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Wastewater Reuse and Management
Sanjay K. Sharma • Rashmi Sanghi
Editors
Wastewater Reuseand Management
EditorsSanjay K. SharmaDepartment of ChemistryJECRC UniversityJaipur, India
Rashmi Sanghi# R-2 Media LabIndian Institute of TechnologyKanpur, UP, India
ISBN 978-94-007-4941-2 ISBN 978-94-007-4942-9 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4942-9Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951337
# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerptsin connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of beingentered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplicationof this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of thePublisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained fromSpringer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center.Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date ofpublication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility forany errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, withrespect to the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
This book is for the coming generations, tomake them aware about the “cost” of water.
-Sanjay K. Sharma and Rashmi Sanghi
Preface
Anyone who can solve the problems of water will be worthy oftwo Nobel prizes - one for peace and one for science.
John F. Kennedy
When the well is dry, we learn the worth of water.
Benjamin Franklin
Water pollution and water treatment are strictly interrelated, meaning that it is not
possible to explore one topic without the other. Researchers all over the world have
been trying hard to address these issues while exploring new ways to fight water
scarcity. Water reuse stands as one of the smartest options to fight water scarsity,
although it has been overlooked by the research community so far.
However, as the increase in the world population is causing a rise in industrial
developments and an overexploitation of our water resources, it is quite obvious
that the volume of waste water is destined to rise accordingly. Thus, waste water
management has become a crucial issue that needs to be addressed correctly.
This book presents the studies of some of the most prestigious international
scientists and gathers them in three different sections: Wastewater Managementand Reuse, Wastewater Treatment Options, and Risk Assessment. The result is an
insightful analysis of waste water management, its treatments, and the processes
that have been studied, optimized and developed so far to sustain our environment.
WastewaterReuse andManagement is a valuable resource to academic researchers,
students, institutions, environmentalists, and anyone interested in environmental
policies aimed at safeguarding both the quality and the quantity of water.
We would like to thank Springer for publishing this title, and we sincerely
welcome feedback from our valuable readers and critics.
Reuse water, save water!
Sanjay K. Sharma
Rashmi Sanghi
vii
Acknowledgments
The time has come to express our sincere gratitude to all our friends, supporters, and
well wishers. We are heartily obliged for the support they have shown us while
writing “Wastewater Reuse and Management.”First of all, we would like to thank all the esteemed contributors of this book.
Without their contribution, none of this would have not been possible.
Professor Sharma would like to start by expressing his sincere gratitude to his
teachers, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Dr. R.V. Singh, Dr. R.K. Bhardwaj, and Dr. Saraswati
Mittal, the Gurus behind all his academic achievements and publications.
He then acknowledges Ackmez Mudhoo, Dr. Nabuk Eddy, Dr. Dong Chen,
Dr. V.K. Garg, and all his friends and colleagues at the Jaipur Engineering College
and Research Centre (JECRC) for their active interest and moral support.
Finally, he praises his family. His parents, Dr. M.P. Sharma andMrs. Parmeshwari
Devi; his wife, Dr. Pratima Sharma; and all his family members for their never-
ending encouragement, moral support and patience over the months spent writing this
book. A special thank you goes to his children, Kunal and Kritika: valuable moments
of their lives have been missed because of his busy schedule.
Professor Sanghi would like to thank her family, who supported her all along;
her children, Surabhi and Udit, for their admirable patience and understanding that
gave her the strength to face this challenging project; her husband, Dheeraj Sanghi,
whose encouragement and optimism at every stage have been precious; and her
family friend, Prof. Sudhir Jain, for her support, insights, and critical comments.
Thank you also to her group of friends at IIT Kanpur for the relaxing walks they
took together. Last but not least, a big thank you goes to Dr. Sanjay Sharma, editor
of this book who “dragged” her into this amazing project.
ix
We are beholden to many other people whose names we have not been able to
mention here but whose guidance has been very valuable. Finally, we would like to
thank our valuable readers and critics for encouraging us to do more and more
research on this issue.
Save water! Think green!
Sanjay K. Sharma
Rashmi Sanghi
x Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Prof. (Dr.) Sanjay K. Sharma is a very well-known author and editor of many
books, research journals, and hundreds of articles from the last twenty years. His
recently published books are “Green Corrosion Chemistry and Engineering” (from
Wiley-VCH, Germany), “Green Chemistry for Environmental Sustainability,”
“Handbook on Applications of Ultrasound: Sonochemistry and Sustainability”
(both from CRC Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Florida, Boca Raton, USA) and
“Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation and
Applications” (from Royal Society of Chemistry, UK). He has also been appointed
as Series Editor by Springer’s UK for their prestigious book series “Green Chemistry
for Sustainability.” His work in the field of Green Corrosion Inhibitors is very well
recognized and praised by the international research community. Other than this,
he is known as a person who is dedicated to educate people about environmental
awareness, especially for rain water harvesting.
