War Between the War Between the StatesStates

1861-651861-65APUSH MCELHANEYAPUSH MCELHANEY

Discussion/Essay Discussion/Essay QuestionQuestion

1.1. ““The Northern victory over the The Northern victory over the Confederacy was inevitable.” Confederacy was inevitable.”

Assess the validity of this statement.Assess the validity of this statement.

Bicentennial of Lincoln’s Birth EssayBicentennial of Lincoln’s Birth Essay

2. Why should Americans honor the 2. Why should Americans honor the legacy of Lincoln today?legacy of Lincoln today?

5 paragraph Essay.5 paragraph Essay.

Civil WarCivil WarNeed to KnowNeed to Know

The Union The Union Mobilization and finance Mobilization and finance Civil liberties Civil liberties Election of 1864 Election of 1864

The South The South Confederate constitution Confederate constitution Mobilization and finance Mobilization and finance States' rights and the States' rights and the

Confederacy Confederacy Foreign affairs and Foreign affairs and

diplomacy diplomacy Military strategy, Military strategy,

campaigns, and battles campaigns, and battles

The abolition of The abolition of slavery slavery Confiscation Acts Confiscation Acts Emancipation Emancipation

Proclamation Proclamation Freedmen's Bureau Freedmen's Bureau Thirteenth Amendment Thirteenth Amendment

Effects of war on Effects of war on society society Inflation and public debt Inflation and public debt Role of women Role of women Devastation of the South Devastation of the South Changing labor patterns Changing labor patterns

The Effects of the WarThe Effects of the War

618,000 died in the Civil War618,000 died in the Civil War Ended States RightsEnded States Rights concept forever concept forever Strengthened the Supremacy of FederalStrengthened the Supremacy of Federal

Government over the States Government over the States Accelerated economic development of the NorthAccelerated economic development of the North Made Made Republican Party a powerfulRepublican Party a powerful and and

enduring forceenduring force Devastated the Economy of the SouthDevastated the Economy of the South Ended SlaveryEnded Slavery (Emancipation Proclamation (Emancipation Proclamation

1863 and 131863 and 13thth Amendment 1865) Amendment 1865)

Lincoln’s First InaugurationLincoln’s First Inauguration “Carrot and Stick “Carrot and Stick

Approach”Approach”Carrot:Carrot:

TriedTried to reassure the to reassure the South that he would not South that he would not interfere with Slavery interfere with Slavery where it existed.where it existed.

He would enforce He would enforce Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act

““We are not enemies but We are not enemies but friends. Though passion friends. Though passion may have strained, it may have strained, it must not break our must not break our bonds of affection.”bonds of affection.”

Stick:Stick: He would fight.He would fight. He would, “Employ all He would, “Employ all

powers…to reclaim powers…to reclaim the public property the public property and places which have and places which have fallen; places fallen; places belonging to the belonging to the government.”government.”

President Lincoln's First President Lincoln's First Inaugural Address, March Inaugural Address, March

4, 18614, 1861 ““In your hands, my dissatisfied In your hands, my dissatisfied

fellow-countrymen, and not in fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ''preserve, the most solemn one to ''preserve, protect, and defend it.”protect, and defend it.”

““It seems clear that in both the It seems clear that in both the North and South, sectional North and South, sectional antagonisms had risen to such a antagonisms had risen to such a point that the existing terms of point that the existing terms of union had become untenable.”union had become untenable.”

““They had grown to be two distinct They had grown to be two distinct and incompatible civilizations” and incompatible civilizations”

They were incapable of living They were incapable of living together in peace.together in peace.

Sentiments on Both sides Sentiments on Both sides were Extremewere Extreme

RW Emerson “I do not see how a RW Emerson “I do not see how a barbarous community and a civilized barbarous community and a civilized community can constitute one state.” community can constitute one state.” (Northern View)(Northern View)

(Southern View)(Southern View) “These people hate us, “These people hate us, annoy us, and would have us assassinated annoy us, and would have us assassinated by our slaves if they dared. They are by our slaves if they dared. They are different people from us, whether better different people from us, whether better of worse, and there is no love between us. of worse, and there is no love between us. Why then continue together?”Why then continue together?”

MobilizationMobilization

After After Fort SumterFort Sumter both sides rush to war both sides rush to war Nationalism was highNationalism was high Volunteers were plentifulVolunteers were plentiful The The Confederates wanted independenceConfederates wanted independence The Yankees wanted to punish the The Yankees wanted to punish the

traitorstraitors Armies were raised, equipped, and Armies were raised, equipped, and

prepared for war.prepared for war.

The Union and Confederacy in 1861

The Union and Confederacy in 1861MapMap

Why did Border States Why did Border States remain in the Union?remain in the Union?

Preparations for War: Preparations for War: NorthNorth

AdvantagesAdvantagesNatural Resources, $ Natural Resources, $ Superior NavySuperior NavyPopulation 3x morePopulation 3x more90% of country’s 90% of country’s

FactoriesFactoriesRailroadsRailroadsProduction of Production of

Firearms, cloth, Firearms, cloth, iron, boots/shoesiron, boots/shoes

DisadvantagesDisadvantagesAt first not prepared for At first not prepared for

warwarPeople thought it would People thought it would

only last a short timeonly last a short timeNeeded arms, munitions, Needed arms, munitions,

equipmentequipmentPoor leadershipPoor leadershipHad to fight a war of Had to fight a war of

conquest= Invade the conquest= Invade the SouthSouth

Divided Public OpinionDivided Public Opinion

Preparations for War: Preparations for War: SouthSouth

AdvantagesAdvantages Food ProductionFood Production Virginia had Armories Virginia had Armories

and produced weaponsand produced weapons Harpers Ferry ArmoryHarpers Ferry Armory Cotton $Cotton $ Good military Good military

leadership- leadership- Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee Nathan Bedford Nathan Bedford

ForrestForrest Good soldiersGood soldiers

DisadvantagesDisadvantages At first Weapons At first Weapons

ShortageShortage Lacked ManufacturingLacked Manufacturing Lacked Transportation Lacked Transportation Few Rail RoadsFew Rail Roads Needed to Needed to importimport ArmsArms

and and EquipmentEquipment (British)(British) Low populationLow population Low ResourcesLow Resources Little NavyLittle Navy

