Present Prefect- Present Perfect Continuous17. Practise the use of present perfect with the given examples.a.) She can’t go to the party ...catch a cold. She can’t go to the party because she’s caught a cold.(‘s= has)1. I can’t see very well... break my glasses.2. He can’t go very fast... hurt his leg.3. I can’t get in ... lose my key.4. I can’t pay the bill... not bring my money.5. I know the story very well ... see the film.6. He won’t take a cigarette ... give up smoking.7. She can’t buy any sweets ... spend all her money.8. We don’t know how he is ... not hear from him.9. She is very disappointed ... he not telephone.10. I’m going to the police station ... someone steal my bicycle.b.)Bring the milk in, please. I’ve already brought it in.

1. Begin your exercise now.2. Do your homework.3. You must find those tickets.4. Would you like to hear this record?5. Don’t sit on that record.

6. Take your medicine.7. Tell him the joke.8. That pen will soon run out.9. Why don’t you teach him how to swim?10.Wind the clock.

c.) Have you written anything in your book yet?No, I haven’t written anything in my book yet.1. Have you learnt enough English yet?2. Have you written to your friend yet?3. Has she found her handbag yet?4. Has she cleaned the living room yet?5. Have you got to the end of the book

yet?

6. Have you telephoned your friend yet?7. Have they got married yet?8. Has she had her baby yet?9. Have you forgiven him yet?10.Has she returned the book yet?

d.) Answer the questions as it is in the given examples.Have you ever had an operation? No, I have never had an operation.

1. Have you ever got drunk?2. Have you ever eaten caviar?3. Have you ever been late for school?4. Have you ever stolen anything?5. Have you ever been to Japan?

6. Have you ever flown a helicopter?7. Have you ever failed an exam?8. Have you ever fallen downstairs?9. Have you ever forgotten her birthday?10.Have you ever overslept?

e.) She’s been in the shop for ages but she... buy anything She’s been in the shop for ages but she still hasn’t bought anything.

1. I’ve written to them three times but they ... reply2. I’ve asked you again and again but you ... do it3. He borrowed my book last term but he ... give it back4. She’d that dictionary for a long time but she ... use it5. I finished reading my library books ages ago but I ... them change6. She’s been waiting for him for ages but he ... come home7. I’ve been reading this book for a long time but I ... reach the end8. He’s been eating for half an hour but he ... have enough9. She’ been sitting by the fire for an hour but she ... get warm10.He’s been working there for ten years but he ... have a rise

f.) I heard the news on the radio a quarter of an hour ago. I’ve just heard the news on the radio.1. He recovered from his illness yesterday.2. I found those old photographs not so long ago.

1

3. I met him again less than an hour ago.4. I had this suit cleaned a few days ago.5. I explained it to you a few minutes ago.6. He put a cigarette out a second ago.7. They got married a few days ago.8. I threw it away a few minutes ago.9. I passed my driving test a few days ago.10.The cat had kittens a few minutes ago.

g.) The last time I read the newspaper was ages ago. I haven’t read the newspaper for ages.1. The last time we gave a party was six months ago.2. The last time she spoke French was five years ago.3. The last time they drank beer was a fortnight ago.4. The last time he worked late was two months ago.5. The last time it rained was three weeks ago.6. The last time I thought about her was ages ago.7. The last time we received a letter was years ago.8. The last time I smoked a cigarette was a week ago.9. The last time he shaved was three days ago.10.The last time he saw his brother was ten years ago.

h.) The last time I cleaned my teeth was at eight thirty. I haven’t cleaned my teeth since eight thirty.1. The last time I had a glass of champagne was at Christmas2. The last time he washed his hands was at breakfast.3. The last time he met his cousin was in 1985.4. The last time I heard from him was on my birthday.5. The last time she missed her train was last Wednesday.6. The last time I spent a weekend in Paris was in 1980.7. The last time he wore a suit was at the party.8. The last time we swam in the sea was in the summer.9. The last time she dyed her hair was during her holiday.10.The last time the sun shone was on Thursday.

i.)She went to the grocer’s twice last week. She’s been to the grocer’s twice this week.yesterday... todayyesterday morning ... this morninglast week ... this week

last month ... this monthlast year ... this year

1. She went to her friend’s house yesterday.2. He went to the dentist last week.3. They went fishing twice last month.4. She went shopping yesterday morning.5. We went to the Chinese restaurant three times last year.6. He went to the barber’s twice last month.7. He went shooting four times last season.8. We went to the theatre twice last month.9. He went skating last week.10.We went to the museum four times last year.

j.)It’s ages since I went there. I haven’t been there for ages.1. It’s three weeks since he went out with

her.2. It’s a long time since I went to London.

3. It’s two months since I went dancing.4. It’s over a fortnight since she went to

the hairdresser’s.2

5. It’s weeks since I went to a concert.6. It’s over a month since we went to the

pictures.7. It’s days since she went out of the

house.

8. It’s long time since we went abroad.9. It’s a week since he went to school.10.It’s years since they went to the doctor.

k.)A: I started to play records an hour ago, and I’m still playing them.B: I’ve been playing records for an hour.

1. She started to cry about half an hour ago, and she‘s still crying.2. She started to type letters at a quarter past nine, and she’s still typing them.3. They started to learn Chinese two years ago, any they’re still learning it.4. He started to grow a beard a week ago, and he’s still growing it. 5. He started fishing in this river at lunchtime, and he’s still fishing here.6. He started standing in a queue ten minutes ago, and he’s still standing there.7. He started waiting for the bus at two o’clock, and he’s still waiting.8. She started resting two hours ago, and she’s still resting.9. I began to decorate this room on Monday, and I haven’t finished yet.10.She started laying the table at one o’clock, and she hasn’t finished yet.

l.)He started to help her with her homework months ago/in February, and he still does.He’s been helping her with her homework for months/since February.

1. I started to go to the cinema years ago, and I often go there now.2. He started to shave twice a day in February, and he still does.3. I started to send her a Christmas card every year in 1983, and I still do.4. He started to take her out three months ago, and he still does.5. He started to write to me every month six months ago, and he still does.6. She started to do people’s hair last year, and she still does.7. He started to catch the eight o’clock train every day last spring, and he still does.8. We started collecting stamps ten years ago, and we still do.9. We started smoking heavily at Christmas, and we still do.10.They began working in that factory in 1980, and they still do.

m.) He began collecting records after he went to his first concert.He’s been collecting records since/ever since he went to his first concert.

