water quality analysis of surface water bodies along the dhaka-mawa-bhanga road based on pre-monsoon...

7/30/2019 Water Quality Analysis of Surface Water Bodies Along the Dhaka-mawa-bhanga Road Based on Pre-monsoon Water Quality Parameters for Aquaculture

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308

(Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

154

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER BODIES ALONG

THE DHAKA-MAWA-BHANGA ROAD BASED ON PRE-MONSOON

WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR AQUACULTURE

Rumman Mowla Chowdhury1, Sardar Yafee Muntasir

2, Md. Niamul Naser

3, Sardar Rafee

Musabbir4

1Junior Engineer, Institute of Water Modeling, [email protected] Stamford University Bangladesh, [email protected]

3Professor, Department of Zoology, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

4Undergraduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET

ABSTRACTRural populations in Bangladesh often are heavily dependent on small reservoirs for their

water supply not only for drinking and domestic purposes but also for aquaculture. This

study was carried out to assess surface water quality of water bodies along the Dhaka-

Mawa-Bhanga (N8) which is of 60 km in length. As all the water bodies of are expected to be

productive due to the geophysical and climatic condition of the country, it will be better to

ensure the perfect utilization of the existing resources. In the way to finding out the feasibility

for aquaculture in the surface water the following parameters: pH, electrical conductivity,

total dissolved solids, salinity, dissolved oxygen, transparency before monsoon as it is the

suitable season for the beginning of breeding; were collected and analyzed. The results were

compared with standard values of aquaculture prescribed by South African Water Quality

Guidelines. From data analysis it was found that several water quality parameters like-

temperature, DO, BOD, electrical conductivity, salinity, TDS showed variability but they are

almost within the acceptable average range for most sampling points. Water quality of

Thandu Chowdhuryer pukur, Pachchor Bajar pukur, Arial Kha, Pulia Bajar, Sirajdhi khan

indicated that the water quality was not suitable for aquatic animals as their DO, pH and

secchi depth were not suitable enough. Proper treatment of water is necessary there before

aquaculture is commenced.

Keywords: Physicochemical parameters, Statistical Parameters, Pre-monsoon.

1Address: 2/B/A, Golden Street, Ring Road, Shamoly, Dhaka-1207.

2Address: Flat-3, Bldg-4, Road-2A, PWD Officers Quarter, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209.

3Address: Department of Zoology, Dhaka University.

4Address: Flat-3, Bldg-4, Road-2A, PWD Officers Quarter, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

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ISSN 0976 6308 (Print)ISSN 0976 6316(Online)

Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), pp. 154-168 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.html

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1. INTRODUCTION

The interaction of both physical and chemical properties of water plays a significant role inthe composition, distribution and abundance of aquatic organism. The physical and chemicallimnology of a water body is characterized by hydrologic impact, autogenic nutrientdynamics and biological aspects. These factors combine with each other to determine thewater quality. The proper balance of physical, chemical and biological properties of water inponds, lakes and reservoirs is an essential ingredient for successful production of fish andother aquatic resources (Mustafa, 2005).

Fish are totally dependent upon water to breathe, feed and grow, excrete wastes, maintain asalt balance, and reproduce; for these reasons understanding the physical and chemicalqualities of water is critical to successful aquaculture (Swann, 1997). Aquaculture, alsoknown as aqua-farming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans,molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwaterpopulations under controlled conditions and can be contrasted with commercial fishing,which is the harvesting of wild fish. Success or failure of an aquaculture operation is beingextremely determined by water quality. For commercial fish production water is always a

limiting factor. Many of the negative chemical and environmental factors associated withmost operations have their origins in the source of water selected. Both the quality andquantity of water available has to be in major concern for the site selection (Swann, 1997).The most common sources of water used for aquaculture are rivers, ponds and lakes, amongthe surface water bodies.

