a 40-mile range operating solely on battery charge;

(6) the NuclearPower 2010 program. By investing in these

will allow us to alter the way we power ourbuildings and automobiles within 20 years.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/2006/energy/energy_booklet.pdf.

Carbon capture and storage is a central ele-ment of CCTP’s strategy because for the fore-

be the world’s most reliable and lowest-cost

ways to capture and store the carbon dioxideproduced when these fuels are used. DOE’score carbon capture and storage program

dioxide from large point sources and store itin geologic formations.

-work of seven Carbon Sequestration Regional

-versities and the private sector to determinethe best approaches for storage in each geo-graphic region and to examine regulatoryand infrastructure needs. Today the partner-

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Dish/engine system under test at the NationalSolar Thermal Test Facility.

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Canadian provinces. The Regional Partner-ships have progressed to a validation phase

involving the injection of carbon dioxide intounderground formations where it will bestored and monitored. The Regional Partner-ships are also planning

tests throughout theUnited States to validate

storage of CO2 in a va-riety of geologic storagesites.

U.S. government effortsto evaluate any risks tohuman health and theenvironment associated

with underground injection and storage.EPA is responsible for developing regulatoryguidance and a risk-management frameworkunder the Safe Drinking Water Act. TheAgency also designs inventory and account-ing methodologies for carbon capture andsequestration.

http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/sequestration/index.html.

over half of its electricity is generated from this

both an energy security and climate changeperspective. The Coal Research Initiative

demonstration of coal-related technologiesthat will improve coal’s competitiveness infuture energy supply markets. The Clean Coal

cost-shared program between the governmentand industry to demonstrate emergingtechnologies in coal-based power generation

Rig hands strapping control lines to the tubing of the

obtained at a depth of 5,400 feet. This is necessary toprepare the injection well for a CO2 injection test.

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and operate the world’s

emissions coal-based power

now includes India and theRepublic of Korea as partners(with other countries expected

technology integrated withcombined cycle electricitygeneration and the capture andlong-term storage of carbon

clean coal can remain part of a

well into the future.

visit: http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/powersystems/cleancoal/index.html and http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen/index.html.

-vestment area under CCTP and it providestremendous short-term potential to reduceenergy use and greenhouse gas emissions.

-es and commercial equipment is a high prior-

subject to regulation are being developed ata pace substantially greater than at any timein the history of regulating these products. In

that the required technical advances to enablemost of the nation’s new homes to be con-

less that a decade via an aggressive private/public partnership. For commercial build-

available by 2020.

Renewable energy includes a range of differ-ent technologies that can play an importantrole in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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transportation technologies. Many of thesetechnologies have made considerable prog-

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these technologies as well as to reduce barri-ers to market penetration.

http://www.eere.energy.gov/.

Ocean wind farm.

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President Bush launched the Hydrogen FuelInitiative in his 2003 State of the Union Ad-dress. The goal is to work closely with theprivate sector to accelerate our transition to

-ogy of hydrogen fuel cells and a fuelinginfrastructure. The President’s HydrogenFuel Initiative and the FreedomCAR Part-

billion through 2008 to develop hydrogen-

automotive technologies. Through its In-ternational Partnership for the Hydrogen

pursuing international cooperation to affect

technology that could lead to the reduction of

greenhouse gas emissions in the transporta-tion sector worldwide.

please visit: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/ and http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/.

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source of energy are an essential element inthe Nation’s energy and environment future. Nuclear power is the second most abundant

and existing plants are among the mosteconomic sources of electricity on the gridtoday. The Nuclear Power 2010 program is

light water reactor designs and demonstratethe Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s new

Nuclear Energy Systems Initiative is inves-tigating the more advanced reactor and fuel

-eration-resistance.

One promising system being developed un-der the Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative wouldpair very-high-temperature reactor technol-ogy with advanced hydrogen production ca-pabilities that could produce both electricityand hydrogen on a scale to meet transporta-tion needs. Complementing these programs

for the better disposition of spent nuclear fuelis the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership.

http://nuclear.energy.gov/np2010/neNP2010a.html.

A hydrogen fuel cell like the one picturedprovides clean energy.

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Fusion energy is a potential major new-

and possibly hydrogen. Fusion has featuresthat make it an attractive option from both anenvironmental and safety perspective. How-

simply too great to ignore.

http://www.sc.doe.gov/feature/fes.htm.

Photo of Oregon State University’s TRIGA research reactor core.