1. He began biting his nails when he was a little boy.2. She began coming in late when she was a little girl.3. She began earning his own living when he left home.4. They began working harder when they failed the exam.5. He began drinking heavily after his wife left him.6. He began looking at the television when he turned off the radio.7. He began spending a lot of money when he won the football pools.8. She began eating a lot of sweets when she gave up smoking.9. He began using after-shave lotion when he met her.10.They began living in a larger house when his salary went up.

18. Use the SINCE or FOR preposition.1. I’ve been working in this office ...a month.2. He has been in prison ... a year.3. That man has been standing there ... six o’clock.4. Things have changed ... I was a girl/boy.5. That trunk has been in the hall ... a year.

3

6. He has been very ill ... the last month.7. I have been very patient with you ... several years.8. It has been very foggy ... early morning.9. They have been quarrelling ever ... they got married.10. I’ve been awake ... four o’clock.11. They‘ve had no gas ... the strike began.12. Nobody has seen him ... last week.13. He has been under water ... half an hour.14. He has been Minister of Education ... 1982.15. Nobody has come to see us ... we bought these bloodhounds.16. She has been eating sweets ... she gave up smoking.17. It hasn’t rained here ... over a month.18. You haven’t sent me any money ... ten years.19. Nobody has written to me ... my birthday.20. I haven’t had time to do it ... the last ten days.

19. Put the verbs in brackets into present perfect, present perfect continuous, past continuous or simple past.1. I (ski) when I (be) at the university, but I (break) a leg five years ago and since then I (not

do) any.2. When I first (come) to this house, it (be) a very quiet area. But since then a new housing

estate (be) built and it (become) very noisy.3. This bicycle (be) in our family for fourteen years. My father (use) it for the first five years,

my brother (ride) it for the next five, and I (have) it for the last four.4. I hear that Mr. Jones (leave).

Yes, he (leave) last week.Anybody (be) appointed to take his place?I believe several men (apply) for the job but so far nothing (be) decided.

5. You (book) your hotel room yet?Well, I (write) to the hotel last week but they (not answer) yet.

6. You (know) any English when you first (arrive) here?No, I (not know) a word.7. I just (have) my first driving lesson.How it (go)? You (enjoy) it?Well, I not actually (hit) anything but I (make) every other possible mistake.8. Tom (meet) Paul at lunch time and (say): ‘I (not see) you at the bus stop this morning. You

(miss) the bus?’‘I (not miss) it,’ (reply) Paul. ‘I (not miss) a bus for years. But this morning George (give) me a

lift.’9. Peter (try) to come in quietly but his mother (hear) him and (call) out: ’Where you (be)?

Your supper (be) in the oven for an hour.’10.When Ann (be) on her way to the station it (begin) to rain. Ann (run) back to her flat for her

umbrella, but this (make) her late for her train. She (catch) the next train but it (not get) in till 9.00, so she (arrive) at her office ten minutes late. Her boss (look) up as she (come) in. ‘You (be) late every morning this week,’ he (growl).

20. Put the verbs in brackets into Present perfect or Present perfect continuous.1. We (walk) ten kilometres.

4

2. We (walk) for three hours.3. What you (do)? –We (pick) apples.4. How many you (pick)? –We (pick) ten baskets.5. I (sleep) on every bed in this house and I don’t like any of them.6. The students (work) very well this term.7. I only (hear) from him twice since he went away.8. I (hear) from him regularly. She is a very good correspondent.9. He (teach) in this school for five years.10. You (hear) the news? Tom and Anne are engaged!That’s not new, I (know) it for ages.11. What you (do) since I saw you last? I (work) hard.12. He (hope) for a rise in salary for six months but he (not dare) to ask for it yet.13. Mary, you (whisper) to the student on your right for the last five minutes. You (help) him

with his exam paper or he (help) you?14. You (telephone) for ages. You nearly (finish)? I (not get) through yet. I (try) to get our

Paris office but the line (be) engaged all morning.15. Ann (fail) her driving test three times because she’s so bad at reversing. But she

(practise) reversing for the last week and I think she (get) a bit better at it.16. I often (wonder) why Bill left the country so suddenly. Actually, I just (find out).17. I (wait) for the prices of the houses to come down before buying a house, but I think I

(wait) too long and the prices are beginning to go up again.18. I (do) housework all morning and I (not finish) yet. I (do) mine already. I always start at

6 a.m.19. What you (do) with the corkscrew? The point is broken off. I’m afraid I (use) it to make

holes in this tin.20. What (do) with my typewriter? I can’t find it anywhere. Tom just (go) off with it. He

says he’ll bring it back when he (finish).21. Put the verbs in brackets to the right tense. Use the simple present, past, present continuous and past continuous or present perfect tense.1. When I (see) him he (sit) asleep in a chair.2. I suppose you (hear) the latest news – John (marry) Susan yesterday.3. He (write) a letter now.4. He already (write) two letters.5. He (write) a lot of letters yesterday.6. When water (boil) the liquid (change) to a vapour that (be called) steam.7. Mary (not come) home yet. She never (come) home before midnight and last night (not

get) in till two o’clock.8. While I (walk) through the park with my girlfriend last night, a man (snatch) her bag

from her hand and (run) away. I (can) not run after him because it (be) too dark to leave her alone. The police (not catch) him yet.

9. ‘What you (look) for?’ ‘I (lose) my purse near here and (want) to find it before it (get) dark.’ ‘When you (lose) it?’ ‘I think that I (drop) it when I (go) to school this morning.’

10. ‘We (wait) here for half an hour now, so I (not think) she will come. She always (arrive) late, or you (think) something (happen) to her?’ ‘I (not know), but I (think) we (wait) long enough.’

11. Look at the time. We (sit) here gossiping for almost two hours and I (not begin) to think about our evening meal yet.

5

12. I never (be) so frightened as I (be) that night when he (walk) into the room.13. This is the first time I (see) you since you (get) married.14. We went to the Pyramids last Sunday. While we (eat) our lunch there, a man (fall) from

the stones and (hurt) his head. We (take) him to the hospital in our car, and (be) to see him twice since then. He (get) better now.

