water brief 4 water conflict chronology
TRANSCRIPT
173
The full Pacific Institute Water Conflict Chronology, updated for 2010–2012, appears be-low. A summary of recent events is provided in Water Brief 3 in this volume. As noted in volume 7 of The World’s Water, a detailed, interactive online database now provides inte-grated Google Maps and filters to permit readers and researchers to view entries filtered by time period, location, and subject. It also includes a separate searchable bibliography.
The Water Conflict Chronology has appeared in every volume of The World’s Water since 1998. It continues to be one of the most popular features of this report, and we continue to seek out and include additions sent by readers and researchers around the world. The chronology is increasingly being used by media and academics, and in 2013 it was cited by Fareed Zakaria (2013) of CNN.
The current categories or types of conflicts include the following:
Military tool (state actors): water resources, or water systems themselves, are used by a nation or state as a weapon during a military action.
Military target (state actors): water resources or water systems are targets of military actions by nations or states.
Terrorism or domestic violence, including cyberterrorism (nonstate actors): water resources or water systems are the targets or tools of violence or coercion by nonstate actors. A distinction is drawn between environmen-tal terrorism and ecoterrorism (see Gleick 2006).
Development disputes (state and nonstate actors): water resources or wa-ter systems are a major source of contention and dispute in the context of economic and social development.
Please email any contributions with full citations and supporting information to [email protected].
W A T E R B R i E f 4
Water Conflict ChronologyPeter H. Gleick and Matthew Heberger
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
May
201
3 U
pd
ate
Dat
eP
arti
es I
nvo
lved
Bas
is o
f C
on
flic
t
Vio
len
t o
r in
Vio
len
t
Co
nte
xt?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
3000
BC
Ea,
No
ahR
elig
iou
s ac
cou
nt
No
: Th
reat
An
cien
t Su
mer
ian
lege
nd
rec
ou
nts
th
e d
eed
s o
f th
e d
eity
Ea,
wh
o p
un
ish
ed h
um
anit
y fo
r it
s si
ns
by
infl
icti
ng
the
eart
h w
ith
a s
ix-d
ay s
torm
. Th
e Su
mer
ian
myt
h p
aral
lels
th
e b
ibli
cal a
cco
un
t o
f N
oah
an
d t
he
del
uge
, alt
ho
ugh
so
me
det
ails
dif
fer.
Hat
ami a
nd
G
leic
k (1
994)
2500
BC
Lag
ash
, U
mm
aM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sT
he
dis
pu
te o
ver
the
“Gu
’ed
ena”
(ed
ge o
f p
arad
ise)
reg
ion
beg
ins.
Url
ama,
Kin
g o
f L
agas
h f
rom
245
0 to
240
0 B
C, d
iver
ts w
ater
fro
m t
his
reg
ion
to
bo
un
dar
y ca
nal
s, d
ryin
g u
p b
ou
nd
ary
dit
ches
to
dep
rive
Um
ma
of
wat
er. H
is s
on
Il c
uts
off
th
e w
ater
su
pp
ly t
o
Gir
su, a
cit
y in
Um
ma.
Hat
ami a
nd
G
leic
k (1
994)
1790
BC
Ham
mu
rab
iD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
No
Th
e C
od
e o
f H
amm
ura
bi f
or
the
Stat
e o
f Su
mer
list
s se
vera
l law
s p
erta
inin
g to
ir
riga
tio
n t
hat
ad
dre
ss n
egli
gen
ce o
f ir
riga
tio
n s
yste
ms
and
wat
er t
hef
t.H
atam
i an
d
Gle
ick
(199
4)
1720
–168
4 B
CA
bi-
Esh
uh
, Il
um
a-Il
um
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
A g
ran
dso
n o
f H
amm
ura
bi,
Ab
ish
or
Ab
i-E
shu
h, d
ams
the
Tig
ris
to p
reve
nt
the
retr
eat
of
reb
els
led
by
Ilu
ma-
Ilu
m, w
ho
dec
lare
d t
he
ind
epen
den
ce o
f B
abyl
on
. Th
is f
aile
d
atte
mp
t m
arks
th
e d
ecli
ne
of
the
Sum
eria
ns,
wh
o h
ad r
each
ed t
hei
r ap
ex u
nd
er
Ham
mu
rab
i.
Hat
ami a
nd
G
leic
k (1
994)
circ
a 13
00
BC
Sise
ra, B
arak
, G
od
Rel
igio
us
acco
un
t;
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Th
e O
ld T
esta
men
t gi
ves
an a
cco
un
t o
f th
e d
efea
t o
f Si
sera
an
d h
is “
nin
e h
un
dre
d
char
iots
of
iro
n” b
y th
e u
nm
ou
nte
d a
rmy
of
Bar
ak o
n t
he
fab
led
Pla
ins
of
Esd
rael
on
. G
od
sen
ds
hea
vy r
ain
fall
in t
he
mo
un
tain
s, a
nd
th
e K
ish
on
Riv
er o
verfl
ows
the
pla
in
and
imm
ob
iliz
es o
r d
estr
oys
Sise
ra’s
tec
hn
olo
gica
lly s
up
erio
r fo
rces
(“.
. . t
he
eart
h
trem
ble
d, a
nd
th
e h
eave
ns
dro
pp
ed, a
nd
th
e cl
ou
ds
also
dro
pp
ed w
ater
,” J
ud
ges
5:4;
“.
. . T
he
rive
r o
f K
ish
on
sw
ept
them
aw
ay, t
hat
an
cien
t ri
ver,
th
e ri
ver
Kis
ho
n,”
Ju
dge
s 5:
21).
Sco
fiel
d (
1967
)
1200
BC
Mo
ses,
Egy
pt
Mil
itar
y to
ol;
Rel
igio
us
acco
un
t
Yes
Wh
en M
ose
s an
d t
he
retr
eati
ng
Jew
s fi
nd
th
emse
lves
tra
pp
ed b
etw
een
th
e P
har
aoh’
s ar
my
and
th
e R
ed S
ea, M
ose
s m
irac
ulo
usl
y p
arts
th
e w
ater
s o
f th
e R
ed S
ea, a
llow
ing
his
fo
llow
ers
to e
scap
e. T
he
wat
ers
clo
se b
ehin
d t
hem
an
d c
ut
off
th
e E
gyp
tian
s.
Hat
ami a
nd
G
leic
k (1
994)
720–
705
BC
Ass
yria
, A
rmen
iaM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sA
fter
a s
ucc
essf
ul c
amp
aign
aga
inst
th
e H
alid
ian
s o
f A
rmen
ia, S
argo
n I
I o
f A
ssyr
ia
des
troy
s th
eir
intr
icat
e ir
riga
tio
n n
etw
ork
an
d fl
oo
ds
thei
r la
nd
.H
atam
i an
d
Gle
ick
(199
4)
174
con
tin
ues
175
705–
682
BC
Sen
nac
her
ib,
Bab
ylo
nM
ilit
ary
too
l; M
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sIn
qu
elli
ng
reb
elli
ou
s A
ssyr
ian
s in
695
BC
, Sen
nac
her
ib r
azes
Bab
ylo
n a
nd
div
erts
on
e o
f th
e p
rin
cip
al ir
riga
tio
n c
anal
s so
th
at it
s w
ater
s w
ash
ove
r th
e ru
ins.
Hat
ami a
nd
G
leic
k (1
994)
701
BC
Isra
el (
Jud
ah),
A
ssyr
iaM
ilit
ary
too
l; M
ilit
ary
man
euve
rs
Yes
Wh
en K
ing
Hez
ekia
h o
f Ju
dah
see
s th
at S
enn
ach
erib
of
Ass
yria
is c
om
ing
in w
ar, h
e h
as
spri
ngs
an
d a
bro
ok
ou
tsid
e Je
rusa
lem
sto
pp
ed t
o k
eep
wat
er f
rom
th
e A
ssyr
ian
s. (
“So
th
ere
was
gat
her
ed m
uch
peo
ple
to
geth
er, w
ho
sto
pp
ed a
ll th
e fo
un
tain
s, a
nd
th
e b
roo
k th
at r
an t
hro
ugh
th
e m
idst
of
the
lan
d, s
ayin
g, W
hy
sho
uld
th
e ki
ngs
of
Ass
yria
co
me,
an
d fi
nd
mu
ch w
ater
?,”
2 C
hro
nic
les
32:1
–4).
Sco
fiel
d (
1967
)
681–
699
BC
Ass
yria
, Tyr
eM
ilit
ary
too
l; R
elig
iou
s ac
cou
nt
Yes
Esa
rhad
do
n, a
n A
ssyr
ian
, ref
ers
to a
n e
arli
er p
erio
d w
hen
go
ds,
an
gere
d b
y in
sole
nt
mo
rtal
s, c
reat
ed d
estr
uct
ive
flo
od
s. A
cco
rdin
g to
insc
rip
tio
ns
reco
rded
du
rin
g h
is
reig
n, E
sarh
add
on
bes
iege
s Ty
re, c
utt
ing
off
fo
od
an
d w
ater
.
Hat
ami a
nd
G
leic
k (1
994)
669–
626
BC
Ass
yria
, A
rab
ia, E
lam
Mil
itar
y to
ol;
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Ass
urb
anip
al’s
insc
rip
tio
ns
also
ref
er t
o a
sie
ge a
gain
st T
yre,
alt
ho
ugh
sch
ola
rs
attr
ibu
te it
to
Esa
rhad
do
n. I
n c
amp
aign
s ag
ain
st b
oth
Ara
bia
an
d E
lam
in 6
45 B
C,
Ass
urb
anip
al, s
on
of
Esa
rhad
do
n, d
ries
up
wel
ls t
o d
epri
ve E
lam
ite
tro
op
s. H
e al
so
guar
ds
wel
ls f
rom
Ara
bia
n f
ugi
tive
s in
an
ear
lier
Ara
bia
n w
ar. O
n h
is r
etu
rn f
rom
vi
cto
rio
us
bat
tle
agai
nst
Ela
m, A
ssu
rban
ipal
flo
od
s th
e ci
ty o
f Sa
pib
el, a
n a
lly o
f E
lam
. A
cco
rdin
g to
insc
rip
tio
ns,
he
dam
s th
e U
lai R
iver
wit
h t
he
bo
die
s o
f d
ead
Ela
mit
e so
ldie
rs a
nd
dep
rive
s d
ead
Ela
mit
e ki
ngs
of
thei
r fo
od
an
d w
ater
off
erin
gs.
Hat
ami a
nd
G
leic
k (1
994)
612
BC
Egy
pt,
Per
sia,
B
abyl
on
, A
ssyr
ia
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
A c
oal
itio
n o
f E
gyp
tian
, Med
ian
(P
ersi
an),
an
d B
abyl
on
ian
fo
rces
att
acks
an
d d
estr
oys
Nin
eveh
, th
e ca
pit
al o
f A
ssyr
ia. N
ebu
chad
nez
zar’s
fat
her
, Neb
op
ola
ssar
, lea
ds
the
Bab
ylo
nia
ns.
Th
e co
nve
rgin
g ar
mie
s d
iver
t th
e K
ho
sr R
iver
to
cre
ate
a fl
oo
d, w
hic
h
allo
ws
them
to
ele
vate
th
eir
sieg
e en
gin
es o
n r
afts
.
Hat
ami a
nd
G
leic
k (1
994)
605–
562
BC
Bab
ylo
nM
ilit
ary
too
lN
oN
ebu
chad
nez
zar
bu
ild
s im
men
se w
alls
aro
un
d B
abyl
on
, usi
ng
the
Eu
ph
rate
s an
d
can
als
as d
efen
sive
mo
ats
surr
ou
nd
ing
the
inn
er c
astl
e.H
atam
i an
d
Gle
ick
(199
4);
Dro
wer
(19
54)
6th
cen
tury
B
CA
ssyr
iaM
ilit
ary
targ
et;
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Ass
yria
ns
po
iso
n t
he
wel
ls o
f th
eir
enem
ies
wit
h r
ye e
rgo
t.E
itze
n a
nd
Ta
kafu
ji (
1997
)
590–
600
BC
Cir
rha,
Del
ph
iM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sA
then
ian
legi
slat
or
Solo
n r
epo
rted
ly h
as r
oo
ts o
f H
elle
boru
s th
row
n in
to a
sm
all r
iver
o
r aq
ued
uct
lead
ing
fro
m t
he
Ple
istr
us
Riv
er t
o C
irrh
a d
uri
ng
a si
ege
of
this
cit
y. T
he
enem
y fo
rces
bec
om
e vi
ole
ntl
y il
l an
d a
re d
efea
ted
as
a re
sult
. So
me
acco
un
ts h
ave
Solo
n b
uil
din
g a
dam
acr
oss
th
e P
lesi
tus
Riv
er, c
utt
ing
off
th
e ci
ty’s
wat
er s
up
ply
. Su
ch
pra
ctic
es w
ere
wid
esp
read
.
Ab
solu
te
Ast
ron
om
y (2
006)
176
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
558–
528
BC
Bab
ylo
nM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sO
n h
is w
ay f
rom
Sar
dis
to
def
eat
Nab
on
idu
s at
Bab
ylo
n, C
yru
s fa
ces
a p
ower
ful
trib
uta
ry o
f th
e T
igri
s, p
rob
ably
th
e D
iyal
ah. A
cco
rdin
g to
Her
od
otu
s’s
acco
un
t, t
he
rive
r d
row
ns
his
roy
al w
hit
e h
ors
e an
d p
rese
nts
a f
orm
idab
le o
bst
acle
to
his
mar
ch.
Cyr
us,
an
gere
d b
y th
e “i
nso
len
ce”
of
the
rive
r, h
alts
his
arm
y an
d o
rder
s th
em t
o c
ut
360
can
als
to d
iver
t th
e ri
ver’s
flow
. Oth
er h
isto
rian
s ar
gue
that
Cyr
us
nee
ded
th
e w
ater
to
mai
nta
in h
is t
roo
ps
on
th
eir
sou
thw
ard
jou
rney
, wh
ile
ano
ther
ass
erts
th
at t
he
con
stru
ctio
n w
as a
n a
ttem
pt
to w
in t
he
con
fid
ence
of
the
loca
ls.
Hat
ami a
nd
G
leic
k (1
994)
539
BC
Bab
ylo
nM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sA
cco
rdin
g to
Her
od
otu
s, C
yru
s in
vad
es B
abyl
on
by
div
erti
ng
the
Eu
ph
rate
s ab
ove
the
city
an
d m
arch
ing
tro
op
s al
on
g th
e d
ry r
iver
bed
. Th
is p
op
ula
r ac
cou
nt
des
crib
es a
m
idn
igh
t at
tack
th
at c
oin
cid
ed w
ith
a B
abyl
on
ian
fea
st.
Hat
ami a
nd
G
leic
k (1
994)
430
BC
Ath
ens
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Du
rin
g th
e se
con
d y
ear
of
the
Pel
op
on
nes
ian
War
, a p
lagu
e b
reak
s o
ut
in A
then
s. T
he
Spar
tan
s ar
e ac
cuse
d o
f p
ois
on
ing
the
cist
ern
s o
f th
e P
irae
us,
th
e so
urc
e o
f m
ost
of
Ath
ens’
s w
ater
.
Stra
tegy
Pag
e (2
006)
355–
323
BC
Bab
ylo
nM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sR
etu
rnin
g fr
om
th
e ra
zin
g o
f P
erse
po
lis,
Ale
xan
der
pro
ceed
s to
In
dia
. Aft
er t
he
Ind
ian
ca
mp
aign
s, h
e h
ead
s b
ack
to B
abyl
on
via
th
e P
ersi
an G
ulf
an
d t
he
Tig
ris,
wh
ere
he
tear
s d
own
def
ensi
ve w
eirs
th
at t
he
Per
sian
s h
ad c
on
stru
cted
alo
ng
the
rive
r. A
rria
n
des
crib
es A
lexa
nd
er’s
dis
dai
n f
or
the
Per
sian
s’ a
ttem
pt
to b
lock
nav
igat
ion
, wh
ich
he
saw
as
“un
bec
om
ing
to m
en w
ho
are
vic
tori
ou
s in
bat
tle.
”
Hat
ami a
nd
G
leic
k (1
994)
210–
209
BC
Ro
me
and
C
arth
age
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
In 2
10 B
C, S
cip
io c
ross
es t
he
Eb
ro t
o a
ttac
k N
ew C
arth
age.
Du
rin
g a
sho
rt s
iege
, Sci
pio
le
ads
a b
reac
hin
g co
lum
n t
hro
ugh
a s
up
po
sed
ly im
pre
gnab
le la
goo
n lo
cate
d o
n t
he
lan
dw
ard
sid
e o
f th
e ci
ty; a
str
on
g n
ort
her
ly w
ind
co
mb
ined
wit
h t
he
nat
ura
l eb
b o
f th
e ti
de
leav
es t
he
lago
on
sh
allo
w e
no
ugh
fo
r th
e R
om
an in
fan
try
to w
ade
thro
ugh
. New
C
arth
age
is q
uic
kly
take
n.
Fon
ner
(19
96);
G
owan
(20
04)
52 B
CR
om
e, G
aul
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Cae
sar
con
stru
cts
wat
er-fi
lled
dit
ches
as
a b
lock
ade
du
rin
g th
e Si
ege
of
Ale
sia
in G
aul,
site
of
mo
der
n-d
ay A
lise
-Sai
nte
-Rei
ne
in C
ôte
d’O
r, n
ear
Dij
on
, Fra
nce
.W
ikip
edia
(2
011a
)
con
tin
ues
177
51 B
CR
om
e, G
aul
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Cae
sar
atta
cks
wat
er s
up
pli
es d
uri
ng
the
sieg
e o
f U
xello
du
nu
m b
y u
nd
erm
inin
g o
ne
of
the
loca
l sp
rin
gs a
nd
pla
cin
g at
tack
ers
nea
r th
e o
ther
. Sh
ort
age
of
wat
er le
ads
to t
he
surr
end
er o
f th
e G
auls
.
His
tory
of W
ar
On
lin
e (2
011)
49 B
CFr
ance
, Ro
me
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Du
rin
g th
e fi
rst
year
of
the
Gre
at R
om
an C
ivil
War
, Ju
liu
s C
aesa
r’s t
roo
ps
lay
sieg
e to
th
e w
alle
d c
ity
of
Mas
sili
a (m
od
ern
-day
Mar
seil
le)
usi
ng
sieg
e to
wer
s an
d b
atte
rin
g ra
ms
and
by
dig
gin
g “m
ines
” o
r tu
nn
els
to u
nd
erm
ine
the
city
wal
ls. M
assi
lian
s d
efen
d
thei
r ci
ty w
ith
“d
ogg
ed d
eter
min
atio
n”; t
acti
cs in
clu
de
dir
ecti
ng
wat
er t
hro
ugh
pip
es t
o
was
h d
own
on
att
acke
rs, w
hic
h t
he
Ro
man
s co
un
ter
by
cove
rin
g si
ege
bu
ild
ings
wit
h
bri
cks
and
“se
vera
l co
atin
gs o
f st
ucc
o.”
Def
end
ers
also
exc
avat
e a
larg
e b
asin
insi
de
the
wal
ls, fi
llin
g it
wit
h w
ater
. As
the
Ro
man
min
ers
reac
h t
he
wal
ls, t
he
tun
nel
s ar
e fl
oo
ded
wit
h w
ater
an
d c
olla
pse
. Mas
sili
a u
ltim
atel
y su
rren
der
s af
ter
a fi
ve-m
on
th
sieg
e.
Illu
stra
ted
H
isto
ry o
f th
e R
om
an E
mp
ire
(201
1); C
aesa
r (1
906)
; W
ikip
edia
(2
013a
)
AD
30
Ro
man
E
mp
ire
(Po
nti
us
Pil
ate)
, Jew
s
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sR
om
an P
rocu
rato
r P
on
tiu
s P
ilat
e u
ses
sacr
ed m
on
ey t
o d
iver
t a
stre
am t
o J
eru
sale
m.
Th
e Je
ws
are
ange
red
by
the
div
ersi
on
, an
d t
ens
of
tho
usa
nd
s ga
ther
to
pro
test
. Pil
ate’
s so
ldie
rs m
ingl
e am
on
g th
e cr
owd
an
d, w
ith
dag
gers
hid
den
in t
hei
r ga
rmen
ts, a
ttac
k th
e p
rote
ster
s. “A
gre
at n
um
ber
” ar
e sl
ain
an
d w
ou
nd
ed a
nd
th
e “s
edit
ion”
is e
nd
ed.
Jose
ph
us
(AD
90)
537
Go
ths
and
R
om
eM
ilit
ary
too
l; M
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sIn
th
e si
xth
cen
tury
AD
, as
the
Ro
man
Em
pir
e b
egin
s to
dec
lin
e, t
he
Go
ths
bes
iege
R
om
e an
d c
ut
alm
ost
all
of
the
aqu
edu
cts
lead
ing
into
th
e ci
ty. I
n A
D 5
37, t
his
sie
ge
succ
eed
s. T
he
on
ly a
qu
edu
ct t
hat
co
nti
nu
es t
o f
un
ctio
n is
th
e A
qu
a V
irgo
, wh
ich
ru
ns
alm
ost
en
tire
ly u
nd
ergr
ou
nd
.
Ro
me
Gu
ide
(200
4); I
nfo
Ro
ma
(200
4)
1187
Sala
din
an
d
the
Cru
sad
ers
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Sala
din
is a
ble
to
def
eat
the
Cru
sad
ers
at t
he
Ho
rns
of
Hat
tin
in 1
187
by
den
yin
g th
em
acce
ss t
o w
ater
. In
so
me
rep
ort
s, S
alad
in fi
lls a
ll th
e w
ells
alo
ng
the
way
wit
h s
and
an
d
des
troy
s th
e vi
llage
s o
f th
e M
aro
nit
e C
hri
stia
ns,
wh
o w
ou
ld s
up
ply
th
e C
hri
stia
n a
rmy
wit
h w
ater
.
