WARM UP Copy (question and answers) and answer!

Types of organic compounds include

A. LipidsB. Nucleic AcidsC. CarbohydratesD. All of the above

Organic Chemistry

I. Organic compounds

A. Contain carbon atom(s) and usually come from living things.

1. Exception - CO2 and CO

II. The HONC rule

A. These are the four most common elements.B. Arrangement of letters in rule tell us the number

of bonds the atom needs in order to be stable:1. Hydrogen needs to form one chemical bond.2. Oxygen needs to form two chemical bonds.3. Nitrogen needs to form three chemical bonds.4. Carbon needs to form four chemical bonds.

What is the stable formula for methane (CH4)?

Water (H2O)?Ammonia (NH3)? Carbon dioxide (CO2)

III. Writing Chemical Formulas

A. Empirical formula - gives the number and kinds of atoms e.g. ethanol = C2H6O.

B. Structural formula - lines represent chemical bonds (shared electrons) between atoms.

C. Modified structural Formula - is used to save time. But don’t forget the HONC rule.

ethanol

CH3CH2OH

IV. Common functional groupsA. Definition: Groups of atoms that give

similar properties to otherwise dissimilar molecules.

B. Hydrocarbons1. Made of hydrogen and carbon,

they form the backbone of most organic molecules.

2. Have a lot of stored energy.3. Insoluble (don’t dissolve) in

waterExamples:

Methane Butane

empirical empiricalstructural structural modified structural

C. Alcohol (hydroxyl) groups (R-OH)

1.What does the “R” stand for?2.Soluble in water.3.Also good fuels.4.Examples: CH3CH2OH (Ethanol)• Can you write the structural

formula?

D. Organic Acids/Carboxyl Group (R- COOH)

1. Like all acids, they are sour.2. Many are aromatic (smell).3. Water soluble4. Examples:

CH3–CO

OH

CH3CH2CH2–CO

OH

H-CO

OH

R–CO-H

O

Acetic Acid

(Vinegar)

Butyric Acid(Sweat)

Formic Acid(Piss Ants)

E. Amine Group (R- NH2)1.Soluble in water2.Alkaline (i.e. a proton acceptor)3.Example:

ammonia

NH

H

H

After lecture cool down activity… Reflect on your learning today• Answer in complete sentences.

3 things/facts/ideas you learned today

2 things/facts/ideas that surprised you today

1 question, comment, concern, or query that you have about today’s lecture.

STARTUP What six elements are found in organic

compounds?A. Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,

Phosphorus, Sulfur

B. Carbon, Phosphorus, Sodium, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Sulfur

C. Nitrogen, Carbon, Sodium, hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine

D. Sulfur, Chlorine, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

I. Carbohydrates:

A. Formula is usually multiple of (CH2O)n

B.Functions:1. Primary energy source (4 Kcals/gram)2. Roughage or fiber.3. Cell walls of plant cells (wood/paper).

C. Dietary sources1. Sweets and starchy foods

D. Kinds of carbohydrates1. Monosaccharides

a) Made of single sugar units

2. Disaccharidesa) Composed of two sugar units.b) Formed by dehydration synthesis,

which produces water as a by-product.

3. Polysaccharides

a) Many repeating glucose units b) Common polysaccharides:

i. Glycogen is major storage form of glucose in animals.

ii. Starch is the major storage form of glucose in plants.

iii.Cellulose is the building material found in plants.

iv. Chitin is a component of exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

II. Lipids

A. Functions as… 1. padding and insulation.2. a long-term energy storage (9 Kcal/gram).3. building blocks for some hormones.4. some vitamins are stored in fats.

B. Dietary sources1. Meats, nuts, dairy and almost any greasy

food.

2. Fat verses fattening! Explain this.

C. Types of Lipids:

1. Fats and Oils (triglycerides)2. Waxes - Just like fats but longer

chains of fatty acids.3. Phospholipids: a phosphate (PO4)

molecule replaces a fatty acid chain on a triglyceride.a) Primary component of cell

membranes.

4. Steroids

D. Formation of a “Fat Molecule”

1.Fatty acids (3) are bonded to a single glycerol molecule.• What type of molecule is glycerol?

2.What reaction bonds 3 fatty acids to a glycerol together?

E. Types of Fatty Acids1. Saturated

a) Have no double bonds between the carbons in backbone.

b) Come from animals

c) Solids at room temperature

d) Clog your arteries

2. Unsaturated fatty acids a) Have double bonds between the carbons within the chain.

HO–C–(CH2)7CH=CH–CH2CH=CH-(CH2)4–CH3

b) Come from plantsc) Liquids (oils) at room temperatured) Don’t clog your arteries

O

F. Steroids

a) Many are made from a cholesterol backbone.

b) Hormones are made from steroids.

Draw a cholesterol molecule and one other steroid of the following:

After lecture cool down activity… Reflect on your learning today• Answer in complete sentences.

3 things/facts/ideas you learned today

2 things/facts/ideas that surprised you today

1 question, comment, concern, or query that you have about today’s lecture.

STARTUP Most macromolecules are made

up of thousands of smaller molecules called?