Resources: North & the South

Resources: North & the South

Railroad Lines, 1860Railroad Lines, 1860

RRaaiill

Financing the WarFinancing the War

NorthNorth Borrow Money- Borrow Money-

(most) ($2.6 Billion)(most) ($2.6 Billion) Bonds ($400 Bonds ($400

million)million) Print Money-Print Money-

Causes inflationCauses inflation Levying TaxesLevying Taxes

Income TaxesIncome Taxes Taxes on goods Taxes on goods

SouthSouth Borrow Money- Borrow Money-

BondsBonds Print Money-Print Money-

Causes inflationCauses inflation TaxesTaxes Cotton exportCotton export

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

2 million 2 million served in served in Union Union ArmyArmyMost Most VolunteeVolunteeredred

Union had only 16,000

Troops in 1861

Enrolment Enrolment Act =DraftAct =Draft 1863-1863- Volunteers for Volunteers for

the Army decrease the Army decrease drasticallydrastically

War is bloody and War is bloody and tens of thousands tens of thousands diedie

Union passes and Union passes and enforces a draft law-enforces a draft law-

Raise troops for the Raise troops for the warwar

46,000 conscripted46,000 conscripted

““A Poor Man’s War”A Poor Man’s War” People drafted could hire People drafted could hire

substitutes or pay a $300 substitutes or pay a $300 fee to be releasedfee to be released

Draft law causes tremendous Draft law causes tremendous resistance especially in resistance especially in New New YorkYork CityCity Irish Immigrants Irish Immigrants riot 4 days July 1863riot 4 days July 1863

Racial overtonesRacial overtones NYC Democratic CityNYC Democratic City Some wanted to Some wanted to secedesecede from from

the Union and even make it the Union and even make it a neutral citya neutral city

Lincoln and Civil Lincoln and Civil LibertiesLiberties

1862-1862- as the war goes as the war goes badly for the Northbadly for the North

Lincoln uses executive Lincoln uses executive power to power to remove remove criticismcriticism and insure and insure orderorder

Executive order of Executive order of war powers suspends war powers suspends Habeas Corpus Habeas Corpus Due Due process= rights to a process= rights to a trialtrial

Authorizes Authorizes arrestsarrests of of Anti-War ProtestorsAnti-War Protestors

Anyone associated with Anyone associated with “Disloyal Practices”“Disloyal Practices”

Especially in Especially in Border Border StatesStates

Arrested 13,000 peopleArrested 13,000 people

Example= Example= “Copperheads” Peace “Copperheads” Peace DemocratsDemocrats

Northerners who were Northerners who were against the waragainst the war

Example- Northern Civil Example- Northern Civil LibertiesLiberties

Copperhead Congressman Copperhead Congressman Clement Clement ValldinghamValldingham

Ohio politicianOhio politician Arrested and denied Habeas Corpus Arrested and denied Habeas Corpus Opposed the war, arrested and then Opposed the war, arrested and then

deported todeported to the CSA the CSA Good LinkGood Link Ex parte Merriman and Ex parte Merriman and

Ex parte Milligan Ex parte Milligan

Overviewof

Civil WarStrategy

:

“Anaconda”Plan

Overviewof

Civil WarStrategy

:

“Anaconda”Plan

Northern StrategyNorthern Strategy Lincoln: Saw that the North should win by Lincoln: Saw that the North should win by

resource powerresource power Saw the key to victorySaw the key to victory = Destruction of the = Destruction of the

CSA Armies (not the conquest of territory)CSA Armies (not the conquest of territory) Isolate the South from tradeIsolate the South from trade Squeeze the South into SubmissionSqueeze the South into Submission Large scale Large scale invasioninvasion of Southern Territory of Southern Territory 1862 Concept of 1862 Concept of Total War-Total War- “There is “There is

no hope for reconciliation” no hope for reconciliation” ““We must conquer the Rebels or be We must conquer the Rebels or be

conquered by them.”conquered by them.”

Course of the War Course of the War (Map)(Map) Statistics of BattlesStatistics of Battles Timeline of Civil Timeline of Civil (War Link)(War Link) April 1861 Fort SumterApril 1861 Fort Sumter April 17, Virginia SecedesApril 17, Virginia Secedes 1861 Blockade1861 Blockade July 1July 1stst First Bull Run/ManassasFirst Bull Run/Manassas (CSA (CSA

Victory)Victory) McClellanMcClellan Appointed General in Chief USA Appointed General in Chief USA November 1861 November 1861 Trent AffairTrent Affair 1861 Confiscation Act1861 Confiscation Act addresses slaves that addresses slaves that

come under the power of the Union forces come under the power of the Union forces “All slaves used for insurrection purposes “All slaves used for insurrection purposes would be considered freed .”would be considered freed .”

18621862

Stalemate in the EastStalemate in the East Movement and progress for the Union in the Movement and progress for the Union in the

WESTWEST Feb 25 Feb 25 Nashville FallsNashville Falls to to Union Union March 9 Monitor and Merrimac (CSS March 9 Monitor and Merrimac (CSS

Virginia) fight (Ironclad Ships) Virginia) fight (Ironclad Ships) April 9 April 9 Battle of ShilohBattle of Shiloh (TN) (TN) Grant US VictoryGrant US Victory

23,746 killed (US 63,000 KIA 13,000) (CS 23,746 killed (US 63,000 KIA 13,000) (CS 40,000 KIA 11,000)40,000 KIA 11,000)

May Peninsula Campaign Begun US attacks May Peninsula Campaign Begun US attacks South trying to take RichmondSouth trying to take Richmond

April 25 April 25 New OrleansNew Orleans Falls to Admiral Falls to Admiral FarragutFarragut US VictoryUS Victory

1862 1862

continucontinueded May “Stonewall Jackson” defeats US in May “Stonewall Jackson” defeats US in Shenandoah Shenandoah

ValleyValley; US troops rush to protect Washington DC. ; US troops rush to protect Washington DC. (CS Victory)(CS Victory)

May 31 May 31 Seven Pines BattleSeven Pines Battle (on Peninsula) US vs Lee (on Peninsula) US vs Lee (CS Victory)(CS Victory)