15. You just (agree) to go, so why aren’t you getting ready?But I (not realize) that you (want) me to start at once.

16. I (still not find) the stocking I lost last week.17. What you (eat)? Your lips and chin are purple!18. (you finish) with the book I lent you last week?19. Who (sing) in the bath when I came in?20. While I (weed) Jack (mow) the lawn. He finished long before I did.21. My wound (ache) ever since it started to rain.22. My ankle is swollen: I (think) I have sprained it.23. I (think) about it and I fancy I have found the answer.24. Ah, there you are! I hope you (not wait) for me for a long time?25. (anyone here lose) a silver pencil?26. I (sleep) badly recently, doctor. What can I do about it?27. Your friends (arrive) in Africa yet?28. Yes, they (arrive) there ten days ago.29. I (order) you to do it at once!30. Go on, I (listen) attentively.31. What (you do) when I came in a moment ago?32. I (wait) for you for ages. Thank heavens you’re here at last.33. As I (go) down the street just now, I saw an odd scene.34. I’m feeling unwell so I (not eat) anything today.35. I (hope) nothing untoward has happened to you.36. I (cough) so much I didn’t hear what you said.37. You (lie)! Stop it, and tell the truth like a man.38. I (stay) in England till next March.22. Put the words in brackets into the correct tense. Use simple present, simple past, present continuous, past continuous or present perfect tense.It (rain) all day today. I (suspect) it (always rain) on Sundays in England. Anyhow, it (rain) every Sunday since I (arrive) here three months ago. I (just begin) to get used to it rather monotonous! I (live) in a boarding-house in Bayswater as I (not possess) enough money to stay in a hotel or a flat of my own. However, I (enjoy) my stay here as I (already have) many opportunities to meet interesting people who (come) from all over the world. Like me, they (study) English or else they (work) with foreign firms that have branches or agencies here. Some of them (live) here for quite a long time but even they (not all speak) English very well. My friend Peter, for instance, who (come) from Basle, and (come) here a year ago, (still speak) with strong Swiss accent. He says this is because he (work) long hours with an export-import firm where they (speak) little English. Although I (be) here only three months, I (pick up) enough English to be able to correct Peter frequently, but as I (learn) English at school here, I have an unfair advantage over Peter, who is a good fellow, and (be) most helpful in showing me about London during the first weeks of my stay.23. Translate the following sentences.1. Egész reggel szendvicseket csinálok az összejövetelre.

6

2. Hányat csináltál?

3. Az a fiú hét fagylaltot evett meg.

4. Meg nem állt az evésben, amióta megjött.

5. Este tíz óta alszik. Ideje, hogy felébredjen.

6. Milyen remek illat! Mary lekvárt főzött.

7. Már tíz éve dolgozom nála (for him), s még soha nem mondta, hogy “Jó reggelt!”

8. Diákok százait tanítottam, de még soha nem találkoztam ilyen reménytelen osztállyal.

9. Sokat köhög az utóbbi időben. Abba kellene hagynia a dohányzást.

10. Az utóbbi fél órában próbáltam befejezni ezt a levelet. Bárcsak elmennél, vagy abbahagynád a beszélgetést.

11. Két órája esik, és a talaj túl nedves ahhoz, hogy játsszanak rajta, így a meccset elhalasztották.

12. A vevők egész éjjel reggel telefonálnak és panaszkodnak, hogy helytelen számlákat kapnak. – Tudom. Valami elromlott a számítógépükben. A műszerész reggel óta dolgozik rajta; remélem rájött, mi a baj.

13. Kimerültnek látszol. – Igen, teniszeztem, és már évek óta nem játszottam, így nem vagyok hozzászokva.

14. Most jutott eszembe, hogy még nem fizettem ki a lakbért. Csodálkozom, hogy a háziúr még nem hívott fel, hogy figyelmeztessen. – Most először késtél a lakbérrel 25 év alatt. Valószínűleg azt hiszi, hogy kifizetted, és elvesztette a csekket.

7

Present perfect (1) (I have done)A. Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. 'He has lost his key' = He lost it and he still hasn't got it. Have/has lost is the present perfect simple:

I/we/they/you have (= I've etc.) finished/lost/done/been etc.he/she/it has (= he's etc.) finished/lost/done/been etc.

B. When we use the present perfect there is always a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now: 'Where's your key?' J don't know. I've lost it.' (I haven't got it now) He told me his name but I've forgotten it. (I can't remember it now) 'Is Sally here?' 'No, she's gone out.' (she is out now) I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (do you know where it is now?) We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening: Ow! I've cut my finger. The road is closed. There's been (= there has been) an accident. (from the news) The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.C. You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet: Just = a short time ago: 'Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. I've just had lunch.' Hello. Have you just arrived? We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected. 'Don't forget to post the letter, will you?' 'I've already posted it.' 'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already gone.' Yet = 'until now' and shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative: Has it stopped raining yet? I've written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.D. Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to): Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain. (= he is there now or on his way there) Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back from Italy)7.1 You are writing a letter to a friend. In the letter you give news about yourself and other people. Use the words given to make sentences. Use the present perfect.Dear Chris,Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.1. I/buy/a new carI've bought a new car.2. my father/start/a new job3. I/give up/smoking4. Charles and Sarah/go/to Brazil5. Suzanne/have/a baby7.2 Read the situations and write sentences. Choose one of the following: arrive break go up grow improve lose1. Mike is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key.2. Margaret can't walk and her leg is in plaster. She …3. Maria's English wasn't very good. Now it is much better. …4. Tim didn't have a beard last month. Now he has a beard. …5. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. …6. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. …7.3 Complete Bs sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet (as sbown).1. A: Would you like something to eat?B: No, thanks. I've just had lunch. (just/have)2. A: Do you know where Julia is?B: Yes, I _____________ her. (just/see)3. A: What time is David leaving?B: He ______________ (already/leave)4. A: What's in the newspaper today?

B: I don't know. I ____________ (not/read/yet)5. A: Is Ann coming to the cinema with us?B: No, she ______________ the film. (already/see)6. A: Are your friends here yet?B: Yes, they ______________ (just/arrive)7. A: What does Tim think about your plan?B: I ____________ (not/tell/yet)

7.4 Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet.1. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says 'Would you like something to eat?'You say: No, thank you. I've just had lunch. (have lunch)2. Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says 'Can I speak to Joe?'You say: I'm afraid ________________ (go out)3. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away.You say: Wait a minute! _____________ (not/finish)4. You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says 'Shall I phone

8

to reserve a table?'You say: No _________________ it. (do)5. You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her.You say: _______________? (find)6. Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks 'Is Ann still at the bank?'You say: No, ______________ (come back)7.5 Put in been or gone.1. Jim is on holiday. He's gone to Italy.2. Hello! I've just ___________ to the shops. I've bought lots of things.3. Alice isn't here at the moment. She's ___________ to the shop to get a newspaper.4. Tom has. ___________ out. He'll be back in about an hour.5. 'Are you going to the bank?' 'No, I've already _____________ to the bank.'