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Partnerships

President Bush addresses the Major Economies Meeting on Energy Security and Climate Change, Washington, D.C.

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On September 27th and 28th 2007, the United States hosted Leaders’ representatives from Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the Europe-an Union (Portugal as current EU President plus the European Commission), France, Ger-many, Indonesia, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, and the United Kingdom, plus the United Nations to participate in the Major Economies Meet-ing on Energy Security and Climate Change. This effort, which was endorsed by G8 and APEC leaders, is intended to develop a de-tailed contribution to advance agreement under the UNFCCC.

The President has proposed that these Major Economies will:

• Set a long-term global goal for reducing greenhouse gases;

• Establish midterm national targets, and -

ergy sources and future energy needs; and• Create a strong and transparent

system for measuring each country’s performance.

For more information on the Major Econo-mies Meeting and a chair’s summary of the meeting, please visit: http://www.state.gov/g/oes/climate/mem/.

-opment and Climate (APP) brings together

India, Japan, Republic of Korea, and the United States and in October 2007, Partners warmly welcomed Canada as the seventh APP member. An innovative public-private

established to promote economic develop-

ment, reduce poverty, and accelerate the de-velopment and deployment of cleaner, more

energy needs and the associated issues of air pollution, energy security, and climate change. Through engaging private industry

ministries, the APP is using public-private partnerships to build local capacity, improve

-sions, create new investment opportunities, and remove barriers to the introduction of

region. What makes the approach unique -

ported using an innovative “bottom up” approach. Together, APP partner countries account for about half of the world’s eco-nomic output, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions.

task forces to achieve the initiative’s goals: (1) aluminum; (2) buildings and appliances; (3) cement; (4) cleaner fossil energy; (5) coal mining; (6) power generation and transmis-sion; (7) renewable energy and distributed generation, and (8) steel. Each Task Force has developed an Action Plan to serve as their blueprint for cooperation and provide a stra-tegic framework for identifying and imple-menting priority actions. The United States

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Partnership in 2007 for collaborative activitiesin all eight sectoral areas.

By focusing on concrete knowledge and

projects and activities included in the APPTask Force action plans are already yielding

• A series of peer exchanges in improving-

volved more than 200 engineers from all

best-practice improvements can increase

2emissions in India alone by over 10 mil-lion tons per year;

• APP and EPA-funded technical support toIndia and China is funding the develop-

to those used in the U.S. ENERGY STARprogram. Using the labels on televisionset top boxes in China alone is expectedto result in annual carbon emissions re-ductions of 17.7 million tons of CO2 theequivalent of removing three million carsfrom the road; and

• While actively participating in APP activi-

to provide 35 megawatts of clean energytechnology to the coking industry in

transactions will result in approximately

2 equivalentin annual savings once all units are fullyoperational.

http://www.app.gov or

The United States will host the WashingtonInternational Renewable Energy Conference

industry and civil society leaders to advancethe integration of renewable energy and

builds upon outcomes from the 2002 WorldSummit on Sustainable Development and theBonn (2004) and Beijing (2005) RenewableEnergy Conferences. The timing for WIREC

established leadership positions in renewable-

-tive policies.

research and development as well as othercross-cutting issues. WIREC 2008 includesa ministerial level meeting for governments

-aged trade show and exhibition.

Solar Two’s power plant heliostats focus sunlightonto the central tower receiver, providing a clean,renewable source of energy.

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WIREC 2008 will also provide an opportu-nity to advance renewable energy globallyby bringing world leaders together to raise

-

platform to highlight and promote strategies

-cluding second generation biofuels.

http://www.wirec2008.gov.

Partnership is a multilateral initiative that-

emissions throughout the world. The Part-nership consists of 21 Partners with the Eu-ropean Commission (EC) as the most recent

600 private-sector and other government and

Partnership through the Project Network.

Capturing and using “waste” methane pro-vides an additional energy source that stimu-lates economic growth while reducing globalemissions of this powerful greenhouse gas.

-ship. EPA estimates that this Partnershipcould recover up to 500-billion cubic feet ofnatural gas (183 million metric tons of carbondioxide equivalent) annually by 2015. Under

closely with the Project Network to promoteand implement methane recovery and use

-agement systems.

-

annual emission reductions of more than 9million metric tons of CO2 equivalent. In ad-

-lion for methane projects since its inception

are encouraged to participate in the Partner-ship through becoming a member of theProject Network.

http://www.methanetomarkets.org orhttp://www.epa.gov/methanetomarkets.