July 2 July 2 Seven Days BattleSeven Days Battle, Lee wins Peninsula , Lee wins Peninsula Campaign Campaign (CS Victory)(CS Victory)

July 10 McClellan removed from top spot in US July 10 McClellan removed from top spot in US Army, General Halleck appointed commander US Army, General Halleck appointed commander US forcesforces

August 2August 2ndnd Bull Run/Manassas Pope defeated Bull Run/Manassas Pope defeated (CS (CS victory)victory)

Sept Army of Northern Virginia (Lee’s Army) Sept Army of Northern Virginia (Lee’s Army) Marches North to MarylandMarches North to Maryland

Sept 17 Sept 17 Bloodiest single day of the warBloodiest single day of the war Battle of Antietam-Battle of Antietam- Lee invades and is met at town Lee invades and is met at town

of Sharpsburg, 2, 108 Union KIA, 9,549 woundedof Sharpsburg, 2, 108 Union KIA, 9,549 wounded CSA 2,700 KIA, 9,024 wounded CSA 2,700 KIA, 9,024 wounded (US victory)(US victory) December 11-15December 11-15 Fredericksburg, Fredericksburg, 13,000 US 13,000 US

casualties, 5,000 CS casualties casualties, 5,000 CS casualties (CS victory)(CS victory)

The Progress of War: 1861-1865

The Progress of War: 1861-1865

Progress of warProgress of war

War in the East: 1861-1862

War in the East: 1861-1862

The The War in War in

the the EastEast

McClellan quoteMcClellan quote After being demoted by After being demoted by LincolnLincoln and and StantonStanton

the Secretary of Warthe Secretary of War He had “lost all regard and respect for the He had “lost all regard and respect for the

administration and doubted the propriety of administration and doubted the propriety of my brave men’s blood being shed to further my brave men’s blood being shed to further the designs of such a set of heartless villains.”the designs of such a set of heartless villains.”

Regarding Regarding HallekHallek “vented his anger at serving “vented his anger at serving under an officer ‘whom I know to be my under an officer ‘whom I know to be my inferior.inferior.

As for Stanton, he was a “deformed hypocrite As for Stanton, he was a “deformed hypocrite & villain…if he had lived in the time of the & villain…if he had lived in the time of the Savior, Judas Iscariot would have remained a Savior, Judas Iscariot would have remained a respected member of the fraternity of respected member of the fraternity of Apostles.”Apostles.”

Foreign Foreign AffairsAffairs

NorthNorth

Wanted no foreign Wanted no foreign interventionintervention

SouthSouth

Wanted recognition Wanted recognition from foreign from foreign governments- governments- Britain or FranceBritain or France

Wanted intervention Wanted intervention from Britishfrom British

“Wasn’t that Jeff Davis?”“Yes, I believe I’m going to have to recognize him soon.”

1863 1863 (Link)(Link)

January Emancipation ProclamationJanuary Emancipation Proclamation March First Conscription Act PassedMarch First Conscription Act Passed April 27 – May 1 April 27 – May 1 Chancellorsville Chancellorsville

Lee defeats US Hooker by splitting his forces and attacks Lee defeats US Hooker by splitting his forces and attacks in 3 places (CSA Victory)in 3 places (CSA Victory)

May 10 Stonewall Jackson diesMay 10 Stonewall Jackson dies Lee loses his best GeneralLee loses his best General

July July VicksburgVicksburg falls falls (Grant)(Grant) to Union forces, to Union forces, Mississippi is controlled by US.Mississippi is controlled by US.

July 1-3 July 1-3 Gettysburg Gettysburg Lee invades Pennsylvania trying to gain recognition of Lee invades Pennsylvania trying to gain recognition of

England and FranceEngland and France Terrible Battle 90,000 US vs 75000 CSATerrible Battle 90,000 US vs 75000 CSA Lee loses 1/3 of his armyLee loses 1/3 of his army and can not get them back and can not get them back

(28,000)(28,000) MeadeMeade does not continue the attack and Lee retreats back does not continue the attack and Lee retreats back

to VA and is able to continue the fight. (lost 23,000)to VA and is able to continue the fight. (lost 23,000)

18631863 Continued Continued LinkLink

September 19-20 (WEST) Battle of September 19-20 (WEST) Battle of Chickamauga TNChickamauga TN CS Victory CS 70,000 vs US 56,000CS Victory CS 70,000 vs US 56,000 Casualties CS 18, 454 US 16,179Casualties CS 18, 454 US 16,179

November 19, Gettysburg Address November 19, Gettysburg Address Lincoln refocuses the struggle “A new birth of Lincoln refocuses the struggle “A new birth of

freedom.”freedom.” November 23-25 November 23-25 Battle of ChattanoogaBattle of Chattanooga

Grant Drives CS out of TennesseeGrant Drives CS out of Tennessee December Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan December Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

announcedannounced

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on

this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

African African Americans Americans

and the Union and the Union ArmyArmy 186,000 serve in 186,000 serve in

Union Army, Navy, Union Army, Navy, and laborersand laborers

Most blacks served Most blacks served in support/labor in support/labor

5454thth Massachusetts Massachusetts, , Capt. Robert Gould Capt. Robert Gould ShawShaw

Blacks captured Blacks captured were returned to were returned to slavery or killed.slavery or killed.

Confiscation ActsConfiscation Acts

May 1861- Law that allowed Union forces to May 1861- Law that allowed Union forces to seize enemy material and property of seize enemy material and property of rebellious states and citizens for the war effort.rebellious states and citizens for the war effort. Property included slavesProperty included slaves Allowed Federal Government to use these slaves for Allowed Federal Government to use these slaves for

the war effortthe war effort 1862 21862 2ndnd Confiscation Act Confiscation Act

Declared free slaves of persons aiding and Declared free slaves of persons aiding and supporting the rebellionsupporting the rebellion

Authorized President to employ Freed Slaves as Authorized President to employ Freed Slaves as soldierssoldiers

18631863

January January Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation signedsigned Lincoln was pressured to create a policy Lincoln was pressured to create a policy

regarding slaves in the rebellious states.regarding slaves in the rebellious states. Previous, Confiscation Acts were used to Previous, Confiscation Acts were used to

address Slaves that come under the address Slaves that come under the jurisdiction of Union forces.jurisdiction of Union forces.