A. Proteins

B. Polymers

C. Monomers

D. Polysaccharides

STARTUP Finish (from 2.3) the table

BONUS STAMP: What is polymerization?

E.g. Carbon Compound

Monomer Polymer

Protein Protein (polypeptide)

Carbohydrate Monosaccharide

Nucleic Acid DNA or RNA

Class Business Questions, Comments, Concerns, Queries New Grades Posted Quizzes Online, Next quiz Friday Outline 7-1 and 2 due Wed/Fri

Respectively Today’s Assignment

Lesson: What are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

Practice makes permanent, not perfect!

Complete the worksheet by the end of the class.

Copy the question and the answer

Ask three (your group) before me (Mr. Hagen.

STARTUP Draw the general structure of a

nucleotide and amino acid Must include labels 3 parts to each one Refer to Figure 2-15 and 2-16

Bonus Stamp: Which regions are variable and which regions are constant?

Class Business Questions, Comments, Concerns, Queries New Grades Posted Quizzes Online, Next quiz Friday Outline 7-1 and 2 due Wed/Fri Respectively Today’s Assignment

Color By Number: 2 Handouts Notes on Proteins and Enzymes

III. Proteins:III. Proteins: A.A. Functions:Functions:

1.1. Proteins form cellular structures (12-18% of body Proteins form cellular structures (12-18% of body weight.)weight.)

2.2. Proteins form enzymes, which speed up chemical Proteins form enzymes, which speed up chemical rxns (reactions) w/I (within) an organism.rxns (reactions) w/I (within) an organism.

3.3. Proteins form many toxins (poisons).Proteins form many toxins (poisons).4.4. Proteins form antibodies (abs) and some Proteins form antibodies (abs) and some

hormones.hormones.5.5. Proteins help transports substances within cells or Proteins help transports substances within cells or

body.body.

B.B. Dietary sourcesDietary sources1.1. Meat, poultry, nuts, fish, etc.Meat, poultry, nuts, fish, etc.2.2. Not vegetables Not vegetables (except-beans and peas)(except-beans and peas)

III. Proteins (con’t)III. Proteins (con’t)C.C. Protein StructureProtein Structure

1.1. Long chains of Long chains of amino acidsamino acids ((monomersmonomers) held together by ) held together by peptidepeptide bondsbonds..

2.2. TwentyTwenty different types of amino acids. different types of amino acids.

3.3. The sequence of amino acids The sequence of amino acids determines the properties of the determines the properties of the protein.protein.

D. All amino acids have:D. All amino acids have:

1.1. An An amino groupamino group (NH (NH22))

2.2. An An acidacid (carboxyl) group (carboxyl) group (COOH)(COOH)

3.3. Each of the twenty Each of the twenty different amino acids different amino acids have a different side have a different side chain (chain (RR) on their central ) on their central carbon.carbon.

E. E. Formation of a Peptide BondFormation of a Peptide Bond

1.1. Dipeptides are formed from 2 amino Dipeptides are formed from 2 amino acids joined (thru dehydration synthesis) acids joined (thru dehydration synthesis) by a covalent bond called a peptide bondby a covalent bond called a peptide bond

2.2. Polypeptides chains formed from 10 to Polypeptides chains formed from 10 to 2000 amino acids2000 amino acids..

F.F. Enzymes:Enzymes:

Do not write the following italic rhetoric Do not write the following italic rhetoric question, but think about it!question, but think about it!

If I put glucose and fructose together how If I put glucose and fructose together how long will it take to convert it into sucrose? long will it take to convert it into sucrose? It would take about 10 years. It would take about 10 years.

If it takes so long, how does the sugar beet If it takes so long, how does the sugar beet and sugar cane make sucrose within their and sugar cane make sucrose within their short life spans?short life spans?

1. Effectiveness of Catalysts1. Effectiveness of Catalysts

a)a) Catalysts speed up chemical reactions by Catalysts speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.lowering the activation energy.

2. Properties of Enzymes:2. Properties of Enzymes:

a)a) Made of protein.Made of protein.

b)b) Biological catalysts (speed up reactions).Biological catalysts (speed up reactions).

c)c) Are not used up in reactions, therefore Are not used up in reactions, therefore can be used over and over.can be used over and over.

d)d) Specific for their substrate (reactants).Specific for their substrate (reactants).

e)e) Sensitive to temperature and pH.Sensitive to temperature and pH.1.1. Why do you die when the temperature gets Why do you die when the temperature gets

too high within your body?too high within your body?

3. Enzyme Functions3. Enzyme Functions

• Enzymes speed up Enzymes speed up reactions by properly reactions by properly orienting colliding orienting colliding moleculesmolecules

• Need drawing of lock Need drawing of lock and key modeland key model

After lecture cool down activity… Reflect on your learning today

• Answer in complete sentences.

3 things/facts/ideas you learned today

2 things/facts/ideas that surprised you today

1 question, comment, concern, or query that you have about today’s lecture.

Today’s AssignmentAnswer questions:

pg 57 1-10, 13-21 DO NOT COPY THE QUESTION Answer in a complete sentence If you finish early you may work on

homework or other assignments.