Present perfect (2) (I have done)A. Study this example conversation:DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, Jane?JANE: Yes, I've been to lots of places.DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China?

JANE: Yes, I've been to China twice.DAVE: What about India?JANE: No, I haven't been to India.

When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been/have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period that continues until now). Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life) We've never had a car. 'Have you read Hamlet?' 'No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.' Susan really loves that film. She's seen it eight times! What a boring film! It's the most boring film I've ever seen. In the following examples too the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently/in the last few days/so far/since breakfast etc.): Have you heard from George recently? I've met a lot of people in the last few days. Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far. I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. (= from breakfast until now) It's nice to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time.B. We use the present perfect with today/this morning/this evening etc. when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking: I've drunk four cups of coffee today. (perhaps I'll drink more before today is finished)Have you had a holiday this year (yet)? I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? Ron hasn't worked very hard this term.C. Note that we say 'It's the first time something has happened' (present perfect). For example: Don is having a driving lesson. He is very nervous and unsure because it is his first lesson. It's the first time he has driven a car. (not 'drives') or He has never driven a car before. Linda has lost her passport again. It's the second time this has happened. This is a lovely meal. It's the first good meal I've had for ages. Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third time he's phoned her this evening.8.1 You are asking somebody questions about things he or she has done. Make questions from the words in brackets.1. (ever/ride/horse?)Have you ever ridden a horse?2. (ever/be/California?)3. (ever/run/marathon?)4. (ever/speak/famous person?)5. (always/live/in this town?)6. (most beautiful place/ever/visit?) What8.2 Complete Bs answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use a verb from this list: be be cat happen have meet play read see see try1 A: What's George's sister like? B: I've no idea. I've never met her.2. A: How is Amy these days?B: I don't know. I ____________ her recently.3. A: Are you hungry?B: Yes. I ________________ much today.4. A: Can you play chess?B: Yes, but ______________ for ages.

5. A: Did you enjoy your holiday?B: Yes, it's the best holiday ______________ for a long time.6. A: What's that book like?B: I don't know…7. A: Is Brussels an interesting place?B: I've no idea __________________ there.8. A: Mike was late for work again today.

9

B: Again? He _________________ every day this week.9. A: Do you like caviar?B: I don't know …10. A: The car broke down again yesterday.

B: Not again! That's the second time ______________ this week.11. Who's that woman by the door)B: I don't know _________________ before.

8.3 Complete these sentences using today/this year/this term etc.1. I saw Tom yesterday but I haven't seen him today.2. I read a newspaper yesterday but I __________________ today.3. Last year the company made a profit but this year …4. Tracy worked hard at school last term but …5. It snowed a lot last winter but …6. Our football team won a lot of games last season but we …8.4 Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the examples.1. Jack is driving a car but he's very nervous and not sure what to do.You ask: Have you driven a car before?2. Len is playing tennis. He's not very good and he doesn't know the rules.You ask: Have …3. Sue is riding a horse. She doesn't look very confident or comfortable.You ask: …She says:…4. Maria is in London. She has just arrived and it's very new for her.You ask: …She says: …

Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)A. It has been raining. Study this example situation: Is it raining? No, but the ground is wet. It has been raining.Have/has been ~ing is the present perfect continuous: I/we/they/you have (= I've etc.) been doing/waiting/playing etc. he/she/it has (= he's etc.) been doing/waiting/playing etc.We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with now: You're out of breath. Have you been running? (you're out of breath now) Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. (he's tired now) Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?I've been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that ...B. It has been raining for two hours. Study this example situation: It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining. How long has it been raining? It has been raining for two hours. We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for ... and since ... The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped. How long have you been learning English? (you're still learning English) Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day. Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour. George hasn't been feeling well recently. You can use the present perfect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time: Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight. Every morning they meet in the same cafe. They've been going there for years.C. Compare I am doing and I have been doing: Don't disturb me now. I'm working. We need an umbrella. It's raining. Hurry up! We're waiting. I've been working hard, so now I'm going to have a rest. The ground is wet. It's been raining. We've been waiting for an hour.9.1 What have these people been doing or what has been happening?1. They have been shopping.2. She …3. They…4. He …9.2 Write a question for each situation.1. John looks sunburnt. You ask: (you/sit in the sun?) Have you been sitting in the sun?...2. You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you. You ask: (you/wait/long?)…3. You meet a friend in the street. His face and hands are very dirty. You ask: (what/you/do?)…4. A friend of yours is now living in Baker Street. You want to know 'How long ...?' You ask: (how long/you/live/in Baker Street?)…5. A friend tells you about his job--he sells computers. You want to know 'How long ...?' You ask: (how long/you/sell/computers?)…

10

9.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences.1. The rain started two hours ago. It's still raining now. It has been raining for two hours.2. We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We're still waiting now.We ______________________ for 20 minutes.3. I started Spanish classes in December. I'm still learning Spanish now.I ________________________ since December.4. Ann began looking for a job six months ago. She's still looking now._________________________ for six months.5. Mary started working in London on 18 January. She's still working there now._________________________ since 18 January.6. Years ago you started writing to a pen-friend. You still write to each other regularly now.We ______________________ for years.9.4 Put the verb into the present continuous (I am ~ing etc.) or present perfect continuous (I have been ~ing etc.).1. Maria has been learning (learn) English for two years.2. Hello, Tom. I _________________ (look) for you all morning. Where have you been?3. Why __________________ (you/look) at me like that? Stop it!4. We always go to Ireland for our holidays. We ______________ (go) there for years.5. I ________________ (think) about what you said and I've decided to take your advice.6. 'Is Ann on holiday this week?' 'No, she _________________ (work).'7. Sarah is very tired. She _______________ (work) very hard recently.

Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)A: Ann's clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling. Has been Painting is the present perfect We are interested in the activity. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not. In this example, the activity (painting the ceiling) has not been finished. The ceiling was white. Now it is blue. She has painted the ceiling. Has painted is the present perfect simple. Here, the important thing is that something has been finished. 'Has painted' is a completed action. We are interested in the result of the activity (the painted ceiling), not in the activity itself. My hands are very dirty. I've been repairing the car. The car is OK again now. I've repaired it. She's been smoking too much recently. She should smoke less. Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty. It's nice to see you again. What have you been doing since we last met? Where's the book I gave you? What have you done with it? Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis? Have you ever played tennis?B. We use the continuous to ask or say how long (for an activity that is still happening): How long have you been reading that book? Mary is still writing letters. She's been writing letters all day. They've been playing tennis since 2 o'clock. We use the simple to ask or say how much, how many or how many times (completed actions): How many pages of that book have you read? Mary has written ten letters today. They've played tennis three times this week.C. There are some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) that are normally not used in the continuous: I've known about it for a long time.10.1 Read the situations and write two sentences using the words in brackets.1. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53.(read/for two hours) He has been reading for two hours.(read/53 pages so far) He has read 53 pages so far.2. Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago.(travel/for three months) She …(visit/six countries so far) …3. Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again--for the fourth time.(win/the national championship four times)(play/tennis since he was ten)4. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films.(make/ten films since they left college) They …(make/films since they left college)10.2 For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.1. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask: (how long/learn/Arabic?) How long have you been learni

11

ng Arabic?2. You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask: (how long/wait?)3. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask: (how many fish/catch?)4. Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask: (how many people/invite?)5. A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask: (how long/reach?)6. You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask: (how many books/write?)(how long/write/books?)7. A friend of yours is saving money to go on holiday. You ask: (how long/save?)(since how much time/save?)10.3 Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple (I have done etc.) or continuous (I have been doing etc.).1. Where have you been? Have you been playing (you/play) tennis?2. Look! Somebody _____________ (break) that window.3. You look tired. ________________(you/work) hard?4. '_______________ (you/ever/work) in a factory?' 'No, never.'5. 'Jane is away on holiday.' 'Oh, is she? Where __________ (she/go)?6. My brother is an actor. He _____________ (appear) In several films.7. 'Sorry I'm late.' 'That's all right. I ____________ (not/wait) long.'8. 'Is it still raining?' 'No, it ____________ (stop).'9. I ____________ (lose) my address book. ____________ (you/see) it anywhere?10. I ___________ (read) the book you lent me but I ______________ (not/finish) it yet.11. I _____________ (read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.

How long have you (been) ...?A. Bob and Alice are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary. They have been married for 20 years. but How long have they been married? (present perfect) (not 'How long are they married?') They have been married for 20 years. We use the present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and still continues now. Compare the present and the present perfect: Amy is in hospital.She has been in hospital since Monday. We know each other very well. We have known each other for a long time. Are you waiting for somebody? How long have you been waiting?B. I have been doing something (present perfect continuous) = 'I started doing something in the past and I am still doing it (or have just stopped)': I've been learning English for a long time. Sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long? It's been raining since I got up this morning. The action can be a repeated action: 'How long have you been driving?' 'Since I was 17.'C. I have done (simple) or I have been doing (continuous) I've been learning English for a long time. You can normally use either the continuous or simple with live and work: John has been living/has lived in London for a long time. How long have you been working/have you worked here? But we use the simple with always: John has always lived in London. You can use the continuous or the simple for actions repeated over a long period: I've been collecting/I've collected stamps since I was a child. How long have you known Jane? I've had a pain in my stomach since I got up this morning.D. We use the present perfect simple in negative sentences like these: I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last time I saw him) Jane hasn't phoned me for two weeks. (= the last time she phoned was two weeks ago)11.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them if they are wrong.1. Bob is a friend of mine. _I know him_ very well. RIGHT2. Bob is a friend of mine. _I know him_ for a long time. WRONG: I've known him.3. Sue and Alan _are married_ since July. 4. The weather is awful. _It's raining_ again.5. The weather is awful. _It's raining_ all day.6. I like your house. How long _are you living_ there?7. Graham _is working_ in a shop for the last few months.8. I'm going to Paris tomorrow. _I'm staying_ there until next Friday.9. 'Do you still smoke?' 'No, I gave it up. _I don't smoke_ for years.'10. That's a very old bicycle. How long _do you have_ it?11.2 Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets.1. John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him:

12

(how long/be/in hospital?)How long has your mother been in hospital?2. You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her:(how long/teach/English?)3. You know that Jane is a good friend of Carol's. You ask Jane:(how long/know/Carol?)4. Your friend's brother went to Australia some time ago and he's still there. You ask your friend:(how long/be/in Australia?)5. Tim always wears the same jacket. It's a very old jacket. You ask him:(how long/have/that jacket?)6. You are talking to a friend about Alan. Alan now works at the airport. You ask your friend:(how long/work/at the airport?)7. A friend of yours is having driving lessons. You ask him:(how long/have/driving lessons?)8. You meet somebody on a train. She tells you that she lives in Glasgow. You ask her:(always/live/in Glasgow?)11.3 Complete B’s answers to A's questions.1. A: Amy is in hospital, isn't she?B: Yes, she has been in hospital since Monday.2. A: Do you see Ann very often?B: No, I haven't seen her for three months.3. A: Is Margaret married?B. Yes, she ______________ married for ten years.4. A: Are you waiting for me?B: Yes, I _________________ for the last half hour.5. A: You know Linda, don't you?B: Yes, we _________________ each other for ages.6. A: Do you still play tennis?B: No, I __________________ tennis for years.7. A: Is Jim watching TV? B: Yes, he __________________ TV all evening.8. A: Do you watch TV a lot?B: No, I ____________________ TV for a long time.9. Have you got a headache?B: Yes, I ____________________ a headache all morning.10. A: George is never ill, is he?B: No, he _________________ ill since I've known him.11. A: Are you feeling ill?B: Yes, I ___________________ ill since I got up.12. Sue lives in London, doesn't she?B: Yes, she ___________________ in London for the last few years.13. Do you still go to the cinema a lot?B: No, I _____________________ to the cinema for ages.14. Would you like to go to New York one day?B: Yes, I ____________________ to go to New York. (use always/want)

When ...? and How long ...? For and sinceA. Compare When ...? (+ past simple) and How long ...? (+ present perfect):A: When did it start raining? B: It started raining an hour ago/at 1 o'clock.A: How long has it been raining? B: It's been raining for an hour/since 1 o'clock.A: When did Joe and Carol first meet? B: They first met a long time ago/when they were at school.A: How long have Joe and Carol known each other? B: They've known each other for a long time./since they were at school.B. We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening.We use for when we say a period of time (two hours, six weeks etc.):