After the victory of Antietam he was After the victory of Antietam he was persuaded to try and weaken the persuaded to try and weaken the Confederacy Confederacy

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Executive order of the PresidentExecutive order of the President Applied only to Slaves in Rebellious states Applied only to Slaves in Rebellious states

(except those already under Union control- (except those already under Union control- TN, West VA, Southern Louisiana) TN, West VA, Southern Louisiana)

Stated as of January 1, 1863 Stated as of January 1, 1863 ““I do order and declare that all persons I do order and declare that all persons

held as slaves within said designated held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, shall recognize and authorities thereof, shall recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.” maintain the freedom of said persons.”

Significance of Significance of Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

The war was expanded to end SlaveryThe war was expanded to end Slavery

Allowed for the recruitment and use Allowed for the recruitment and use of Blacks into the Union Armyof Blacks into the Union Army

Did not address slavery in Border Did not address slavery in Border StatesStates of Missouri, Kentucky, of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, or DelawareMaryland, or Delaware

Radical Republicans ReviewRadical Republicans Review

““Free every slave-slay Free every slave-slay every traitor-burn every every traitor-burn every rebel mansion, if these rebel mansion, if these things be necessary to things be necessary to preserve this temple of preserve this temple of freedom. We must treat freedom. We must treat this war as a radical this war as a radical revolution, and remodel revolution, and remodel our institutions.” our institutions.”

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens (Rep PA)Thaddeus Stevens (Rep PA) Charles Sumner (Senator Charles Sumner (Senator

MA)MA) Benjamin Wade (Senator Benjamin Wade (Senator

OH)OH)

1864 1864 LinkLink

January- January- Grant appointed Commander of Grant appointed Commander of US forcesUS forces and has new plan and has new plan

He has now lots of troops ready to fight with He has now lots of troops ready to fight with many veterans.many veterans.

1.1. Attack South through Georgia (Sherman)Attack South through Georgia (Sherman)2.2. Attack due South from DC to Richmond and Attack due South from DC to Richmond and

keep up relentless pressure.keep up relentless pressure. May 5-7 (East) May 5-7 (East) Battle of WildernessBattle of Wilderness

(CSA Victory)(CSA Victory) US 115,000 vs CS 73,000 US 115,000 vs CS 73,000 Casualties US 55,000 CS 31,000Casualties US 55,000 CS 31,000

May 8-12 (East) Battle of May 8-12 (East) Battle of Spotsylvania Spotsylvania (Union Victory)(Union Victory)

5 day battle, Grant doesn’t wait to attack Lee 5 day battle, Grant doesn’t wait to attack Lee after Wildernessafter Wilderness

Casualties US 18,000 CS 12,000Casualties US 18,000 CS 12,000

18186464 June 1-3 (East) June 1-3 (East) Battle of Cold HarborBattle of Cold Harbor (CSA (CSA

Victory)Victory) Grant still pushing South after Lee, Grant loses Grant still pushing South after Lee, Grant loses

7,000 in 20 minutes7,000 in 20 minutes CS 62,000 vs US 108,000CS 62,000 vs US 108,000 Casualties CS 2,500 US 12,000Casualties CS 2,500 US 12,000

June (East) (US) June (East) (US) Siege of PetersburgSiege of Petersburg begins begins (getting close to Richmond) (getting close to Richmond) Key RR transport and supply for RichmondKey RR transport and supply for Richmond Grant still pushing Lee Grant still pushing Lee

June June Battle of Kennesaw MountainBattle of Kennesaw Mountain (GA) (GA) (CSA (CSA Victory)Victory) Sherman attacking South from TN Sherman attacking South from TN US 90,000 vs CS 60,000US 90,000 vs CS 60,000

July Crater at Petersburg July Crater at Petersburg Union miners dig under city fortifications and blow Union miners dig under city fortifications and blow

up tons of explosives and rush in to be slaughtered.up tons of explosives and rush in to be slaughtered.

1864 1864

September – December Sherman’s March to September – December Sherman’s March to the Seathe Sea

September 2 Battle of Atlanta September 2 Battle of Atlanta (US Victory)(US Victory) Sherman conquers and burns AtlantaSherman conquers and burns Atlanta Begins “March to the Sea” = Savannah GABegins “March to the Sea” = Savannah GA

November Lincoln Re-elected PresidentNovember Lincoln Re-elected President Johnson VP (Democrat from TN) on the Union Johnson VP (Democrat from TN) on the Union

TicketTicket December December Sherman reaches SavannahSherman reaches Savannah (Union (Union

Victory)Victory) Leaves devastation of 60 miles wide swathLeaves devastation of 60 miles wide swath

Sherman’s March to the Sherman’s March to the SeaSea

Nov. 1864-Dec. 1864Nov. 1864-Dec. 1864 Sherman marches through Georgia Sherman marches through Georgia perpetrating massive destruction in an perpetrating massive destruction in an effort to break the will of the Southeffort to break the will of the South

““I can make the march and make Georgia I can make the march and make Georgia howl!”howl!”

““We cannot change the hearts of those We cannot change the hearts of those people of the South, but we can make war people of the South, but we can make war so terrible and make them so sick of war so terrible and make them so sick of war that generations would pass away before that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it.”they would again appeal to it.”

Pictures of ShermanPictures of Sherman

Civil War PicturesCivil War Pictures http://www.wildwehttp://www.wildwe

stweb.net/cwleadestweb.net/cwleaders/cwleaders.htmlrs/cwleaders.html

Election of 1864Election of 1864 Election in which the Election in which the

candidates were George candidates were George McClellan and Abraham McClellan and Abraham LincolnLincoln

George McClellan was a “Peace George McClellan was a “Peace Democrat” or Democrat” or CopperheadCopperhead and he wanted to negotiate a and he wanted to negotiate a compromise with the South.compromise with the South.

