water utilization managementcharacteristics design and infrastructure of water harvesting. ministry...

Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id

WATER UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT FOR AGRICULTURE IN INDONESIA

SAEFOEL BACHRI, HARMANTO, & BUDI KARTIWA

INDONESIA CENTER FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ICALRRD)

2018 International Conference on Forward-looking Water Management in Taiwan

“Water & Environtment, Water & Safety, and Water & Development”

TAIPE, 8-9 OCTOBER 2018

Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia www.pertanian.go.id

OUTLINE

Introduction

Water harverting technology

Irrigation Water Management

Conclussion


I. INTRODUCTION The total area of Indonesia which covers land and sea is

7,081,369 KM square.

• The land area is 1,904,569 KM2 (incl rivers).

• Water area is 5, 8 KM2.

LAND AREA in Indonesia: 188,20 Million Ha

148 Million Ha Dryland (78%):

76,22 Million Ha (52%) -> Suitable For Agriculture

23,26 Million Ha Lowland Area -> Suitable For Food Crops

40,20 Million Ha Wetland (22%) -> Including Swampland.

Population : 260 million (2017)

Projected population: 295 million (2030)


LAND AREA BASED ON ECOSYSTEMS

Ecosystem Low Land High Land Dry

Climate

Wet

Climate

Acid

Soil

Non Acid

Soil

Swamp

land

Wet land (Non Swamp)

Dry land

Misc (Settlement/city, water bodies, escarpment, ex mining etc)


Dry land, 148, 79%

Wet land, 40.2, 21%

Land Area: 188.2 M Ha

148 M Ha of Dry land

76.22 M Ha (77%) Suit for

Agriculture

26.32 M Ha

Food Crop on Low land

LAND TYPE PROPORTION


DRY LAND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT in Indonesia

Area of dry land suitable for Agriculture

Island

Low land (ha) High land (ha) Total

Annual

Crops Perenual

Crops

Annual

Crops

Perenual

Crops


1. Water limitation on dry land -> Plantation

Index (IP) < 1,50.

2. Water scarcity is the main limiting of dry land management.

3. Innovation technology for water management: a. Identification technique for water

resources b. Water harvesting c. Eficiency technique on Irrigation d. Soil and water conservation

DRY LAND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS

Dry land utilization problems

Soil Fertility

Soil Acidity

Topography

Water Availability


WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS ON DRY LAND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS

Water availability:

Inbalance water availability

(spasial and time) Water management technique on dry land • Identification for Water resources

potency • Water harvesting techniques • Efficiency techniques in Irigation

system • Soil and Water conservation

Water demands:

Water utilize In-efficency on

agriculture production system


Type of Infrastucture

WH Infrastructure

Water Harvesting

(WH)

Technology

(1) Water surface (Irrigation Pump); (2) Channal storae (Dam Parit); (3) eater reservoir (Embung); (4) Long Storage; (5) Shallow Well (6) Sumur Bor

Techniques for collecting, storing and saving rainwater or river flow, during the rainy season into a reservoir -> then using the water for irrigation during the dry season

• Optimizing the utilization of surface water sources for irrigation

• Provide alternative irrigation sources when the main irrigation source is unable to meet the water needs of the plant

WATER HARVESTING


Dam Parit: Agricultural infrastructure

to stem the flow of trenches or small

rivers and distribute them to irrigate the

surrounding land

Long Storage

Channel reservoir di Desa Bunder, Gunung Kidul Channel reservoir (dam parit) in Kalisidi,

Ungaran

Long storage in HSU (Polder Alabio)

Water reservoir (Embung)

Embung Tlogo Pucang Temanggung


(1) SURFACE WATER UTILIZATION:

< 4 m

< 6

m

1000 m

Suction

4 inch

Satuan Luas Lahan Irigasi

Bak Bagi + Pintu

Saluran Terbuka

Pompa + Mesin Penggerak

Sungai

Sumber Air Permukaan Melimpah,

Tapi IP 100

• Centifuge Pump

• Divider pool/storage

• Cannal

Desa Negara Bumi Udik, Kec. Anak Tuha, Kab.

Lampung Tengah, Lampung

CHARACTERISTICS DESIGN AND

INFRASTRUCTURE OF WATER HARVESTING


SUMATERA • Potensi 1.206.476 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Long- storage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal

1.206.476 ha

724.334 ha

1.342.702 ha

608.872 ha 28.681 ha

JAWA • Potensi 724.334 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Long- storage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal

KALIMANTAN • Potensi 1.342.702 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal

SULAWESI • Potensi 608.872 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal

PAPUA • Potensi 28.681 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Long- storage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal

BALI+NUSTRA • Potensi 117.876 ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai & Sumur Dangkal

MALUKU • Potensi 24.216 Ha Dam-parit, Embung, Longstorage, Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Sumur Dangkal

117.876 ha

24.216 ha

POTENTCY Of WATER HARVESTING INFRASTRUCTURE ON DRY OR RAINFED LAND (DISTRIBUTION OF 4,0 MILL. HA)

Invest Rp 22.6 B Prod 10 Jt ton GKG Benefit: Rp 40 Bill

Total: 13.829 of 74.093 Village, 3.287 of 7.094 Sub District, 401 of 415 District, in 34 Provinces.