Dr. Sharma has 13 Books of Chemistry from National-International Publishers
and over 48 research papers of National and International repute to his credit.
xi
Dr. Sharma is also serving as editor-in-chief for four international research journals
“RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry,” “International Journal of Chemical, Environ-
mental and Pharmaceutical Research,” “International Journal ofWater Treatment &
Green Chemistry,” and “Water: Research & Development.” He is also a reviewer
for many other international journals including the prestigious Green Chemistry
Letters and Reviews.
Presently he is working as Professor and Head, Department of Chemistry at
JECRC University, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India, where he is teaching engineering
chemistry and environmental engineering courses to B. Tech. students and spec-
troscopy courses to PG students and pursuing his research interests. He is a member
of American Chemical Society (USA), International Society for Environmental
Information Sciences (ISEIS, Canada) and Green Chemistry Network (Royal
Society of Chemists, UK) and is also life member of various international profes-
sional societies including International Society of Analytical Scientists, Indian
Council of Chemists, International Congress of Chemistry and Environment, Indian
Chemical Society, etc.
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Rashmi Sanghi is currently working as a research consultant at the Indian
Institute of Technology Kanpur and guest faculty at the LNM Institute of Informa-
tion Technology, Jaipur. After obtaining her D.Phil degree from Chemistry Depart-
ment, University of Allahabad, India, in 1994, she has been working at the Indian
Institute of Technology Kanpur India as a research scientist. She was a visiting
scientist in the chemistry department of Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
in 1997 and worked with Professor Alan S. Goldman.
She is passionate about environmental green chemistry, and her major research
interests are bioremediation, biopolymers and biosynthesis of nanomaterials using
microbes and/or polysaccharides. Her research mainly focuses on the development
of methods that can help in minimizing or eliminating the hazardous substances in
the environment. Some of this work related to the green environmental chemistry is
nothing but outstanding. She has traveled worldwide for various academic activities
and/or professional talks. Her work on design and application of biopolymers in
xii About the Editors
wastewater remediation shows great promise as evident by her patents “A method
for preparing auto capped nano particles such as CdS in continuous flow columns”
using fungus and “Poly(acryl amide) grafted Cassia grandis-silica hybrid: efficient
metal ion adsorbent.” She has over 90 international journal publications to her
credit. She has published three books on green chemistry: “Green Chemistry:
Environment Friendly Alternatives” (2003), “Green Chemistry and Sustainable
Development” (2005) and “Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation”
(2011). She is a member of many academic societies and reviewer of many inter-
national journals. Rashmi Sanghi is the recipient of the CHEMRAWNVII Prize for
Atmospheric and Green Chemistry for the year 2012.
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
About the Editors xiii
Contents
Part I Wastewater Management and Reuse
1 Wastewater Management Journey – From Indus Valley
Civilisation to the Twenty-First Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Amit P. Chanan, Saravanamuth Vigneswaran, Jaya Kandasamy,
and Bruce Simmons
2 Integration of Membrane Processes for Optimal Wastewater
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Y. Saif and A. Elkamel
3 Recent Advances in the Reuse of Wastewaters for Promoting
Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Ta Yeong Wu, Abdul Wahab Mohammad, Su Lin Lim,
Pei Nie Lim, and Jacqueline Xiao Wen Hay
4 Reducing the Pollution from Tanneries by Process Wastewater
Reuse and Membrane Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
M.V. Galiana-Aleixandre, J.A. Mendoza-Roca, and A. Bes-Pia
5 Wastewater Reuse Focused on Industrial Applications . . . . . . . . . . 127
Mariliz Gutterres and Patrice Monteiro de Aquim
6 Hazardous Agents in Wastewater: Public Health Impacts
and Treatment Options for Safe Disposal and Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Keisuke Ikehata
Part II Wastewater Treatment Options
7 The Small-Scale Approach in Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . 195
Giovanni Libralato
8 Hospital Wastewaters: Quali-Quantitative Characterization
and for Strategies for Their Treatment and Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . 225
P. Verlicchi, A. Galletti, and M. Al Aukidy
xv
9 Advances in Mechanical Dewatering of Wastewater Sludge
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Akrama Mahmoud, Jeremy Olivier, Jean Vaxelaire,
and Andrew F.A. Hoadley
10 Biosorption of Heavy Metals: Recent Trends and Challenges . . . . . 305
Ravindra Kumar Gautam, Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya,
and Sanjay K. Sharma
11 Water Desalination by Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
K. Sampathkumar, T.V. Arjunan, and P. Senthilkumar
12 AOPs Application on Dyes Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Tuty Emilia Agustina
13 Constructed Wetlands for Reducing Pesticide Inputs into
Surface Water and Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Luis Alfredo Ortega-Clemente, Vıctor M. Luna-Pabello,
and Hector M. Poggi-Varaldo
Part III Risk Assessment
14 Tracing Nitrogen Sources and Cycle in Freshwater Through
Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Zi-Xiang Chen, Xue-Bin Yin, Guang Liu, and Gui-Jian Liu
15 A Stepwise Approach to Assess the Fate of Nitrogen Species
in Agricultural Lowlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Micol Mastrocicco, Nicolo Colombani, and Giuseppe Castaldelli
16 Environmental Risk Assessment of WWII Shipwreck Pollution . . . 461
Justyna Rogowska and Jacek Namiesnik
17 Methods to Countermeasure the Intrusion of Seawater
into Coastal Aquifer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Andreas Kallioras, Fotios-Konstantinos Pliakas, Christoph Schuth,
and Randolf Rausch
Erratum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
xvi Contents
Contributors
Tuty Emilia Agustina Chemical Engineering Department, Sriwijaya University,
Palembang, Indonesia
M. Al Aukidy Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
T.V. Arjunan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute
of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
A. Bes-Pia Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universidad
Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Giuseppe Castaldelli Biology and Evolution Department, University of Ferrara,
Ferrara, Italy
Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya Environmental Chemistry Research Labora-
tory, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, U. P, India
Nicolo Colombani Earth Sciences Department, University of Ferrara, Ferrara,
Italy
Patrice Monteiro de Aquim Chemical Engineering Department, Laboratory for
Leather and Environmental Studies, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil
A. Elkamel Department of Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Institute, Abu
Dhabi, UAE
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
M.V. Galiana-Aleixandre Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering,
Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
A. Galletti Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Ravindra Kumar Gautam Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory,
University of Allahabad, Allahabad, U. P., India
xvii
Guang Liu School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and
Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, China
Advanced Lab for Ecological Safety and Human Health, Suzhou Institute of USTC,
Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
Gui-Jian Liu School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and
Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, China
Mariliz Gutterres Chemical Engineering Department, Laboratory for Leather
and Environmental Studies, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,
RS, Brazil
Jacqueline Xiao Wen Hay Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engi-
neering, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Andrew F.A. Hoadley Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University,
Clayton Campus, Victoria, Australia
Keisuke Ikehata Pacific Advanced Civil Engineering, Inc., Fountain Valley, CA,
USA
Andreas Kallioras School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National
Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Giovanni Libralato Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and
Statistics, University Ca Foscari Venice, Dorsoduro, Venice, Italy
ECSIN - European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto
Nanotech S.C.p.A, Rovigo, Italy
Pei Nie Lim Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash
University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Su Lin Lim Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash
University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Vıctor M. Luna-Pabello Laboratorio de microbiologıa Experimental,
Departamento de Biologıa, Facultad de Quımica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma
de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Mexico, D.F, Mexico
Akrama Mahmoud Laboratoire de Thermique Energetique et Procedes (EAD
1932), ENSGTI, Pau, France
Micol Mastrocicco Earth Sciences Department, University of Ferrara, Ferrara,
Italy
J.A. Mendoza-Roca Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering,
Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
xviii Contributors
Abdul Wahab Mohammad Scale-up and Downstream Processing Research
Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul
Ehsan, Malaysia
Jacek Namiesnik Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty,
Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
Jeremy Olivier Laboratoire de Thermique Energetique et Procedes (EAD 1932),
ENSGTI, Pau, France
Luis Alfredo Ortega-Clemente Boca del Rıo Institute of Technology (ITBoca),
Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Veracruz, Mexico
Fotios-Konstantinos Pliakas Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus
University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
Hector M. Poggi-Varaldo CINVESTAV del IPN, Mexico, Department Biotech-
nology and Bioengineering, Environmental Biotechnology R&D Group,
CINVESTAV del IPN, Mexico, D.F, Mexico
Randolf Rausch Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit
(GIZ) GmbH, Riyadh Office, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Justyna Rogowska Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty,
Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
Y. Saif Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
ON, Canada
Department of Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE
K. Sampathkumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tamilnadu College
of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
Christoph Schuth Institute of Applied Geosciences, Darmstadt Technical
University, Darmstadt, Germany
P. Senthilkumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, KSR College of
Engineering, Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India
Sanjay K. Sharma Department of Chemistry, JECRC University, Jaipur, India
Jean Vaxelaire Laboratoire de Thermique Energetique et Procedes (EAD 1932),
ENSGTI, Pau, France
P. Verlicchi Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Ta Yeong Wu Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash
University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Contributors xix
Xue-Bin Yin School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and
Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, China
Advanced Lab for Ecological Safety and Human Health, Suzhou Institute of USTC,
Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
Zi-Xiang Chen School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and
Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, China
Advanced Lab for Ecological Safety and Human Health, Suzhou Institute of
USTC, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
Amit Chanan Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology School of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University technology Sydney, NSW,
Australia
Saravanamuth Vigneswaran Faculty of Engineering and Information Technol-
ogy School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University technology
Sydney, NSW, Australia
Jaya Kandasamy Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology School of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University technology Sydney, NSW,
Australia
Bruce Simmons School of Sciences and Health, University of Western Sydney,
Hawkesbury Campusm, Richmond, NSW, Australia
xx Contributors
About the Contributors
Tuty Emilia Agustina is currently Senior Lecturer in the Department of Chemical
Engineering at Sriwijaya University, South Sumatera, Indonesia. Dr. Agustina
completed her PhD in the area of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) from
Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia. Her research areas are in
environmental engineering and industrial wastewater treatment with special
emphasis on wasterwater treatment by AOPs.