Abraham Lincoln and the Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans campaigned for Republicans campaigned for continuation of the War until continuation of the War until the South surrendered the South surrendered unconditionally unconditionally

Sherman’s Victory in Sherman’s Victory in Atlanta saves Lincoln’s Atlanta saves Lincoln’s reelection and the Unionreelection and the Union

Lincoln won with an astounding Lincoln won with an astounding 55% of the popular vote55% of the popular vote

 

Presidential

Election of 1864

Presidential

Election of 1864

ElectElection ion

18641864

18651865

March Lincoln’s March Lincoln’s Second Inaugural speechSecond Inaugural speech Promises LeniencyPromises Leniency

March March Freedmen’s Bureau EstablishedFreedmen’s Bureau Established April April Petersburg FallsPetersburg Falls

Richmond is cot off from suppliesRichmond is cot off from supplies April 9 Appomattox Court HouseApril 9 Appomattox Court House

Lee Surrenders to GrantLee Surrenders to Grant April 14 Lincoln is Shot by John Wilkes Booth April 14 Lincoln is Shot by John Wilkes Booth

and diesand dies April 15 April 15 Andrew Johnson is the 17Andrew Johnson is the 17thth President. President.

Lincoln’s Second Lincoln’s Second InauguralInaugural ““Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that

this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether."altogether."

With malice toward none, with charity for all, With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all lasting peace among ourselves and with all nationsnations

What messages is Lincoln sending to the people of America with this speech?

Lee Surrenders at Lee Surrenders at AppomattoxAppomattoxApril 9, 1865April 9, 1865 Grant takes Grant takes

Richmond and no Richmond and no hope is left for hope is left for the South.the South.

Casualties on Both Sides

Casualties on Both Sides

CaCasusualt alties ies boboth th sid sideses

Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other

Wars

Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other

WarsCasualties compared to other warsCasualties compared to other wars

Northern/Northern/RepublicanRepublican Economic Measures Passed Economic Measures Passed

During War.During War. Homestead Act 1862Homestead Act 1862

Live on it for 5yrsLive on it for 5yrs 160 acres of public 160 acres of public

landland Purchased for small feePurchased for small fee

Morrill Land Grant Morrill Land Grant Act 1862Act 1862 Public land toe state Public land toe state

govgov States sell land States sell land Use $ for public Use $ for public

Education = colleges Education = colleges and universitiesand universities

TariffTariff Transcontinental Transcontinental

RailroadRailroad Union PacificUnion Pacific

West from Omaha, West from Omaha, NANA

Central Pacific Central Pacific East from CAEast from CA

New National BankNew National Bank

Reconstruction QuizReconstruction Quiz

How do you think the South should How do you think the South should be treated after the war?be treated after the war? What should happen politically?What should happen politically? What should happen to the leaders?What should happen to the leaders? What should happen to the former What should happen to the former

slaves?slaves?

SoutheSouthern rn

AttitudAttitudes es I’m a Good Old I’m a Good Old

RebelRebelOh, I'm a good old RebelOh, I'm a good old RebelNow that's just what I am.Now that's just what I am.For this Yankee nationFor this Yankee nationI do not give a damn.I do not give a damn.I'm glad I fought agin her,I'm glad I fought agin her,I only wish we'd won.I only wish we'd won.I ain't asked any pardonI ain't asked any pardonFor anything I've done.For anything I've done.

I hates the yankee nationI hates the yankee nationAnd everything they do,And everything they do,I hates the declarationI hates the declarationOf independence, too;Of independence, too;I hates the glorious union-I hates the glorious union-’tis dripping with our blood-’tis dripping with our blood-And I hates their striped And I hates their striped banner,banner,I fought it all I could.I fought it all I could.

I rode with Robert E. Lee,I rode with Robert E. Lee,For three years, thereabouts.For three years, thereabouts.Got wounded in four placesGot wounded in four placesAnd starved at Point Lookout.And starved at Point Lookout.I caughts the rheumatismI caughts the rheumatismA-camping in the snow.A-camping in the snow.But I killed a chance of But I killed a chance of YankeesYankeesAnd I'd like to kill some mo'.And I'd like to kill some mo'.

Three hundred thousand Three hundred thousand YankeesYankeesLie still in Southern dustLie still in Southern dustWe got three hundred We got three hundred thousandthousandBefore they conquered us.Before they conquered us.They died of Southern feverThey died of Southern feverAnd Southern steel and shot.And Southern steel and shot.I wish they were three millionsI wish they were three millionsInstead of what we got.Instead of what we got.

I can't take up my musketI can't take up my musketAnd fight 'em now no more,And fight 'em now no more,But I ain't going to love 'em,But I ain't going to love 'em,Now that is certain sure;Now that is certain sure;

I don't want no pardonI don't want no pardonFor what I was and am,For what I was and am,I won't be reconstructedI won't be reconstructedAnd I do not give a damn. And I do not give a damn.

Reconstruction: Need to Reconstruction: Need to KnowKnow

Presidential plans: Lincoln and Johnson Presidential plans: Lincoln and Johnson Radical (congressional) plans Radical (congressional) plans

Civil rights and the Fourteenth Amendment Civil rights and the Fourteenth Amendment Military reconstruction Military reconstruction Impeachment of Johnson Impeachment of Johnson African American suffrage: the Fifteenth African American suffrage: the Fifteenth

Amendment Amendment Southern state governments: problems, Southern state governments: problems,

achievements, weaknesses achievements, weaknesses Compromise of 1877 and the end of Compromise of 1877 and the end of

Reconstruction Reconstruction

Reconstruction EssayReconstruction Essay Analyze the goals and strategies of Analyze the goals and strategies of

Reconstruction of Two of the following:Reconstruction of Two of the following: President LincolnPresident Lincoln President JohnsonPresident Johnson Congressional RepublicansCongressional Republicans

Thesis: President Lincoln and President Thesis: President Lincoln and President Johnson’s approach to reconstruction provided Johnson’s approach to reconstruction provided for lenient reintroduction of Southern states for lenient reintroduction of Southern states into the Union while, conversely Congressional into the Union while, conversely Congressional Republicans wanted to only reintroduce the Republicans wanted to only reintroduce the Southern states under strict conditions.Southern states under strict conditions.

Reconstruction DefinedReconstruction Defined

Reconstruction:Reconstruction: is the process used to is the process used to bring the South back into the political bring the South back into the political Union.Union.

Presidential Reconstruction- Presidential Reconstruction- Lincoln/Johnson PlansLincoln/Johnson Plans

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

End of ReconstructionEnd of Reconstruction

Each Plan Answered These Each Plan Answered These QuestionsQuestions

How will the rebellious states How will the rebellious states participate in government?participate in government?