Lo
ckw
oo
d
(200
6); P
risc
oli
(1
998)
1503
Flo
ren
ce a
nd
P
isa
Mil
itar
y to
ol
No
: Pla
n o
nly
Leo
nar
do
da
Vin
ci a
nd
Mac
hia
velli
pla
n t
o d
iver
t th
e A
rno
Riv
er a
way
fro
m P
isa
du
rin
g a
con
flic
t b
etw
een
Pis
a an
d F
lore
nce
.H
on
an (
1996
)
1573
–157
4H
olla
nd
an
d
Spai
nM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sIn
157
3, a
t th
e b
egin
nin
g o
f th
e E
igh
ty Y
ears
’ War
aga
inst
Sp
ain
, th
e D
utc
h fl
oo
d t
he
lan
d t
o b
reak
th
e si
ege
of
Span
ish
tro
op
s o
n t
he
tow
n A
lkm
aar.
Th
e sa
me
def
ense
is
use
d t
o p
rote
ct L
eid
en in
157
4. T
his
str
ateg
y b
eco
mes
kn
own
as
the
Du
tch
Wat
er L
ine
and
is u
sed
fre
qu
entl
y fo
r d
efen
se in
late
r ye
ars.
Du
tch
Wat
er
Lin
e (2
002)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
178
1626
–162
9Sp
ain
, Du
tch
R
epu
bli
cD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
; Mil
itar
y to
ol
No
Th
e Sp
anis
h H
absb
urg
s at
tem
pt
to p
reve
nt
ship
tra
ffic
on
th
e R
iver
Rh
ine
fro
m
reac
hin
g th
e D
utc
h R
epu
bli
c in
ord
er t
o d
amag
e th
e D
utc
h e
con
om
y. P
lan
s ar
e al
so
mad
e to
div
ert
wat
er f
rom
th
e R
hin
e to
lan
ds
un
der
Sp
anis
h c
on
tro
l, to
dry
up
d
own
stre
am c
itie
s in
Ho
llan
d. T
he
firs
t st
age
is a
can
al b
etw
een
th
e R
hin
e an
d M
euse
R
iver
s, b
etw
een
th
e ci
ties
of
Rh
ein
ber
g an
d V
enlo
. Pla
ns
for
a la
ter
stag
e ca
ll fo
r a
con
nec
tio
n b
etw
een
th
e M
euse
an
d t
he
Sch
eld
t to
cir
cum
ven
t th
e Sc
hel
dt
Est
uar
y,
con
tro
lled
by
the
Du
tch
. Alt
ho
ugh
so
me
60 k
ilo
met
ers
of
can
al a
re c
on
stru
cted
, th
e p
lan
fai
ls b
ecau
se o
f ch
ange
d m
ilit
ary
con
dit
ion
s an
d la
ck o
f fu
nd
ing.
Par
ts o
f th
e ca
nal
are
sti
ll vi
sib
le in
pre
sen
t-d
ay G
erm
any.
Isra
el (
1997
);
Bac
hie
ne
(179
1)
1642
Ch
ina;
Min
g D
ynas
tyM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sT
he
Hu
ang
He’
s d
ikes
are
bre
ach
ed f
or
mil
itar
y p
urp
ose
s. I
n 1
642,
“to
war
d t
he
end
of
the
Min
g d
ynas
ty (
1368
–164
4), G
ener
al G
ao M
ingh
eng
use
d t
he
tact
ic n
ear
Kai
fen
g in
an
att
emp
t to
su
pp
ress
a p
easa
nt
up
risi
ng.
”
Hil
lel (
1991
)
1672
Fren
ch, D
utc
hM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sL
ou
is X
IV s
tart
s th
e th
ird
of
the
Du
tch
War
s in
167
2, in
wh
ich
th
e Fr
ench
ove
rru
n t
he
Net
her
lan
ds.
In
def
ense
, th
e D
utc
h o
pen
th
eir
dik
es a
nd
flo
od
th
e co
un
try,
cre
atin
g a
wat
ery
bar
rier
th
at is
vir
tual
ly im
pen
etra
ble
.
Col
um
bia
En
cycl
oped
ia
(200
0a)
1748
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te;
Terr
ori
sm
Yes
Ferr
y h
ou
se o
n B
roo
klyn
sh
ore
of
Eas
t R
iver
bu
rns
dow
n. N
ew Y
ork
ers
accu
se
Bro
okl
ynit
es o
f h
avin
g se
t th
e fi
re a
s re
ven
ge f
or
un
fair
Eas
t R
iver
wat
er r
igh
ts.
MC
NY
(n
.d.)
1777
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Bri
tish
an
d H
essi
ans
atta
ck t
he
wat
er s
yste
m o
f N
ew Y
ork
. “T
he
enem
y w
anto
nly
d
estr
oyed
th
e N
ew Y
ork
wat
er w
ork
s” d
uri
ng
the
War
fo
r In
dep
end
ence
.T
hat
cher
(18
27)
1804
Fran
ce,
Ho
llan
dD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
; Mil
itar
y to
ol
No
Nap
ole
on
ord
ers
the
con
stru
ctio
n o
f a
can
al b
etw
een
Neu
ss a
nd
Ven
lo t
o c
on
nec
t th
e R
hin
e an
d M
euse
Riv
ers,
in o
rder
to
div
ert
trad
e fr
om
th
e B
atav
ia R
epu
bli
c to
th
e So
uth
ern
Net
her
lan
ds,
th
en u
nd
er F
ren
ch c
on
tro
l. T
hre
e-q
uar
ters
of
the
can
al is
co
mp
lete
d, b
ut
wo
rk s
top
s b
ecau
se o
f la
ck o
f fu
nd
s.
Isra
el (
1997
)
1841
Can
ada
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te;
Terr
ori
sm
Yes
A r
eser
voir
in O
ps
Tow
nsh
ip, U
pp
er C
anad
a (n
ow O
nta
rio
), is
des
troy
ed b
y n
eigh
bo
rs
wh
o c
on
sid
er it
a h
azar
d t
o h
ealt
h.
Fork
ey (
1998
)
con
tin
ues
179
1844
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te;
Terr
ori
sm
Yes
A r
eser
voir
in M
erce
r C
ou
nty
, Oh
io, i
s d
estr
oyed
by
a m
ob
th
at c
on
sid
ers
it a
hea
lth
h
azar
d.
Sch
eib
er (
1969
)
1850
sU
nit
ed S
tate
sD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
; Te
rro
rism
Yes
A N
ew H
amp
shir
e d
am t
hat
had
imp
ou
nd
ed w
ater
fo
r fa
cto
ries
dow
nst
ream
is
atta
cked
by
loca
l res
iden
ts u
nh
app
y ab
ou
t it
s ef
fect
on
wat
er le
vels
.St
ein
ber
g (1
990)
1853
–186
1U
nit
ed S
tate
sD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
; Te
rro
rism
Yes
Th
e b
anks
an
d r
eser
voir
s o
f th
e W
abas
h a
nd
Eri
e C
anal
in s
ou
ther
n I
nd
ian
a ar
e re
pea
ted
ly d
estr
oyed
by
mo
bs
rega
rdin
g it
as
a h
ealt
h h
azar
d.
Fato
ut
(197
2);
Fic
kle
(198
3)
1860
–186
5U
nit
ed S
tate
sM
ilit
ary
too
l; M
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sG
ener
al W
illi
am T
. Sh
erm
an’s
mem
oir
s co
nta
in a
n a
cco
un
t o
f C
on
fed
erat
e so
ldie
rs
po
iso
nin
g p
on
ds
by
du
mp
ing
the
carc
asse
s o
f d
ead
an
imal
s in
to t
hem
. Oth
er a
cco
un
ts
sugg
est
this
tac
tic
was
use
d b
y b
oth
sid
es.
Eit
zen
an
d
Taka
fuji
(19
97)
1862
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Un
ion
an
d
Co
nfe
der
ate
arm
ies
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Du
rin
g th
e U
S C
ivil
War
, Co
nfe
der
ate
forc
es n
ear
York
tow
n u
se d
ams
to fl
oo
d t
he
War
wic
k R
iver
an
d c
ut
off
Un
ion
tro
op
s. “
Th
e en
emy
is p
ush
ed b
ehin
d a
. . .
bra
nch
of
the
War
wic
k ri
ver
in w
hic
h t
hey
co
ntr
ol t
he
dep
ths
of
wat
er b
y d
ams.
McC
lella
n d
id n
ot
inte
nd
to
pas
s th
at s
trea
m a
t th
at t
ime,
or
at t
hat
po
int
wh
ere
the
skir
mis
h t
oo
k p
lace
. B
ut
the
tro
op
s, fi
nd
ing
the
stre
am f
ord
able
wen
t ov
er (
un
der
wh
ose
imm
edia
te o
rder
s d
oes
no
t ap
pea
r) a
nd
th
e w
ater
was
th
en d
eep
ened
so
th
at t
hey
wer
e m
easu
rab
ly c
ut
off
.”
Hit
chco
ck (
1862
)
1863
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Gen
eral
Uly
sses
S. G
ran
t, d
uri
ng
the
Civ
il W
ar c
amp
aign
aga
inst
Vic
ksb
urg
, cu
ts le
vees
in
th
e b
attl
e ag
ain
st t
he
Co
nfe
der
ates
.G
ran
t (1
885)
; B
arry
(19
97)
1870
sC
hin
aD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
No
An
un
auth
ori
zed
dam
in H
ub
ei, C
hin
a, is
co
nst
ruct
ed b
y lo
cals
an
d r
emov
ed b
y go
vern
men
t (t
wic
e).
Row
e (1
988)
1870
s–18
81U
nit
ed S
tate
sD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Rec
urr
ent
fric
tio
n a
nd
eve
ntu
al v
iole
nt
con
flic
t ov
er w
ater
rig
hts
in t
he
vici
nit
y o
f Tu
laro
sa, N
ew M
exic
o, in
volv
es v
illa
gers
, ran
cher
s, a
nd
far
mer
s.R
asch
(19
68)
1887
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te;
Terr
ori
sm
Yes
A c
anal
res
ervo
ir in
Pau
ldin
g C
ou
nty
, Oh
io, i
s d
ynam
ited
by
a m
ob
reg
ard
ing
it a
s a
hea
lth
haz
ard
. Sta
te m
ilit
ia a
re c
alle
d o
ut
to r
esto
re o
rder
.W
alte
rs (
1948
)
1890
Can
ada
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te;
Terr
ori
sm
Yes
A p
artl
y su
cces
sfu
l att
emp
t is
mad
e to
des
troy
a lo
ck o
n t
he
Wel
lan
d C
anal
in O
nta
rio,
C
anad
a, e
ith
er b
y Fe
nia
ns
pro
test
ing
En
glis
h p
oli
cy in
Ire
lan
d o
r b
y ag
ents
of
Bu
ffal
o,
New
Yo
rk, g
rain
han
dle
rs u
nh
app
y ab
ou
t th
e d
iver
sio
n o
f tr
ade
thro
ugh
th
e ca
nal
.
Styr
an a
nd
Ta
ylo
r (2
001)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
180
1898
Egy
pt,
Fra
nce
, B
rita
inM
ilit
ary
too
l; P
oli
tica
l to
ol
Mil
itar
y m
aneu
vers
Mil
itar
y co
nfl
ict
nea
rly
ensu
es b
etw
een
Bri
tain
an
d F
ran
ce w
hen
a F
ren
ch e
xped
itio
n
atte
mp
ts t
o g
ain
co
ntr
ol o
f th
e h
ead
wat
ers
of
the
Wh
ite
Nil
e. W
hil
e th
e p
arti
es
ult
imat
ely
neg
oti
ate
a se
ttle
men
t o
f th
e d
isp
ute
, th
e in
cid
ent
has
bee
n c
har
acte
rize
d a
s h
avin
g “d
ram
atiz
ed E
gyp
t’s v
uln
erab
le d
epen
den
ce o
n t
he
Nil
e, a
nd
fixe
d t
he
atti
tud
e o
f E
gyp
tian
po
licy
-mak
ers
ever
sin
ce.”
Mo
ore
hea
d
(196
0)
1907
–191
3O
wen
s V
alle
y,
Lo
s A
nge
les,
C
alif
orn
ia
Terr
ori
sm;
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te
Yes
Th
e L
os
An
gele
s V
alle
y aq
ued
uct
/pip
elin
e su
ffer
s re
pea
ted
bo
mb
ings
in a
n e
ffo
rt t
o
pre
ven
t d
iver
sio
ns
of
wat
er f
rom
th
e O
wen
s V
alle
y to
Lo
s A
nge
les.
Rei
sner
199
3
1908
–190
9U
nit
ed S
tate
sD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Vio
len
ce, i
ncl
ud
ing
a m
urd
er, i
s d
irec
ted
aga
inst
age
nts
of
a la
nd
co
mp
any
that
had
cl
aim
ed t
itle
to
Ree
lfo
ot
Lak
e in
no
rth
wes
tern
Ten
nes
see;
th
e ag
ents
had
att
emp
ted
to
le
vy c
har
ges
for
fish
tak
en a
nd
th
reat
ened
to
dra
in t
he
lake
fo
r ag
ricu
ltu
re.
Van
der
wo
od
(1
969)
1915
Ger
man
So
uth
wes
t A
fric
a
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Un
ion
of
Sou
th A
fric
an t
roo
ps
cap
ture
Win
dh
oek
, cap
ital
of
Ger
man
So
uth
wes
t A
fric
a,
in M
ay. R
etre
atin
g G
erm
an t
roo
ps
po
iso
n w
ells
—“a
vio
lati
on
of
the
Hag
ue
con
ven
tio
n.”
Dan
iel (
1995
)
1935
Cal
ifo
rnia
, A
rizo
na
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teM
ilit
ary
man
euve
rsA
rizo
na
calls
ou
t th
e N
atio
nal
Gu
ard
an
d m
ilit
ia u
nit
s to
its
bo
rder
wit
h C
alif
orn
ia t
o
pro
test
th
e co
nst
ruct
ion
of
Park
er D
am a
nd
div
ersi
on
s fr
om
th
e C
olo
rad
o R
iver
; th
e d
isp
ute
ult
imat
ely
is s
ettl
ed in
co
urt
. Th
e m
ilit
ia m
ou
nt
mac
hin
e gu
ns
on
co
mm
and
eere
d f
erri
es a
nd
pat
rol t
he
rive
r, e
arn
ing
the
nic
knam
e th
e “A
rizo
na
Nav
y.”
Rei
sner
(1
986/
1993
)
1937
Rep
ub
lica
n
gove
rnm
ent
of
Spai
n, S
pan
ish
N
atio
nal
ists
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Du
rin
g th
e Sp
anis
h C
ivil
War
, tw
o c
on
cret
e gr
avit
y d
ams,
at
Bu
rgu
illo
an
d O
rdu
nte
, are
at
tack
ed b
y th
e N
atio
nal
ist
arm
y, w
ith
a t
wo
-an
d-o
ne-
hal
f-to
n c
har
ge p
lace
d in
an
in
spec
tio
n g
alle
ry a
t O
rdu
nte
. Th
ere
is s
om
e li
mit
ed d
amag
e, w
hic
h is
rep
aire
d in
19
38–1
939.
Paga
n (
2005
)
con
tin
ues
181
1938
Ch
ina
and
Ja
pan
Mil
itar
y to
ol;
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Ch
ian
g K
ai-s
hek
ord
ers
the
des
tru
ctio
n o
f fl
oo
d c
on
tro
l dik
es o
f th
e H
uay
uan
kou
se
ctio
n o
f th
e H
uan
g H
e (Y
ello
w)
Riv
er, i
n o
rder
to
flo
od
are
as t
hre
aten
ed b
y th
e Ja
pan
ese
arm
y. W
est
of
Kai
fen
g, d
ikes
are
des
troy
ed w
ith
dyn
amit
e, s
pil
lin
g w
ater
ac
ross
th
e fl
at p
lain
. Eve
n t
ho
ugh
th
e fl
oo
d d
estr
oys
par
t o
f th
e in
vad
ing
arm
y an
d
mir
es it
s eq
uip
men
t in
mu
d, W
uh
an, h
ead
qu
arte
rs o
f th
e N
atio
nal
ist
gove
rnm
ent,
is
take
n b
y th
e Ja
pan
ese
in O
cto
ber
. Flo
od
wat
ers
cove
r an
are
a va
rio
usl
y es
tim
ated
as
bet
wee
n 3
,000
an
d 5
0,00
0 sq
uar
e ki
lom
eter
s, k
illi
ng
Ch
ines
e es
tim
ated
in n
um
ber
s b
etw
een
“te
ns
of
tho
usa
nd
s” a
nd
“o
ne
mil
lio
n.”
Hil
lel (
1991
);
Yan
g L
ang
(198
9/19
94)
1939
–194
0N
eth
erla
nd
s,
Ger
man
yM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sD
uri
ng
the
mo
bil
izat
ion
of
the
Du
tch
at
the
beg
inn
ing
of W
orl
d W
ar I
I, 1
939–
1940
, th
e D
utc
h a
ttem
pt
to fl
oo
d t
he
Gel
der
se V
alle
i wit
h t
he
New
Du
tch
Wat
er D
efen
ce L
ine,
w
hic
h h
ad b
een
co
mp
lete
d in
188
5. D
uri
ng
the
Ger
man
inva
sio
n in
May
194
0, la
rge
area
s ar
e in
un
dat
ed.
IDG
(19
96)
1939
–194
2Ja
pan
, Ch
ina
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
; M
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sJa
pan
ese
chem
ical
an
d b
iolo
gica
l wea
po
ns
acti
viti
es r
epo
rted
ly in
clu
de
test
s b
y “U
nit
73
1” a
gain
st m
ilit
ary
and
civ
ilia
n t
arge
ts in
wh
ich
wat
er w
ells
an
d r
eser
voir
s ar
e la
ced
w
ith
typ
ho
id a
nd
oth
er p
ath
oge
ns.
Har
ris
(199
4)
1940
Fin
lan
d, S
ovie
t U
nio
nM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sPa
rtis
an F
inn
s m
anip
ula
te t
he
wat
ers
of
the
Saim
aan
Can
al (
Fin
lan
d)
in o
rder
to
flo
od
su
rro
un
din
g la
nd
an
d h
ind
er S
ovie
t tr
oo
p m
ovem
ents
du
rin
g th
e So
viet
-Fin
nis
h
con
flic
t.
Mal
ik (
2005
)
1940
–194
5M
ult
iple
p
arti
esM
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sH
ydro
elec
tric
dam
s ar
e ro
uti
nel
y b
om
bed
as
stra
tegi
c ta
rget
s d
uri
ng
Wo
rld
War
II.
Gle
ick
(199
3)
1941
USS
R a
nd
G
erm
any
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Th
e st
rate
gica
lly im
po
rtan
t D
nie
per
hyd
rop
ower
pla
nt
in t
he
Ukr
ain
e is
tar
gete
d b
y b
oth
Sov
iet
and
Ger
man
tro
op
s d
uri
ng
Wo
rld
War
II.
On
Au
gust
18,
194
1, t
he
dam
an
d
pow
er p
lan
t ar
e d
ynam
ited
by
Sovi
et t
roo
ps
retr
eati
ng
bef
ore
ad
van
cin
g G
erm
an
forc
es. T
he
faci
lity
is b
om
bed
aga
in in
194
3 b
y re
trea
tin
g G
erm
an t
roo
ps.
Paga
n (
2005
);
New
Yor
k T
imes
(1
941)
; Mak
arov
(2
005)
; AH
F
(200
4)
1941
Ger
man
y,
Sovi
et U
nio
nM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sIn
Nov
emb
er, S
ovie
t tr
oo
ps
flo
od
th
e ar
ea s
ou
th o
f th
e Is
tra
Res
ervo
ir n
ear
Mo
scow
in
an e
ffo
rt t
o s
low
th
e G
erm
an a
dva
nce
. Ju
st a
few
wee
ks la
ter,
Ger
man
tro
op
s u
sed
th
e sa
me
tact
ic t
o c
reat
e a
wat
er b
arri
er t
o h
alt
adva
nce
s b
y th
e So
viet
16t
h A
rmy.
Mal
ik (
2005
)
1941
–194
3G
erm
any,
U
SSR
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Wo
rld
War
II
infl
icts
en
orm
ou
s h
arm
to
hyd
roel
ectr
ic s
yste
ms
in t
he
Sovi
et U
nio
n. O
ver
two
-th
ird
s o
f th
e h
ydro
elec
tric
pow
er s
tati
on
s ar
e lo
st.
Mal
ik (
2005
)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
182
1943
Bri
tain
, G
erm
any
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Th
e B
riti
sh R
oyal
Air
Fo
rce
bo
mb
s d
ams
on
th
e M
öh
ne,
So
rpe,
an
d E
der
Riv
ers
in
Ger
man
y (M
ay 1
6 an
d 1
7). A
Mö
hn
e D
am b
reac
h k
ills
1,2
00 a
nd
des
troy
s al
l d
own
stre
am d
ams
for
fift
y ki
lom
eter
s. T
he
flo
od
th
at o
ccu
rs a
fter
th
e b
reac
hin
g o
f th
e E
der
Dam
rea
ches
a p
eak
dis
char
ge o
f 8,
500
cub
ic m
eter
s p
er s
eco
nd
, nin
e ti
mes
h
igh
er t
han
th
e h
igh
est
flo
od
ob
serv
ed. M
any
ho
use
s an
d b
rid
ges
are
des
troy
ed, a
nd
si
xty-
eigh
t ar
e ki
lled
.
Kir
sch
ner
(19
49);
Se
man
n (
1950
)
1944
Ger
man
y,
Ital
y, B
rita
in,
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Ger
man
fo
rces
use
wat
ers
fro
m t
he
Iso
lett
a D
am (
Lir
i Riv
er)
in J
anu
ary
and
Feb
ruar
y to
su
cces
sfu
lly d
estr
oy B
riti
sh a
ssau
lt f
orc
es c
ross
ing
the
Gar
igli
ano
Riv
er (
dow
nst
ream
of
the
Lir
i Riv
er).
Th
e G
erm
an a
rmy
then
dam
s th
e R
apid
o R
iver
, flo
od
ing
a va
lley
occ
up
ied
by
the
Am
eric
an a
rmy.