Total Area : 4.053.156 ha

12


Notes:

D : Domestic

M : Municipal

I : Industrial

Source:

Puslitbang SDA (2012)

Roadmap CC Water Sector (2011)

DMI (106 m3/year)

34,10 (19.5%)

AGRICULTURE (106 m3/yr)

141,00 (80.5 %)

DM

(106 m3/year)

6.40 (3,7%)

ALREADY UTILIZED

(106 m3/year)

175,10 (25.3%)

YET UTILIZIED

(106 m3/year)

516,20 (74.7%)

INDUSTRIAL

(106 m3/year)

27.70 (15,8%)

WATER AVAILABLE (106 m3/year)

POTENCY CAN BE UTILIZED

3.906,50 691,30

INDONESIA 3.906,50

SUMATERA 840,70

JAVA 164,00

KALIMANTAN 1.314,00

SULAWESI 299,20

BALI + NUSA

TENGGARA 49,60

MALUKU 176,70

PAPUA 1.062,10

DISTRIBUTION

SOIL WATER UTILIZATION IN INDONESIA

13


No Parameter Characteristics Type of WH

Infrastrucuture

1 Rivers Debit minimum > 25 l/s, widht < 15 m depth < 2 m, water

elevasi higher than land surface , and <1 km distance.

Channal reservoir (Dam

Parit)

2 River flow, irrigation channal, lake Debit Minimum > 25 l/s, elevation of water resource lower

than the land, and <100 m distance.

Pump

3 Rainfall, drainage channel, intermittent

river flow

Weavy to Hilly tophography as a water catchment area (DTA) Water reservoir (Embung)

4 Rainfall, drainage channel, intermittent

rivers, tidal rivers

Flat topography, close to drainage channel, intermittent

river, rivers, tidal.

Long Storage

5 Groundwater Groundwater surface < 20 m Shallow well

INFRASTUCTURE TYPES OF WATER HARVESTING BASED UPON WATER RESOURCES


15

Water Utilization Efficiency Technology

15

• Shallow well / connected well

• Closed Irrgation System

• Wet and Dry Irrigation

• Intermittent Irrigation

• Drip Irrigation

• Impact Sprinkler

• Furrow Irrigation

• Solar Pump Irrigation

• Shallow well / connected well


CLOSED IRRIGATION SYSTEM (PIPE)

very high efficien, using gravity due to

mountinous area, suitable for horticulture

with limited soil water source

CLOSED IRRIGATION (Drip Irigation): Super efficient

water-use irrigation, clean water, suitable for hilly area,

horticulture (but still explensive material)

16


a. Wet – Dry Irrigation system

• Flooding high of 5-10 cm, depend on

growth phase of paddy crop

• 10 days before harvesting time, no

water to the land

• Water requirement can be saved up to

10-15% compared to teh fooding all the

time

b. Intermittent irrigation

• New technique intermittent irrigation within a season

• Initial planting with flooding, then water given

according to requirement within 3-7 day

• It can saved water by 25%.

WUE for Paddy wetland


DRIP IRRIGATION • Water availability is limited • Land flat up to hilly area • Soil texture: clay up to sandy loam • Commodities: horticulture crop with high

value


19

IMPACT SPRINKLER • Irrigation of spray type with medium pressure and nozzle

360 degree direction of spray

• Can distribute a certain water irrigation with radius or

distance of 15 meter along the tool (maximum)

• Suitable for horticulture (vegetable crop)


FURROW IRRIGATION • Water availability is excessive (no limit) • Topography is relatively flat • Soil texture: clay • Commodities suitable: paddy, vegetable & FRUIT


SOLAR PUMP APPLICATION FOR HORTICULTURE

The system have already implemented to several dry land

Imogiri, Bantul Muneng, Probolinggo

Sukabumi, Jabar

Banjarbaru, Kalsel


II. IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICE Irrigation: The activity to supplement water for maintaining normal growth of crops

1.1 Irrigation Water Management (IWM): 2.1 Irrigation Water Management (IWM): • The overall operation of irrigation, in a systematic way and

accordance with approved plans, is concerned with proper regulation and allocation of water quantities required for various growth stages of crops.