What terms will they reenter the What terms will they reenter the Union?Union?

What will happen to the Black What will happen to the Black PopulationPopulation

What should happen to the What should happen to the Confederate leaders?Confederate leaders?

Reconstruction Begins Reconstruction Begins Before War EndsBefore War Ends

1313thth Amendment Amendment Before the War was over January 1865, Before the War was over January 1865,

Congress submitted to the states for Congress submitted to the states for ratification:ratification:

Section 1. Section 1. “Neither slavery nor “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,involuntary servitude, except as a except as a punishment for crime whereof the party punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”subject to their jurisdiction.”

Ratification was complete December 1865Ratification was complete December 1865

Presidential Plans: Presidential Plans: LincolnLincoln

Beginning with the 2Beginning with the 2ndnd Inaugural, “Malice Inaugural, “Malice toward none, charity toward none, charity for all…”for all…”

Lincoln previews his plan Lincoln previews his plan to bring sister states of to bring sister states of the south back into the the south back into the community of states.community of states.

Goal of Goal of easy easy reintroductionreintroduction to Union to Union

Strategy of LeniencyStrategy of Leniency No provisions for No provisions for

FreedmenFreedmen

Issues a Issues a Proclamation Proclamation of Amnesty and of Amnesty and ReconstructionReconstruction

Spelled out terms for Spelled out terms for state to rejoin unionstate to rejoin union Ten Percent Plan:Ten Percent Plan: Full pardon for Full pardon for

ConfederatesConfederates Restore all propertyRestore all property Loyalty Oath RequiredLoyalty Oath Required Accept AbolitionAccept Abolition When 10% of the When 10% of the

eligible voterseligible voters take take Oath- State can reenter Oath- State can reenter the union, send Reps to the union, send Reps to Congress.Congress.

Lincoln’s Plan continuedLincoln’s Plan continued

Suffrage for blacks who:Suffrage for blacks who: Were educatedWere educated Held propertyHeld property Fought in the Union Army Fought in the Union Army

LA, ARK, Tennessee all come into LA, ARK, Tennessee all come into Union under Lincoln’s plansUnion under Lincoln’s plans

Congressional Reaction to Congressional Reaction to Lincoln’s PlanLincoln’s Plan

Congressional RepublicansCongressional Republicans did not like Lincoln’s Plan did not like Lincoln’s Plan Too LenientToo Lenient on the “Rebels” on the “Rebels” Need more punitive (punish)Need more punitive (punish) components components Wanted more support for Wanted more support for “Freedmen”“Freedmen” Responded with the Responded with the Wade-Davis BillWade-Davis Bill (July 1864) (July 1864) A set of extreme requirements included: A set of extreme requirements included:

President Appointed Provisional Governor for former CS President Appointed Provisional Governor for former CS statesstates

Majority of Confederates had to take oathsMajority of Confederates had to take oaths Conventions had to be developed to approve new state Conventions had to be developed to approve new state

constitutionsconstitutions Disenfranchise Former CSA civil and Military leaders Disenfranchise Former CSA civil and Military leaders Repudiate CSA debtsRepudiate CSA debts New state constitutions had to ban Slavery and hold political New state constitutions had to ban Slavery and hold political

rights to blacksrights to blacks Lincoln uses the Lincoln uses the Pocket Veto to veto. Pocket Veto to veto. (Pocket Veto is where the president ignores bill to (Pocket Veto is where the president ignores bill to

kill it)kill it)

President JohnsonPresident Johnson Lincoln is Lincoln is

AssassinatedAssassinated Johnson Sworn in Johnson Sworn in

as Presidentas President Johnson was Johnson was

doomed, could not doomed, could not work with work with Republican Republican CongressCongress

He was a DemocratHe was a Democrat Elected under a Elected under a

Unity Platform Unity Platform (Republicans and (Republicans and Dems create a Dems create a coalition ticket coalition ticket election 1864)election 1864)

From Tennessee, A From Tennessee, A SouthernerSoutherner

Self-Made ManSelf-Made Man Didn’t like the rich Didn’t like the rich

leadership of the Southleadership of the South Stubborn, IntolerantStubborn, Intolerant Reluctant to Compromise, Reluctant to Compromise,

RacistRacist Republicans thought he Republicans thought he

would punish the southwould punish the south ““Treason is a crime that Treason is a crime that

must be made odious… must be made odious… Traitors must be Traitors must be impoverished, They must not impoverished, They must not only be impoverished but only be impoverished but their social power must be their social power must be destroyed.”destroyed.”

JohnsonJohnson

PersonalityPersonality IntemperateIntemperate TactlessTactless ResentfulResentful InsecureInsecure Hostile to freed Hostile to freed

slavesslaves ““White men alone White men alone

must manage the must manage the South”South”

Presidential Plans: Presidential Plans: Johnson similar to Wade-Johnson similar to Wade-

Davis BillDavis Bill GoalGoal to bring the to bring the

South back into the South back into the Union fast- but limit Union fast- but limit the richthe rich

StrategyStrategy: Oaths, : Oaths, leniency, limit power of leniency, limit power of wealthywealthy

Issued Proclamations:Issued Proclamations: Amnesty and Amnesty and

restoration of property restoration of property rights for all who took rights for all who took oath of loyalty to Union oath of loyalty to Union and emancipation, and emancipation, 51% 51% of eligible votersof eligible voters

Confederate officials-Confederate officials-and wealthy and wealthy confederates with confederates with property of $20,000 or property of $20,000 or were ineligible or could were ineligible or could apply individually to apply individually to president.president.

15,000 applied to Johnson 15,000 applied to Johnson for pardons for pardons

““I I am so sorry---please am so sorry---please forgive me.  Please restore my forgive me.  Please restore my rights!”rights!”

Appoint Provisional GovernorsAppoint Provisional Governors Constitutional conventions were to be Constitutional conventions were to be

heldheld Slavery was to be outlawedSlavery was to be outlawed Nullify acts of secessionNullify acts of secession Repudiate all debts of the Repudiate all debts of the

ConfederacyConfederacy

Results: Results: Southern governments followed Southern governments followed

the process- however a number the process- however a number states refused to recognize 13states refused to recognize 13thth AmendmentAmendment

Former confederate leaders where Former confederate leaders where appointed and elected to powerappointed and elected to power

Black CodesBlack Codes were developed to were developed to limit former slaves.limit former slaves.