US
AC
E (
1953
)
1944
Ger
man
y,
Ital
y, B
rita
in,
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Th
e G
erm
an a
rmy
flo
od
s th
e P
on
tin
e M
arsh
es, o
n t
he
coas
t o
f It
aly
sou
thea
st o
f R
om
e,
by
sto
pp
ing
pu
mp
s an
d o
pen
ing
dik
es, i
n o
rder
to
dis
rup
t A
llied
fo
rces
wh
o h
ad
esta
bli
shed
a b
each
hea
d a
t A
nzi
o. A
llied
fo
rces
are
su
rro
un
ded
by
Ger
man
art
ille
ry a
nd
p
inn
ed d
own
fo
r m
on
ths
by
hea
vy s
hel
lin
g. T
he
pu
rpo
se o
f th
e fl
oo
din
g is
to
bri
ng
mo
squ
ito
es a
nd
mal
aria
, “d
elib
erat
ely
intr
od
uce
d a
s an
act
of
bio
logi
cal w
arfa
re.”
Th
is
has
a li
mit
ed m
ilit
ary
imp
act
bu
t d
evas
tate
s th
e lo
cal p
op
ula
tio
n, w
hic
h t
he
Th
ird
R
eich
wis
hed
to
pu
nis
h f
or
dis
loya
lty.
US
AC
E (
1953
);
Eva
ns
(200
8)
1944
Ger
man
y,
Alli
ed f
orc
esM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sG
erm
ans
flo
od
th
e A
y R
iver
in F
ran
ce in
Ju
ly, c
reat
ing
a la
ke t
wo
met
ers
dee
p a
nd
se
vera
l kil
om
eter
s w
ide,
slo
win
g an
ad
van
ce o
n S
ain
t L
ô, a
Ger
man
co
mm
un
icat
ion
s ce
nte
r in
No
rman
dy.
US
AC
E (
1953
)
1944
Ger
man
y,
Alli
ed f
orc
esM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sG
erm
ans
flo
od
th
e Il
l Riv
er V
alle
y d
uri
ng
the
Bat
tle
of
the
Bu
lge
(win
ter
1944
–194
5),
crea
tin
g a
lake
six
teen
kil
om
eter
s lo
ng,
th
ree
to s
ix k
ilo
met
ers
wid
e, a
nd
on
e to
tw
o
met
ers
dee
p, g
reat
ly d
elay
ing
the
Am
eric
an a
rmy’
s ad
van
ce t
owar
d t
he
Rh
ine.
US
AC
E (
1953
)
1944
Un
ited
Sta
tes,
Ja
pan
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Th
e U
S b
om
bar
dm
ent
of
a Ja
pan
ese-
occ
up
ied
isla
nd
in J
un
e ta
rget
s w
ater
su
pp
ly
po
ints
, res
ult
ing
in s
ever
e sh
ort
ages
.St
ewar
t (n
.d.)
1944
Fin
lan
d, U
SSR
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
In J
un
e, t
he
Sovi
et a
ir f
orc
e at
tack
s th
e Sv
ir R
iver
Dam
, nea
r L
enin
grad
, th
en u
nd
er t
he
con
tro
l of
the
Fin
nis
h m
ilit
ary.
Orl
enko
(19
81);
A
HF
(20
04)
con
tin
ues
183
1945
Ro
man
ia,
Ger
man
yM
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sIn
on
e o
f th
e fe
w v
erifi
ed G
erm
an t
acti
cal u
ses
of
bio
logi
cal w
arfa
re, G
erm
an f
orc
es
po
llute
a la
rge
rese
rvo
ir in
no
rth
wes
tern
Bo
hem
ia, C
zech
osl
ovak
ia, w
ith
sew
age.
See
al
so t
he
entr
y fo
r th
e P
on
tin
e M
arsh
es in
194
4.
SIP
RI
(197
1)
1947
o
nw
ard
Ban
glad
esh
, In
dia
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teN
oA
par
titi
on
div
ides
th
e G
ange
s R
iver
bet
wee
n B
angl
ades
h a
nd
In
dia
; co
nst
ruct
ion
of
the
Fara
kka
bar
rage
by
Ind
ia, b
egin
nin
g in
196
2, in
crea
ses
ten
sio
n; s
ho
rt-t
erm
ag
reem
ents
set
tle
dis
pu
tes
in 1
977–
1982
, 198
2–19
84, a
nd
198
5–19
88;a
nd
a t
hir
ty-y
ear
trea
ty is
sig
ned
in 1
996.
Bu
tts
(199
7);
Sam
son
an
d
Ch
arri
er (
1997
)
1947
–196
0sIn
dia
, Pak
ista
nD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
No
A p
arti
tio
n le
aves
th
e In
du
s R
iver
bas
in d
ivid
ed b
etw
een
In
dia
an
d P
akis
tan
; dis
pu
tes
over
irri
gati
on
wat
er e
nsu
e, d
uri
ng
wh
ich
In
dia
ste
ms
the
flow
of
wat
er in
to ir
riga
tio
n
can
als
in P
akis
tan
. Th
e In
du
s W
ater
s A
gree
men
t is
rea
ched
in 1
960,
aft
er t
wel
ve y
ears
o
f Wo
rld
Ban
k–le
d n
ego
tiat
ion
s.
Bin
gham
et
al.
(199
4)
1948
Ara
bs,
Isr
aeli
sM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sA
rab
fo
rces
cu
t o
ff W
est
Jeru
sale
m’s
wat
er s
up
ply
in t
he
firs
t A
rab
-Isr
aeli
war
.W
olf
(19
95);
Wo
lf
(199
7)
1948
Ara
bs,
Isr
aeli
sM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sW
ater
an
d f
oo
d s
up
pli
es a
re c
ut
off
du
rin
g an
Ara
b s
iege
of
Jeru
sale
m f
rom
Dec
emb
er
1, 1
947,
to
Ju
ly 1
0, 1
948.
Ara
b f
orc
es b
lock
th
e ro
ad t
o J
eru
sale
m in
an
att
emp
t to
def
eat
Jew
ish
Jer
usa
lem
. Sh
ort
ages
cau
se I
srae
lis
to b
egin
rat
ion
ing
wat
er o
n M
ay 1
2, li
mit
ing
each
per
son
to
tw
o g
allo
ns
(eig
ht
lite
rs)
per
day
, of
wh
ich
fo
ur
pin
ts (
two
lite
rs)
are
for
dri
nki
ng.
Co
llin
s an
d
LaP
ierr
e (1
972)
; Jo
sep
h (
1960
);
Wik
iped
ia
(201
1b)
1950
sK
ore
a, U
nit
ed
Stat
es, o
ther
sM
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sC
entr
aliz
ed d
ams
on
th
e Ya
lu (
Am
no
k) R
iver
ser
vin
g N
ort
h K
ore
a an
d C
hin
a ar
e at
tack
ed d
uri
ng
the
Ko
rean
War
.G
leic
k (1
993)
1951
Ko
rea,
Un
ited
N
atio
ns
Mil
itar
y to
ol;
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
No
rth
Ko
rea
rele
ases
flo
od
wav
es f
rom
th
e H
wac
ho
n D
am, d
amag
ing
flo
atin
g b
rid
ges
op
erat
ed b
y U
N t
roo
ps
in t
he
Pu
khan
Val
ley.
Th
e U
S N
avy
then
sen
ds
pla
nes
to
des
troy
th
e sp
illw
ay c
rest
gat
es.
US
AC
E (
1953
)
1951
Isra
el, J
ord
an,
Syri
aM
ilit
ary
too
l; D
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Jord
an m
akes
pu
bli
c it
s p
lan
s to
irri
gate
th
e Jo
rdan
Val
ley
by
tap
pin
g th
e Ya
rmo
uk
Riv
er. I
srae
l res
po
nd
s b
y co
mm
enci
ng
dra
inag
e o
f th
e H
ule
h s
wam
ps,
loca
ted
in t
he
dem
ilit
ariz
ed z
on
e b
etw
een
Isr
ael a
nd
Syr
ia; b
ord
er s
kirm
ish
es e
nsu
e b
etw
een
Isr
ael
and
Syr
ia.
Wo
lf (
1997
);
Sam
son
an
d
Ch
arri
er (
1997
)
1951
Un
ited
Sta
tes,
K
ore
aM
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sT
he
Hw
ach
eon
Dam
in K
ore
a, c
om
ple
ted
in 1
944,
bec
om
es b
oth
a t
arge
t an
d a
to
ol o
f o
pp
osi
ng
forc
es d
uri
ng
the
Ko
rean
War
. In
195
1, N
ort
h K
ore
a o
pen
s th
e d
am t
o fl
oo
d
dow
nst
ream
are
as a
nd
slo
w a
dva
nci
ng
UN
fo
rces
. In
res
po
nse
, th
e U
S N
avy
sen
ds
airc
raft
to
bo
mb
th
e d
am, i
n t
he
last
kn
own
Am
eric
an u
se o
f ae
rial
to
rped
oes
in w
ar.
Cal
cagn
o (
2004
)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
184
1953
Isra
el, J
ord
an,
Syri
aD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
; Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Isra
el b
egin
s co
nst
ruct
ion
of
its
Nat
ion
al W
ater
Car
rier
to
tra
nsf
er w
ater
fro
m t
he
no
rth
o
f th
e Se
a o
f G
alil
ee o
ut
of
the
Jord
an R
iver
bas
in t
o t
he
Neg
ev D
eser
t fo
r ir
riga
tio
n.
Syri
an m
ilit
ary
acti
on
s al
on
g th
e b
ord
er a
nd
inte
rnat
ion
al d
isap
pro
val l
ead
Isr
ael t
o
mov
e it
s in
take
to
th
e Se
a o
f G
alil
ee.
Naf
f an
d M
atso
n
(198
4); S
amso
n
and
Ch
arri
er
(199
7)
1958
Egy
pt,
Su
dan
Mil
itar
y to
ol;
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te
Yes
Egy
pt
sen
ds
an u
nsu
cces
sfu
l mil
itar
y ex
ped
itio
n in
to d
isp
ute
d t
erri
tory
am
id p
end
ing
neg
oti
atio
ns
over
Nil
e w
ater
s, S
ud
anes
e ge
ner
al e
lect
ion
s, a
nd
an
Egy
pti
an v
ote
on
Su
dan
-Egy
pt
un
ifica
tio
n; t
he
Nil
e W
ater
Tre
aty
is s
ign
ed w
hen
a p
ro-E
gyp
tian
go
vern
men
t is
ele
cted
in S
ud
an.
Wo
lf (
1997
)
1960
sN
ort
h
Vie
tnam
, U
nit
ed S
tate
s
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Irri
gati
on
wat
er s
up
ply
sys
tem
s in
No
rth
Vie
tnam
are
bo
mb
ed d
uri
ng
the
Vie
tnam
War
. A
n e
stim
ated
661
sec
tio
ns
of
dik
es a
re d
amag
ed o
r d
estr
oyed
.IW
CT
(19
67);
G
leic
k (1
993)
; Z
emm
ali (
1995
)
1962
Isra
el, S
yria
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te; M
ilit
ary
targ
et
Yes
Isra
el d
estr
oys
irri
gati
on
dit
ches
in t
he
low
er T
arfi
q in
th
e d
emil
itar
ized
zo
ne.
Syr
ia
com
pla
ins.
Naf
f an
d M
atso
n
(198
4)
1962
–196
7B
razi
l, Pa
ragu
ayM
ilit
ary
too
l; D
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Mil
itar
y m
aneu
vers
Neg
oti
atio
ns
bet
wee
n B
razi
l an
d P
arag
uay
ove
r d
evel
op
men
t o
f th
e Pa
ran
á R
iver
are
in
terr
up
ted
in 1
962
by
a u
nil
ater
al s
how
of
mil
itar
y fo
rce
by
Bra
zil,
wh
ich
inva
des
th
e ar
ea a
nd
cla
ims
con
tro
l ove
r th
e G
uai
ra F
alls
sit
e. M
ilit
ary
forc
es a
re w
ith
dra
wn
in 1
967
follo
win
g an
agr
eem
ent
for
a jo
int
com
mis
sio
n t
o e
xam
ine
dev
elo
pm
ent
in t
he
regi
on
.
Mu
rph
y an
d
Sab
adel
l (19
86)
1963
–196
4E
thio
pia
, So
mal
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
; Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Cre
atio
n o
f b
ou
nd
arie
s in
194
8 le
aves
So
mal
i no
mad
s u
nd
er E
thio
pia
n r
ule
; bo
rder
sk
irm
ish
es o
ccu
r ov
er d
isp
ute
d t
erri
tory
in t
he
Oga
den
Des
ert,
wh
ere
crit
ical
wat
er a
nd
o
il r
eso
urc
es a
re lo
cate
d. A
cea
se-fi
re is
neg
oti
ated
on
ly a
fter
sev
eral
hu
nd
red
are
ki
lled
.
Wo
lf (
1997
)
1964
Cu
ba,
Un
ited
St
ates
Mil
itar
y to
ol
No
On
Feb
ruar
y 6,
th
e C
ub
an g
over
nm
ent
cuts
off
th
e n
orm
al w
ater
su
pp
ly t
o t
he
US
Nav
al B
ase
at G
uan
tan
amo
Bay
in r
etal
iati
on
fo
r th
e U
S se
izu
re o
f fo
ur
Cu
ban
fish
ing
bo
ats
day
s ea
rlie
r n
ear
Flo
rid
a.
Gu
anta
nam
o B
ay G
azet
te
(196
4)
1964
Isra
el, S
yria
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Hea
dw
ater
s o
f th
e D
an R
iver
on
th
e Jo
rdan
Riv
er a
re b
om
bed
at T
ell E
l-Q
adi i
n a
d
isp
ute
ab
ou
t so
vere
ign
ty o
ver
the
sou
rce
of
the
Dan
.N
aff
and
Mat
son
(1
984)
con
tin
ues
185
1965
Zam
bia
, R
ho
des
ia,
Gre
at B
rita
in
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
No
Pre
sid
ent
Ken
net
h K
aun
da
calls
on
th
e B
riti
sh g
over
nm
ent
to s
end
tro
op
s to
Kar
iba
Dam
to
pro
tect
it f
rom
po
ssib
le s
abo
teu
rs f
rom
th
e R
ho
des
ian
gov
ern
men
t.C
hen
je (
2001
)
1965
Isra
el,
Pale
stin
ian
sTe
rro
rism
Yes
Th
e fi
rst
atta
ck e
ver
by
the
Pale
stin
ian
Nat
ion
al L
iber
atio
n M
ovem
ent
Al-
Fata
h is
mad
e o
n t
he
div
ersi
on
pu
mp
s fo
r th
e Is
rael
i Nat
ion
al W
ater
Car
rier
. Th
e at
tack
fai
ls.
Naf
f an
d M
atso
n
(198
4); D
ola
tyar
(1
995)
1965
–196
6Is
rael
, Syr
iaM
ilit
ary
too
l; D
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Fir
e is
exc
han
ged
ove
r an
“al
l-A
rab”
pla
n t
o d
iver
t th
e Jo
rdan
Riv
er h
ead
wat
ers
(Has
ban
i an
d B
ania
s) a
nd
pre
sum
ably
pre
emp
t th
e Is
rael
i Nat
ion
al W
ater
Car
rier
; Syr
ia
hal
ts c
on
stru
ctio
n o
f it
s d
iver
sio
n in
Ju
ly 1
966.
Wo
lf (
1995
); W
olf
(1
997)
1967
Isra
el, S
yria
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
; M
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sIs
rael
des
troy
s th
e A
rab
div
ersi
on
wo
rks
on
th
e Jo
rdan
Riv
er h
ead
wat
ers.
Du
rin
g th
e A
rab
-Isr
aeli
War
, Isr
ael o
ccu
pie
s G
ola
n H
eigh
ts, w
ith
th
e B
ania
s tr
ibu
tary
to
th
e Jo
rdan
; Is
rael
occ
up
ies
the
Wes
t B
ank.
Gle
ick
(199
3);
Wo
lf (
1995
); W
olf
(1
997)
; W
alle
nst
een
an
d
Swai
n (
1997
)
1967
–197
2V
ietn
am,
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Th
e U
S m
ilit
ary,
in “
Op
erat
ion
Po
pey
e,”
use
s si
lver
iod
ide
for
clo
ud
see
din
g ov
er
Ind
och
ina
(Vie
tnam
) in
an
att
emp
t to
ext
end
th
e m
on
soo
n s
easo
n a
nd
sto
p t
he
flow
of
mat
erie
l alo
ng
Ho
Ch
i Min
h T
rail
. “C
on
tin
uo
us
rain
fall
was
inte
nd
ed t
o s
low
dow
n t
he
tru
ck t
raffi
c an
d w
as r
elat
ivel
y su
cces
sfu
l.”
Pla
nt
(199
5);
Tro
un
g an
d
Co
op
er (
2003
)
1969
Isra
el, J
ord
anM
ilit
ary
targ
et;
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Isra
el, s
usp
icio
us
that
Jo
rdan
is o
verd
iver
tin
g th
e Ya
rmo
uk,
lead
s tw
o r
aid
s to
des
troy
th
e n
ewly
bu
ilt
Eas
t G
ho
r C
anal
. Sec
ret
neg
oti
atio
ns,
med
iate
d b
y th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s,
lead
to
an
agr
eem
ent
in 1
970.
Sam
son
an
d
Ch
arri
er (
1997
)
1970
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smN
o: T
hre
atT
he
Wea
ther
men
, a g
rou
p o
pp
ose
d t
o A
mer
ican
imp
eria
lism
an
d t
he
Vie
tnam
War
, al
lege
dly
att
emp
t to
ob
tain
bio
logi
cal a
gen
ts t
o c
on
tam
inat
e th
e w
ater
su
pp
ly s
yste
ms
of
US
urb
an c
ente
rs.
Ku
pp
erm
an a
nd
Tr
ent
(197
9);
Eit
zen
an
d
Taka
fuji
(19
97);
P
urv
er (
1995
)
1970
Ch
ines
e ci
tize
ns
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sC
on
flic
ts o
ver
exce
ssiv
e w
ater
wit
hd
raw
als
fro
m, a
nd
su
bse
qu
ent
wat
er s
ho
rtag
es in
, C
hin
a’s
Zh
ang
Riv
er h
ad b
een
wo
rsen
ing
for
over
th
ree
dec
ades
bet
wee
n v
illa
ges
in
Shen
xian
an
d L
inzh
ou
co
un
ties
. In
th
e 19
70s,
mil
itia
s fr
om
co
mp
etin
g vi
llage
s fi
ght
over
wit
hd
raw
als.
(Se
e al
so e
ntr
ies
for
1976
, 199
1, 1
992,
an
d 1
999.
)
Ch
ina
Wat
er
Res
ourc
es D
aily
(2
002)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
186
1970
sA
rgen
tin
a,
Bra
zil,
Para
guay
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teN
oB
razi
l an
d P
arag
uay
an
no
un
ce p
lan
s to
co
nst
ruct
a d
am a
t It
aip
u o
n t
he
Para
ná
Riv
er,
cau
sin
g co
nce
rn in
Arg
enti
na
abo
ut
dow
nst
ream
en
viro
nm
enta
l rep
ercu
ssio
ns
and
th
e ef
fica
cy o
f A
rgen
tin
a’s
own
pla
nn
ed d
am p
roje
ct d
own
stre
am. A
rgen
tin
a d
eman
ds
to
be
con
sult
ed d
uri
ng
the
pla
nn
ing
of
Itai
pu
, bu
t B
razi
l ref
use
s. A
n a
gree
men
t is
rea
ched
in
197
9 th
at p
rovi
des
fo
r th
e co
nst
ruct
ion
of
bo
th B
razi
l’s a
nd
Par
agu
ay’s
dam
s at
It
aip
u a
nd
Arg
enti
na’
s Ya
cyre
ta D
am.
Wal
len
stee
n a
nd
Sw
ain
(19
97)
1972
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smN
o: T
hre
atTw
o m
emb
ers
of
the
righ
t-w
ing
“Ord
er o
f th
e R
isin
g Su
n” a
re a
rres
ted
in C
hic
ago
wit
h
thir
ty t
o f
ort
y ki
logr
ams
of
typ
ho
id c
ult
ure
s, w
ith
wh
ich
th
ey a
llege
dly
pla
nn
ed t
o
po
iso
n t
he
wat
er s
up
ply
in C
hic
ago,
St.
Lo
uis
, an
d o
ther
cit
ies.
Exp
erts
say
th
e p
lan
w
ou
ld h
ave
bee
n u
nli
kely
to
cau
se h
ealt
h p
rob
lem
s, g
iven
th
at t
he
wat
er is
ch
lori
nat
ed.
Eit
zen
an
d
Taka
fuji
(19
97)
1972
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smN
o: T
hre
atT
her
e is
a r
epo
rted
th
reat
to
co
nta
min
ate
the
wat
er s
up
ply
of
New
Yo
rk C
ity
wit
h n
erve
ga
s.P
urv
er (
1995
)
1972
No
rth
Vie
tnam
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s b
om
bs
dik
es in
th
e R
ed R
iver
del
ta, r
iver
s, a
nd
can
als
du
rin
g a
mas
sive
bo
mb
ing
cam
pai
gn.
Col
um
bia
En
cycl
oped
ia
(200
0b)
1973
Ger
man
yTe
rro
rism
No
: Th
reat
A G
erm
an b
iolo
gist
th
reat
ens
to c
on
tam
inat
e w
ater
su
pp
lies
wit
h a
nth
rax
bac
illi
an
d
bo
tuli
nu
m t
oxin
un
less
he
is p
aid
$8.
5 m
illi
on
.Je
nki
ns
and
R
ub
in (
1978
);
Ku
pp
erm
an a
nd
Tr
ent
(197
9)
1974
Iraq
, Syr
iaM
ilit
ary
targ
et;
Mil
itar
y to
ol;
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te
Mil
itar
y m
aneu
vers
Iraq
th
reat
ens
to b
om
b t
he
al-T
haw
ra (
Tab
aqah
) D
am in
Syr
ia a
nd
mas
ses
tro
op
s al
on
g th
e b
ord
er, a
llegi
ng
that
th
e d
am h
as r
edu
ced
th
e fl
ow o
f E
up
hra
tes
Riv
er w
ater
to
Ira
q.