Mustafa Al Aukidy took a degree in Civil Engineering at the University of
Baghdad (Iraq). Currently he is a Ph.D. student at the Department of Engineering
at the University of Ferrara (Italy). His research fields regard the environmental
pollution issues and in particular occurrence and removal of micropollutants from
wastewater, risk environmental assessment and environmental policy.
T.V. Arjunan is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Coimbatore Institute
of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India. He received his B.E. and M.E.
in Mechanical Engineering from Bharathiyar University and his Ph.D. in Mechani-
cal Engineering from Anna University. His areas of interest are solar thermal
application, heat transfer and alternative fuels.
Amparo Bes-Pia obtained a degree of Chemical Engineering in 1999 and Ph.D. in
2003 about textile wastewater treatment using physical-chemical and membrane
treatments. Since 2001 lecturer at the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia teaching
wastewater treatment at the Industrial Engineering School. Research field in
recycling of industrial wastewater, mainly by membrane processes. Several
publications in scientific international journals and contributions to international
congresses.
Giuseppe Castaldelli is a biologist who has spent most of his professional life
studying nitrogen biogeochemistry, eutrophication and nitrate contamination of
groundwater. He is now researcher in ecology at the Department of Biology and
Evolution of the University of Ferrara (IT).
xxi
Amit P. Chanan is the General Manager Strategic Assets at the NSW State Water
Corporation. He is an advocate for sustainable water resource management. Amit
has led the path in changing the direction of Sydney’s local councils from tradi-
tional drainage engineering entities to holistic water cycle managers. His knowl-
edge and leadership were imperative in making Kogarah Council (where he
previously worked as Director of Assets & Services) one of the leaders in integrated
water cycle management in Australia, and the first in Sydney metropolitan to adopt
decentralised wastewater recycling.
Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya obtained Ph.D. degree from IIT Bombay.
He joined University of Allahabad as lecturer in 1974 and thereafter he became
Reader and Professor of Chemistry. He served the University as Head of the
Department of Chemistry during the period 2008–2010. Besides teaching Inorganic
and Analytical chemistry he also taught Environmental Chemistry at the Univer-
sity. Twenty-four students obtained doctoral degree under his supervision from the
university and 6 are working. He has published more than 100 papers in national
and international journals and delivered talks in several international conferences.
He is currently the president of Indian Chemical Society.
Nicolo Colombani is a hydrogeologist specialized in contaminated groundwater
systems and application of reactive transport models. He obtained his Ph.D. degree
in 2011 and he is now working as a contract researcher at the Earth Sciences
Department of the University of Ferrara (IT).
Patrice Monteiro de Aquim is head of leather group of Master’s Material Degree
at Feevale University. She graduated in Chemical Engineering at Pontifıcia
Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (2002) and obtained his Master in
Chemical Engineering (2004) and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering at Federal
University of Rio Grande do Sul (2009) focusing mainly on issues related to leather,
sustainable tanning and water reuse.
A. Elkamel is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Waterloo,
Canada, and is currently on visit to The Petroleum Institute. He obtained his B.S. in
Chemical and Petroleum Refining Engineering and B.S. in Mathematics from
Colorado School of Mines, M.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University
of Colorado-Boulder and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Purdue University.
His specific research interests are in computer-aided modelling, optimisation and
simulation with applications to the petroleum and petrochemical industry. He has
contributed more than 200 publications in refereed journals and international
conference proceedings and serves on the editorial board of several journals,
including the International Journal of Process Systems Engineering, EngineeringOptimisation, and the Int. J. Oil, Gas, Coal Technology.
M.V. Galiana-Aleixandre obtained a chemical engineering degree in 1999 and Ph.
D. in 2010. Since 2001 she works in the tannery Industrias del Curtido S.A. in
Valencia (Spain). Currently, she is responsible for research and development in the
company. She is also an external associate of the Chemical and Nuclear Engineer-
ing Department of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia since 2003.
xxii About the Contributors
A. Galletti took a degree in Environmental Engineering at the University of Ferrara
(Italy) and a Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering. He worked for 5 years at the
University of Ferrara in the Environmental and Sanitary Engineering group and his
research fields refer to treatments of wastewaters (urban, hospital, industrial) and
options for reuse for agricultural and industrial purposes. Now he is working at
CH2MHILL as Process Engineer.
Ravindra Kumar Gautam did his post-graduation in Environmental Science in
2009 from University of Allahabad, India. Thereafter he worked for one year in
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India.
He qualified for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Junior Research Fellow-
ship. Currently he is engaged in doctoral work in the University of Allahabad, India.
Mariliz Gutterres is a Chemical Engineer (1984), M.Sc. Engineer (Brazil, 1996)
and Doctor in Chemistry (2001). She is head of the Laboratory for Leather and
Environment Studies at UFRGS and author of papers, publications and lectures in
journals, congresses and conferences. She also participates in several committees
and in the management of leather industry associations.
Jacqueline Xiao Wen Hay is currently a Ph.D. student at Monash University,
Malaysia. She received her Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical Engineering) with
Honors from Monash University in 2011. Her research area is on wastewater reuse
as a substrate in biohydrogen production through photo-fermentation process.