13

I've been waiting for two hours. Sally's been working here for six months. I haven't seen Tom for three days.We use since when we say the start of a period (8 o'clock, Monday, 1985 etc.): I've been waiting since 8 o'clock.Sally's been working here since April. (= from April until now) I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= from Monday until now)It is possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences): They've been married (for) ten years. (with or without for) They haven't had a holiday for ten years. I've lived here all my life.C. We say 'It's (a long time/two years etc.) since something happened': It's two years since I last saw Joe. (= I haven't seen Joe for two years/the last time I saw Joe was two years ago) It's ages since we went to the cinema. (= We haven't been to the cinema for ages) The question is How long is it since ...? How long is it since you last saw Joe? (= When did you last see Joe?) How long is it since Mrs Hill died? (= When did Mrs Hill die?)12.1 Write questions with how long and when.1. It's raining.(how long?) How long has it been raining?(when?) When did it start raining?2. Kate is learning Italian.(how long/learn?)(when/start/learn?)3. I know Martin.(how long/know?)(when/first/meet?)4. Bob and Alice are married.(how long?)(when?)12.2 Read the situations and complete the sentences beginning in the way shown.1. (It's raining now. It's been raining since lunchtime.) It started raining at lunchtime.2. (Ann and I are friends. We first met years ago.) We've known each other for years.3. (Mark is ill. He became ill on Sunday.) He has …4. (Mark is ill. He became ill a few days ago.) He has …5. (Sarah is married. She's been married for two years.) She got …6. (You've got a camera. You bought it ten years ago.) I've …7. (Sue has been in France for the last three weeks.) She went …8. (You're working in a hotel. You started in June.) I've …12.3 Put in for or since.1. It's been raining since lunchtime.2. Tom's father has been doing the same job _____________ 20 years.3. Have you been learning English __________________a long time?4. Sarah has lived in London __________________ 1985.5. ___________________ Christmas, the weather has been quite good.6. Please hurry up! We've been waiting _________________ an hour.7. Kevin has been looking for a job ______________he left school.8. The house is very dirty. We haven't cleaned it ____________________ ages.9. I haven't had a good meal _________________ last Tuesday.12.4 Write Bs sentences using the words in brackets.1. A: Do you often go on holiday?B: (no/five years) No, I haven't had a holiday for five years.2. A: Do you often eat in restaurants?B: (no/ages) No, I…3. A: Do you often see Sarah?B: (no/about a month) …4. A: Do you often go to the cinema?B: (no/a long time) …Now write B's answers again. This time use It's ... since...5. (1) No, it's five years since I had a holiday.6. (2) No, it's …7. (3) No, …

14

8. (4) …Present perfect and past (1) (I have done and I did)

A. Study this example situation:Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. (present perfect) This means that he doesn't have his key now. Ten minutes later: Now Tom has found his key. He has it now. Has he lost his key? (present perfect) No, he hasn't. He has found it. Did he lose his key? (past simple) Yes, he did. He lost his key (past simple) but now he has found it. (present perfect) The present perfect is a present tense. It always tells us something about now. 'Tom has lost his key' = he doesn't have his key. The past simple tells us only about the past. If somebody says 'Tom lost his key', we don't know whether he has it now or not. We only know that he lost it at some time in the past.Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off. (so he doesn't have a beard now)They went out after lunch and they've just come back. (so they are back now)B. Do not use the present perfect if there is no connection with the present (for example, things that happened a long time ago):The Chinese invented printing. (not 'have invented')How many plays did Shakespeare write? (not 'has Shakespeare written')Beethoven was a great composer. (not 'has been')Compare: Shakespeare wrote many plays.My sister is a writer. She has written many books. (she still writes books)C. We use the present perfect to give new information. But if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple:A: Ow! I've burnt myself. B: How did you do that? A: I picked up a hot dish.A: Look! Somebody has spilt milk on the carpet. B: Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it. A: I wonder who it was then.13.1 What has happened in these situations?1. Jack had a beard. Now he hasn't got a beard. He has shaved off his beard.2. Linda was here five minutes ago. Mow she's in bed. She …3. The temperature was 25 degrees. Now it is only 17. The temperature …4. The light was off. Now it is on. Somebody …5. The tree was only three metres high. Now it is four. The tree …6. The plane was on the runway a few minutes ago. Now it is in the air.The plane …13.2 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form, present perfect or past simple.1. 'Where's your key?' 'I don't know. I've lost it.' (lose)2. I was very tired, so I lay down on the bed and went to sleep. (be)3. Mary ______________ to Australia for a while but she's back again now. (go)4. 'Where's Ken?' 'He __________ out. He'll be back in about an hour.' (go)5. I did German at school but I __________ most of it. (forget)6. I meant to phone Diane last night but I _____________ (forget)7. I ____________ a headache earlier but I feel fine now. (have)8. Look! There's an ambulance over there. There ____________ an accident. (be)9. They're still building the new road. They _____________ it. (not/finish)10. 'Is Helen still here?' 'No, she ____________ out.' (just/go)11. The police _____________ three people but later they let them go. (arrest)12. Ann ____________ me her address but I'm afraid I _____________- it. (give, lose)13. Where's my bike? It ______________ outside the house. It ______________ (be, disappear)14. What do you think of my English? Do you think I _____________? (improve)13.3 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.1. Do you know about Sue? _She's given up_ her job. RIGHT2. The Chinese _have invented_ printing. WRONG: The Chinese invented3. How many plays _has Shakespeare written?_ …4. _Have you read_ any of Shakespeare's plays? …5. Aristotle _has been_ a Greek philosopher. …6. Ow! _I've cut_ my finger. It's bleeding. …7. My grandparents _have got_ married in London. …

15

8. Where _have you been born?_ …9. Mary isn't at home. _She's gone shopping._ …10. Albert Einstein has been the scientist who _has developed_ the theory of relativity. …13.4 (Section C) Put the verb into the most suitable form, present perfect or past simple.1. A: Look! Somebody has split (spill) coffee on the carpet.B: Well, it wasn't (not/be) me. I didn't do (not/do) it.2. A: Ben ____________ (break) his leg.B: Really? How ____________ (that/happen)?A: He _____________ (fall) off a ladder.3. A: Your hair looks nice. _____________ (you/have) a haircut?B: Yes.A: Who _____________ (cut) it? _______________ (you/go) to the hairdresser?B: No, a friend of mine _______________ (do) it for me.