Gle
ick
(199
4)
con
tin
ues
187
1975
Iraq
, Syr
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
; Mil
itar
y to
ol
Mil
itar
y m
aneu
vers
As
up
stre
am d
ams
are
fille
d d
uri
ng
a lo
w-fl
ow y
ear
on
th
e E
up
hra
tes,
Ira
qis
cla
im t
hat
fl
ow r
each
ing
its
terr
ito
ry is
“in
tole
rab
le”
and
ask
th
e A
rab
Lea
gue
to in
terv
ene.
Syr
ian
s cl
aim
th
ey a
re r
ecei
vin
g le
ss t
han
hal
f th
e ri
ver’s
no
rmal
flow
an
d p
ull
ou
t o
f an
Ara
b
Lea
gue
tech
nic
al c
om
mit
tee
form
ed t
o m
edia
te t
he
con
flic
t. I
n M
ay, S
yria
clo
ses
its
airs
pac
e to
Ira
qi fl
igh
ts a
nd
bo
th S
yria
an
d I
raq
rep
ort
edly
tra
nsf
er t
roo
ps
to t
hei
r m
utu
al b
ord
er. S
aud
i Ara
bia
su
cces
sfu
lly m
edia
tes
the
con
flic
t.
Gle
ick
(199
3);
Gle
ick
(199
4);
Wo
lf (
1997
)
1975
An
gola
, So
uth
A
fric
aM
ilit
ary
goal
; M
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sSo
uth
Afr
ican
tro
op
s m
ove
into
An
gola
to
occ
up
y an
d d
efen
d t
he
Ru
acan
a h
ydro
pow
er
com
ple
x, in
clu
din
g th
e G
ové
Dam
on
th
e K
un
ene
Riv
er. T
he
goal
is t
o t
ake
po
sses
sio
n
of
and
def
end
th
e w
ater
res
ou
rces
of
sou
thw
este
rn A
fric
a an
d N
amib
ia.
Mei
ssn
er (
2000
)
1976
Ch
ina
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sA
loca
l mil
itia
ch
ief
is s
ho
t to
dea
th in
a c
lash
ove
r th
e d
amm
ing
of
the
Zh
ang
Riv
er.
Co
nfl
icts
ove
r ex
cess
ive
wat
er w
ith
dra
wal
s an
d s
ub
seq
uen
t w
ater
sh
ort
ages
fro
m
Ch
ina’
s Z
han
g R
iver
had
bee
n w
ors
enin
g fo
r ov
er t
hre
e d
ecad
es. (
See
also
en
trie
s fo
r 19
70, 1
991,
199
2, 1
999.
)
Ch
ina
Wat
er
Res
ourc
es D
aily
(2
002)
1977
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smYe
sA
No
rth
Car
oli
na
rese
rvo
ir is
co
nta
min
ated
wit
h u
nkn
own
mat
eria
ls. A
cco
rdin
g to
C
lark
, “Sa
fety
cap
s an
d v
alve
s w
ere
rem
oved
, an
d p
ois
on
ch
emic
als
wer
e se
nt
into
th
e re
serv
oir
. . .
. Wat
er h
ad t
o b
e b
rou
ght
in.”
Cla
rk (
1980
);
Pu
rver
(19
95)
1978
o
nw
ard
Egy
pt,
E
thio
pia
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te; P
oli
tica
l to
ol
No
Th
ere
are
lon
g-st
and
ing
ten
sio
ns
over
th
e N
ile,
esp
ecia
lly t
he
Blu
e N
ile,
ori
gin
atin
g in
E
thio
pia
. Eth
iop
ia’s
pro
po
sed
co
nst
ruct
ion
of
dam
s o
n t
he
hea
dw
ater
s o
f th
e B
lue
Nil
e le
ads
Egy
pt
to r
epea
ted
ly d
ecla
re t
he
vita
l im
po
rtan
ce o
f w
ater
. “T
he
on
ly m
atte
r th
at
cou
ld t
ake
Egy
pt
to w
ar a
gain
is w
ater
” (A
nw
ar S
adat
, 197
9). “
Th
e n
ext
war
in o
ur
regi
on
wil
l be
over
th
e w
ater
s o
f th
e N
ile,
no
t p
oli
tics
” (B
ou
tro
s B
ou
tro
us-
Gh
ali,
1988
).
Gle
ick
(199
1);
Gle
ick
(199
4)
1978
–198
4Su
dan
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te; M
ilit
ary
targ
et; T
erro
rism
Yes
Dem
on
stra
tio
ns
in J
ub
a, S
ud
an, i
n 1
978
op
po
sin
g th
e co
nst
ruct
ion
of
the
Jon
glei
Can
al
lead
to
th
e d
eath
s o
f tw
o s
tud
ents
. Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
the
can
al is
su
spen
ded
in 1
984
follo
win
g a
seri
es o
f at
tack
s o
n t
he
con
stru
ctio
n s
ite.
Suli
man
(19
98);
K
elu
el-J
ang
(199
7)
1980
sM
ozam
biq
ue,
R
ho
des
ia/
Zim
bab
we,
So
uth
Afr
ica
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
; Te
rro
rism
Yes
Pow
er li
nes
fro
m C
aho
ra B
assa
Dam
are
rep
eate
dly
des
troy
ed d
uri
ng
a fi
ght
for
ind
epen
den
ce in
th
e re
gio
n. T
he
dam
is t
arge
ted
by
RE
NA
MO
(th
e M
ozam
bic
an
Nat
ion
al R
esis
tan
ce).
Ch
enje
(20
01)
1980
–198
8Ir
an, I
raq
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Iran
div
erts
wat
er t
o fl
oo
d I
raq
i def
ense
po
siti
on
s.P
lan
t (1
995)
1981
Iran
, Ira
qM
ilit
ary
targ
et;
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Iran
cla
ims
to h
ave
bo
mb
ed a
hyd
roel
ectr
ic f
acil
ity
in K
urd
ista
n, t
her
eby
bla
ckin
g o
ut
larg
e p
ort
ion
s o
f Ir
aq, d
uri
ng
the
Iran
-Ira
q W
ar.
Gle
ick
(199
3)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
188
1981
–198
2A
ngo
la,
Nam
ibia
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
; M
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sW
ater
infr
astr
uct
ure
, in
clu
din
g d
ams
and
th
e m
ajo
r C
un
ene-
Cu
vela
i pip
elin
e, is
ta
rget
ed d
uri
ng
the
con
flic
ts in
Nam
ibia
an
d A
ngo
la in
th
e 19
80s.
Turt
on
(20
05)
1982
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smN
o: T
hre
atL
os
An
gele
s p
oli
ce a
nd
th
e F
BI
arre
st a
man
wh
o is
pre
par
ing
to p
ois
on
th
e ci
ty’s
wat
er
sup
ply
wit
h a
bio
logi
cal a
gen
t.L
ivin
gsto
n
(198
2); E
itze
n
and
Tak
afu
ji
(199
7)
1982
Isra
el,
Leb
ano
n,
Syri
a
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Isra
el c
uts
off
th
e w
ater
su
pp
ly t
o B
eiru
t d
uri
ng
a si
ege.
Wo
lf (
1997
)
1982
Gu
atem
ala
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sIn
Río
Neg
ro, 1
77 c
ivil
ian
s ar
e ki
lled
ove
r o
pp
osi
tio
n t
o t
he
Ch
ixoy
hyd
roel
ectr
ic d
am.
Lev
y (2
000)
1983
Leb
ano
nTe
rro
rism
Yes
An
exp
losi
ves-
lad
en t
ruck
dis
guis
ed a
s a
wat
er d
eliv
ery
veh
icle
des
troy
s a
bar
rack
s in
a
US
mil
itar
y co
mp
ou
nd
, kil
lin
g m
ore
th
an 3
00 p
eop
le. T
he
atta
ck is
bla
med
on
H
ezb
olla
h, w
ith
th
e su
pp
ort
of
the
Iran
ian
gov
ern
men
t.
BB
C (
2007
)
1983
Isra
elTe
rro
rism
No
Th
e Is
rael
i gov
ern
men
t re
po
rts
that
it h
as u
nco
vere
d a
plo
t b
y Is
rael
i Ara
bs
to p
ois
on
th
e w
ater
in G
alil
ee w
ith
“an
un
iden
tifi
ed p
owd
er.”
Do
ugl
ass
and
L
ivin
gsto
ne
(198
7)
1984
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smYe
sM
emb
ers
of
the
Raj
nee
shee
rel
igio
us
cult
co
nta
min
ate
a ci
ty w
ater
su
pp
ly t
ank
in T
he
Dal
les,
Ore
gon
, usi
ng
salm
on
ella
bac
teri
a. A
co
mm
un
ity
ou
tbre
ak o
f ov
er 7
50 c
ases
o
ccu
rs in
a c
ou
nty
th
at n
orm
ally
rep
ort
s fe
wer
th
an 5
cas
es p
er y
ear.
Cla
rk a
nd
D
ein
inge
r (2
000)
1985
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smN
oL
aw e
nfo
rcem
ent
auth
ori
ties
dis
cove
r th
at a
sm
all s
urv
ival
ist
gro
up
in t
he
Oza
rk
Mo
un
tain
s o
f A
rkan
sas
know
n a
s T
he
Cov
enan
t, t
he
Swo
rd, a
nd
th
e A
rm o
f th
e L
ord
(C
SA)
has
acq
uir
ed a
dru
m c
on
tain
ing
thir
ty g
allo
ns
of
po
tass
ium
cya
nid
e, w
ith
th
e ap
par
ent
inte
nt
to p
ois
on
wat
er s
up
pli
es in
New
Yo
rk, C
hic
ago,
an
d W
ash
ingt
on
, DC
. C
SA m
emb
ers
bel
ieve
th
at s
uch
att
acks
wo
uld
mak
e th
e M
essi
ah r
etu
rn m
ore
qu
ickl
y b
y p
un
ish
ing
un
rep
enta
nt
sin
ner
s. T
he
ob
ject
ive
app
ears
to
be
mas
s m
urd
er in
th
e n
ame
of
a d
ivin
e m
issi
on
rat
her
th
an a
ch
ange
in g
over
nm
enta
l po
licy
.
Tuck
er (
2000
);
NT
I (2
005)
con
tin
ues
189
1986
No
rth
Ko
rea,
So
uth
Ko
rea
Mil
itar
y to
ol
No
No
rth
Ko
rea’
s an
no
un
cem
ent
of
its
pla
ns
to b
uil
d t
he
Ku
mga
nsa
n h
ydro
elec
tric
dam
o
n a
tri
bu
tary
of
the
Han
Riv
er u
pst
ream
of
Seo
ul r
aise
s co
nce
rns
in S
ou
th K
ore
a th
at
the
dam
co
uld
be
use
d a
s a
too
l fo
r ec
olo
gica
l des
tru
ctio
n o
r w
ar.
Gle
ick
(199
3)
1986
Les
oth
o, S
ou
th
Afr
ica
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te; M
ilit
ary
goal
Yes
Sou
th A
fric
a su
pp
ort
s a
blo
od
less
co
up
by
Les
oth
o’s
def
ense
fo
rces
. Im
med
iate
ly
afte
rwar
d, t
he
two
co
un
trie
s ag
ree
to s
har
e w
ater
fro
m t
he
Hig
hla
nd
s o
f L
eso
tho,
fo
llow
ing
thir
ty y
ears
of
un
succ
essf
ul n
ego
tiat
ion
s. T
her
e is
dis
agre
emen
t ov
er t
he
deg
ree
to w
hic
h w
ater
is a
mo
tiva
tin
g fa
cto
r fo
r ei
ther
par
ty.
Mo
ham
ed (
2001
)
1986
Les
oth
o, S
ou
th
Afr
ica
Mil
itar
y go
al;
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te
Yes
Sou
th A
fric
a su
pp
ort
s a
cou
p in
Les
oth
o o
ver
sup
po
rt f
or
the
Afr
ican
Nat
ion
al
Co
ngr
ess,
op
po
siti
on
to
ap
arth
eid
, an
d w
ater
. Th
e n
ew g
over
nm
ent
in L
eso
tho
qu
ickl
y si
gns
the
Les
oth
o H
igh
lan
ds
wat
er a
gree
men
t.
Am
eric
an
Un
iver
sity
(2
000b
)
1988
An
gola
, So
uth
A
fric
a, C
ub
aM
ilit
ary
goal
; M
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sC
ub
an a
nd
An
gola
n f
orc
es la
un
ch a
n a
ttac
k o
n C
alu
equ
e D
am v
ia la
nd
an
d t
hen
air
. C
on
sid
erab
le d
amag
e is
infl
icte
d o
n t
he
dam
’s w
all,
and
th
e p
ower
su
pp
ly t
o t
he
dam
is
cut.
Th
e w
ater
pip
elin
e to
Ow
amb
ola
nd
is c
ut
and
des
troy
ed.
Mei
ssn
er (
2000
)
1990
Sou
th A
fric
aD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
No
A p
ro-a
par
thei
d c
ou
nci
l cu
ts o
ff w
ater
to
th
e W
esse
lto
n t
own
ship
of
50,0
00 b
lack
s fo
llow
ing
pro
test
s ov
er m
iser
able
san
itat
ion
an
d li
vin
g co
nd
itio
ns.
Gle
ick
(199
3)
1990
Iraq
, Syr
ia,
Turk
eyD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
; Mil
itar
y to
ol
No
Th
e fl
ow o
f th
e E
up
hra
tes
is in
terr
up
ted
fo
r a
mo
nth
as
Turk
ey fi
nis
hes
co
nst
ruct
ion
of
the
Ata
turk
Dam
, par
t o
f th
e G
ran
d A
nat
oli
a P
roje
ct. S
yria
an
d I
raq
pro
test
th
at T
urk
ey
now
has
a w
eap
on
of
war
. In
mid
-199
0, T
urk
ish
pre
sid
ent T
urg
ut
Oza
l th
reat
ens
to
rest
rict
wat
er fl
ow t
o S
yria
to
fo
rce
it t
o w
ith
dra
w s
up
po
rt f
or
Ku
rdis
h r
ebel
s o
per
atin
g in
so
uth
ern
Tu
rkey
.
Gle
ick
(199
3);
Gle
ick
(199
5)
1991
Iraq
, Ku
wai
t,
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Du
rin
g th
e G
ulf
War
, Ira
q d
estr
oys
mu
ch o
f K
uw
ait’s
des
alin
atio
n c
apac
ity
du
rin
g it
s re
trea
t.G
leic
k (1
993)
1991
Can
ada
Terr
ori
smN
o: T
hre
atA
th
reat
is m
ade
via
an a
no
nym
ou
s le
tter
to
co
nta
min
ate
the
wat
er s
up
ply
of
the
city
of
Kel
own
a, B
riti
sh C
olu
mb
ia, w
ith
“b
iolo
gica
l co
nta
min
ates
.” T
he
mo
tive
is a
pp
aren
tly
“ass
oci
ated
wit
h t
he
Gu
lf W
ar.”
Th
e se
curi
ty o
f th
e w
ater
su
pp
ly is
incr
ease
d in
re
spo
nse
, an
d n
o g
rou
p is
iden
tifi
ed a
s th
e p
erp
etra
tor.
Pu
rver
(19
95)
1991
Iraq
, Tu
rkey
, U
nit
ed
Nat
ion
s
Mil
itar
y to
ol
No
: Th
reat
Th
e U
nit
ed N
atio
ns
dis
cuss
es u
se o
f th
e A
tatu
rk D
am in
Tu
rkey
to
cu
t o
ff fl
ows
of
the
Eu
ph
rate
s to
Ira
q.
Gle
ick
(199
3)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
190
1991
Iraq
, Ku
wai
t,
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Du
rin
g th
e P
ersi
an G
ulf
War
, Alli
ed C
oal
itio
n f
orc
es d
amag
e B
agh
dad
’s m
od
ern
wat
er
sup
ply
an
d s
anit
atio
n s
yste
m—
inte
nti
on
ally
an
d u
nin
ten
tio
nal
ly. “
Fou
r o
f se
ven
maj
or
pu
mp
ing
stat
ion
s w
ere
des
troy
ed, a
s w
ere
31 m
un
icip
al w
ater
an
d s
ewer
age
faci
liti
es—
20 in
Bag
hd
ad—
resu
ltin
g in
sew
age
po
uri
ng
into
th
e T
igri
s. W
ater
p
uri
fica
tio
n p
lan
ts w
ere
inca
pac
itat
ed t
hro
ugh
ou
t Ir
aq”
(Arb
uth
no
t 20
00).
Fo
llow
ing
the
dam
age,
th
e N
ew E
ngl
and
Jou
rnal
of
Med
icin
e re
po
rts
that
du
rin
g th
e fi
rst
eigh
t m
on
ths
of
1991
, ch
ild
ho
od
dea
ths
in I
raq
incr
ease
by
47,0
00 a
nd
th
e co
un
try’
s in
fan
t m
ort
alit
y ra
te d
ou
ble
s, t
o 9
2.7
per
1,0
00 li
ve b
irth
s.
Gle
ick
(199
3);
Arb
uth
no
t (2
000)
; Bar
rett
(2
003)
1991
Ch
ina
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sIn
Dec
emb
er 1
991,
Hu
angl
on
gko
u v
illa
ge a
nd
Qia
nyu
vil
lage
exc
han
ge m
ort
ar fi
re o
ver
the
con
stru
ctio
n o
f n
ew w
ater
div
ersi
on
fac
ilit
ies.
Co
nfl
icts
ove
r ex
cess
ive
wat
er
wit
hd
raw
als
and
su
bse
qu
ent
wat
er s
ho
rtag
es f
rom
Ch
ina’
s Z
han
g R
iver
had
bee
n
wo
rsen
ing
for
over
th
ree
dec
ades
. (Se
e al
so e
ntr
ies
for
1970
, 197
6, 1
992,
an
d 1
999.
)
Ch
ina
Wat
er
Res
ourc
es D
aily
(2
002)
1991
–200
1U
nit
ed S
tate
s,
Iraq
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
; M
ilit
ary
too
lN
oT
he
Un
ited
Sta
tes
del
iber
atel
y p
urs
ues
a p
oli
cy o
f d
estr
oyin
g Ir
aq’s
wat
er s
yste
ms
thro
ugh
san
ctio
ns
and
wit
hh
old
ing
con
trac
ts.
Nag
y (2
001)
1991
–200
7K
arn
atak
a,
Ind
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Vio
len
ce e
rup
ts w
hen
Kar
nat
aka
reje
cts
an in
teri
m o
rder
han
ded
dow
n b
y th
e C
auve
ry
Wat
ers
Trib
un
al, s
et u
p b
y th
e Su
pre
me
Co
urt
of
Ind
ia. T
he
trib
un
al h
ad b
een
es
tab
lish
ed in
199
0 to
set
tle
two
dec
ades
of
dis
pu
te b
etw
een
Kar
nat
aka
and
Tam
il
Nad
u o
ver
irri
gati
on
rig
hts
to
th
e C
auve
ry R
iver
.
Gle
ick
(199
3);
Bu
tts
(199
7);
Am
eric
an
Un
iver
sity
(2
000a
)
1992
Po
liti
cal t
oo
l; D
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Mil
itar
y m
aneu
vers
Cit
ing
envi
ron
men
tal c
on
cern
s, H
un
gary
ab
roga
tes
a 19
77 t
reat
y w
ith
Cze
cho
slov
akia
co
nce
rnin
g co
nst
ruct
ion
of
the
Gab
ciko
vo/N
agym
aro
s p
roje
ct. S
lova
kia
con
tin
ues
co
nst
ruct
ion
un
ilat
eral
ly, c
om
ple
tes
the
dam
, an
d d
iver
ts t
he
Dan
ub
e in
to a
can
al
insi
de
the
Slov
ak R
epu
bli
c. M
assi
ve p
ub
lic
pro
test
an
d m
ovem
ent
of
mil
itar
y to
th
e b
ord
er e
nsu
e; t
he
issu
e is
tak
en t
o t
he
Inte
rnat
ion
al C
ou
rt o
f Ju
stic
e.
Gle
ick
(199
3)
1992
Turk
eyTe
rro
rism
Yes
Let
hal
co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
of
po
tass
ium
cya
nid
e ar
e re
po
rted
ly d
isco
vere
d in
th
e w
ater
ta
nks
of
a Tu
rkis
h A
ir F
orc
e co
mp
ou
nd
in I
stan
bu
l. T
he
Ku
rdis
h W
ork
ers’
Par
ty (
PK
K)
clai
ms
cred
it.
Ch
elys
hev
(19
92)
con
tin
ues
191
1992
Bo
snia
, B
osn
ian
Ser
bs
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Th
e Se
rbia
n s
iege
of
Sara
jevo
, Bo
snia
an
d H
erze
govi
na,
incl
ud
es a
cu
toff
of
all
elec
tric
al p
ower
an
d t
he
wat
er f
eed
ing
the
city
fro
m t
he
surr
ou
nd
ing
mo
un
tain
s. T
he
lack
of
pow
er c
uts
th
e tw
o m
ain
pu
mp
ing
stat
ion
s in
sid
e th
e ci
ty, d
esp
ite
ple
dge
s fr
om
Se
rbia
n n
atio
nal
ist
lead
ers
to U
nit
ed N
atio
ns
offi
cial
s th
at t
hey
wo
uld
no
t u
se t
hei
r co
ntr
ol o
f Sa
raje
vo’s
uti
liti
es a
s a
wea
po
n. B
osn
ian
Ser
bs
take
co
ntr
ol o
f w
ater
val
ves
regu
lati
ng
flow
fro
m w
ells
th
at p
rovi
de
mo
re t
han
80
per
cen
t o
f w
ater
to
Sar
ajev
o; t
he
red
uce
d w
ater
flow
to
th
e ci
ty is
use
d t
o “
smo
ke o
ut”
Bo
snia
ns.