Andrew F.A. Hoadley is a senior lecturer in the department of Chemical Engi-
neering at Monash University, Australia. His research interests include designing
processing plants for better environmental performance, upgrading of waste
materials, industrial ecology and sustainability, dewatering, steam drying, and
wastewater treatment and related to these areas. He graduated from Melbourne
University Chemical Engineering in 1981 and completed his Ph.D. at the Univer-
sity of Cambridge (UK) in 1988.
Keisuke Ikehata received his doctorate in Civil and Environmental Engineering in
2003 from the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Dr. Ikehata is a
registered professional engineer in Alberta, Canada, and an Advanced Water R&D
Manager at Pacific Advanced Civil Engineering, Inc. in Fountain Valley,
California. He has more than 14 years of experience in basic and applied research
in water and wastewater science and engineering. His areas of expertise include
advanced wastewater treatment for water reuse, water chemistry and biology,
environmental microbiology and biotechnology and xenobiotics toxicology.
Andreas Kallioras is a Lecturer at National Technical University of Athens
(Greece), Guest Fellow at Environmental Research Center, UFZ, Leipzig
(Germany) and Visiting Lecturer at Technical University of Darmstadt (Germany).
His main focus is groundwater hydrology, arid and coastal hydrogeology and
transboundary water management.
About the Contributors xxiii
Jaya Kandasamy is an Associate Professor in the Centre for Technology in Water
and Wastewater at the University of Technology Sydney. Prior to taking on the
academic role at the university, Dr Kandasamy worked at the Sydney Water
Corporation and NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation.
Giovanni Libralato is a postdoctoral researcher and a contract professor at the
University Ca Foscari Venice (Italy) and a researcher at the European Center for the
Sustainable Impact of Nanomaterials (ECSIN, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A.) in
Rovigo (Italy). He earned a B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences from
University Ca Foscari Venice. His research interests include (eco)toxicity, toxicant
effects on populations, factors modifying toxicity, aquatic ecotoxicology, inorganic
water chemistry, wastewater treatment, soil remediation, recovery and reuse of
by-products.
Pei Nie Lim is currently a Ph.D. student at Monash University, Malaysia. She
received her Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical Engineering) with Honors from
Monash University in 2010. Her research area is on organic solid waste manage-
ment through vermicomposting process.
Su Lin Lim is currently a Ph.D. student at Monash University, Malaysia. She
received her Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical Engineering) with Honors from
Monash University in 2011. Her research area is on organic waste management
through biological and vermicomposting processes.
Vıctor M. Luna-Pabello is Titular Professor “B” Full Time at the National
Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Biologist, Master of Science (Biology)
and Doctor of Sciences (Biology) in the Faculty of Sciences at UNAM with a post-
doctoral stay in the National Institute for Applied Sciences in Toulouse, France.
Akrama Mahmoud is a senior research fellow in the Chemical Engineering
Department at the University of Pau at the Laboratoire de Thermique Energetique
et Procedes, Pau, France. His research interests include advanced/assisted liquid/
solids separations technologies, purification processes involving mineral and vege-
table suspensions, protein extraction and electrodeionization. He is a co-inventor of
TAMD process. He received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Institute
National Polytechnique de Lorraine-Ecole Nationale Superieure des Industries
Chimiques, Nancy, France.
Micol Mastrocicco is a hydrogeologist specialized in lowland groundwater
systems and groundwater quality assessment. She obtained her Ph.D. degree in
2003 and she is now lecturer in hydrogeology and applied hydrogeology at the
Earth Sciences Department of the University of Ferrara (IT).
J.A. Mendoza-Roca obtained a degree in Industrial Engineering in 1995. He is
Associate Professor in the Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Department of the
Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and received his Ph.D. in 2000. His research is
devoted to membrane technologies and wastewater recycling. He has published
xxiv About the Contributors
numerous works and research papers about treatment and reuse of textile and
tannery wastewaters.
Abdul Wahab Mohammad is currently a Professor in Membrane and Separations
Technology in the Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti
Kebangsaan, Malaysia. His research interests are on membrane separations, water
and wastewater treatment and process economics. He was one of the recipients of
the Prince Sultan International Prize for Water in 2008, and currently he is one
of the Editorial Board Members in Desalination.
Jacek Namiesnik (born 1949) obtained his Ph.D. in 1978. Since 1996 he has
become Full Professor. He is a renowned specialist in the field of analytical
chemistry and environmental chemistry and author or co-author of more than 400
publications. He has supervised 39 Ph.D. works and co-supervised 5 Ph.D.
dissertations.
Jeremy Olivier received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of
Pau and Pays de l’Adour, France. He is presently an Associate Professor in
Chemical Engineering at the University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour. His current
field of research focuses on sewage sludge treatment (dewatering, electro-
dewatering).