The relationship between fishes and their biotic-abiotic behavior is not an isolatedphenomenon. Fishes are more dependent on water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO),alkalinity and some other salts for growth and development (Alokesh Kumar, 2011). Anychanges of these parameters may affect the growth, development and maturity of fish (NaharIslam, 2007). The development of fauna and its abundance is more or less related inverselywith temperature and the amount of dissolved oxygen (Metcalf Eddy, 4th Edition).Waterquality standard vary significantly due to different environmental conditions, ecosystems and

intended human uses. Toxic substance and high population of certain microorganisms canpresent a health hazard for non-drinking purpose such as irrigation, swimming, fishing andrafting, boating and industrial uses. These conditions may also affect wildlife which uses thewater for drinking or as a habitat. According to Farmanfarmaian and Moore (1978), loss ofspecies and shifts from pollution-sensitive towards pollution-tolerant organisms are the majornegative impacts due to deterioration of water quality. Water quality in rivers can be reducedby high sediment loads that interfere with fish respiration and cover spawning areas and cansmother bottom-living organisms.

This study was conducted in the pre-monsoon season as during this season the waterremains in its worst condition, which helped to select the water bodies for aquaculture in itsmost negative condition. As the water depth is usually at minimum in the pre-monsoon, someparameters remain highly concentrated which is undesirable, some remain low concentrated

but desirable that is why pre-monsoon water quality is predicted as worst water qualitycondition. The physicochemical study could also help in understanding of the structure andfunction of a particular water body in relation to its inhabitants.


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2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 Study area

The present study was conducted along Dhaka-Mawa-Bhanga (N8) is a 60 Km existingroad touching Dhaka, Munshiganj, Madaripur and Faridpur districts covering 8 upazillas

namely, Keraniganj, Serajdikhan, Sreenagar, Lohajang, Shibchar, Faridpur sadar, Sadarpurand Bhanga. To monitor and for better observation of water quality of the study areas,sampling target was aimed to cover the important zones of the lakes. For BOD measurement,a 500 ml bottle was used for collection of water samples and the oxygen was fixed at thesampling site before being carried to the laboratory for further analysis. The examination andanalysis of the water bodies including laboratory analysis was done as per the standardmethods of USEPA (2004) and (Trivedi and Goel, 1986).12 stations were selected forsampling which is shown in Figure 1.

Figure1. A satellite view of sampling area

2.2.Analysis of water sample

For the measurement of physical and chemical parameters of sample water bodies, themethods used are illustrated in Table 1.


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Table 1. Details of the analysis methods and the required equipment for the determination ofphysico-chemical parameters

Serialnumber

Temperature Methodology Equipments

1 Temperature Visible Centigrade Thermometer

2 Salinity Visible Sensaso-CL 410,HACH,USA

3 pH Visible Sensaso-CL 410,HACH,USA

4 Transparency Visible Secchi Disk

5DissolvedOxygen

VisibleDissolved Oxygen Meter (Model-YK22

DO),USA

6 BODDissolved Oxygen Meter (Model-YK22

DO),USA

7 Conductivity Visible Conductivity Meter (Model-CD4302,USA)

8 TDS Visible Sensaso-CL 410,HACH,USA

2.3. Statistical analysisMean () = /x N

x = Value of observationsN = Number of observations

Standard Deviation () = nx2-(x)2 (1)n (n-1)

x = value of parametersN = No. of observation

Standard error = /N (2)

= Standard deviationN= Number of observation

N xy - x yKearl Pearsons Coefficient of Correlation, r = (3)

nx2-(x)2 ny2-(y)2

x, y = Values of array 1 and array 2 respectively.N = Number of observations

% variation of CV = /*100 (4)

= Standard deviation

= Mean

3. RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS

The statistical result range, mean, SD, SE, % CV, r values for surface water are given inTable 2 and in Table 3.


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Table 2. Summary of the Statistical analysis (Sampling Stations within Dhaka-Mawa Road)

Groups Maximum Minimum AverageStandardDeviation

StandardError

Variance(%)

AirTemperature(C)

30.9 25.9 28.42 1.84 0.75 6.47

Watertemperature(C)

30.9 28.8 29.92 .99 0.41 3.44

Secchi depth(cm) 165 15 65 70 28.6 1.08

pH 8.66 7.37 7.9 0.48 0.19 6.08

DO(mg/l) 5.4 1.3 3.93 1.51 0.62 38

BOD(mg/l) 3.7 0.7 2.55 1.05 0.43 41.18

Conductivity(2ms) 632 353 536.7 108.67 44.37 20.25

Salinity(mg/l) 3 0.2 0.27 0.51 0.021 18.9

TDS 306 169.4 260.233 53.26 21.7 20.5

Table 3. Summary of the Statistical analysis (Sampling Stations within Dhaka-Mawa Road)