Bu
rns
(199
2);
Hu
sars
ka (
1995
)
1992
Ch
ina
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sIn
Au
gust
199
2, b
om
bs
are
set
off
alo
ng
a Z
han
g R
iver
dis
trib
uti
on
can
al, c
olla
psi
ng
par
t o
f th
e ca
nal
an
d c
ausi
ng
flo
od
ing
and
eco
no
mic
loss
es. V
iole
nce
co
nti
nu
es in
th
e la
te 1
990s
wit
h c
on
fro
nta
tio
ns,
mo
rtar
att
acks
, an
d b
om
bin
gs. C
on
flic
ts o
ver
exce
ssiv
e w
ater
wit
hd
raw
als
and
su
bse
qu
ent
wat
er s
ho
rtag
es f
rom
Ch
ina’
s Z
han
g R
iver
had
bee
n
wo
rsen
ing
for
over
th
ree
dec
ades
. (Se
e al
so e
ntr
ies
for
1970
, 197
6, 1
991,
an
d 1
999.
)
Ch
ina
Wat
er
Res
ourc
es D
aily
(2
002)
1992
Mo
ldov
a,
Ru
ssia
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
In J
un
e, h
ost
ilit
ies
bet
wee
n M
old
ova
and
Ru
ssia
in a
sh
ort
bu
t in
ten
se c
on
flic
t in
clu
de
a ro
cket
-art
ille
ry a
ttac
k o
n t
he
hyd
roel
ectr
ic t
urb
ines
at
the
Du
bo
ssar
y p
ower
sta
tio
n
on
th
e N
istr
u (
or
Dn
iest
er)
Riv
er.
Mal
ik (
2005
);
Bel
itse
r et
al.
(200
9)
1993
Iran
Terr
ori
smN
oA
rep
ort
su
gges
ts t
hat
pro
po
sals
wer
e m
ade
at a
mee
tin
g o
f fu
nd
amen
tali
st g
rou
ps
in
Teh
ran
, un
der
th
e au
spic
es o
f th
e Ir
ania
n F
ore
ign
Min
istr
y, t
o p
ois
on
wat
er s
up
pli
es o
f m
ajo
r ci
ties
in t
he
Wes
t “as
a p
oss
ible
res
po
nse
to
Wes
tern
off
ensi
ves
agai
nst
Isl
amic
o
rgan
izat
ion
s an
d s
tate
s.”
Hae
ri (
1993
)
1993
Yugo
slav
iaM
ilit
ary
targ
et;
Mil
itar
y to
ol
Yes
Th
e si
xty-
five
-met
er-h
igh
Per
uća
Dam
on
th
e C
etin
a R
iver
was
Yu
gosl
avia
’s s
eco
nd
-la
rges
t h
ydro
elec
tric
fac
ilit
y b
efo
re t
he
cou
ntr
y’s
bre
aku
p w
ith
th
e C
roat
ian
War
b
egin
nin
g in
199
1. O
n J
anu
ary
28, 1
993,
Ser
bia
n/Y
ugo
slav
arm
y fo
rces
det
on
ate
exp
losi
ves
at t
he
dam
in a
n a
ttem
pt
to w
ipe
ou
t C
roat
ian
vil
lage
s an
d t
he
po
rt c
ity
of
Om
iš. A
su
cces
sfu
l Cro
atia
n c
ou
nte
ratt
ack
allo
ws
mil
itar
y en
gin
eers
to
rea
ch t
he
dam
an
d r
elea
se w
ater
in t
ime
to p
reve
nt
it f
rom
bu
rsti
ng,
sav
ing
an e
stim
ated
tw
enty
to
th
irty
th
ou
san
d c
ivil
ian
s. C
red
it f
or
pre
ven
tin
g a
dam
bu
rst
is a
lso
giv
en t
o B
riti
sh
Mar
ine
Cap
tain
Mar
k G
ray,
a U
N o
bse
rver
, fo
r o
pen
ing
gate
s to
red
uce
wat
er le
vels
p
rio
r to
th
e at
tack
.
Gle
ick
(199
3);
Rat
hfe
lder
(20
07)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
192
1993
–200
3Ir
aqM
ilit
ary
too
lN
oTo
qu
ell o
pp
osi
tio
n t
o h
is g
over
nm
ent,
Sad
dam
Hu
ssei
n r
epo
rted
ly p
ois
on
s an
d d
rain
s th
e w
ater
su
pp
lies
of
sou
ther
n S
hii
te M
usl
ims,
th
e M
a’d
an. T
he
mar
shes
of
sou
ther
n
Iraq
are
inte
nti
on
ally
tar
gete
d. T
he
Eu
rop
ean
Par
liam
ent
and
UN
Hu
man
Rig
hts
C
om
mis
sio
n d
eplo
re t
he
use
of
wat
er a
s a
wea
po
n in
th
e re
gio
n.
Gle
ick
(199
3);
Am
eric
an
Un
iver
sity
(2
000c
); N
atio
nal
G
eogr
aph
ic
New
s (2
001)
1994
Mo
ldov
a,
Ru
ssia
Terr
ori
smN
o: T
hre
atM
old
avia
n g
ener
al N
iko
lay
Mat
veye
v re
po
rted
ly t
hre
aten
s to
co
nta
min
ate
the
wat
er
sup
ply
of
the
Ru
ssia
n 1
4th
Arm
y in
Tir
asp
ol,
Mo
ldov
a, w
ith
mer
cury
.P
urv
er (
1995
)
1998
/199
4U
nit
ed S
tate
sC
yber
terr
ori
smN
oT
he
Was
hin
gton
Pos
t re
po
rts
that
a t
wel
ve-y
ear-
old
co
mp
ute
r h
acke
r h
as b
roke
n in
to
the
SCA
DA
co
mp
ute
r sy
stem
th
at r
un
s A
rizo
na’
s R
oo
seve
lt D
am, g
ain
ing
com
ple
te
con
tro
l of
the
dam
’s m
assi
ve fl
oo
dga
tes.
Th
e ci
ties
of
Mes
a, T
emp
e, a
nd
Ph
oen
ix,
Ari
zon
a, a
re d
own
stre
am o
f th
is d
am. T
his
rep
ort
tu
rns
ou
t to
be
inco
rrec
t. A
hac
ker
did
bre
ak in
to t
he
com
pu
ters
of
an A
rizo
na
wat
er f
acil
ity,
th
e Sa
lt R
iver
Pro
ject
in t
he
Ph
oen
ix a
rea.
Bu
t h
e w
as t
wen
ty-s
even
, no
t tw
elve
, an
d t
he
inci
den
t o
ccu
rred
in 1
994,
n
ot
1998
. An
d w
hil
e cl
earl
y tr
esp
assi
ng
in c
riti
cal a
reas
, th
e h
acke
r n
ever
co
uld
hav
e h
ad c
on
tro
l of
any
dam
s, le
adin
g in
vest
igat
ors
to
co
ncl
ud
e th
at n
o li
ves
or
pro
per
ty
wer
e ev
er t
hre
aten
ed.
Gel
lman
(20
02);
L
emo
s (2
002)
1995
Ecu
ado
r, P
eru
Mil
itar
y to
ol;
Po
liti
cal t
oo
lYe
sA
rmed
ski
rmis
hes
ari
se in
par
t b
ecau
se o
f d
isag
reem
ent
over
th
e co
ntr
ol o
f th
e h
ead
wat
ers
of
the
Cen
epa
Riv
er. W
olf
arg
ues
th
at t
his
is p
rim
aril
y a
bo
rder
dis
pu
te
sim
ply
co
inci
din
g w
ith
th
e lo
cati
on
of
a w
ater
res
ou
rce.
Sam
son
an
d
Ch
arri
er (
1997
);
Wo
lf (
1997
)
1997
Sin
gap
ore
, M
alay
sia
Po
liti
cal t
oo
lN
oM
alay
sia,
wh
ich
su
pp
lies
ab
ou
t h
alf
of
Sin
gap
ore
’s w
ater
, th
reat
ens
to c
ut
off
th
at
sup
ply
in r
etri
bu
tio
n f
or
crit
icis
ms
by
Sin
gap
ore
of
po
licy
in M
alay
sia.
Zac
har
y (1
997)
1998
Taji
kist
anTe
rro
rism
; P
oli
tica
l to
ol
No
: Th
reat
Taji
k gu
erri
lla c
om
man
der
Mak
hm
ud
Kh
ud
ob
erd
yev
thre
aten
s to
blo
w u
p a
dam
on
th
e K
aira
kkh
um
ch
ann
el if
his
po
liti
cal d
eman
ds
are
no
t m
et.
WR
R (
1998
)
1998
An
gola
Mil
itar
y to
ol;
Po
liti
cal t
oo
lYe
sIn
Sep
tem
ber
, fier
ce fi
ghti
ng
bet
wee
n U
NIT
A a
nd
An
gola
n g
over
nm
enta
l fo
rces
bre
aks
ou
t at
Gov
e D
am o
n t
he
Ku
nen
e R
iver
fo
r co
ntr
ol o
f th
e in
stal
lati
on
.M
eiss
ner
(20
01)
con
tin
ues
193
1998
Dem
ocr
atic
R
epu
bli
c o
f C
on
go
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
; Te
rro
rism
Yes
Att
acks
are
mad
e o
n I
nga
Dam
du
rin
g ef
fort
s to
to
pp
le P
resi
den
t K
abil
a. E
lect
rici
ty
sup
pli
es f
rom
In
ga D
am a
nd
wat
er s
up
pli
es t
o K
insh
asa
are
dis
rup
ted
.C
hen
je (
2001
);
Hu
man
Rig
hts
W
atch
(19
98)
1998
–199
9K
oso
voTe
rro
rism
; P
oli
tica
l to
ol
Yes
Wat
er s
up
pli
es a
nd
wel
ls a
re c
on
tam
inat
ed b
y Se
rbs
dis
po
sin
g o
f th
e b
od
ies
of
Ko
sova
r A
lban
ian
s. T
her
e ar
e al
so r
epo
rts
of Y
ugo
slav
fed
eral
fo
rces
po
iso
nin
g w
ells
wit
h
carc
asse
s an
d h
azar
do
us
mat
eria
ls.
CN
N (
1999
);
Hic
kman
(19
99)
1998
–200
0E
ritr
ea a
nd
E
thio
pia
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Wat
er-p
um
pin
g p
lan
ts a
nd
pip
elin
es in
th
e b
ord
er t
own
of
Ad
i Qu
ala
are
des
troy
ed
du
rin
g th
e ci
vil w
ar b
etw
een
Eri
trea
an
d E
thio
pia
.IC
RC
(20
03)
1999
Lusa
ka,
Zam
bia
Terr
ori
sm;
Po
liti
cal t
oo
lYe
sA
bo
mb
bla
st d
estr
oys
Lusa
ka’s
mai
n w
ater
pip
elin
e, c
utt
ing
off
wat
er f
or
the
city
, p
op
ula
tio
n 3
mil
lio
n.
FT
GW
R (
1999
)
1999
Yugo
slav
iaM
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sB
elgr
ade
rep
ort
s th
at N
ATO
pla
nes
hav
e ta
rget
ed a
hyd
roel
ectr
ic p
lan
t d
uri
ng
the
Ko
sovo
cam
pai
gn.
Reu
ters
(19
99c)
1999
Ban
glad
esh
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te; P
oli
tica
l to
ol
Yes
Fif
ty p
eop
le a
re h
urt
du
rin
g st
rike
s ca
lled
to
pro
test
pow
er a
nd
wat
er s
ho
rtag
es.
Pro
test
s ar
e le
d b
y fo
rmer
pri
me
min
iste
r B
egu
m K
hal
eda
Zia
ove
r a
dec
reas
e in
pu
bli
c se
rvic
es a
nd
det
erio
rati
on
of
law
an
d o
rder
.
Ah
med
(19
99)
1999
Yugo
slav
iaM
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sN
ATO
tar
gets
uti
liti
es a
nd
sh
uts
dow
n w
ater
su
pp
lies
in B
elgr
ade.
NAT
O b
om
bs
bri
dge
s o
n D
anu
be,
dis
rup
tin
g n
avig
atio
n.
Reu
ters
(19
99b
)
1999
Yugo
slav
iaP
oli
tica
l to
ol
Yes
Yugo
slav
ia r
efu
ses
to c
lear
war
deb
ris
(dow
ned
bri
dge
s) o
n t
he
Dan
ub
e u
nle
ss fi
nan
cial
ai
d f
or
reco
nst
ruct
ion
is p
rovi
ded
; Eu
rop
ean
co
un
trie
s o
n t
he
Dan
ub
e fe
ar t
hat
fl
oo
din
g d
ue
to w
inte
r ic
e d
ams
wil
l res
ult
. Dip
lom
ats
dec
ry e
nvi
ron
men
tal b
lack
mai
l.
Sim
on
s (1
999)
1999
Ko
sovo
Po
liti
cal t
oo
lYe
sSe
rbia
n e
ngi
nee
rs s
hu
t d
own
th
e w
ater
sys
tem
in P
rist
ina
pri
or
to o
ccu
pat
ion
by
NAT
O.
Reu
ters
(19
99a)
1999
Sou
th A
fric
aTe
rro
rism
Yes
A h
om
emad
e b
om
b is
dis
cove
red
at
a w
ater
res
ervo
ir a
t Wal
lman
sth
al, n
ear
Pre
tori
a. I
t is
th
ou
ght
to h
ave
bee
n m
ean
t to
sab
ota
ge w
ater
su
pp
lies
to
far
mer
s.P
reto
ria
Dis
pat
ch
(199
9)
1999
An
gola
Terr
ori
sm;
Po
liti
cal t
oo
lYe
sO
ne
hu
nd
red
bo
die
s ar
e fo
un
d in
fo
ur
dri
nki
ng
wat
er w
ells
in c
entr
al A
ngo
la.
Inte
rnat
ion
al
Her
ald
Tri
bun
e (1
999)
1999
Pu
erto
Ric
o,
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
liti
cal t
oo
lN
oP
rote
ster
s b
lock
wat
er in
take
to
Ro
ose
velt
Ro
ads
Nav
y B
ase
in o
pp
osi
tio
n t
o U
S m
ilit
ary
pre
sen
ce a
nd
th
e n
avy’
s u
se o
f th
e B
lan
co R
iver
, fo
llow
ing
chro
nic
wat
er
sho
rtag
es in
nei
ghb
ori
ng
tow
ns.
New
Yor
k T
imes
(1
999)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
194
1999
Ch
ina
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te;
Terr
ori
sm
Yes
Aro
un
d t
he
Ch
ines
e N
ew Y
ear,
far
mer
s fr
om
Heb
ei a
nd
Hen
an P
rovi
nce
s fi
ght
over
li
mit
ed w
ater
res
ou
rces
. Hea
vy w
eap
on
s, in
clu
din
g m
ort
ars
and
bo
mb
s, a
re u
sed
an
d
nea
rly
on
e h
un
dre
d v
illa
gers
are
inju
red
. Ho
use
s an
d f
acil
itie
s ar
e d
amag
ed, a
nd
th
e to
tal l
oss
rea
ches
US$
1 m
illi
on
.
Ch
ina
Wat
er
Res
ourc
es D
aily
(2
002)
1999
Eas
t Tim
or
Mil
itar
y to
ol;
Terr
ori
smYe
sM
ilit
ia o
pp
osi
ng
Eas
t Tim
or
ind
epen
den
ce k
ills
pro
-in
dep
end
ence
su
pp
ort
ers
and
th
row
s th
eir
bo
die
s in
a w
ater
wel
l.B
BC
(19
99)
1999
Yem
enD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Yem
en s
end
s 70
0 so
ldie
rs t
o q
uel
l figh
tin
g th
at c
laim
ed s
ix li
ves
and
inju
red
six
ty in
cl
ash
es t
hat
eru
pte
d b
etw
een
tw
o v
illa
ges
figh
tin
g ov
er a
loca
l sp
rin
g n
ear
Ta’i
z. T
he
villa
ge o
f A
l-M
arzu
h b
elie
ved
it w
as e
nti
tled
to
exc
lusi
ve u
se o
f a
spri
ng
bec
ause
th
e sp
rin
g w
as lo
cate
d o
n it
s la
nd
; th
e n
eigh
bo
rin
g vi
llage
of
Qu
rad
ah b
elie
ved
its
righ
t to
th
e w
ater
had
bee
n a
ffirm
ed in
a fi
fty-
year
-old
co
urt
ver
dic
t. T
he
dis
pu
te e
rup
ted
in
vio
len
ce. P
resi
den
t A
li A
bd
ulla
h S
aleh
inte
rven
es b
y su
mm
on
ing
the
shei
khs
of
the
two
vi
llage
s to
th
e ca
pit
al a
nd
so
rts
ou
t th
e p
rob
lem
by
div
idin
g th
e w
ater
into
hal
ves.
Al-
Qad
hi (
2003
)
1999
–200
0N
amib
ia,
Bo
tsw
ana,
Z
amb
ia
Mil
itar
y go
al;
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te
No
On
Sed
ud
u/K
asik
ili I
slan
d, i
n t
he
Zam
bez
i/C
ho
be
Riv
er, a
dis
pu
te a
rise
s ab
ou
t th
e b
ord
er a
nd
acc
ess
to w
ater
. Th
e co
nfl
ict
is p
rese
nte
d t
o t
he
Inte
rnat
ion
al C
ou
rt o
f Ju
stic
e.
ICJ
(199
9)
2000
Eth
iop
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
A m
an is
sta
bb
ed t
o d
eath
du
rin
g a
figh
t ov
er c
lean
wat
er d
uri
ng
the
fam
ine
in
Eth
iop
ia.
San
dra
sagr
a (2
000)
2000
Cen
tral
Asi
a:
Kyr
gyzs
tan
, K
azak
hst
an,
Uzb
ekis
tan
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teN
oK
yrgy
zsta
n c
uts
off
wat
er t
o K
azak
hst
an u
nti
l co
al is
del
iver
ed; U
zbek
ista
n c
uts
off
w
ater
to
Kaz
akh
stan
fo
r n
on
pay
men
t o
f d
ebt.
Pan
nie
r (2
000)
2000
Fran
ce,
Bel
giu
m,
Net
her
lan
ds
Terr
ori
smYe
sIn
Ju
ly, w
ork
ers
at t
he
Cel
late
x ch
emic
al p
lan
t in
no
rth
ern
Fra
nce
du
mp
5,0
00 li
ters
of
sulf
uri
c ac
id in
to a
tri
bu
tary
of
the
Meu
se R
iver
aft
er t
hey
are
den
ied
wo
rker
s’ b
enefi
ts.
A F
ren
ch a
nal
yst
po
ints
ou
t th
at t
his
is t
he
firs
t ti
me
“th
e en
viro
nm
ent
and
pu
bli
c h
ealt
h w
ere
mad
e h
ost
age
in o
rder
to
exe
rt p
ress
ure
, an
un
hea
rd-o
f si
tuat
ion
un
til
now
.”
Ch
rist
ian
Sci
ence
M
onit
or (
2000
)
con
tin
ues
195
2000
Haz
araj
at,
Afg
han
ista
nD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Vio
len
t co
nfl
icts
bre
ak o
ut
over
wat
er r
eso
urc
es in
th
e vi
llage
s o
f B
urn
a L
egan
an
d
Tain
a L
egan
, an
d in
oth
er p
arts
of
the
regi
on
, as
dro
ugh
t d
eple
tes
loca
l res
ou
rces
.C
oo
per
atio
n
Cen
ter
for
Afg
han
ista
n
(200
0)
2000
Ind
ia: G
uja
rat
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sW
ater
rio
ts a
re r
epo
rted
in s
om
e ar
eas
of
Gu
jara
t in
pro
test
of
auth
ori
ty’s
fai
lure
to
ar
ran
ge a
n a
deq
uat
e su
pp
ly o
f ta
nke
r w
ater
. Po
lice
are
rep
ort
ed t
o h
ave
sho
t in
to a
cr
owd
at
Falla
vil
lage
nea
r Ja
mn
agar
, res
ult
ing
in t
he
dea
ths
of
thre
e an
d in
juri
es t
o
twen
ty f
ollo
win
g p
rote
sts
agai
nst
th
e d
iver
sio
n o
f w
ater
fro
m t
he
Kan
kava
ti D
am t
o
Jam
nag
ar t
own
.
FT
GW
R (
2000
)
2000
Bo
livi
aD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Mas
sive
pro
test
s, r
iots
, an
d v
iole
nce
res
ult
fro
m e
ffo
rts
to p
riva
tize
th
e w
ater
sys
tem
of
Co
chab
amb
a, B
oli
via.
Shu
ltz
and
D
rap
er (
2009
)
2000
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smN
oA
dri
ll si
mu
lati
ng
a te
rro
rist
att
ack
on
th
e N
acim
ien
to D
am in
Mo
nte
rey
Co
un
ty,
Cal
ifo
rnia
, get
s o
ut
of
han
d w
hen
tw
o r
adio
sta
tio
ns
rep
ort
it a
s a
real
att
ack.
Gau
ra (
2000
)
2000
Ken
yaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
A c
lash
bet
wee
n v
illa
gers
an
d t
hir
sty
mo
nke
ys le
aves
eig
ht
mo
nke
ys d
ead
an
d t
en
villa
gers
wo
un
ded
. Th
e d
uel
sta
rted
aft
er w
ater
tan
kers
bro
ugh
t w
ater
to
a d
rou
ght-
stri
cken
are
a an
d t
he
mo
nke
ys, d
esp
erat
e fo
r w
ater
, att
acke
d t
he
villa
gers
.
BB
C (
2000
);
Oko
ko (
2000
)
2000
Au
stra
lia
Cyb
erte
rro
rism
Yes
In Q
uee
nsl
and
, Au
stra
lia,
po
lice
arr
est
a m
an f
or
usi
ng
a co
mp
ute
r an
d r
adio
tr
ansm
itte
r to
tak
e co
ntr
ol o
f th
e M
aro
och
y Sh
ire
was
tew
ater
sys
tem
an
d r
elea
se
sew
age
into
par
ks, r
iver
s, a
nd
pro
per
ty.
Gel
lman
(20
02)
2000
Ch
ina
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sC
ivil
un
rest
eru
pts
ove
r th
e u
se a
nd
allo
cati
on
of
wat
er f
rom
Bai
yan
gdia
n L
ake,
th
e la
rges
t n
atu
ral l
ake
in n
ort
her
n C
hin
a. S
ever
al p
eop
le d
ie in
rio
ts b
y vi
llage
rs in
Ju
ly in
Sh
and
on
g af
ter
offi
cial
s cu
t o
ff w
ater
su
pp
lies
. In
Au
gust
, six
die
wh
en o
ffici
als
in t
he
sou
ther
n p
rovi
nce
of
Gu
angd
on
g b
low
up
a w
ater
ch
ann
el t
o p
reve
nt
a n
eigh
bo
rin
g co
un
ty f
rom
div
erti
ng
wat
er.