Luis Alfredo Ortega-Clemente is a Full Professor of Boca del Rıo Institute of
Technology (ITBoca), of the Division of Graduate Studies and Research in Boca
del Rıo City, Veracruz, Mexico. He obtained his title of Biochemical Engineer in
the Veracruz Institute of Technology (ITVer) of Veracruz City, Mexico, Master of
Science and Doctoral of Science in Biotechnology from CINVESTAV del IPN in
Mexico City, Mexico and a postdoctoral stay in UNAM in Mexico City.
Fotios-Konstantinos Pliakas is Associate Professor at the Department of Civil
Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece. His main focus is ground-
water management, groundwater flow modeling, management of aquifer recharge,
saline water intrusion, climate change and groundwater resources, transboundary
rivers and aquifers.
Hector M. Poggi-Varaldo is a Full Professor in the Department of Biotechnology
and Bioengineering at the Centre for Higher Studies and Research (CINVESTAV
del IPN) in Mexico City, Mexico. He holds a Sc.D. degree in Biotechnology from
CINVESTAV del IPN, an M.Sc. Environ. Eng. from the National Autonomous
University ofMexico (UNAM), and a B.Sc. Chem. Eng. from the National University
of Uruguay (UROU).
Randolf Rausch is Technical Director of the GIZ-IS Project “Water Resources
Studies“ in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Professor at Technical University of
Darmstadt (Germany). He has been working in the Middle East since 2003. His
main focus of interest is integrated water management and groundwater modeling.
Justyna Rogowska (born 1979) obtained her Ph.D. degree in Chemistry at
the Gdansk University of Technology in 2011. Her major research interests include
About the Contributors xxv
environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology (with particular emphasis on the
marine environment) as well as the legal aspects of environmental protection, in
particular of marine environmental protection. She is co-Author of six publications
(including four papers in journals on the ISI Master Journal List) and one book
chapter.
Y. Saif is currently a Reach/Teaching associate at the Petroleum Institute, Abu-
Dhabi, UAE. He received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from King Abdul-Aziz
University, M.S. in Chemical Engineering from Dayton University and Ph.D. in
Chemical Engineering from the University of Waterloo. His research interests are
in process systems engineering and optimization with applications to waste treat-
ment and minimization and the oil and gas industry.
K. Sampathkumar is Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the
Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India. He received his B.E. degree
in Mechanical Engineering from Bharathiyar University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in
Mechanical Engineering from Anna University. His areas of interest are solar
desalination, energy policies, heat transfer and engineering education.
Christoph Schuth is a Chair in Hydrogeology at Technical University of
Darmstadt (Germany) and is the Scientific Director WR in IWW Water Centre
(Germany). His main focus is hydrogeology of arid environments, coastal hydro-
geology, water treatment and transboundary water management.
P. Senthilkumar is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the KSR College of
Engineering, Tiruchengode, India. He received his M.E. in Mechanical Engineering
from Bharathiyar University and his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Indian
Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai. He has also received numerous
awards and citation of excellence as an engineering educator.
Bruce Simmons is a Research Scientist at the University of Western Sydney
(USW). In a career spanning 30 years Bruce has worked as an analytical chemist,
designated NSW government researcher, divisional deputy manager, senior consul-
tant, senior academic leader (Head of School and Dean of Faculty) and, since 2001,
UWS academic and research scientist. His expertise includes Water Resources
Planning and Management and Environmental Management Systems.
Jean Vaxelaire obtained his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the “Institute
National Polytechnique de Lorraine” in the school of Chemical Engineering (Ecole
Nationale Superieure des Industries Chimiques), Nancy, France, in 1994. He is
presently an Associate Professor in Chemical Engineering at the University of Pau
and Pays de l’Adour. His current field of research includes sewage sludge treatment
(dewatering, drying and incineration).
P. Verlicchi took her degree in Chemical Engineering at the University of Bologna
(Italy) and her Ph.D. in Environmental and Safety Chemical Engineering. She is
currently an Assistant Professor in Environmental and Sanitary Engineering at the
University of Ferrara (Italy) and her research fields refer to the treatments and
xxvi About the Contributors
management of wastewaters (urban, hospital, industrial) and options for reuse for
agricultural and industrial purposes.
Saravanamuth Vigneswaran is a Professor in the Centre for Technology in Water
and Wastewater at the University of Technology Sydney. He is the Director of the
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at UTS. He has published over 175
technical papers and authored two books (both through CRC press, USA). He has
established research links with the leading laboratories in France, Korea, Thailand
and the USA.
Ta Yeong Wu is currently a Senior Lecturer in the School of Engineering, Monash
University. His current research interests include sustainable waste management,
biohydrogen production and advanced oxidation process. He has been serving
as an Associate Editor for International Journal of Environmental Science andTechnology since 2011.
Xue-Bin Yin is an Associate Professor in the Department of Environmental
Sciences and the Director of Advanced Lab for Selenium and Human Health, at
University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). His research is related to
the biogeochemistry of trace elements (such as, selenium, zinc, iodine and fluorine),
with a special emphasis on their biological transformation process, health issue and
utilization in agriculture and foods.