Groups Maximum Minimum AverageStandardDeviation

StandardError

Variance(%)

AirTemperature(C)

31.2 28 29.9 1.27 0.582 4.25

Watertemperature(C)

31.2 27.9 29.98 1.35 0.55 4.5

Secchi depth(cm) 105 5 39 57.17 23.34 1.47

pH 9.45 6.8 7.65 1.05 0.43 13.73

DO(mg/l) 10.4 2 5.4 3.01 1.23 55.74

BOD(mg/l) 9.8 1.5 4.55 3.12 1.27 68.57

Conductivity(2ms) 612 203 469.5 138 56.34 29.39

Salinity(mg/l) 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.063 0.026 31.5TDS 340 97.1 236.85 78.57 32.07 33.17

The following parameters: pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity,dissolved oxygen, transparency before monsoon was collected and an analysis of data wasmade as described below. All the measured values of the Dhaka-Mawa and Mawa-Bhangaroad are shown in graphs in appendix.

3.1.pH

The presence of hydrogen ion concentration is measured in terms of pH range. Theacceptable range is usually between pH 6.5 to pH 9.0 for fish culture. When water is veryalkaline (> pH 9), ammonium in water is converted to toxic ammonia, which can kill fish. Onthe other hand, acidic water (< pH 5) leeches metals from rocks and sediments. These metalshave an adverse effect on the fishes metabolism rates and ability to take in water throughtheir gills and can be fatal as well. pH of water of the experimental water bodies was found tobe approximately natural to slightly alkaline. The highest pHwas 8.66 at Bawor bity Sarak oJanapather pukur along the Dhaka-Mawa road. The lowest was 6.8 at Pachchor Bajar khalwithin Bhanga-Janjira road. The mean value of pH was 7.9 and 7.65 respectively among the


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Figure 3. Station wise Water and Air Tempearature (Water Bodies along Dhaka-Mawa Road)

Figure 4. Station wise Water and Air Temperature (Water Bodies along Mawa-Bhanga Road)

3.3.Dissolved oxygen

Dissolved oxygen is by far, the most important parameter in aquaculture. Lowdissolved oxygen levels are responsible for more fish kills, either directly orindirectly, than all other problems combined. Oxygen consumption is directly linkedto size, feeding rate, activity level and temperature, and it will surprise some that largefish consume less oxygen than their smaller counterparts which have higher metabolic

rates. The amount of dissolved oxygen in water increases as temperature reduces anddecreases when salinity and altitude increases. Not only is dissolved oxygen important

for fish respiration, but it is also important for the survival of phytoplankton, theorganism which breaks down toxic ammonia into harmless forms. The value of DOvaried from1.3mg/l to 5.4mg/l along the Dhaka-Mawa road and 2 to 10.4 mg/l withinJangira-Bhanga road. The maximum DO 10.4mg/l was founded in Thandu

Chowdhurir pukur along the Janjira bhanga road. Mean value of DO was 3.93mg/l ofthe water bodies along the Dhaka-Mawa road and 5.4 mg/l of the water bodies alongthe Janjira Bhanga road. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the comparison of DO among

12 stations.

26272829303132

Pacchor bajar

khal

Thandu

Chowdhurir

Pokur

Arial Kha Pulia bajar

pokur

Bogail Beel Bhanga khal

Tempe

rature,

C

Station Name

Temperature air (C)

Temperature Water (C)

2224

26

28

30

32

Bawor bity sarok o janopather pokurDhalashri (1) Dhalashri (2)Shirajdi Khan KuchiamaraChaltipara PokurMasurgow khalTemp

erature,

C

Station Name

Temperature air (C)

Temperature water (C)


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Figure 5. Station wise DO (Water Bodies along Dhaka-Mawa Road)

Figure 6. Station wise DO (Water Bodies along Mawa-Bhanga Road)