Po
ttin
ger
(200
0)
2001
Isra
el,
Pale
stin
eTe
rro
rism
; M
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sPa
lest
inia
ns
des
troy
wat
er s
up
ply
pip
elin
es t
o t
he
Wes
t B
ank
sett
lem
ent
of Y
itzh
ar a
nd
to
Kib
bu
tz K
isu
fim
. Th
e A
gbat
Jab
ar r
efu
gee
cam
p n
ear
Jeri
cho
dis
con
nec
ts f
rom
its
wat
er s
up
ply
aft
er P
ales
tin
ian
s lo
ot
and
dam
age
loca
l wat
er p
um
ps.
Pal
esti
nia
ns
accu
se I
srae
l of
des
troy
ing
a w
ater
cis
tern
, blo
ckin
g w
ater
tan
ker
del
iver
ies,
an
d
atta
ckin
g m
ater
ials
fo
r a
was
tew
ater
tre
atm
ent
pro
ject
.
Isra
el L
ine
(200
1a);
Isr
ael
Lin
e (2
001b
);
EN
S (2
001)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
196
2001
Paki
stan
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te;
Terr
ori
sm
Yes
Civ
il u
nre
st e
rup
ts o
ver
seve
re w
ater
sh
ort
ages
cau
sed
by
the
lon
g-te
rm d
rou
ght.
P
rote
sts
beg
in in
Mar
ch a
nd
Ap
ril a
nd
co
nti
nu
e in
to s
um
mer
, in
volv
ing
rio
ts, f
ou
r b
om
bs
in K
arac
hi (
Jun
e 13
), o
ne
dea
th, t
wel
ve in
juri
es, a
nd
th
irty
arr
ests
. Eth
nic
co
nfl
icts
ari
se a
s so
me
gro
up
s “a
ccu
se t
he
gove
rnm
ent
of
favo
rin
g th
e p
op
ulo
us
Pu
nja
b p
rovi
nce
[ov
er S
ind
h P
rovi
nce
] in
wat
er d
istr
ibu
tio
n.”
Nad
eem
(20
01);
So
lom
an (
2001
)
2001
Mac
edo
nia
Terr
ori
sm;
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Wat
er fl
ow t
o K
um
anov
o (
po
pu
lati
on
100
,000
) is
cu
t o
ff f
or
twel
ve d
ays
in a
co
nfl
ict
bet
wee
n e
thn
ic A
lban
ian
s an
d M
aced
on
ian
fo
rces
. Val
ves
of
Gla
znja
an
d L
ipko
vo L
akes
ar
e d
amag
ed.
AF
P (
2001
);
Mac
edo
nia
In
form
atio
n
Age
ncy
(20
01)
2001
Ch
ina
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sIn
an
act
to
pro
test
th
e d
estr
uct
ion
of
fish
erie
s b
y u
nco
ntr
olle
d w
ater
po
lluti
on
, fi
sher
men
in n
ort
her
n J
iaxi
ng
Cit
y, Z
hej
ian
g P
rovi
nce
, dam
a la
rge
ind
ust
rial
w
aste
wat
er c
anal
fo
r tw
enty
-th
ree
day
s. T
he
was
tew
ater
dis
char
ges
into
th
e n
eigh
bo
rin
g Sh
engz
e To
wn
, Jia
ngs
u P
rovi
nce
, kil
lin
g fi
sh a
nd
th
reat
enin
g p
ub
lic
hea
lth
.
Ch
ina
Min
istr
y o
f Wat
er
Res
ou
rces
(20
01)
2001
Ph
ilip
pin
esTe
rro
rism
No
Th
e m
ilit
ant
Isla
mis
t se
par
atis
t gr
ou
p A
bu
Say
yaf
thre
aten
s to
po
iso
n t
he
wat
er s
up
ply
in
Isa
ble
la, a
mai
nly
Ch
rist
ian
tow
n o
n B
asil
an I
slan
d in
th
e co
un
try’
s so
uth
. In
O
cto
ber
, res
iden
ts in
six
nea
rby
villa
ges
susp
ect
con
tam
inat
ion
bec
ause
th
e w
ater
sm
ells
like
gas
oli
ne.
Lo
cal o
ffici
als
resp
on
d b
y cl
osi
ng
pip
elin
es a
nd
bri
ngi
ng
in
dri
nki
ng
wat
er b
y tr
uck
. In
th
e m
on
ths
follo
win
g th
e 9/
11 a
ttac
ks o
n N
ew Y
ork
, n
um
ero
us
fals
e al
arm
s o
f te
rro
rist
act
ivit
y ar
e re
po
rted
aro
un
d t
he
wo
rld
.
Wo
rld
E
nvi
ron
men
t N
ews
(200
1);
Fen
ton
et
al.
(200
1)
2001
Afg
han
ista
nM
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sA
mer
ican
fo
rces
bo
mb
th
e h
ydro
elec
tric
fac
ilit
y at
Kaj
aki D
am in
Hel
man
d P
rovi
nce
, cu
ttin
g o
ff e
lect
rici
ty f
or
the
city
of
Kan
dah
ar. T
he
dam
itse
lf is
no
t ta
rget
ed.
BB
C (
2001
);
Parr
y (2
001)
2001
Po
kom
o
farm
ers
and
O
rma
catt
le
her
der
s
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sA
t le
ast
130
peo
ple
are
kil
led
in a
str
ing
of
clas
hes
bet
wee
n P
oko
mo
far
mer
s an
d O
rma
peo
ple
, sem
ino
mad
ic c
attl
e h
erd
ers,
ove
r ac
cess
to
lan
d a
nd
riv
er w
ater
.A
FP
(20
12)
con
tin
ues
197
2002
Nep
alTe
rro
rism
; P
oli
tica
l to
ol
Yes
Th
e K
hu
mb
uw
an L
iber
atio
n F
ron
t (K
LF
) b
low
s u
p a
250
-kil
owat
t h
ydro
elec
tric
p
ower
ho
use
in N
epal
’s B
ho
jpu
r D
istr
ict,
cu
ttin
g o
ff p
ower
to
Bh
ojp
ur
and
su
rro
un
din
g ar
eas.
Th
e d
amag
e ta
kes
six
mo
nth
s to
rep
air
and
co
sts
10 m
illi
on
Rs
(US$
120,
000)
. D
uri
ng
2002
, Mao
ist
reb
els
des
troy
mo
re t
han
sev
en m
icro
-hyd
ro p
roje
cts,
a w
ater
su
pp
ly in
take
, an
d s
up
ply
pip
elin
es t
o K
hal
anga
, in
wes
tern
Nep
al.
Kat
hm
and
u P
ost
(200
2); F
TG
WR
(2
002)
2002
Ro
me,
Ita
lyTe
rro
rism
No
: Th
reat
Ital
ian
po
lice
arr
est
fou
r M
oro
ccan
s al
lege
dly
pla
nn
ing
to c
on
tam
inat
e th
e w
ater
su
pp
ly s
yste
m in
Ro
me
wit
h a
cya
nid
e-b
ased
ch
emic
al, t
arge
tin
g b
uil
din
gs t
hat
in
clu
de
the
Un
ited
Sta
tes
emb
assy
. Tie
s to
Al-
Qae
da
are
sugg
este
d.
BB
C (
2002
)
2002
Kas
hm
ir, I
nd
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Two
peo
ple
are
kil
led
an
d t
wen
ty-fi
ve o
ther
s ar
e in
jure
d in
Kas
hm
ir w
hen
po
lice
fire
at
a gr
ou
p o
f vi
llage
rs c
lash
ing
over
wat
er s
har
ing.
Th
e in
cid
ent
take
s p
lace
in G
aren
d
villa
ge in
a d
isp
ute
ove
r sh
arin
g w
ater
fro
m a
n ir
riga
tio
n s
trea
m.
Jap
an T
imes
(2
002)
2002
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smN
o: T
hre
atPa
per
s se
ized
du
rin
g th
e ar
rest
of
a L
eban
ese
imam
at
a m
osq
ue
in S
eatt
le in
clu
de
“in
stru
ctio
ns
on
po
iso
nin
g w
ater
so
urc
es”
fro
m a
Lo
nd
on
-bas
ed A
l-Q
aed
a re
cru
iter
. T
he
FB
I is
sues
a b
ulle
tin
to
co
mp
ute
r se
curi
ty e
xper
ts a
rou
nd
th
e co
un
try
ind
icat
ing
that
Al-
Qae
da
terr
ori
sts
may
hav
e b
een
stu
dyi
ng
Am
eric
an d
ams
and
wat
er s
up
ply
sy
stem
s in
pre
par
atio
n f
or
new
att
acks
. “U
.S. l
aw e
nfo
rcem
ent
and
inte
llige
nce
ag
enci
es h
ave
rece
ived
ind
icat
ion
s th
at a
l-Q
aed
a m
emb
ers
hav
e so
ugh
t in
form
atio
n
on
Su
per
viso
ry C
on
tro
l An
d D
ata
Acq
uis
itio
n (
SCA
DA
) sy
stem
s av
aila
ble
on
mu
ltip
le
SCA
DA
-rel
ated
Web
sit
es,”
rea
ds
the
bu
lleti
n, a
cco
rdin
g to
Sec
uri
tyFo
cus.
“T
hey
sp
ecifi
cally
so
ugh
t in
form
atio
n o
n w
ater
su
pp
ly a
nd
was
tew
ater
man
agem
ent
pra
ctic
es in
th
e U
.S. a
nd
ab
road
.”
McD
on
nel
l an
d
Mey
er (
2002
);
MSN
BC
(20
02)
2002
Co
lom
bia
Terr
ori
smYe
sC
olo
mb
ian
reb
els
in J
anu
ary
dam
age
a ga
te v
alve
in t
he
dam
th
at s
up
pli
es m
ost
of
Bo
gotá
’s d
rin
kin
g w
ater
. Th
e R
evo
luti
on
ary
Arm
ed F
orc
es o
f C
olo
mb
ia (
FAR
C)
det
on
ates
an
exp
losi
ve d
evic
e p
lan
ted
on
a G
erm
an-m
ade
gate
val
ve lo
cate
d in
sid
e a
tun
nel
in t
he
Ch
inga
za D
am.
Wat
erW
eek
(200
2)
2002
Kar
nat
aka,
Ta
mil
Nad
u,
Ind
ia
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sT
her
e is
co
nti
nu
ing
vio
len
ce o
ver
allo
cati
on
of
wat
er f
rom
th
e C
auve
ry (
Kav
eri)
Riv
er
bet
wee
n K
arn
atak
a an
d T
amil
Nad
u, w
ith
rio
ts, p
rop
erty
des
tru
ctio
n, m
ore
th
an t
hir
ty
inju
ries
, an
d a
rres
ts t
hro
ugh
Sep
tem
ber
an
d O
cto
ber
.
Th
e H
ind
u
(200
2a);
Th
e H
ind
u (
2002
b);
T
imes
of
Ind
ia
(200
2)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
198
2002
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smN
o: T
hre
atT
he
Ear
th L
iber
atio
n F
ron
t th
reat
ens
the
wat
er s
up
ply
fo
r th
e to
wn
of W
inte
r Pa
rk, C
o.
Pre
vio
usl
y, t
his
gro
up
cla
imed
res
po
nsi
bil
ity
for
the
des
tru
ctio
n o
f a
ski l
od
ge in
Vai
l, C
olo
rad
o, t
hat
th
reat
ened
lyn
x h
abit
at.
Cre
cen
te (
2002
);
AP
(20
02)
2002
Bo
tsw
ana,
B
ush
men
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sB
ots
wan
a’s
pre
sid
ent,
Fes
tus
Mo
gae,
sen
ds
tro
op
s to
th
e K
alah
ari D
eser
t to
des
troy
w
ells
an
d e
mp
ty w
ater
so
urc
es o
f in
dig
eno
us
Kh
ois
an p
eop
le (
also
kn
own
as
Bu
shm
en),
ost
ensi
bly
in a
n e
ffo
rt t
o r
emov
e th
em f
rom
th
eir
ance
stra
l lan
ds
and
as
sim
ilat
e th
em in
to m
od
ern
so
ciet
y. C
riti
cs a
ccu
se t
he
gove
rnm
ent
of
taki
ng
away
w
ater
rig
hts
in f
avo
r o
f m
inin
g in
tere
sts
and
lab
el t
he
gove
rnm
ent’s
act
ion
s a
“sie
ge”;
B
ots
wan
a is
co
nd
emn
ed b
y in
tern
atio
nal
ob
serv
ers.
Aga
inst
exp
ecta
tio
ns,
a b
and
of
Bu
shm
en r
etre
at in
to t
he
des
ert
and
su
rviv
e fo
r ye
ars
wit
h li
ttle
ou
tsid
e as
sist
ance
.
Wo
rkm
an (
2009
)
2002
Bo
livi
an
irri
gato
rs,
tow
nsm
en
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sV
iole
nce
eru
pts
bet
wee
n ir
riga
tors
an
d t
he
tow
nsm
en o
f Tar
ata
over
th
e u
se o
f w
ater
fr
om
th
e L
aka
Lak
a D
am. A
fter
loca
l au
tho
riti
es b
egin
div
erti
ng
som
e w
ater
to
cu
ltiv
ate
gard
ens
in t
he
tow
n, i
rrig
ato
rs in
th
e d
own
stre
am a
rea
of
Arb
ieto
pro
test
th
at t
hei
r w
ater
rig
hts
are
bei
ng
vio
late
d. I
rrig
ato
rs d
estr
oy a
po
rtio
n o
f th
e to
wn’
s p
ipel
ine,
an
d
tow
nsm
en r
etal
iate
by
van
dal
izin
g p
art
of
an ir
riga
tio
n c
anal
.
Bu
stam
ante
et
al. (
2004
)
2003
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smN
o: T
hre
atA
l-Q
aed
a th
reat
ens
US
wat
er s
yste
ms
via
a ca
ll to
a S
aud
i Ara
bia
n m
agaz
ine.
Al-
Qae
da
do
es n
ot “
rule
ou
t . .
. th
e p
ois
on
ing
of
dri
nki
ng
wat
er in
Am
eric
an a
nd
Wes
tern
cit
ies.
”A
P (
2003
b);
W
ater
man
(2
003)
; New
sMax
(2
003)
; US
Wat
er
New
s (2
003)
2003
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Terr
ori
smYe
sFo
ur
ince
nd
iary
dev
ices
are
fo
un
d in
th
e p
um
pin
g st
atio
n o
f a
Mic
hig
an w
ater
-bo
ttli
ng
pla
nt.
Th
e E
arth
Lib
erat
ion
Fro
nt
clai
ms
resp
on
sib
ilit
y, a
ccu
sin
g Ic
e M
ou
nta
in W
ater
C
om
pan
y o
f “st
eali
ng”
wat
er f
or
pro
fit.
Ice
Mo
un
tain
is a
su
bsi
dia
ry o
f N
estl
e W
ater
s.
AP
(20
03a)
2003
Co
lom
bia
Terr
ori
sm;
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te
Yes
A b
om
b b
last
at
the
Cal
i Dri
nki
ng
Wat
er T
reat
men
t P
lan
t ki
lls t
hre
e w
ork
ers
on
May
8.
Th
e w
ork
ers
wer
e m
emb
ers
of
a tr
ade
un
ion
invo
lved
in in
ten
se n
ego
tiat
ion
s ov
er
pri
vati
zati
on
of
the
wat
er s
yste
m.
PSI
(20
03)
con
tin
ues
199
2003
Jord
anTe
rro
rism
No
: Th
reat
Jord
ania
n a
uth
ori
ties
arr
est
Iraq
i age
nts
in c
on
nec
tio
n w
ith
a b
otc
hed
plo
t to
po
iso
n
the
wat
er s
up
ply
th
at s
erve
s A
mer
ican
tro
op
s in
th
e ea
ster
n J
ord
ania
n d
eser
t n
ear
the
bo
rder
wit
h I
raq
. Th
e sc
hem
e in
volv
es t
he
po
iso
nin
g o
f a
wat
er t
ank
that
su
pp
lies
A
mer
ican
so
ldie
rs a
t a
mil
itar
y b
ase
in K
hao
, wh
ich
lies
in a
n a
rid
reg
ion
of
the
east
ern
fr
on
tier
nea
r th
e in
du
stri
al t
own
of
Zar
qa.
MJS
(20
03)
2003
Iraq
, Un
ited
St
ates
, oth
ers
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Du
rin
g th
e U
S-le
d in
vasi
on
of
Iraq
, wat
er s
yste
ms
are
rep
ort
edly
dam
aged
an
d
des
troy
ed b
y d
iffe
ren
t p
arti
es, a
nd
maj
or
dam
s ar
e m
ilit
ary
ob
ject
ives
of
the
US
forc
es.
Dam
age
dir
ectl
y at
trib
uta
ble
to
th
e w
ar in
clu
des
vas
t se
gmen
ts o
f th
e w
ater
d
istr
ibu
tio
n s
yste
m a
nd
th
e B
agh
dad
wat
er s
yste
m, d
amag
ed b
y a
mis
sile
.
UN
ICE
F (
2003
);
AR
C (
2003
)
2003
Iraq
Terr
ori
smYe
sIn
surg
ents
bo
mb
a m
ain
wat
er p
ipel
ine
in B
agh
dad
. Cit
y en
gin
eers
say
th
is is
th
e fi
rst
stri
ke a
gain
st B
agh
dad
’s w
ater
sys
tem
du
rin
g th
e Ir
aq W
ar, w
hic
h b
egan
in M
arch
200
3.
Th
e b
om
bin
g o
ccu
rs w
hen
an
exp
losi
ve is
fire
d a
t th
e si
x-fo
ot-
wid
e w
ater
mai
n in
th
e n
ort
her
n p
art
of
Bag
hd
ad, s
ays
Hay
der
Mu
ham
mad
, ch
ief
engi
nee
r fo
r th
e ci
ty’s
wat
er
trea
tmen
t p
lan
ts.
Tie
rney
an
d
Wo
rth
(20
03)
2003
–200
7Su
dan
, Dar
fur
Mil
itar
y to
ol;
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
; Te
rro
rism
Yes
Th
e o
ngo
ing
civi
l war
in S
ud
an in
clu
des
vio
len
ce a
gain
st w
ater
res
ou
rces
. In
200
3,
villa
gers
fro
m a
rou
nd
Tin
a sa
y th
at b
om
bin
gs h
ave
des
troy
ed w
ater
wel
ls. I
n K
has
an
Bas
ao, t
hey
alle
ge t
hat
wat
er w
ells
hav
e b
een
po
iso
ned
. In
200
4, w
ells
in D
arfu
r ar
e in
ten
tio
nal
ly c
on
tam
inat
ed a
s p
art
of
a st
rate
gy o
f h
aras
smen
t ag
ain
st d
isp
lace
d
po
pu
lati
on
s.
Am
nes
ty
Inte
rnat
ion
al
(200
4); R
eute
rs
(200
4b)
2004
Mex
ico
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sTw
o M
exic
an f
arm
ers
had
arg
ued
fo
r ye
ars
over
wat
er r
igh
ts t
o a
sm
all s
pri
ng
use
d t
o
irri
gate
a s
mal
l co
rn p
lot
nea
r th
e to
wn
of
Pih
uam
o. I
n M
arch
, th
ese
farm
ers
sho
ot
and
ki
ll ea
ch o
ther
.
Gu
ard
ian
(20
04)
2004
Paki
stan
Terr
ori
smYe
sIn
mil
itar
y ac
tio
n a
imed
at
Isla
mic
ter
rori
sts,
incl
ud
ing
Al-
Qae
da
and
th
e Is
lam
ic
Mov
emen
t o
f U
zbek
ista
n, h
om
es, s
cho
ols
, an
d w
ater
wel
ls a
re d
amag
ed a
nd
des
troy
ed.
Reu
ters
(20
04a)
2004
Ind
ia, K
ash
mir
Terr
ori
smYe
sTw
elve
In
dia
n s
ecu
rity
fo
rces
are
kil
led
by
an im
pro
vise
d e
xplo
sive
dev
ice
pla
nte
d in
an
un
der
gro
un
d w
ater
pip
e d
uri
ng
a “c
ou
nte
r-in
surg
ency
op
erat
ion
in K
han
abal
are
a in
An
antn
ag d
istr
ict.”
TN
N (
2004
)
2004
Ch
ina
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sTe
ns
of
tho
usa
nd
s o
f fa
rmer
s st
age
a si
t-in
aga
inst
th
e co
nst
ruct
ion
of
the
Pu
bu
gou
D
am o
n t
he
Dad
u R
iver
in S
ich
uan
Pro
vin
ce. R
iot
po
lice
are
dep
loye
d t
o q
uel
l th
e u
nre
st, a
nd
on
e p
erso
n is
kil
led
. Wit
nes
ses
also
rep
ort
th
e d
eath
s o
f a
nu
mb
er o
f re
sid
ents
. (Se
e C
hin
a, 2
006,
fo
r a
follo
w-u
p.)
BB
C (
2004
a);
VO
A (
2004
)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
200
2004
Ch
ina,
Un
ited
St
ates
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
No
A 2
004
Pen
tago
n r
epo
rt o
n C
hin
a’s
mil
itar
y ca
pac
ity
rais
es t
he
con
cep
t o
f Tai
pei
ad
op
tin
g m
ilit
ary
syst
ems
cap
able
of
bei
ng
use
d a
s a
too
l fo
r d
eter
rin
g C
hin
ese
mil
itar
y co
erci
on
by
“pre
sen
tin
g cr
edib
le t
hre
ats
to C
hin
a’s
urb
an p
op
ula
tio
n o
r h
igh
-va
lue
targ
ets,
su
ch a
s th
e T
hre
e G
org
es D
am.”
Ch
ina
pro
mp
tly
den
ou
nce
s “a
U.S
. su
gges
tio
n” t
hat
Tai
wan
’s m
ilit
ary
targ
et t
he
Th
ree
Go
rges
Dam
, lea
din
g th
e U
nit
ed
Stat
es t
o d
eny
that
it h
ad s
o u
rged
.