The International Partnership for the Hydro-

-ment and deployment programs that advancethe transition to a global hydrogen economy.

meeting of the IPHE and the Partnership’s 16countries and the EC are working together to

-

The Methane to Markets Partnership promotes

shown here to capture methane, generate electricity,and produce alternate fuels while reducinggreenhouse gas emissions.

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and develop common codes and standardsfor hydrogen use. The IPHE Steering Com-

-tive projects that advance the group’s goals.

goals for hydrogen and fuel cell technolo-gies and the technical objectives that supportthese goals.

visit: http://www.iphe.net/ andhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/.

The United States hosted the

Sequestration Leadership

in June 2003. The CSLF isfocused on the developmentof improved cost-effectivetechnologies for the separa-tion and capture of carbon

dioxide for its transport andlong-term storage. CSLFmembership has grown to22 governments since 2003.Six task forces covering risk

-

capacity building in emerg-

issues have been establishedto advance the work of thepartnership.

Recent accomplishments in-

several task force reports. The CSLF also hasjointly sponsored workshops with the G8 and

-ing workshop attended by participants from

the CSLF.

http://www.cslforum.org/ and http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/sequestration/cslf/.

GM hydrogen fuel cell vehicle pulling up to be refueled at the Shellhydrogen refueling station. IHPE is helping projects like these totransition to a global hydrogen economy.

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Photograph taken from the air of the Frio test site during drilling of the CO2injection well to depths of 5,700 feet. Drill pipe can be seen on the well pad.

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Observation and forecasting of climatechange are essential to predicting impactsand developing adaptation measures to allow

-cluding many developing nations—at the

of which came a commitment to establish-

system of systems. Interest in this initiative

-

-

of the data collected by the system includethe use of the data to create better climate

behavior of carbon dioxide and aerosols in

carbon sequestration.

The United States was instrumental in draft-ing a ten-year implementation plan for aGlobal Earth Observation System of Systems

nations and the European Commission at the3rd Earth Observation Summit in Brussels

-

steps towards achieving these targets. In

Summit convened in Cape Town to highlightearly achievements and to look at future op-portunities for international cooperation inthe areas of climate observations.

http://earthobservations.org.

The United States has led the development

multilateral partnership with ten other coun-

cooperation in research and development for

and more proliferation-resistant nuclear en-ergy systems. This new generation of nuclearpower plants could produce electricity andhydrogen with substantially less waste andwithout emitting any air pollutants or green-house-gas emissions.

A Boeing Delta II rocket carrying two new NASAEarth-observation satellites, CALIPSO andCloudSat, blasts off in April 2006. The two satellitesare contained in the white nose of the rocket, whichis on the left.

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Since the Forum was formally established

increased support for R&D projects that ad-vance the Forum’s goals.

http://nuclear.energy.gov/GenIV/neGenIV2.html.

GNEP is a ground-breaking effort that seeks todevelop a worldwide consensus on enablingexpanded use of carbon-free nuclear energyto meet growing electricity demand in a waythat enhances energy security while promot-

-

and Ukraine signed a “Statement of Prin-ciples” addressing the prospects of expanding

-

http://www.gnep.energy.gov/.

largest and most technologically sophisticat-ed research experiment in the world designed

same form of energy that powers the sun. If

-lion for construction) will advance progress

-cially available fusion energy by the middleof the century. Other participants include

to construct ITER was signed in November2006.

http://www.iter.org.

Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Logo.

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ITER is an international experiment that aims toharness fusion energy, which powers the sun andstars, to generate electricity. Commercializationof fusion energy would dramatically improve

reducing air pollution and emissions of greenhousegases. This cut-away view of ITER depicts thevacuum vessel, its internal components and itsports, as well as some features of the magnet

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The United States is working multilaterallyand bilaterally to increase global use andproduction of biofuels in a way that protectsthe environment while also increasing energysecurity and economic development.

GBEP is designed to power a cleaner future

developing countries where biomass use isprevalent. The United States is actively sup-porting GBEP’s work including leading workon developing common methodologies for

-

--

Association. The GBEP Secretariat is man-aged by the FAO.

http://www.globalbioenergy.org/.

-

sustained use and production of biofuelsaround the globe. The forum has created amechanism to structure the dialogue amongsome of the biggest producers and consum-ers of biofuels to address energy security andglobal warming issues and to use biofuels asan instrument for development.