All of these measures angered the All of these measures angered the Republican Congress and they acted Republican Congress and they acted to end force the South to complyto end force the South to comply

Congress Reacts to Congress Reacts to Johnson PlanJohnson Plan

End of 1865 all seceded End of 1865 all seceded states had new Govsstates had new Govs

Radical Republicans – Radical Republicans – were angrywere angry newly loyal newly loyal states send prominent states send prominent Confederates to CongressConfederates to Congress Stephens (former VP of Stephens (former VP of

CSA)CSA) After investigation- After investigation-

Congress found that the Congress found that the “Freedmen” were not “Freedmen” were not being treated fairlybeing treated fairly

Black Codes- state laws Black Codes- state laws limiting former slaveslimiting former slaves

Fines for vagrancyFines for vagrancy Force blacks to work on Force blacks to work on

plantationsplantations

December 1865 Congress December 1865 Congress Created its own plan for Created its own plan for ReconstructionReconstruction

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau,, a a Federal support organization Federal support organization was extended- helped former was extended- helped former slaves with education, food, slaves with education, food, settling labor disputes, and settling labor disputes, and even helping poor whites. even helping poor whites. (renewed)(renewed)

Republican Congress Republican Congress wanted protection for wanted protection for freedmenfreedmen, they wanted to , they wanted to change the culture of the change the culture of the South, including Black Suffrage South, including Black Suffrage and land redistributionand land redistribution

Create Joint Create Joint Committee on Committee on ReconstructionReconstruction

Congress Reacts to Congress Reacts to JohnsonJohnson

Civil Rights Act 1866Civil Rights Act 1866 Pass Funding Bill for Pass Funding Bill for

Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau Also declares blacks Also declares blacks

citizens citizens Authorizes Federal Authorizes Federal

Power to intervene in Power to intervene in States to protect rights.States to protect rights.

Johnson Vetoes bills Johnson Vetoes bills in 1866.in 1866.

Republicans unite Republicans unite against Johnson and against Johnson and mobilizemobilize

1414thth Amendment Amendment 1414thth Amendment Passed Amendment Passed

Aimed at supporting African AmericansAimed at supporting African Americans Overturned Dredd Scott decision- Former Overturned Dredd Scott decision- Former

slaves are now citizensslaves are now citizens Defined citizenship = born in US and Defined citizenship = born in US and

naturalized citizensnaturalized citizens Equal protection under the laws = Citizens are Equal protection under the laws = Citizens are

granted “Privileges and Immunities granted “Privileges and Immunities guaranteed by constitution”guaranteed by constitution”

Penalties for denying rightsPenalties for denying rights Reinforced due processReinforced due process Federal Government can intervene to protect Federal Government can intervene to protect

equal treatment under the lawequal treatment under the law Prohibited former CSA from holding office, Prohibited former CSA from holding office,

unless 2/3rds congress consentedunless 2/3rds congress consented

1414thth Amendment Amendment Section 1. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, All persons born or naturalized in the United States,

and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.the equal protection of the laws.

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same,against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. House, remove such disability. (limits former Confederates (limits former Confederates from holding office)from holding office)

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

““Radical” or Congressional Radical” or Congressional Reconstruction begins 1867Reconstruction begins 1867 Republicans Win Congressional Republicans Win Congressional Election of 1866-Election of 1866-

more Senate 42 (Radical GOP) to 11 Demmore Senate 42 (Radical GOP) to 11 Dem

House143 (Radical GOP) to 49 DemHouse143 (Radical GOP) to 49 Dem Reconstruction Act 1867-Reconstruction Act 1867- Passed over Passed over

Johnson’s vetoJohnson’s veto Goals:Goals: To To support Freedmensupport Freedmen To To punish the Southern leadershippunish the Southern leadership for the War for the War To reorder Southern society so African Americans To reorder Southern society so African Americans

had a chance to change the culture of the Southhad a chance to change the culture of the South

Leaders of the Radical Leaders of the Radical RepublicansRepublicans

Thaddeus StevensThaddeus Stevens Republican Republican Majority LeaderMajority Leader

Charles Sumner-Charles Sumner- Republican Republican Senator Senator

Pro-EqualityPro-Equality ““Strip a proud nobility off their Strip a proud nobility off their

bloated states; reduce them to a bloated states; reduce them to a level with plain Republicans; send level with plain Republicans; send them forth to labor and teach their them forth to labor and teach their children to enter the workshops or children to enter the workshops or handle the plow and you will thus handle the plow and you will thus humble the proud traitors.”humble the proud traitors.” Sumner

Stevens

““Radical” or Congressional Radical” or Congressional Reconstruction 1867Reconstruction 1867

Radical bills passed over VetoRadical bills passed over Veto 1868 Tennessee Admitted immediately 1868 Tennessee Admitted immediately

Congress rejected Lincoln-Johnson reconstructed statesCongress rejected Lincoln-Johnson reconstructed states 5 Military Districts5 Military Districts created the South created the South

Enforce order to register qualified votersEnforce order to register qualified voters All adult black malesAll adult black males White males not in the rebellionWhite males not in the rebellion

New State Constitutions- insure black suffrageNew State Constitutions- insure black suffrage States had to ratify new states had to ratify 13 and 14States had to ratify new states had to ratify 13 and 14thth

amendmentsamendments Tenure of Office ActTenure of Office Act: (an effort to remove the president : (an effort to remove the president

as an obstacle to reconstruction efforts)as an obstacle to reconstruction efforts) Limits President from removing cabinet officers without Limits President from removing cabinet officers without

Senate approvalSenate approval Process for states to enter Union:Process for states to enter Union:

New State Constitutional ConventionsNew State Constitutional Conventions Ratify 14Ratify 14thth Amendment Amendment New State Constitutions must include Black SuffrageNew State Constitutions must include Black Suffrage

Carpetbaggers and Carpetbaggers and ScalawagsScalawags

Northerners who moved South to Northerners who moved South to exploit the poor whites and aid the exploit the poor whites and aid the blacksblacks

Southerners who worked with the Southerners who worked with the Reconstruction forces for greedy Reconstruction forces for greedy purposespurposes

1515thth Amendment Amendment African American Males 21 years old, get the Right African American Males 21 years old, get the Right

to Voteto Vote

Section. 1. Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. this article by appropriate legislation.