Ch
ina
Dai
ly
(200
4); U
S D
OD
(2
004)
2004
Sou
th A
fric
aD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Po
or
del
iver
y o
f w
ater
an
d s
anit
atio
n s
ervi
ces
in P
hu
mel
ela
Tow
nsh
ip le
ads
to s
ever
al
mo
nth
s o
f p
rote
sts.
No
on
e is
kil
led
du
rin
g th
e p
rote
sts,
bu
t a
few
peo
ple
are
ser
iou
sly
inju
red
, an
d m
un
icip
al p
rop
erty
is d
amag
ed.
CD
E (
2007
)
2004
Gaz
a St
rip
Terr
ori
sm;
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te
Yes
Th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s h
alts
tw
o w
ater
dev
elo
pm
ent
pro
ject
s as
pu
nis
hm
ent
to t
he
Pale
stin
ian
Au
tho
rity
fo
r it
s fa
ilu
re t
o fi
nd
th
ose
res
po
nsi
ble
fo
r a
dea
dly
att
ack
on
a U
S d
iplo
mat
ic c
on
voy
in O
cto
ber
200
3.
AP
(20
04)
2004
Ind
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Fou
r p
eop
le a
re k
ille
d in
Oct
ob
er a
nd
mo
re t
han
th
irty
are
inju
red
in N
ovem
ber
in
on
goin
g p
rote
sts
by
farm
ers
over
allo
cati
on
s o
f w
ater
fro
m t
he
Ind
ira
Gan
dh
i Irr
igat
ion
C
anal
in S
riga
nga
nag
ar D
istr
ict,
wh
ich
bo
rder
s Pa
kist
an. A
uth
ori
ties
imp
ose
cu
rfew
s o
n t
he
tow
ns
of
Gh
arsa
na,
Rao
la, a
nd
An
oo
pga
rh.
Ind
o-A
sian
New
s Se
rvic
e (2
004)
2004
–200
6E
thio
pia
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sA
t le
ast
250
peo
ple
are
kil
led
an
d m
any
mo
re a
re in
jure
d in
cla
shes
ove
r w
ater
wel
ls
and
pas
tora
l lan
ds.
Vil
lage
rs c
all t
he
clas
hes
th
e “W
ar o
f th
e W
ell”
an
d d
escr
ibe
“wel
l w
arlo
rds,
wel
l wid
ows,
an
d w
ell w
arri
ors
.” A
th
ree-
year
dro
ugh
t h
as le
d t
o e
xten
sive
vi
ole
nce
ove
r li
mit
ed w
ater
res
ou
rces
, wo
rsen
ed b
y th
e la
ck o
f ef
fect
ive
gove
rnm
enta
l an
d c
entr
al p
lan
nin
g.
BB
C (
2004
b);
AP
(2
005)
; Wax
(2
006)
2005
Ken
yaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Po
lice
are
sen
t to
th
e n
ort
hw
este
rn p
art
of
Ken
ya t
o c
on
tro
l a m
ajo
r vi
ole
nt
dis
pu
te
bet
wee
n K
iku
yu a
nd
Maa
sai g
rou
ps
over
wat
er. M
ore
th
an t
wen
ty p
eop
le a
re k
ille
d in
fi
ghti
ng
in J
anu
ary.
By
July
, th
e d
eath
to
ll ex
ceed
s n
inet
y, p
rin
cip
ally
in t
he
rura
l cen
ter
of T
urb
i. T
he
ten
sio
ns
aro
se o
ver
graz
ing
and
wat
er. M
aasa
i her
dsm
en a
ccu
sed
a lo
cal
Kik
uyu
po
liti
cian
of
div
erti
ng
a ri
ver
to ir
riga
te h
is f
arm
, dep
rivi
ng
dow
nst
ream
li
vest
ock
. Fig
hti
ng
dis
pla
ces
mo
re t
han
2,0
00 v
illa
gers
, refl
ecti
ng
ten
sio
ns
bet
wee
n
no
mad
ic a
nd
set
tled
co
mm
un
itie
s.
BB
C (
2005
); R
yu
(200
5); L
ane
(200
5)
con
tin
ues
201
2005
Ukr
ain
eTe
rro
rism
Yes
On
Ap
ril 1
3, t
he
Kie
v H
ydro
pow
er S
tati
on
on
th
e D
nie
per
Riv
er r
ecei
ves
a th
reat
th
at
fort
y ra
il c
ars
fille
d w
ith
exp
losi
ves
hav
e b
een
pla
ced
on
a p
ort
ion
of
leve
es h
old
ing
bac
k th
e re
serv
oir
.
Lev
itsk
y (2
005)
2006
Yem
enD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Lo
cal m
edia
rep
ort
a s
tru
ggle
bet
wee
n t
he
Haj
ja a
nd
Am
ran
tri
bes
ove
r a
wel
l lo
cate
d
bet
wee
n t
he
two
gov
ern
ora
tes
in Y
emen
. Acc
ord
ing
to n
ews
rep
ort
s, a
rmed
cla
shes
b
etw
een
th
e tw
o s
ides
fo
rce
man
y fa
mil
ies
to le
ave
thei
r h
om
es a
nd
mig
rate
. New
s re
po
rts
con
firm
th
at a
uth
ori
ties
hav
e ar
rest
ed t
wen
ty p
eop
le in
an
att
emp
t to
sto
p t
he
figh
tin
g.
Al-
Ari
qi (
2006
)
2006
Ch
ina
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sC
hin
ese
auth
ori
ties
exe
cute
a m
an w
ho
to
ok
par
t in
pro
test
s ag
ain
st t
he
Pu
bu
gou
Dam
in
Sic
hu
an P
rovi
nce
in 2
004
(see
th
e 20
04 C
hin
a en
try)
. Ch
en T
ao w
as c
on
vict
ed o
f ki
llin
g a
po
lice
man
bu
t is
exe
cute
d b
efo
re le
gal a
pp
eals
are
co
mp
lete
d.
BB
C (
2006
a);
Co
on
an (
2006
)
2006
Eth
iop
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
At
leas
t tw
elve
peo
ple
die
an
d o
ver
twen
ty a
re w
ou
nd
ed in
cla
shes
ove
r w
ater
an
d
pas
ture
in t
he
Som
ali b
ord
er r
egio
n.
BB
C (
2006
b)
2006
Eth
iop
ia a
nd
K
enya
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sA
t le
ast
fort
y p
eop
le d
ie in
Ken
ya a
nd
Eth
iop
ia in
co
nti
nu
ing
clas
hes
ove
r w
ater
, li
vest
ock
, an
d g
razi
ng
lan
d. F
igh
tin
g ta
kes
pla
ce in
so
uth
ern
Eth
iop
ia in
th
e re
gio
n o
f O
rom
o a
nd
in t
he
no
rth
ern
Ken
ya M
arsa
bit
Dis
tric
t.
Reu
ters
(20
06)
2006
Sri L
anka
Mil
itar
y to
ol;
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
; Te
rro
rism
Yes
Tam
il T
iger
reb
els
cut
the
wat
er s
up
ply
to
gov
ern
men
t-h
eld
vil
lage
s in
no
rth
east
ern
Sri
L
anka
. Sri
Lan
kan
gov
ern
men
tal f
orc
es t
hen
lau
nch
att
acks
on
th
e re
serv
oir
, dec
lari
ng
the
Tam
il a
ctio
ns
to b
e te
rro
rism
. As
of
Au
gust
, co
nfl
ict
aro
un
d t
he
wat
er b
lock
ade
had
cl
aim
ed o
ver
425
live
s.
BB
C (
2006
c);
BB
C (
2006
d);
G
uti
erre
z (2
006)
2006
Isra
el,
Leb
ano
nM
ilit
ary
targ
et;
Terr
ori
smYe
sH
ezb
olla
h r
ock
ets
dam
age
a w
aste
wat
er p
lan
t in
Isr
ael.
Isra
eli c
ou
nte
ratt
acks
dam
age
wat
er s
yste
ms
thro
ugh
ou
t so
uth
ern
Leb
ano
n, i
ncl
ud
ing
tan
ks, p
ipes
, pu
mp
ing
stat
ion
s, a
nd
fac
ilit
ies
alo
ng
the
Lit
ani R
iver
.
Scie
nce
(20
06);
A
mn
esty
In
tern
atio
nal
(2
006)
; Mu
rph
y (2
006)
2006
Sud
anD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Mil
itia
of
the
Mer
owe
Dam
Mil
itia
Im
ple
men
tati
on
Un
it in
Su
dan
att
ack
a ga
ther
ing
of
villa
gers
co
nce
rned
ab
ou
t th
e co
mm
un
ity
imp
acts
of
the
dam
at
a sc
ho
ol i
n A
mri
vi
llage
, kil
lin
g th
ree
farm
ers
and
inju
rin
g m
ore
th
an fi
fty
oth
ers.
Bo
ssh
ard
(20
09)
2007
Ind
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Th
ou
san
ds
of
farm
ers
bre
ach
sec
uri
ty a
nd
sto
rm t
he
area
of
Hir
aku
d D
am t
o p
rote
st
allo
cati
on
of
wat
er t
o in
du
stry
. Min
or
inju
ries
are
rep
ort
ed d
uri
ng
the
con
flic
t b
etw
een
th
e fa
rmer
s an
d p
oli
ce.
Stat
esm
an N
ews
Serv
ice
(200
7)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
202
2007
Afg
han
ista
nM
ilit
ary
targ
et;
Terr
ori
smYe
sT
he
Kaj
aki D
am is
th
e sc
ene
of
maj
or
figh
tin
g b
etw
een
Tal
iban
an
d N
ATO
fo
rces
, m
ain
ly B
riti
sh a
nd
Du
tch
. Th
e Ta
lib
an is
att
emp
tin
g to
mak
e it
imp
oss
ible
to
wo
rk o
n
reco
nst
ruct
ion
of
the
dam
an
d p
ower
lin
es t
o b
oo
st o
utp
ut.
Frie
l (20
07)
2007
Can
ada
Terr
ori
smN
oA
To
ron
to m
an p
revi
ou
sly
accu
sed
of
atte
mp
ted
mu
rder
an
d il
lega
l po
sses
sio
n o
f ex
plo
sive
s is
ch
arge
d w
ith
eig
ht
mo
re c
ou
nts
of
atte
mp
ted
mu
rder
aft
er a
llege
dly
ta
mp
erin
g w
ith
bo
ttle
d w
ater
, wh
ich
he
inje
cted
wit
h a
n u
nsp
ecifi
ed li
qu
id.
Toro
nto
Sta
r (2
007)
2007
Bu
rkin
a Fa
so,
Gh
ana,
Cô
te
d’I
voir
e
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sD
ecli
nin
g ra
infa
ll h
as le
d t
o g
row
ing
figh
ts b
etw
een
an
imal
her
der
s an
d f
arm
ers
wit
h
com
pet
ing
nee
ds.
In
Au
gust
, 200
7 p
eop
le a
re f
orc
ed t
o fl
ee t
hei
r h
om
es b
y fi
ghti
ng
in
Zo
un
weo
go P
rovi
nce
.
UN
OC
HA
(20
07)
2007
Isra
el,
Pale
stin
eD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
No
Isra
el’s
san
ctio
ns
agai
nst
Gaz
a ca
use
wat
er s
ho
rtag
es a
nd
a g
row
ing
pu
bli
c h
ealt
h r
isk.
In
par
ticu
lar,
res
tric
tio
ns
on
fu
el, s
par
e p
arts
, an
d m
ain
ten
ance
eq
uip
men
t th
reat
en
the
fun
ctio
nin
g o
f G
aza’
s al
read
y li
mit
ed w
ater
an
d s
anit
atio
n s
yste
m.
Oxf
am (
2007
)
2007
Syd
ney
re
sid
ents
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sA
th
irty
-six
-yea
r-o
ld A
ust
rali
an is
ch
arge
d w
ith
mu
rder
aft
er k
illi
ng
a m
an d
uri
ng
a fi
ght
over
wat
er r
estr
icti
on
s in
Syd
ney
. A n
um
ber
of
inci
den
ts h
ave
bee
n r
epo
rted
fo
llow
ing
ten
yea
rs o
f d
rou
ght
and
wat
er r
estr
icti
on
s, le
adin
g sc
ho
lars
to
su
gges
t a
“lin
k b
etw
een
per
sist
ent
urb
an w
ater
res
tric
tio
ns
and
civ
il u
nre
st.”
AB
C N
ews
(200
7); C
rase
(2
009)
2007
Sud
anD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
An
gry
villa
gers
in S
ud
an s
tage
pro
test
s ag
ain
st K
ajb
ar D
am; f
ou
r vi
llage
rs a
re k
ille
d b
y go
vern
men
tal m
ilit
ia.
Bo
ssh
ard
(20
09)
2008
Nig
eria
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sA
pro
test
ove
r th
e p
rice
of
wat
er in
Nya
nya
, Ab
uja
, Nig
eria
, res
ult
s in
vio
len
ce,
incl
ud
ing
the
bea
tin
g o
f w
ater
ven
do
rs.
Yaku
bu
(20
08)
2008
Ch
ina,
Tib
etM
ilit
ary
targ
et;
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te
Yes
Ch
ina
lau
nch
es a
po
liti
cal c
rack
dow
n in
Tib
et. A
t le
ast
som
e o
bse
rver
s n
ote
th
e im
po
rtan
ce o
f Tib
et f
or
the
wat
er r
eso
urc
es o
f C
hin
a, t
ho
ugh
th
e p
oli
tica
l co
mp
lica
tio
ns
bet
wee
n T
ibet
an
d C
hin
a ex
ten
d f
ar b
eyo
nd
wat
er. A
s n
ote
d: “
Tib
et is
re
ferr
ed t
o in
so
me
circ
les
as t
he
‘wo
rld
’s w
ater
tow
er’;
the
Tib
etan
pla
teau
is h
om
e to
va
st r
eser
ves
of
glac
iate
d w
ater
, th
e so
urc
es o
f 10
of
the
larg
est
rive
rs in
Asi
a, in
clu
din
g th
e Ye
llow
, Yan
gtze
, Mek
on
g, B
rah
map
utr
a, S
alw
een
, Hin
du
s an
d S
utl
ej a
mo
ng
oth
ers.
B
y so
me
esti
mat
es, t
he
Tib
etan
pla
teau
is t
he
sou
rce
of
fres
h w
ater
fo
r fu
lly a
qu
arte
r o
f th
e w
orl
d’s
po
pu
lati
on
.”
Shar
ife
(200
8)
con
tin
ues
203
2008
Paki
stan
Terr
ori
smYe
sIn
Oct
ob
er, t
he
Tali
ban
th
reat
ens
to b
low
up
War
sak
Dam
, th
e m
ain
wat
er s
up
ply
fo
r P
esh
awar
, du
rin
g a
gove
rnm
enta
l off
ensi
ve in
th
e re
gio
n.
Per
lez
and
Sh
ah
(200
8)
2008
Mu
rulle
, Gar
re
clan
sD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Fig
hti
ng
over
bo
reh
ole
s in
ari
d n
ort
her
n K
enya
kil
ls a
t le
ast
fou
r p
eop
le a
s co
mp
etit
ion
fo
r re
sou
rces
gro
ws
in t
he
dro
ugh
t-h
it r
egio
n b
etw
een
th
e M
uru
lle a
nd
Gar
re c
lan
s in
E
lwak
, Man
der
a D
istr
ict.
Reu
ters
(20
08)
2009
Ch
ina,
In
dia
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te; M
ilit
ary
too
l
No
Ch
ina
clai
ms
a p
art
of
his
tori
cal T
ibet
th
at is
now
un
der
In
dia
n c
on
tro
l as
par
t o
f th
e st
ate
of
Aru
nac
hal
Pra
des
h. T
o in
flu
ence
th
is t
erri
tori
al d
isp
ute
, Ch
ina
trie
s to
blo
ck a
$2
.9 b
illi
on
Asi
an D
evel
op
men
t B
ank
loan
to
In
dia
bec
ause
it w
ou
ld h
elp
fin
ance
In
dia
n w
ater
pro
ject
s in
th
e d
isp
ute
d a
rea.
Wo
ng
(200
9)
2009
Eth
iop
ian
O
rom
ia,
Som
ali r
egio
ns
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sE
thio
pia
n S
om
alis
att
ack
a B
ora
na
com
mu
nit
y in
th
e O
rom
ia r
egio
n o
ver
own
ersh
ip o
f a
new
bo
reh
ole
bei
ng
dri
lled
on
th
e d
isp
ute
d b
ord
er b
etw
een
th
em. T
hre
e p
eop
le f
rom
th
e O
rom
ia v
illa
ge o
f K
afa
are
kille
d a
nd
sev
en a
re in
jure
d, a
nd
th
e en
tire
co
mm
un
ity
is d
rive
n f
rom
th
eir
ho
mes
. Th
e d
rilli
ng
rig
is d
estr
oyed
.
BB
C (
2009
)
2009
Ind
ian
cit
izen
sD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
A f
amil
y in
Mad
hya
Pra
des
h S
tate
in I
nd
ia is
kil
led
by
a sm
all m
ob
fo
r il
lega
lly d
raw
ing
wat
er f
rom
a m
un
icip
al p
ipe.
Oth
ers
run
to
co
llect
wat
er f
or
them
selv
es b
efo
re t
he
wat
er in
th
e p
ipe
run
s o
ut.
Dro
ugh
t an
d in
equ
alit
y in
wat
er d
istr
ibu
tio
n le
ad t
o
incr
easi
ng
con
flic
t in
th
e re
gio
n. I
nd
ian
med
ia r
epo
rt m
ore
th
an fi
fty
vio
len
t cl
ash
es in
th
e st
ate
cap
ital
, Bh
op
al, d
uri
ng
May
alo
ne.
Sin
ce J
anu
ary,
tw
elve
peo
ple
hav
e b
een
ki
lled
an
d e
ven
mo
re h
ave
bee
n in
jure
d.
Sin
gh (
2009
)
2009
Mu
mb
ai
resi
den
ts,
po
lice
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sP
oli
ce c
lash
wit
h h
un
dre
ds
of
Mu
mb
ai r
esid
ents
pro
test
ing
wat
er c
uts
. On
e m
an is
ki
lled
, an
d a
doz
en o
ther
s ar
e in
jure
d. M
um
bai
au
tho
riti
es a
re f
orc
ed t
o r
atio
n s
up
pli
es
afte
r th
e w
ors
t m
on
soo
n s
easo
n in
dec
ades
.
Ch
and
ran
(20
09)
2009
No
rth
Ko
rea,
So
uth
Ko
rea
Po
liti
cal t
oo
lYe
sW
ith
ou
t p
revi
ou
s w
arn
ing,
No
rth
Ko
rea
rele
ases
40
mil
lio
n c
ub
ic m
eter
s o
f w
ater
fro
m
the
Hw
angg
ag D
am, c
ausi
ng
a fl
ash
flo
od
on
th
e Im
jin
Riv
er. I
n S
ou
th K
ore
a, a
t le
ast
six
fish
erm
en a
nd
cam
per
s d
row
n. N
ort
h K
ore
a cl
aim
s th
at t
he
wat
er h
ad t
o b
e u
rgen
tly
rele
ased
an
d p
rom
ises
to
war
n t
he
Sou
th o
f fu
ture
rel
ease
s. S
ou
th K
ore
a fe
ars
that
No
rth
Ko
rea
cou
ld u
se t
he
wat
er o
f th
e d
am a
s a
wea
po
n d
uri
ng
a vi
ole
nt
con
flic
t.
Ch
oe
(200
9)
2010
Paki
stan
i tr
ibes
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te; M
ilit
ary
too
l
Yes
Mo
re t
han
on
e h
un
dre
d a
re d
ead
an
d s
core
s ar
e in
jure
d f
ollo
win
g tw
o w
eeks
of
trib
al
figh
tin
g in
Par
ach
inar
, in
th
e K
urr
am r
egio
n o
f Pa
kist
an n
ear
the
Afg
han
ista
n b
ord
er.
Th
e co
nfl
ict
over
irri
gati
on
wat
er b
egan
as
the
Shal
ozan
Tan
gi t
rib
e cu
t o
ff s
up
pli
es t
o
the
Shal
ozan
tri
be.
So
me
rep
ort
th
at A
l-Q
aed
a m
ay b
e in
volv
ed; o
ther
s cl
aim
th
at
sect
aria
n v
iole
nce
is t
o b
lam
e, a
s o
ne
gro
up
is S
un
ni M
usl
im a
nd
th
e o
ther
Sh
iite
.
Exp
ress
Tri
bun
e (2
010)
; AP
(20
10)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
204
2010
Afg
han
ista
nTe
rro
rism
Yes
A r
emo
te-c
on
tro
lled
bo
mb
hid
den
in a
wat
er t
ruck
kil
ls t
hre
e p
eop
le, i
ncl
ud
ing
two
ch
ild
ren
, in
th
e ea
ster
n A
fgh
an p
rovi
nce
of
Kh
ost
, wh
ich
bo
rder
s Pa
kist
an.
AP
(20
09)
2010
Paki
stan
i M
anga
l, To
ri
trib
es
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sA
wat
er d
isp
ute
in P
akis
tan’
s tr
ibal
reg
ion
lead
s to
116
dea
ths.
In
ear
ly S
epte
mb
er, t
he
Man
gal t
rib
e cu
ts o
ff t
he
sup
ply
of
irri
gati
on
wat
er t
o la
nd
s u
sed
by
the
nei
ghb
ori
ng
Tori
tri
be,
lead
ing
to fi
ghti
ng.
CN
N (
2010
)
2010
Ind
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
A p
rote
st o
ver
wat
er s
ho
rtag
es in
th
e N
atio
nal
Cap
ital
Ter
rito
ry o
f D
elh
i in
In
dia
lead
s to
vio
len
ce. E
rrat
ic w
ater
su
pp
ly a
nd
cu
toff
s in
th
e K
on
dli
are
a o
f M
ayu
r V
ihar
in E
ast
Del
hi c
ause
a v
iole
nt
pro
test
an
d s
ever
al in
juri
es.