Present perfect and past (2) (I have done and I did)A. Do not use the present perfect (I have done) when you talk about a finished time (for example, yesterday/ten minutes ago/in 1985/when I was a child). Use a past tense: The weather was nice yesterday. They arrived ten minutes ago. I ate a lot of sweets when I was a child.A: Did you see the news on television last night? B: No, I went to bed early.Use a past tense to ask When ...? or What time ...?: When did they arrive? What time did you finish work?Compare: Present perfect: Tom has lost his key. He can't get into the house. Here, we are not thinking of the past action. We are thinking of the present result of the action: Tom doesn't have his key now.Past simple: Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldn't get into the house.Here, we are thinking of the action in the past. We don't know from this sentence whether Tom has his key now.B. Compare present perfect and past: Present perfect (have done): I've done a lot of work today.We use the present perfect for a period of time that continues from the past until now. For example, today, this week, since 1985. It hasn't rained this week.Have you seen Ann this morning? (it is still morning) Have you seen Ann recently?I don't know where Ann is. I haven't seen her. (= I haven't seen her recently)We've been waiting for an hour. (we are still waiting now) Ian lives in London. He has lived there for seven years. I have never played golf. (in my life)The present perfect always has a connection with now. Past simple (did): I did a lot of work yesterday.We use the past simple for a finished time in the past. For example, yesterday, last week, from 1985 to 1991.It didn't rain last week. Did you see Ann this morning? (it is now afternoon or evening) Did you see Ann on Sunday? A: Was Ann at the party on Sunday? B: I don't think so. I didn't see her.We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (we are no longer waiting) Ian lived in Scotland for ten years. Now he lives in London. I didn't play golf when I was on holiday last summer. The past simple tells us only about the past.14.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.1. _I've lost_ my key. I can't find it anywhere. RIGHT2. _Have you seen_ the news on television last night? WRONG: Did you see3. _I've bought_ a new car. Do you want to see it?4. _I've bought_ a new car last week. 5. Where _have you been_ yesterday evening? 6. Jenny _has left_ school in 1991.

7. I'm looking for Mike. _Have you seen_ him? 8. I'm very hungry. _I haven't eaten_ anything today.9. Diane _hasn't been_ at work yesterday.10. When _has this book been_ published?

14.2 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple.1. (it/not/rain/this week) It hasn't rained this week.2. (the weather/be/cold/recently) The weather …3. (it cold/last week) It …4. (I not/read/a newspaper yesterday) I …5. (I not/read/a newspaper today)6. (Ann/earn/a lot of money/this year)7. (she not/earn/so much/last year)8. (you have/a holiday recently?)14.3 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.1. I don't know where Amy is. Have you seen (you/see) her?

16

2. When I _________ (get) home last night, I __________ (be) very tired and I ________ (go) straight to bed.3. Your car looks very clean ________________ (you/wash) it?4. George ________________ (not/be) very well last week.5. Mr Clark _________________ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.6. Molly lives in Dublin. She _______________ (live) there all her life.7 _____________ (you/go) to the cinema last night?' 'Yes, but it ________ (be) a mistake. The film __________(be) awful.8. My grandfather __________ (die) 30 years ago. I ___________________ (never/meet) him.9. I don't know Carol's husband. I ___________________ (never/meet/him).10. A: Is your father at home?B: No, I'm afraid he _________________ (go) out.A: When exactly ______________________ (he/go) out? B: About ten minutes ago.11. A: Where do you live?B: In Boston.A: How long ___________________ (you/live) there?B: Five years.A: Where __________________ (you/live) before that?B: In Chicago.A: And how long _______________________ (you/live) in Chicago?B: Two years.14.4 Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets.1. (something you haven't done today)I haven't eaten any fruit today.2. (something you haven't done today)3. (something you didn't do yesterday)4. (something you did yesterday evening)5. (something you haven't done recently)6. (something you've done a lot recently)

KEYS7.12 My father has started a new job.3 I've given up smoking./I have given ...4 Charles and Sarah have gone to Brazil.5 Suzanne has had a baby.7.22 She has broken her leg./She's broken ...3 Her English has improved./It has improved./It's improved.4 He has grown a beard./He's grown ...5 The letter has arrived./It has arrived./It's arrived.6 The bus fare has gone up./It has gone up./It's gone up.7.32 've just seen/have just seen3 's already left/has already left4 haven't read it yet5 's already seen has already seen6 've just arrived have just arrived7 haven't told him yet7.42 he's just gone out/he has just gone out3 I haven't finished yet.4 I've already done/I have already done5 Have you found a job yet?6 she's just come back/she has just come back7.52 been3 gone4 gone5 been8.12 Have you ever been to California?

3 Have you ever run a marathon?4 Have you ever spoken to a famous person?5 Have you always lived in this town?6 What's the most beautiful place you've ever visited?8.22 haven't seen3 haven't eaten4 I haven't played (it)5 I've had/I have had6 I haven't read7 I've never been/I haven't been8 has been late/'s been late9 I've never tried/I have never tried/I've never eaten10 it's happened/it has happened that's happened/that has happened11 I've never seen her/I haven't seen her8.32 haven't read one/a newspaper3 it hasn't made a profit./it has made a loss.4 she hasn't worked (very) hard this term.5 it hasn't snowed (much) this winter.6 haven't won many/any games this season.8.42 Have you played tennis before? No, this is the first time I've played tennis.3 Have you ridden a horse before? Have you been on a horse before? No, this is the first time I've ridden a horse./... I've been on a horse.4 Have you been to London before? No, this is the first time I've been to London.9.1

17

2 have been playing tennis./'ve been playing tennis.3 has been watching television./'s been watching television.4 has been running./'s been running.9.22 Have you been waiting long?3 What have you been doing?4 How long have you been living in Baker Street?5 How long have you been selling computers?9.32 have been waiting/'ve been waiting3 have been learning Spanish 've been learning Spanish4 She has been looking for a job/She's been looking./Ann has been looking.5 She has been working in London She's been working./Mary has been working.6 have been writing to each other 've been writing.9.42 have been looking/'ve been looking3 are you looking4 have been going/'ve been going5 have been thinking/'ve been thinking6 is working/'s working7 has been working/'s been working10.12 She has been travelling for three months. She has visited six countries so far.3 He has won the national championship four times. He has been playing tennis since he was ten.4 They have made ten films since they left college. They have been making films since they left college.10.22 How long have you been waiting?3 How many fish have you caught?4 How many people have you invited?5 How long have you been teaching?6 How many books have you written? How long have you been writing books?7 How long have you been saving? How much money have you saved?10.32 has broken3 Have you been working4 Have you ever worked S has she gone6 has appeared/'s appeared7 haven't been waiting8 has stopped Ps stopped9 have lost/'ve lost ... Have you seen10 have been reading/'ve been reading ... haven't finished11 have read 've read11.13 wrong--have been married4 right5 wrong--has been raining6 wrong--have you been living7 wrong--has been working8 right (see Unit 19A)9 wrong--haven't smoked10 wrong--have you had it11.22 How long have you been teaching English?3 How long have you known Carol?4 How long has your brother been in Australia?5 How long have you had that jacket?