• In practice, an irrigation plan is prepared in accordance with

cropping patterns and irrigation scheme; and its implementation has to also take into account water sources and local farm situations. It is essential to adequately regulate and allocate irrigation water such that the water can be fairly, reasonably and at right time distributed to each farm plot.


THE IRRIGATION WATER NEEDS The irrigation water needs/calculation of wetland rice including: - evapotranspiration, - water loss due to percolation and seepage, - water is needed for saturation of the soil. Whereas plants other than lowland rice lose water because percolation and seepage do not include irrigation water needs. The function of rice plant water is to regulate plant temperature and humidity conditions and affect the growth and yield of rice plants (winarso, 1985).


2.2 Irrigation Water Distribution Technique:

• Factors to be considered:

1) Canal water conveyance capacities, 2) water losses and sequences of water regulation and allocation; 3) so as to maintain the smooth water conveyance and on‐farm irrigation.

• Other factors: areal rainfall distributions, water source stability and

crop cultivation timing have to be considered too; in order to grasp the trends of water sources for adequate regulation and allocation of irrigation water to properly supply the water demands of crop cultures.

2.3 Irrigation Operation Principles: Irrigation Operation Principles: • On‐farm water distributions: implemented in line with the distribution plans

prepared with principle of rotational irrigation. Such plans delineate the distribution flow quantities, arranged timing, and sequences of water distributions to farm plots.

• Field water distribution work is conducted by water masters of irrigation

groups, or by IA members on duty by turns, so that all the plots can avail fair and reasonable water uses.

Irrigation Water Management Practice


Suggestion to Future Maintenance 2.4. Main plans to be formulated Irrigation Plan

• Water conveyance & distribution plans • Rotational water distribution plan • Emergency irrigation plan in response to severe draught

Irrigation Implementation

• Allocation of water from water sources • Regulation of water in conveyance systems • On-farm water distribution • Emergency irrigation measures in response to severe drought period • Recording of water uses


Irrigation Plan

Crop cultivation area

Soil texture Crop water

requirement Water conveyance

losses

Irrigation water requirement

Water distribution

time per district

Water distribution

time per district

Irrigation intervals

Water distribution

sequence per district


Irrigation Implementaion

Rotation blocks Discharge

regulation and recording

Water distribution in

Rotation Blocks

On-farm water distribution

(Rotaional irrigation operation)

Single blocks

Farm plots

Check gate operation

Water distribution in single blocks

Water division box

management

Guiding Igs by WS/IA on field

water distribution work


4.Conclusion Water Long Storage

1. The height of the embankment on both sides of the water long storage cannot be increased more than 0.5 meters, which is equivalent to 0.65 meters above the paddy field.

2. Heightening embankment with dredged mud is difficult to reach stability, which is confirmed by bilateral team.

3. The embankment of long storage can not be piled up by the mud excavated by dredging, because of its poor plasticity and stability. If the bank design is too high, its construction is not easy and may cause bank collapse in the future.


4.Conclusion III. Irrigation Operation

1. Establish the general rules of Governing Organization of Irrigation Associations. 2. Establish a rigorous Water Use Associations (WUAs) under the supervision of the Ministry of

Agriculture. 3. According to the authority of law, WUAs can charge fees, management and repair facilities. 4. The fees shall be charged in the form of farmland area. The fees of decisions is negotiated by the

members.


Association Roles Water User Farmer Association (WUFA/KP3A): Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 50 LAWS OF THE RI No. 7 OF 2004. ABOUT WATER RESOURCES.

• An association of water-using farmer associations is a set of water-using farmers who are socio-economic, cultural, and environmentally sound.

• To facilitate the farmers associated with irrigation water management at the farming level to increase food production and the interests of rural agricultural development.

• Need Strengthening or Empowering Water User Farmers

• Wadah perkumpulan petani pemakai air merupakan himpunan bagi petani pemakai air yang bersifat sosial-ekonomi, budaya, dan berwawasan lingkungan. P3A dibentuk dari, oleh, dan untuk petani pemakai air secara demokratis, yang pengurus dan anggotanya terdiri dari unsur petani pemakai air. P3A dalam satu daerah pelayanan sekunder tertentu dapat bergabung sampai terbentuk GP3A. GP3A dalam satu daerah irigasi tertentu dapat bergabung sampai terbentuk IP3A.


THANK YOU

谢谢


SOME FACTOR AFFECTING WATER NEEDS • CROP TYPE

• CLIMATE

• TYPE OF SOIL CONDITION

• CROP PATTERN

• WATER SUPPLY METHOD

• IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE CONDITION

• ACREAGE OF AGRICILTURE AREA

water utilization managementcharacteristics design and infrastructure of water harvesting. ministry...

Documents