3.4. Salinity

Salinity plays an important role in the growth of culture organisms through Osmoregulations of body minerals from that of the surrounding water. For ex. the optimumrange of salinity for black tiger shrimp is between 10 and 25 ppt., although the shrimpwill accept salinity between 5 and 38 ppt. since its eurihaline character. The early lifestages of both shrimp and prawn require standard seawater salinities but whilegrowing they can with stand to brackish water or even to freshwater. However, forbetter survival and growth optimum range of salinity should be maintained in theaquaculture ponds. If salinity is too high, the fish will start to lose water to theenvironment. As freshwater fish are not physiologically adapted to osmo regulatewithin a saline water source, decreased growth and survival can occur under theseconditions. The salinity of the water source that is to be used for aquaculture should betested before a project commences. Salinity tolerances will vary amongst speciestherefore it is important to choose an aquaculture species that is best suited to thesalinity of the water source (Boyd (1990), Walker (1994) Ingram (1997)). In presentstudy, salinity values were observed 0.1 to 0.8. That is suitable for coastal area close

and open ecology (Laws, 1993). Concentration of salinity ranged 0.1 to 0.3.theminimum value was recorded in 1 station (Arial kha) and the maximum value wasrecorded in 5 stations. The average concentration was 0.27 among the water bodiesalong the Dhaka-Mawa road and 0.2 along the Jangira Bhanga road. Figure 7 and

Figure 8 show the comparison of salinity among the 12 stations.

0123456

Bawor bity sarok o janopather pokurDhalashri (1) Dhalashri (2)Shirajdi Khan KuchiamaraChaltipara PokurMasurgow khal

DO

(mg/l)

Station Name

02468

1012

Pacchor bajar khalThandu Chowdhurir PokurArial Kha Pulia bajar pokur Bogail Beel Bhanga khal

DO(mg/L)

Station Nmae


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Figure 7. Station wise Salinity (Water Bodies along Dhaka-Mawa Road)

Figure 8. Station wise Salinity (Water Bodies along Mawa-Bhanga Road)

3.5. Turbidity

Turbidity (clarity of water) in aquaculture systems is also an important waterquality variable. Turbidity is affected by zooplankton and phytoplankton densities inthe water column and also suspended particulate matter such as silt, fecal matter and

uneaten feed. Turbidity affects the level of light penetration in the water columnwhich has influential effects on photosynthesis and hence algal growth. Highly turbidponds have shallow light penetration which lowers the temperature as well asphotosynthetic activity. Highly turbid ponds often have decreased amounts of algaegrowing on the bottom of ponds. In ponds with low turbidity, we see the oppositeeffect (Aquaculture 1999). Evidence for light limiting phytoplankton growth has beenfound in both commercial penaeid prawn ponds (Burford 1997) and inM.rosenbergiiponds (Costa-Pierce et al. 1984). When ponds are too turbid, farmers may flush pondswith fresh, clean water to reduce nutrient levels to discourage phytoplankton growth.Flushing can also dilute the amount of particulate matter to reduce turbidity. If notsufficiently turbid they may add fertilizer to stimulate phytoplankton blooms. Thecolors of water and soil samples of different sampling spots were observed by nakedeyes. The ponds and canals were classified by transparent, turbid, brownish andgreenish.

3.6. Conductivity

Conductivity is the ability of a substance to conduct electricity. The conductivity ofwater is a more-or-less linear function of the concentration of dissolved ions.Conductivity itself is not a human or aquatic health concern, but because it is easilymeasured, it can serve as an indicator of other water quality problems. If theconductivity of a stream suddenly increases, it indicates that there is a source of

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4


Salinity

Station Name

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4


Salinity

Station Name


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dissolved ions in the vicinity. Therefore, conductivity measurements can be used as aquick way to locate potential water quality problems. Conductivity is measured interms of conductivity per unit length, and meters typically use the unitmicrosiemens/cm. The values of water conductivity varied from 352s/cm to

632s/cm along the Dhaka-Mawa road and 203s/cm to 505s/cm within jangira

Bhanga road. Figure 9 and Figure 10 shows the comparison of conductivity among 12stations along Dhaka-Mawa-Vannga road.