Go
sh (
2010
)
2010
Gu
atem
ala
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sTw
o u
nid
enti
fied
gu
nm
en o
n a
mo
torb
ike
sho
ot
an a
ctiv
ist
pro
test
ing
the
imp
acts
of
min
ing
on
wat
er q
ual
ity
and
loca
l wat
er r
igh
ts.
Am
nes
ty
Inte
rnat
ion
al
(201
2)
2010
Pro
test
ors
, au
tho
riti
es in
In
dia
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sA
t le
ast
thre
e d
eath
s an
d d
ozen
s o
f in
juri
es a
re r
epo
rted
du
rin
g p
rote
sts
over
lan
d a
nd
w
ater
giv
en a
way
fo
r a
pow
er p
lan
t in
So
mp
eta,
in S
rika
kula
m D
istr
ict
in A
nd
hra
P
rad
esh
, In
dia
.
Th
e H
ind
u
(201
0)
2011
Yem
enM
ilit
ary
targ
etYe
sV
iole
nce
in Y
emen
’s c
apit
al, S
ana’
a, le
ads
to “
acu
te w
ater
an
d p
ower
sh
ort
ages
, fo
rcin
g re
sid
ents
to
rel
y o
n p
ower
gen
erat
ors
an
d b
uy
wat
er e
xtra
cted
fro
m w
ells
an
d s
old
on
a
thri
vin
g b
lack
mar
ket.”
Th
e vi
ole
nce
ari
ses
du
rin
g th
e Ye
men
i up
risi
ng
du
rin
g th
e A
rab
Sp
rin
g p
rote
sts
acro
ss t
he
Mid
dle
Eas
t. D
uri
ng
the
vio
len
ce, g
over
nm
enta
l so
ldie
rs
shel
l nei
ghb
orh
oo
ds
and
des
troy
man
y ro
oft
op
wat
er t
anks
.
Shah
(20
12)
2011
Solo
mo
n
Isla
nd
sD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Am
nes
ty I
nte
rnat
ion
al r
epo
rts
that
wo
men
in t
he
slu
ms
of
the
Solo
mo
n I
slan
ds
mu
st
wal
k m
ore
th
an a
kil
om
eter
to
fet
ch c
lean
wat
er a
nd
are
“co
nti
nu
ally
har
asse
d,
atta
cked
, an
d r
aped
.” A
su
rvey
sh
ows
that
92
per
cen
t o
f h
ou
seh
old
s d
o n
ot
hav
e a
tap
in
th
eir
ho
me
and
th
at lo
cal w
ater
so
urc
es a
re o
ften
po
llute
d, f
orc
ing
wo
men
to
wal
k th
rou
gh u
nsa
fe a
reas
.
Am
nes
ty
Inte
rnat
ion
al
(201
1)
2011
Isra
el,
Pale
stin
ian
sD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
; Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Isra
el’s
mil
itar
y d
estr
oys
nin
e w
ater
tan
ks in
th
e B
edo
uin
vil
lage
of
Am
niy
r in
th
e So
uth
H
ebro
n H
ills
in t
he
Wes
t B
ank,
Pal
esti
ne.
Lat
er, s
old
iers
des
troy
pu
mp
s an
d w
ells
in t
he
Jord
an V
alle
y vi
llage
s o
f A
l-N
asar
yah
, Al-
Akr
aban
yah
, an
d B
eit
Has
san
.
Ab
ura
wa
(201
1)
2011
Isra
el,
Pale
stin
eD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
; Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Isra
elis
fro
m n
earb
y se
ttle
men
ts a
ttac
k Q
asra
, a W
est
Ban
k vi
llage
of
6,00
0, d
estr
oyin
g cr
op
s an
d a
wat
er w
ell.
Att
acke
rs p
revi
ou
sly
bu
rned
dow
n a
mo
squ
e an
d d
amag
ed
hu
nd
red
s o
f o
live
tre
es.
Bsh
arat
an
d
Ram
adan
(20
11)
con
tin
ues
205
2011
–201
2Sy
ria
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te; M
ilit
ary
goal
Yes
Seve
re p
oli
tica
l co
nfl
ict
in S
yria
has
bee
n a
ggra
vate
d b
y th
e m
ult
iyea
r d
rou
ght
grip
pin
g th
e re
gio
n. M
ore
th
an 1
.5 m
illi
on
peo
ple
—m
ost
ly f
arm
ers
and
th
eir
fam
ilie
s—h
ave
mov
ed t
o c
itie
s an
d t
hei
r o
uts
kirt
s. I
n 2
008,
US
dip
lom
ats
in S
yria
war
ned
th
at t
he
infl
ux
of
rura
l peo
ple
to
cit
ies
“co
uld
act
as
a m
ult
ipli
er o
n s
oci
al a
nd
eco
no
mic
p
ress
ure
s al
read
y at
pla
y an
d u
nd
erm
ine
stab
ilit
y in
Syr
ia.”
Po
liti
cal u
nre
st b
egin
s in
M
arch
201
1 in
Dar
a’a
and
so
on
esc
alat
es in
to c
ivil
war
as
ou
ster
s se
ek t
o o
vert
urn
th
e re
gim
e o
f P
resi
den
t B
ash
ar a
l-A
ssad
an
d t
he
ruli
ng
Ba’
ath
Par
ty.
Mo
hta
di (
2012
);
Wo
rth
(20
10);
Fe
mia
an
d
Wer
rell
(201
2)
2012
Lib
yaM
ilit
ary
too
lYe
sD
uri
ng
the
2011
Lib
yan
Civ
il W
ar, f
orc
es lo
yal t
o d
icta
tor
Mu
amm
ar G
add
afi g
ain
co
ntr
ol o
f a
wat
er o
per
atio
ns
cen
ter
and
cu
t o
ff w
ater
su
pp
ly t
o t
he
cap
ital
. Th
e sy
stem
co
ntr
ols
Lib
ya’s
“G
reat
Man
mad
e R
iver
”—a
syst
em o
f p
um
ps,
pip
es, a
nd
can
als
that
b
rin
gs w
ater
fro
m d
ista
nt
aqu
ifer
s to
Tri
po
li a
nd
oth
er c
itie
s. H
alf
the
cou
ntr
y is
left
w
ith
ou
t ru
nn
ing
wat
er, p
rom
pti
ng
the
Un
ited
Nat
ion
s an
d n
eigh
bo
rin
g co
un
trie
s to
m
ob
iliz
e ta
nke
r sh
ips
to d
eliv
er w
ater
to
co
asta
l cit
ies.
Cir
cle
of
Blu
e (2
011)
; UP
I (2
011)
2012
Afg
han
ista
nTe
rro
rism
Yes
Up
to
150
sch
oo
lgir
ls a
re r
epo
rted
sic
ken
ed b
y p
ois
on
in a
sch
oo
l wat
er s
up
ply
in a
n
inte
nti
on
al a
ttac
k th
ou
ght
to h
ave
bee
n c
arri
ed o
ut
by
reli
gio
us
con
serv
ativ
es o
pp
ose
d
to t
he
edu
cati
on
of
wo
men
.
Ham
id (
2012
)
2012
Afg
han
ista
nTe
rro
rism
Yes
Seve
n c
hil
dre
n a
re k
ille
d b
y a
bo
mb
th
ou
ght
to h
ave
bee
n in
ten
ded
fo
r A
fgh
an p
oli
ce
and
pla
nte
d a
t a
fres
hw
ater
sp
rin
g in
Gh
or
Pro
vin
ce.
Shah
(20
12)
2012
Afg
han
ista
nM
ilit
ary
targ
et;
Terr
ori
smYe
sIs
lam
ist
mil
itan
ts e
xecu
te m
ilit
ia m
emb
ers
def
end
ing
the
Mac
hal
gho
Dam
in e
aste
rn
Afg
han
ista
n. T
he
dam
is b
ein
g d
evel
op
ed f
or
irri
gati
on
an
d lo
cal p
ower
su
pp
ly. T
his
d
isp
ute
is o
ne
of
seve
ral s
urr
ou
nd
ing
the
inte
rnat
ion
al w
ater
s o
f A
fgh
anis
tan
, Ira
n, a
nd
Pa
kist
an, w
hic
h s
har
e se
vera
l riv
ers.
Mas
hal
(20
12)
2012
Ind
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Th
ou
san
ds
of
farm
ers
in K
arn
atak
a tr
y to
pre
ven
t th
e re
leas
e o
f w
ater
fro
m t
wo
dam
s (K
rish
na
Raj
a Sa
gar
and
Kab
ini)
on
th
e C
auve
ry R
iver
. In
juri
es t
o p
rote
sto
rs a
nd
po
lice
ar
e re
po
rted
. Th
e w
ater
rel
ease
s w
ere
ord
ered
by
the
Sup
rem
e C
ou
rt o
f In
dia
, wh
ich
re
qu
ired
Kar
nat
aka
to d
eliv
er w
ater
to
th
e d
own
stre
am s
tate
of T
amil
Nad
u d
esp
ite
seve
re d
rou
ght.
Th
e d
isp
ute
co
nti
nu
es la
ter
in t
he
year
wh
en K
arn
atak
a ag
ain
hal
ts
rele
ases
.
Cir
cle
of
Blu
e (2
012)
; In
dia
n
Exp
ress
(20
12)
2012
Ind
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Scu
ffles
an
d p
rote
sts
bre
ak o
ut
aro
un
d N
ew D
elh
i du
rin
g th
e su
mm
er a
s re
sid
ents
su
rro
un
d w
ater
del
iver
y tr
uck
s an
d fi
ght
over
wat
er. T
he
sum
mer
is t
he
ho
ttes
t in
th
irty
-th
ree
year
s, le
adin
g to
ext
ensi
ve e
ner
gy a
nd
wat
er s
ho
rtag
es.
Reu
ters
(20
12a)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
206
2012
Ind
ia, P
akis
tan
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te; M
ilit
ary
targ
et
Yes
Vio
len
ce e
rup
ts in
th
e la
test
eve
nt
in t
he
dis
pu
te b
etw
een
Pak
ista
n a
nd
In
dia
ove
r th
e w
ater
s o
f th
e In
du
s R
iver
bas
in. P
akis
tan
i mil
itan
ts a
ttac
k an
d s
abo
tage
wat
er s
yste
ms,
fl
oo
d p
rote
ctio
n w
ork
s, a
nd
dam
s in
th
e W
ulla
r L
ake
regi
on
of
no
rth
ern
Kas
hm
ir. T
hey
at
tack
en
gin
eers
an
d w
ork
ers
and
det
on
ate
exp
losi
ves
at t
he
un
fin
ish
ed T
ulb
ul
Nav
igat
ion
Lo
ck/W
ulla
r D
am. P
akis
tan
cla
ims
the
new
dam
vio
late
s th
e In
du
s W
ater
Tr
eaty
by
cutt
ing
flow
s to
Pak
ista
n.
Ul H
assa
n (
2012
)
2012
Bra
zil
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sB
razi
l’s f
eder
al p
oli
ce r
esp
on
d t
o r
epo
rts
that
wat
er u
sed
by
the
ind
igen
ou
s G
uar
ani-
Kai
owa
trib
e h
as b
een
po
iso
ned
by
nea
rby
lan
dow
ner
s at
tem
pti
ng
to g
ain
co
ntr
ol o
ver
dis
pu
ted
lan
d. S
ince
200
9, t
he
dis
pu
te h
as le
d t
o t
he
dea
ths
of
thre
e tr
ibes
men
; tr
ibes
men
say
th
e w
ater
ru
ns
thro
ugh
sac
red
lan
d.
AP
(20
12)
2012
Bra
zil
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teP
rop
erty
d
amag
eW
ork
on
th
e co
ntr
over
sial
$13
bil
lio
n B
elo
Mo
nte
Dam
is h
alte
d a
fter
pro
test
ers
bu
rn
bu
ild
ings
at
thre
e d
am s
ites
.P
hys
.org
(20
12)
2012
Bra
zil
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sN
ort
hea
ster
n B
razi
l see
s gr
owin
g co
nfl
icts
aft
er s
ever
e d
rou
ght
red
uce
s w
ater
av
aila
bil
ity.
New
s ag
enci
es r
epo
rt t
hat
on
e p
erso
n a
day
is b
ein
g ki
lled
in “
wat
er w
ars”
th
at in
volv
e lo
cals
figh
tin
g ov
er s
carc
e su
pp
lies
.
Cat
ho
lic
On
lin
e (2
012)
2012
Per
uD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Seve
ral i
nci
den
ts o
f p
rote
sts,
inju
ries
, an
d d
eath
s ar
e re
po
rted
in r
egio
ns
of
Per
u w
her
e re
sid
ents
op
po
se la
rge
min
es b
ecau
se o
f co
nce
rns
over
wat
er q
ual
ity
and
wat
er r
igh
ts.
Po
lice
kil
l fo
ur
pro
test
ors
in c
lash
es o
ver
the
pro
po
sed
Can
adia
n-o
per
ated
$5
bil
lio
n
Min
as C
on
ga g
old
min
e.
Reu
ters
(20
12b
);
Yeag
er (
2012
)
2012
Per
uD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Pro
test
s b
ecau
se o
f co
nce
rns
over
wat
er q
ual
ity
and
wat
er r
igh
ts a
rou
nd
th
e X
stra
ta
Tin
taya
co
pp
er m
ine
lead
to
tw
o d
eath
s an
d fi
fty
inju
ries
.R
eute
rs (
2012
c)
2012
Egy
pt
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sFa
rmer
s fr
om
th
e A
bu
Sim
bel
reg
ion
in E
gyp
t h
old
ove
r 20
0 to
uri
sts
ho
stag
e to
pro
test
in
adeq
uat
e ir
riga
tio
n w
ater
. Th
e fa
rmer
s h
ad c
aptu
red
th
e to
uri
sts
afte
r th
ey v
isit
ed
nea
rby
mo
nu
men
ts. T
hey
rel
ease
th
em a
fter
offi
cial
s ag
ree
to a
tem
po
rary
rel
ease
of
wat
er.
Egy
pt
Ind
epen
den
t (2
012)
2012
Egy
pt
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sP
ub
lic
pro
test
s ov
er d
rin
kin
g an
d ir
riga
tio
n w
ater
sh
ort
ages
tak
e p
lace
acr
oss
Egy
pt.
Se
vera
l pro
test
s tu
rn v
iole
nt:
in B
eni S
uef
, on
e p
erso
n is
kil
led
an
d m
any
are
inju
red
d
uri
ng
a co
nfl
ict
over
irri
gati
on
wat
er; i
n M
inya
, vil
lage
rs c
lash
wit
h o
ffici
als
over
wat
er
sho
rtag
es a
nd
wat
er p
ollu
tio
n; i
n F
ayyo
um
, hu
nd
red
s o
f p
eop
le p
rote
stin
g w
ater
sh
ort
ages
blo
ck a
hig
hw
ay a
nd
set
fire
s.
Oo
ska
New
s (2
012)
con
tin
ues
207
2012
Som
alia
, K
enya
Mil
itar
y ta
rget
Yes
Som
ali A
l-Sh
abaa
b in
surg
ents
po
iso
n a
wel
l an
d d
amag
e w
ater
infr
astr
uct
ure
nea
r th
e p
ort
cit
y o
f K
ism
ayo,
So
mal
ia. I
nsu
rgen
ts a
re fi
ghti
ng
Ken
yan
pea
ceke
epin
g tr
oo
ps
par
tici
pat
ing
in t
he
Afr
ican
Un
ion
mis
sio
n in
So
mal
ia.
Wab
ala
(201
2)
2012
Ken
yaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Vio
len
ce, i
ncl
ud
ing
seve
ral d
eath
s, o
ccu
rs d
uri
ng
dis
pu
tes
over
acc
ess
to w
ater
in t
he
po
ore
st s
lum
s ar
ou
nd
Nai
rob
i, K
enya
.N
jeru
(20
12)
2012
Taji
kist
an,
Uzb
ekis
tan
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sU
zbek
ista
n c
uts
nat
ura
l gas
del
iver
ies
to T
ajik
ista
n in
ret
alia
tio
n o
ver
a Ta
jik
hyd
roel
ectr
ic d
am t
hat
Uzb
eks
say
wil
l dis
rup
t w
ater
su
pp
lies
. Gas
flow
s re
sum
e af
ter
a n
ew c
on
trac
t is
sig
ned
.
Ko
zhev
nik
ov
(201
2)
2012
Kyr
gyzs
tan
, Ta
jiki
stan
, U
zbek
ista
n,
Turk
men
ista
n,
Kaz
akh
stan
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teN
oTe
nsi
on
s es
cala
te o
ver
two
pro
po
sed
dam
s in
cen
tral
Asi
a: K
amb
arat
a-1
in K
yrgy
zsta
n
and
th
e R
ogu
n D
am in
Taj
ikis
tan
. Th
ese
dam
s co
uld
aff
ect
wat
er s
up
pli
es in
th
e d
own
stre
am n
atio
ns
of
Uzb
ekis
tan
, Tu
rkm
enis
tan
, an
d K
azak
hst
an. U
zbek
ista
n’s
pre
sid
ent,
Isl
am K
arim
ov, s
ays
the
dam
s co
uld
cau
se “
no
t ju
st s
erio
us
con
fro
nta
tio
n,
bu
t ev
en w
ars.
”
Th
e E
con
omis
t (2
012)
2012
Sud
an, S
ou
th
Sud
anD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Vio
len
ce b
reak
s o
ut
at w
ater
po
ints
in t
he
Jam
am r
efu
gee
cam
p in
So
uth
Su
dan
. M
édic
ins
San
s Fr
on
tièr
es r
epo
rts
that
as
man
y as
ten
ref
uge
es d
ie e
very
day
bec
ause
of
wat
er s
ho
rtag
es a
t re
fuge
e ca
mp
s in
So
uth
Su
dan
.
McN
eish
(20
12);
Fe
rrie
(20
12)
2012
Egy
pt,
E
thio
pia
, Su
dan
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
te; M
ilit
ary
targ
et
Yes
Info
rmat
ion
is le
aked
ab
ou
t an
alle
ged
sec
ret
agre
emen
t th
at w
ou
ld a
llow
Egy
pt
to
bu
ild
an
air
bas
e in
Su
dan
to
att
ack
the
Gra
nd
Eth
iop
ian
Ren
aiss
ance
Dam
(G
ER
D).
E
gyp
t is
co
nce
rned
th
at t
he
dam
, un
der
co
nst
ruct
ion
in E
thio
pia
just
up
stre
am o
f Su
dan
on
th
e B
lue
Nil
e, w
ou
ld r
edu
ce fl
ows
into
its
terr
ito
ry. T
he
new
s re
po
rts,
str
on
gly
den
ied
by
Egy
pt,
cla
im t
hat
Su
dan
wo
uld
allo
w E
gyp
t to
lau
nch
att
acks
if d
iplo
mat
ic
effo
rts
fail
to
res
olv
e w
ater
-sh
arin
g d
isp
ute
s b
etw
een
Egy
pt
and
Eth
iop
ia. T
he
alle
gati
on
s ar
e b
ased
on
an
inte
rnal
201
0 e-
mai
l mad
e av
aila
ble
by
Wik
iLea
ks.
Sud
an T
ribu
ne
(201
2); A
l A
rab
iya
New
s (2
012)
2012
Mal
i, B
urk
ina
Faso
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sA
cla
sh a
lon
g th
e b
ord
er b
etw
een
Do
gon
vil
lage
rs f
rom
Mal
i an
d n
om
adic
Fu
lan
i h
erd
ers
fro
m B
urk
ina
Faso
kil
ls a
t le
ast
thir
ty p
eop
le a
fter
an
ear
lier
agr
eem
ent
to s
har
e w
ater
an
d p
astu
rela
nd
is r
evo
ked
. Ch
aos
follo
win
g a
mil
itar
y co
up
in M
arch
is p
artl
y re
spo
nsi
ble
fo
r th
e b
reak
dow
n in
law
an
d o
rder
in M
ali.
Xin
hu
a N
ews
(201
2b)
2012
Mal
i, M
auri
tan
iaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Pro
test
s an
d v
iole
nce
ove
r w
ater
sh
ort
ages
eru
pt
in t
he
cap
ital
of
Mau
rita
nia
, N
ou
akch
ott
. By
July
, ove
r 70
,000
Mal
ian
ref
uge
es a
re s
eeki
ng
asyl
um
in M
auri
tan
ia,
pu
ttin
g p
ress
ure
on
sca
rce
foo
d a
nd
wat
er s
up
pli
es.
Tah
a (2
012)
Wat
er C
on
flic
t C
hro
no
logy
co
nti
nu
ed
Dat
e
Par
ties
Invo
lved
Bas
is
of
Co
nfl
ict
Vio
len
t C
on
flic
t
or
in t
he
Co
nte
xt o
f
Vio
len
ce?
Des
crip
tio
nSo
urc
es
208
2012
Som
alia
Dev
elo
pm
ent
dis
pu
teYe
sIn
Au
gust
, figh
tin
g b
etw
een
tw
o c
lan
s in
th
e L
ower
Ju
bb
a re
gio
n o
f so
uth
So
mal
ia k
ills
at
leas
t th
ree
peo
ple
an
d w
ou
nd
s fi
ve. R
epo
rts
fro
m t
he
villa
ge o
f War
aq (
nea
r th
e b
ord
er w
ith
Ken
ya)
ind
icat
e th
at t
he
dis
pu
te b
egan
ove
r th
e ow
ner
ship
of
new
wat
er
wel
ls.
Shab
elle
Med
ia
Net
wo
rk (
2012
)
2012
Uga
nd
a,
Ken
yaD
evel
op
men
t d
isp
ute
Yes
Ten
sio
ns
lead
to
vio
len
ce b
etw
een
Uga
nd
a an
d K
enya
aft
er K
enya
n P
oko
t h
erd
smen
cr
oss
th
e b
ord
er s
eeki
ng
wat
er a
nd
pas
ture
. In
Oct
ob
er, t
he
Uga
nd
an g
over
nm
ent
sen
ds
5,00
0 so
ldie
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Syri
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e in
Mal
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, In
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An
tara
(20
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2012
–201
3K
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Dev
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vest
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See
also
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try
in 2
001.
)
AF
P (
2012
);
Wik
iped
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(201
3b)
The World’s Water Volume 8 209
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