Zi-Xiang Chen received his dual Ph.D. from the University of Science and
Technology of China and City University of Hong Kong in July of 2012. His
current research interest lies in two areas: (1) Using Nitrogen and Oxygen isotopic
compositions to identify nitrate sources and assess Nitrogen cycle process in
surface water system; (2) Developing the smart method of determining the Nitrogen
and Oxygen isotopic compositions.
LIU Gui-Jian received his Ph.D. from China University of Mining and Technology
in 1999. Currently, he works in the Department of Earth and Space Sciences at the
University of Science and Technology, China. He leads and manages a research
team whose interest focuses primarily on: (1) environmental geochemistry (organic
and inorganic); (2) fuel and environment; (3) trace element and human health; (4)
quaternary period and global change; and (5) mineral environment and safety risk.
Professor. LIU Gui-Jian is the author of over 100 scientific publications in connec-
tion with his research area.
LIU Guang received his Bachelor’s degree in 2007 from the University of Science
and Technology of China where he is presently a Ph.D. student. His research area
focuses on: (1) using nitrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions to identify nitrate
sources and assess nitrogen cycle process in lake water system; (2) using oxygen
isotope compositions to identify phosphate sources and assess phosphorus cycle
process in lake water system; and (3) developing new methods for nitrate and
phosphate isotopic compositions detection.
About the Contributors xxvii
Abbreviations
Nomenclature
Sets
AS Set of air stripper units
C Set of pollutants
MIX Set of mixer nodes
O Set of unit operations
P Set of product streams
PERM Set of final permeate product streams
PV Set of pervaporation stages
SFPER Set of final permeate streams in RO network
SFREJ Set of final reject streams in RO network
SIN Set of inlet wastewater streams
SPU Set of pump stages
SPU Set of pump stages in RO network
SRO Set of RO stages
SROPER Set of permeate streams from RO stage
SROREJ Set of reject streams from RO stage
SSP Set of splitter nodes
STU Set of turbine stages
STU Set of turbine units in RO network
UO Set of utility units
USI Set of inlet utility streams
USO Set of utility-exit streams
VOC Set of volatile organic compounds
WI Set of inlet wastewater streams
WO Set of wastewater-exit streams
xxix
Parameters/Variables
f x; yð Þ Objective function
M Large number
y A binary variable
Y Vector of binary variables
x A continuous variable
X Vector of continuous variables
hðxÞ Vector of functions in equality constraints
gðxÞ Vector of functions in inequality constraints
NMdSRO Number of parallel modules at every RO stage belongs toSRO
aMRO Cost of the single RO module
PPupu Power consumption by a pump unit belong to SPUPTutu Power production by a turbine unit belong to STUapu;f Fixed cost coefficient of a pump unit puatu;f Fixed cost coefficient of a turbine unit tuapu;o Fixed cost coefficient for the operating cost of a pump unit puatu;o Fixed cost coefficient for the operating cost of a turbine unit tuDPSPU Pressure difference across a pump unit pu belong to SPUFSPU Flowrate through a pump unit pu belong to SPUySPU Binary variable defines the existence of pump unit pu belong to
SPUySTU Binary variable defines the existence of pump unit tu belong to
STUDPSTU Pressure difference across a turbine unit tu belong to STUFSTU Flowrate through a turbine unit tu belong to STUFpSRO Permeate flowrate from a RO stage belong to SRODPMRO Pressure difference across a RO module
W Water permeability coefficient
SA Surface area of a RO stage belong to SROri Inner radius of the hollow fiber membrane
ro Outer radius of the hollow fiber membrane
l RO hollow fiber membrane length
ls RO hollow fiber membrane seal length
xpc;SRO Component concentration of c in any permeate stream from RO
stage
xrc;SRO Component concentration of c in any reject stream from RO stage
xc�avg;SRO Average component concentration of c in any RO stage
Kc Component permeability coefficient of c belong to CFpSRO Permeate flowrate of a RO stage belong to SROySRO Binary variable of a RO stage belong to SROFSRO Inlet feed to a RO stage belong to SRONMdSRO Number of parallel modules in RO stage belong to SROPSRO Inlet feed pressure to a RO stage belong to SROFrSRO Reject stream from a RO stage belong to SRO
xxx Abbreviations
FSSP Inlet feed to a splitter node belong to SSPFSSP;MIX Stream assignment from a splitter node belong to SSP to a mixer
node belong to MIXFMIX Exit stream from a mixer node belong to MIXySSP;MIX Binary variable defines the stream match between a splitter and a
mixer belong to SSP and MIXPMIX Pressure of a stream from a mixer node belong to MIXPSSP;MIX Pressure of a stream FSSP;MIX
FSPER Flowrate of a final permeate product stream belong to SPER
xc;SPER Concentration of a pollutant c in the final permeate stream belong
toSPER
Fin Inlet wastewater stream belong to SIN