IBF is working closely with Global BioenergyPartnership to create common standards andcodes for bioenergy products and to consoli-date and facilitate world trade.

Minister Celso Amorim signed a Memoran-dum of Understanding to promote the de-velopment and use of biofuels to help reducethe global dependence on oil. Through this

cooperating in three areas: (1) research anddevelopment to accelerate development ofnext generation biofuels; (2) feasibility stud-ies and technical assistance in third countriesaimed at stimulating private sector invest-ment in biofuels production and domestic

biofuels through alignment of biofuels stan-dards and codes. Consultants have complet-

-ing feasibility studies.

please visit: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/mar/81607.htm.

Current U.S. ethanol production is primarily from thestarch in corn kernels. The DOE Biofuels Program isdeveloping technology to also produce ethanol from

husks or other agricultural or forestry residues.

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The United States has negotiated agreementswith major international partners to pursueresearch on global climate change and deploy

explore methodologies for monitoring andmeasuring greenhouse gas emissions. Since

bilateral and regional partnerships with Aus-

-

There are over 450 discrete projects on issuesranging from climate change science to en-ergy and sequestration technologiesto policy approaches as part of thesebilateral partnerships. The countriescovered by these bilateral partner-ships account for about 80 percent ofglobal greenhouse gas emissions.

For more information please visit:http://www.state.gov/g/oes/climate/c22820.htm.

As the foreign assistance arm

U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID) playsa key leadership role in deliv-ering climate change-related

international assistance to de-veloping and transition countries

through the Agency’s Global ClimateChange Program. USAID sees climate

change and development as inextricably-

mate change have been an important part ofUSAID’s development assistance program.USAID’s Global Climate Change Programimplements “win-win” solutions that pro-

reducing growth in greenhouse gas emis-

resilience to climate change in developingcountries and countries with economies intransition. Active in over 40 developing and

change related development activities. Most

development of tools that provide technicalassistance and capacity building to develop-

Indonesia provides mass transportation while reducing emissions. USAIDis funding projects that increase economic development and reduceemissions across the globe.

Italy

EuropeanUnion

Canada

USA

Mexico

Germany

SouthAfrica

China

India

Korea

Australia

NewZealand

Japan

Russia

Brazil

Central American Countries (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,

and Panama

15SEP TI EM BR ED E18 21

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• The publication of an Adaptation Guid-

process that will help development part-ners understand how climate variabilityand change could affect the performanceof development projects.

• An online tool to estimate carbon emissionsreductions and sequestration associated

other improvements to land management.

integrates satellite and other geospatialdata with other information for improved

• The development and implementation ofvoluntary capacity building programs onGHG accounting and reporting in selectdeveloping countries.

http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/environment/climate/index.html.

Under the Tropical Forest Conservation Act

developing countries opportunities to relieve

while at the same time generating funds to

support tropical forest conservation pro--

--

States expects to conclude TFCA agreements

the next two years as this successful debt-for-nature program continues. The program maybe expanded to include coral reefs in 2007.

debt-for-nature agreements with 12 countries

-lion over 10-15 years to conserve 20 millionhectares of tropical forests.

http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/environment/forestry/intro_tfca.html.

President’s Initiative Against Illegal Logging(PIAIL) to help countries around the world

in the forest sector. PIAIL successes include

Initiative launched by the United States in2004 to put the Liberian forest sector on asustainable and legal basis in the post war

and Indonesia concluded a ground breakingbilateral MOU to combat illegal logging andassociated trade. A similar agreement withChina is now under discussion as part of theU.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/ceq/initiative_against_illegal_logging.pdf.

Through debt-for-nature agreements, countries in Africa,Asia, and Latin America are able to reduce their debtburdens while protecting forests and wildlife.

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The TFCA and PIAIL are only two of severalU.S. strategies to address avoided deforesta-tion and achieve sustainable managementof all types of forests. The United States has

-tion programs as our contribution to theCongo Basin Forest Partnership. In 2006 we

economically and ecologically vital forests.Through the Sustainable Forest Products

countries and forest products companies toimprove the management of 25 million hect-ares of forest and promote responsible tradeworldwide.

-

the landmark Heart of Borneo initiative an-

square kilometers of unique forests on theIsland of Borneo. Through the U.S.-led Coali-

States has partnered with ASEAN to establisha regional Wildlife Enforcement Network

including the illegal trade in forest dependentwildlife.