Figure 9. Station wise Conductivity (Water Bodies along Dhaka-Mawa Road)

Figure 10. Station wise Conductivity (Water Bodies along Mawa-Bhanga Road)

3.7. Total dissolved solids

"Dissolved solids" refer to any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved inwater. This includes anything present in water other than the pure water (H20)molecule and suspended solids. (Suspended solids are any particles/substances that areneither dissolved nor settled in the water)In general, the total dissolved solidsconcentration is the sum of the cations (positively charged) and anions (negativelycharged) ions in the water. A constant level of minerals is necessary for aquatic life.The water in an aquarium should have the same levels of TDS and pH as the fish and

reef's original habitat. TDS levels can represent different states of osmosis (NielsJensen). Total dissolved Solid content in the water samples collected from differentsampling stations of the study lakes varied greatly. The TDS level found to fluctuatefrom 169.4 S/m to 306 S/m within the water bodies along the Dhaka-Mawaroad.97.1S/m to 340 S/m within the water bodies along the Janjira Bahnga road. TheTDS content was maximum in Bogail Beel along the Janjira road and minimum was97.1 at Arial kha along the same road. The mean value was 260.233 S/m and 236.85

0

200

400

600

800


Conductivity

Station Name

0

200

400

600

800

Pacchor bajar khalThandu Chowdhurir Pokur Arial Kha Pulia bajar pokur Bogail BeelConductivity

Station Name


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164

S/m among the two roads. Figure 11 and Figure 12 show the comparison of TDSbetween 12 stations.

Figure 11. Station wise TDS (Water Bodies along Dhaka-Mawa Road)

Figure 12. Station wise TDS (Water Bodies along Mawa-Bhanga Road)

3.8.Biochemical oxygen demand

Biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of the quantity of oxygen used by

microorganisms (e.g., aerobic bacteria) in the oxidation of organic matter. Naturallevels of oxygen in aquatic systems are always somewhat depleted by normal levels ofaerobic bacterial activity. In most cases, if dissolved oxygen concentrations dropbelow 5 parts per million (ppm), fish will be unable to live for very long. All cleanwater species such as trout or salmon will die well above this level and even lowoxygen fish such as catfish and carp will be at risk below 5 ppm. BOD varied between0.7 to 3.7 mg/l within the water bodies along the Dhaka-Mawa road and 1.5mg/l to9.8mg/l within the water bodies along the Jangira Bhanga road. The maximumvalues were found in Thandu Chowdhurir pukur which is along the Jangira Bhangaroad. The mean value was 2.55 mg/l and 47.55 mg/l respectively. Figure 13 andFigure 14 show the comparison of BOD among the 12 stations.

0

100

200

300

400


TDS

Station Name

0

100

200

300

400


TDS

Station Name


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Figure 13. Station wise BOD (Water Bodies along Dhaka-Mawa Road)

Figure 14. Station wise BOD (Water Bodies along Mawa-Bhanga Road)

4. CORRELATION AMONG PARAMETERS

The physico-chemical parameters are correlated with each other. Table 4 and 5 describesthe correlation among the parameters of the sample water stations along Dhaka-Mawa andMawa- Bhanga respectively. It is clear from the correlation table that Conductivity and TDShas a maximum correlation value. Not only these two but also at the same time BOD and DOis correlated with a very good value close to 1. But at the same time DO with Conductivity,

DO with TDS, pH with TDS, Conductivity with BOD and TDS with BOD are badlycorrelated with each other. As the road has a break due to the Padma river it is classified as aroad form Dhaka to Mawa and then Mawa to Bhanga.

Table 4. Co-relations among Parameters within Dhaha-Mawa

BOD Salinity TDS Conductivity DO pHAir

Temperature

AirTemperature

0.333 pH

0.682 0.574 DO0.077 0.611 0.391 Conductivity

0.999 0.063 0.609 0.375 TDS

0.784 0.767 0.428 0.190 0.167 Salinity

0.406 0.045 0.045 0.913 0.716 0.274 BOD

0

1

2

3

4


BOD

(mg/l)

Station Name

0

5

10

15


BOD(mg/L)

Station Name


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Table 5. Co-relations among Parameters within Mawa-Bhanga

BOD Salinity TDS Conductivity DO pHAir

Temperature

Air

Temperature0.523 pH

0.978 0.342 DO

000 0.045 0.110 Conductivity

0.980 0.063 0.055 0.265 TDS

0.977 0.937 0.114 0.095 0.232 Salinity

0.130 0.095 0.00 0.991 0.995 0.457 BOD

The standards of water quality for aquaculture have been given in Table 6. There has beengiven a checklist in Table 7 and 8 which represents the aquatic feasibility of the water bodies

in comparison with the standard value form Table 6.Table 6. Standards of water Quality for aquaculture