Fin�pu Stream assignment from inlet node in to a pump unit puFin�frej Stream assignment from the inlet node in to the final exit node frejFin�fper Stream assignment from the inlet node in to the final exit node fperFrorej�pu Stream assignment from the RO reject stream rorej to a pump
node puFroper�pu Stream assignment from the RO permeate stream roper to a pump
node puFpu Pump pu feed stream
Fpu�ro Stream assignment from a pump node pu to RO stage roFroper Permeate stream from RO stage roFrorej Reject stream from RO stage roFroper�fper Permeate stream assignment from RO stage to the final permeate
node fperFfper Permeate stream at the final permeate product node fperFrorej�ro Reject stream assignment from RO stage to another RO stage
Frorej�tu Reject stream assignment from RO reject stream to a turbine node
tuFrorej�frej Stream assignment from a RO reject stream to the final reject node
frejFtu Inlet feed stream to a turbine unit tuFtu�ro Stream assignment from a turbine unit tu to RO stage
Ftu�fper Stream assignment from a turbine unit tu to the final permeate
node fperFtu�frej Stream assignment from a turbine unit tu to the final reject node
freja Specific surface area of packing
aPh Specific hydraulic surface area of packing
SurAPV Pervaporation stage surface area
CL A parameter related to the packing material
CostCapital Capital cost of the units
Costoperating Operating cost of the treatment
CP A parameter related to the packing material
Abbreviations xxxi
CS A parameter related to the packing material
CV A parameter related to the packing material
DL Diffusivity of a solute in the liquid phase
DAS Diameter of the air stripper tower
DV Diffusivity of a solute in the gas phase
FA Air flow rate
F�A
Molar air flow rate
FMIX Exit flow stream from mixer MIX
FSSP;MIX Inlet flow from splitter SSP to mixer MIX
FVOC Molar flowrate of a VOC in a pervaporation stage
F�W
Molar wastewater flow rate
FW Wastewater flow rate
g Gravity acceleration
hL Specific liquid holdup
hn Henry’s constant
HC;OL Height of the transfer unit for component c
HAS Height of the air-stripping column
kVOC Mass transfer coefficient of a VOC in the concentration polariza-
tion layer
KVOC Overall mass transfer coefficient of VOC in the pervaporation
stage
Kwater Overall mass transfer coefficient of water in a pervaporation stage
lm Thickness of the PV membrane
Ltm Length of a PV membrane
MW Molecular weight
NC;OL Number of the transfer unit in the air-stripping column for com-
ponent c
PMIX Pressure of mixer MIX
PmVOC Permeability coefficient of a VOC in the membrane
Pmwater Permeability coefficient of water in the membrane
PPerm Permeate pressure in a pervaporation stage PV
PPuAir blower Power consumption by a vacuum pump
PPupump Power consumption by a pump
PPuVaccumpump Power consumption by a vacuum pump
PSSP Pressure of splitter SSP
PAS Pressure in the column
ReL Reynolds number of the liquid phase
ReV Reynolds number of the gas phase
uL Superficial velocity of the liquid phase
uL;S Superficial velocity of the liquid phase at the loading point
uV Superficial velocity of the gas phase
uV;S Superficial velocity of the gas phase at the loading point
x Mole fraction of a solute in the liquid phase
yPV Binary variable for pervaporation stage PV
xxxii Abbreviations
yAS Binary variable for the air stripper tower belong to AS
vaVOC;Perm Average molar concentration of a VOC in the permeate side of a
pervaporation
va Mole concentration of a solute in the gas phase
rM Molar density of wastewater mixture in a pervaporation stage
rL Density of the liquid phase
rV Density of the gas phase
mL Viscosity of the liquid phase
mV Viscosity of the gas phase
2 Void fraction
cS Resistance coefficient in the liquid and gas critical velocities
equations
cL Resistance coefficient of trickle packing
bL Mass transfer coefficient in the liquid phase
bv Mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase
apu Fractional constant for the fixed cost part of a pump unit
atu Fractional constant for the fixed cost part of a turbine unit
pMRO Osmotic pressure in a RO module
g RO module constant
� RO module constant
m Viscosity of water
Abbreviations
AS Air stripper
ASB Air stripper box
DB Distribution box
DCM Dichloromethane
ED Electrodialysis
EDC Ethylene dichloride
EDI Electordeionization
GAMS General Algebraic Modeling System
GDB Generalized Disjunctive Programming
GS Gas separation
HB Heat integration box
MCP Monochlorophenol
MEB Mass exchange box
MF Microfiltration
MILP Mixed integer linear program
MINLP Mixed integer nonlinear program
NF Nanofiltration
NLP Nonlinear program
PB Pump box
PV Pervaporation
Abbreviations xxxiii
PVB Pervaporation box
RO Reverse osmosis
ROB Reverse osmosis box
RON Reverse osmosis network
SEN State equipment network
STN State Task Network
TAC Total annualized cost
TB Turbine box
TCE Trichloroethylene
TCP Trichlorophenol
UF Ultrafiltration
VOCs Volatile organic compounds
Notation
CWs Constructed wetlands
HRT Hydraulic retention time
HSSF-CW Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands
OCPs Organochlorine pesticides
PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls
SF-CWS Surface-flow CWs
SSF-CWs Subsurface flow CWs
VSSF-CW Vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland
xxxiv Abbreviations