At first Blacks will vote, but as time goes on State At first Blacks will vote, but as time goes on State laws and intimidation laws and intimidation (KKK)(KKK) suppress the black suppress the black vote- vote- literacy tests and Poll taxesliteracy tests and Poll taxes

Johnson ImpeachmentJohnson Impeachment Johnson had tried to obstruct Radical Johnson had tried to obstruct Radical

ReconstructionReconstruction He appointed sympathetic military leaders to He appointed sympathetic military leaders to

supervise the Southsupervise the South He encouraged Southerners to resist Federal lawHe encouraged Southerners to resist Federal law Resisted the racial equality insisted by CongressResisted the racial equality insisted by Congress House Republicans were waiting for an excuse-House Republicans were waiting for an excuse-

Johnson gave them one when he removed Johnson gave them one when he removed Secretary of War Stanton from office.Secretary of War Stanton from office.

The House passed Impeachment Act with a 2/3 The House passed Impeachment Act with a 2/3 votevote

Southern State Southern State Governments: problems, Governments: problems,

achievements, weaknesses achievements, weaknesses PositivePositive

Many blacks Many blacks participate earlyparticipate early

First black Senator First black Senator elected, elected, Hiram Hiram Revels,Revels, Mississippi Mississippi

Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau helps a lothelps a lot

Blacks gain some Blacks gain some economic mobilityeconomic mobility

Congress tries to help Congress tries to help with with Enforcement Acts-Enforcement Acts- to repress the KKK and to repress the KKK and help protect blackshelp protect blacks

NegativeNegative KKK develops to KKK develops to

terrorize blacksterrorize blacks Redeemers- Southern Redeemers- Southern

Democrats want to Democrats want to remove republican remove republican governors in the South governors in the South and restore traditional and restore traditional Southern leadershipSouthern leadership

Segregation developsSegregation develops Old Southern leadership Old Southern leadership

regains power and regains power and reconstruction seems to reconstruction seems to be a complete failure.be a complete failure.

Freedmen ConventionFreedmen Convention

““We claim exactly the same rights We claim exactly the same rights priveleges and immunities as are priveleges and immunities as are enjoyed by white men; we ask enjoyed by white men; we ask nothing more and will be content nothing more and will be content with nothing less.”with nothing less.”

Grant Administration Grant Administration 18681868

US Grant nominated by Republicans-US Grant nominated by Republicans- CorruptionCorruption

Life in the SouthLife in the South

Devastated economically- (Sherman)Devastated economically- (Sherman) ““In Alabama alone, two hundred In Alabama alone, two hundred

thousand persons are in danger of thousand persons are in danger of extreme suffering, if not of actual extreme suffering, if not of actual starvation” December 1865starvation” December 1865

African American LifeAfrican American Life

Immediately after Immediately after war trends develop war trends develop for African for African AmericansAmericans

Many moved from Many moved from plantationsplantations

Reunited with familyReunited with family Institutions createdInstitutions created

Schools Schools ChurchesChurches

Sharecropping Sharecropping DevelopsDevelops

Freedmen plant and Freedmen plant and work plots of land work plots of land in exchange for a % in exchange for a % of the crop that of the crop that goes to the owner. goes to the owner.

Keeps blacks poor Keeps blacks poor and in perpetual and in perpetual debtdebt

Southerners Create Southerners Create Black CodesBlack Codes

Black CodesBlack Codes were laws created to limit were laws created to limit political, political, economiceconomic and and socialsocial aspects of aspects of life for former slaveslife for former slaves

Contracts for laborContracts for labor Employment lawsEmployment laws Licenses to workLicenses to work Travel limitationsTravel limitations SegregationSegregation Race mixing lawsRace mixing laws All laws were used to limit blacksAll laws were used to limit blacks so so

they would be second-class citizensthey would be second-class citizens

KKK 1866KKK 1866

Responding to new social Responding to new social circumstancescircumstances

Former Confederates- (Former Confederates- (Nathan Nathan Bedford ForrestBedford Forrest) form ) form Ku Klux Ku Klux KlanKlan

To terrorize and enforce traditional To terrorize and enforce traditional subordination of African Americanssubordination of African Americans

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

Election of 1876Election of 1876 RepubsRepubs = Rutherford B. = Rutherford B. HayesHayes, Ohio “His , Ohio “His

Fraudulency”Fraudulency” DemsDems = Samuel J. Tilden, New York = Samuel J. Tilden, New York In the middle of an Economic DepressionIn the middle of an Economic Depression Corruption on both sides, Corruption on both sides, deadlock in electoral deadlock in electoral

collegecollege Commission, decision agreed upon, Commission, decision agreed upon, Hayes Hayes wins the wins the

Presidency- although no evidence, seem there was a Presidency- although no evidence, seem there was a deal to withdrawal Federal troops from the rest of the deal to withdrawal Federal troops from the rest of the South.South.

RedeemerRedeemer governments would take over (all governments would take over (all Democrats) and the South would continue in the Democrats) and the South would continue in the Democratic party structure till the 1960’sDemocratic party structure till the 1960’s

Resulted in the End of ReconstructionResulted in the End of Reconstruction ““Nast” Cartoon Nast” Cartoon

http://www.learner.org/biographyofamerica/prog12/feahttp://www.learner.org/biographyofamerica/prog12/feature/ture/

New SouthNew South

RedeemersRedeemers New South CreedNew South Creed Romanticization of the South Romanticization of the South

Crop Lien SystemCrop Lien System

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington Atlanta CompromiseAtlanta Compromise Up from slaveryUp from slavery Tuskegee Institute (AL)Tuskegee Institute (AL) Plessey V. FergusonPlessey V. Ferguson Jim Crowe LawsJim Crowe Laws Grandfather Laws/ClauseGrandfather Laws/Clause Poll Tax Poll Tax Literacy TestsLiteracy Tests LynchingLynching Ida B WellsIda B Wells