Items Value of standard

Color, offensivesmell

Fish, shrimp, shell fish and kelp should not have odd color, oddoffensive smell

Temperature 26-33C

pHvalue Freshwater 6.5-8.5

Dissolved oxygenIn successive 24t , above 16h should be higher than 5mg/l, and the

other time should not be lower than 3mg/l

Biochemical oxygen

demand

Should not surpass 5mg/l, frozen period should not surpass 3 mg/l

Secchi Discvisibility

25-45 cm

Salinity 10-25 ppt

TDS NA

ElectricalConductivity

NA

Table 7. Checklist for aquaculture according to water quality parameters (Dhaka-Mawa)

Name of

the station

Temperature air(C)

Temperatur

e water (C)

Secchi

depth(cm)

p

H

D

O

BO

D

Salinit

y

TD

S

Conductivit

y

Pacchorbajar khal

T

ThanduChowdhuri

r Pokur

Arial Kha

Pulia bajar


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167

pokur

Bogail Beel T

BhangaKhal

T

Table 8. Checklist for aquaculture according to water quality parameters (Mawa-

Bhanga)

Name ofthe station

Temperature air (C)

Temperature water (C)

Secchi

depth(cm)

pH

DO

BOD

Salinity

TDS

Conductivity

Bawor bitysarok o

janopatherpokur

Dhalashri(1)

Dhalashri(2)

ShirajdiKhan

Kuchiamara

ChaltiparaPokur

MasurgowKhal

5. DISCUSSION

Water quality parameters of 12 water bodies along the Dhaka-Mawa-Bhanga road wereinvestigated to assess the suitability of the water bodies for aquaculture during the pre monsoonseason. It is evident from our study that several water quality parameters like- temperature, DO,BOD, electrical conductivity, salinity, TDS showed variability but they are almost within thenormal range. Some of the water parameters of closed water ponds indicated that the waterquality was not suitable for aquatic animals. The reason behind the unsuitable parameters is dueto some undesirable phenomena happening within the particular water bodies. As an examplePulia bajar pukur along the Mawa-Bhanga road is supposed to be unsuitable for aquaculturedue to the deviation of BOD and DO level from the standard value which may be because ofthe presence of organic wastes - generated mainly by local people, in the water body.


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REFERENCE

1. Alokesh Kumar Ghosh, Suman Kumar Ghosh and Md.Rashedul Islam (2011).Abundance and diversity of Zoo plankton in Semi-Intensive Shrimp Farm.International Journal of Life Science. Volume 5, Issue 1.

2. Aquaculture (1999). Water quality in freshwater aquaculture ponds. PrimaryIndustries and Resources SA.

3. Burford, M. (1997). Phytoplankton dynamics in shrimp ponds. AquacultureResearch. 28:351-360.

4. Costa-Pierce, B. A., Craven D. B., Karl D. M., and Laws E. A. (1984). Correlation ofin situ respiration rates and microbial biomass in prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)ponds. Aquaculture 37:157-168.

5. Farmanfarmaian and R.Moor (1978). Diseasonal thermal aquaculture.6. Laws (1993). Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries7. Metcalf and Eddy (2002). Waste Water Engineering, Treatment and Reuse, 4th

Edition.

8. M. K. Mustapha and J. S. Omotosho (2005). An assessment of the physicochemicalproperties of Moro Lake, Kwara State, Nigeria. African Journal of Applied Zoologyand Environmental Biology. Vol-7, pp73-77.

9. Niels Jensen (2009). The Importance of Total Dissolved Solids in the FreshwaterAquarium.

10. Sharifun Nahar Islam (2007). Physico-chemical condition and occurrence of someZooplankton in a pond of Rajshahi University. Journal of fisheries andHydrobiology. 2(2) Pp-21-25.

11. Swann (1997). A fish Farmers Guide to understanding water quality inAquaculture.

12. Trivedi, R. K. and Goel, P. K. (1986). Chemical and Biological methods for waterpollution studies. Environmental Publication Karad (India). pp 250.

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