The United States is the leading contributoramong the 191 Parties to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change

-porter of the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC). For the 2007 Fiscal

The United States is strongly committed tothe ultimate objective of the UNFCCC andU.S. scientists have served as lead authorsor review editors on IPCC reports. Addi-

many other multilateral venues that address

Development.

The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is an

under the UNFCCC. The United States has

year contribution. This commitment willfund technology transfer and capacity build-ing in developing countries.

http://www.gefweb.org/.

Logging truck in Liberia. Efforts like the PIAIL are helpingcountries combat illegal logging and reduce the sale andexport of illegally harvested timber in the forest sector.

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Partnerships

Villagers in the Sierra Gorda region of Mexico display a HotPot solar cooker furnished in conjunction with a solar cooking technologydissemination project managed by Solar Household Energy Inc.

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The United States is working with partnerson sustainable development initiatives that

continued economic growth and prosperity. The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)is an innovative addition to U.S. development

countries that have demonstrated commitmentto advance their own sustainable development.

countries that implement reforms enabling

encourage economic freedom.

Millions of individuals living in poverty will

http://www.mcc.gov/.

At the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable

-sists of three distinct but complementary

-ships. The CEI’s mission is to bring together

alleviate poverty and spur economic growth

energy services.

For more information on the Clean Energy

http://www.sdp.gov/sdp/initiative/cei/44936.htm.

GVEP is an international partnership with

-

energy companies. The United States imple-

initiative that seeks to increase access to mod-ern energy services for those in developingcountries in a manner that enhances economicand social development and reduces poverty.

Through U.S. government support for GVEP-

lion people have received increased access tomodern energy services since the 2002 Johan-nesburg Summit.

For more information please visit:http://www.gvep.org/.

GVEP helps deliver electricity o rural communities acrossthe globe, allowing for greater economic development.

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Roughly half the world burns solid fuels

residues for cooking food and heating homesand the number of people relying on such fu-els is expected to rise. Indoor smoke inhaledfrom these stoves results in 1.5 million pre-mature deaths each year. The Partnership forClean Indoor Air (PCIA) comprises over 150public and private partners working in over

-ing and heating practices. PCIA is focusingon four priority areas: business models andmarkets for improved cooking and heatingtechniques; incorporating social and culturalpractices to promote adoption of new tech-nology; meeting design and performance

practices; and demonstrating reduced expo-sure to indoor air contaminants.

-

and/or heating practices—resulting in 11million people with reduced exposure to

U.S.-funded PCIA pilot projects resulted in:• More than 1.5 million households edu-

cated about the health impacts of indoorair pollution from household energy use;

-sure to indoor air pollution from cooking

improved cooking and heating have beenadopted;

increased knowledge of indoor air pollu-tion and mitigation solutions.

are distributed throughout Cambodia.

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-ing with PCIA have a 3-year cumulative goalof bringing improved cooking practices to

indoor air pollution to over 31 million people.

http://www.PCIAonline.org.

The Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles(PCFV) is working with developing countriesto reduce vehicular air pollution by promot-

clean technologies into new and existing

than 30 countries.

With the assistance of the PCFV and the

-porting leaded gasoline in 2005; providing

The Partnership’s future targets include the

and the global reduction of sulfur in fuel to50 parts per million or below globally.

http://www.unep.org/pcfv/index.asp.

The goal of this multi-stakeholder partner-ship is to accelerate and expand the globalmarket for renewable energy and energy-ef-

and regulatory initiatives for clean energy

has been especially active in developing best-

and renewable energyprojects and an open

--

uted peer productionof models and toolsfor energy smart com-munity planning anddevelopment.

funded over 100 proj-ects in 44 countries thataddress market barriersto clean energy in thedeveloping world andeconomies in transition. These projects provide

policy recommenda-emissions control.

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to delivering measurable greenhouse gasreductions.

http://www.reeep.org/.

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--

aimed at providing a forum for internationalleadership on renewable energy. Its goal is toallow the rapid expansion of renewable ener-gies in developing and industrial countriesby bolstering policy development and deci-

international levels.

-

noteworthy being its annual comprehensive“REN21 Global Status Report.” The UnitedStates serves as one of the thirteen nationalgovernment entities on REN21’s SteeringCommittee.

http://www.ren21.net/.

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Workers install a PV module in Gosaba, SundarbansRegion, West Bengal, India. More than 3,000 homes in thedelta region of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers haveelectricity due to solar home light systems such as this one.

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www.state.gov/g/oes/climate

www.sdp.gov

www.state.gov/g/oes/climate

www.sdp.gov