6 How long has Alan worked at the airport? or How long has Alan been working.7 How long have you been having driving lessons?8 Have you always lived in Glasgow?11.33 has been/'s been4 have been waiting/'ve been waiting5 have known/'ve known6 haven't played7 has been watching/'s been watching8 haven't watched9 have had/'ve had10 hasn't been11 have been feeling/'ve beenfeeling or have felt/'ve felt12 has been living/'s been living13 haven't been14 have always wanted/'ve always wanted12.12 How long has she been learning Italian? When did she start learning Italian?3 How long have you known him/... known Martin? When did you first meet (him/Martin)?4 How long have they been married? When did they get married? (When did they marry? is possible but less usual)12.23 been ill since Sunday4 been ill for a few days5 married two years ago6 had it for ten years/had this camera for ten years7 to France three weeks ago8 been working in a hotel since June12.32 for3 for4 since5 Since6 for7 since8 for9 since12.42 No, I haven't eaten in a restaurant for ages.3 No, I haven't seen Sarah for about a month./No, I haven't seen her for.4 No, I haven't been to the cinema for a long time.6 No, it's ages since I (last) ate in a restaurant.7 No, it's about a month since I (last) saw Sarah.8 No, it's a long time since I (last) went to the cinema.13.12 has gone to bed/'s gone to bed3 has fallen/has dropped/ has gone down4 has turned on the light/has turned the light on/has turned it on5 has grown/'s grown6 has taken off13.23 went4 has gone/'s gone5 have forgotten/'ve forgotten6 forgot7 had8 has been/'s been9 haven't finished10 has just gone/'s just gone

18

11 arrested12 gave ... lost or have lost/'ve lost13 was ... has disappeared/'s disappeared14 have improved/'ve improved13.33 wrong--did Shakespeare write4 right5 wrong--was6 right7 wrong--My grandparents got married.8 wrong--were you born9 right10 wrong--was the scientist who developed.13.42 has broken did that happen fell3 Have you had cut ... Did you go did14.13 right4 wrong--I bought5 wrong--were you6 wrong--jenny left school7 right8 right9 wrong--wasn't10 wrong--When was this book published14.22 The weather has been cold recently.

3 It was cold last week.4 I didn't read a newspaper yesterday.5 I haven't read a newspaper today.6 Ann has earned a lot of money this year.7 She didn't earn so much last year.8 Have you had a holiday recently?14.32 got ... was ... went3 Have you washed it? (Did you wash it? is also possible)4 wasn't5 worked6 has lived I 's lived7 Did you go ... was ... was8 I died ... never met9 have never met/I've never met him10 I'm afraid he has gone out./... he's gone out. When exactly did he go out?11 How long have you lived there? Where did you live before that? And how long did you live in Chicago?14.4 Example answers:2 I haven't bought anything today.3 I didn't watch TV yesterday.4 I went out with some friends yesterday evening.5 I haven't been to the cinema recently.6 I've been swimming a lot recently.

1/D Family occasions; birthdays, name days, weddings, anniversaries, Christmas, Easter, public holidays1. How does a couple get married in Hungary?2. On what other occasions do the members of the wider family meet?3. What family occasions do you celebrate?4. Do English celebrate name days?5. How do you celebrate birthdays?6. What is the greatest family festival for you?7. What do we celebrate at Xmas/Easter?8. What customs and traditions do we celebrate Christmas/Easter with?9. What is a traditional Christmas-Day/ Easter Sunday meal like?10. Do you approve of the idea of buying presents for your loved ones for Christmas?11. How do we celebrate New Year’s Eve?12. How many public holidays do we have and what do we celebrate on these days?

You got known a man/ woman while corresponding on the internet. Now you are discussing the first meeting on the phone.

19

It has appeared that you have to go into the school to speak to the teacher because of your child. Discuss it with your husband/wife. You don’t have time because your boss said that he would change your daily programme. So your husband/wife has to go instead of you.

Roma progress An interim report issued by the Open Society Institute (OSI) on its Step by Step Roma Schools Initiative showed that in the first two years of the three-year project, Roma schoolchildren met the standards of the mainstream educational curriculum. Many Roma children in Hungary are placed in special schools for the mentally handicapped, a practice which the OSI as well as Roma rights organizations are campaigning to end. The project, which is also being run in Bulgaria, Slovakia and Romania, integrated 51 Roma children into mainstream Hungarian schools, with a further50 in either special schools or remedial classes in mainstream schools acting as a group. According to the interim report, the integrated group performed significantly better then those in the control groups. “Although the results are from the end of a second year of a three-year project, they prove that these children are misplaced in remedial classes,” the report concluded.What is your opinion on segregating Roma students?What can be the advantages and disadvantages of placing Roma children in everyday classes in schools?

1. Look at the list of school subjects. Then decide which subjects the following school-jokes refer to.Math/ Mathematics Religion Biology HistoryEnglish Algebra Earth Science GovernmentForeign Languages Geometry Physics EconomicsMusic Home Economics Chemistry GeographyArt Physical Education Computer Sciences Philosophy

a. What sort of instrument did the ancient Britons play? The Anglo-Saxophone.b. Give me a sentence with the word centimetre in it. My Mum was coming home from work and I was a

centimetre.c. Why is E a lazy letter? Because it’s always in bed.d. Why is Europe like a frying pan? Because it has Greece at the bottom.e. Who invented vulgar fractions? Henry the 1/8.f. If I had 40 apples in one hand and 50 in the other, what would I have? Big hands.g. Why does lightning shock people? Because it doesn’t know to conduct itself properly.h. Which is the fastest: heat or cold? Heat, you can catch a cold.i. Where did Napoleon keep his armies? Up his sleeves.j. How did the Vikings send secret messages? By Norse code.

2. Which are the most important characteristics of a good teacher?A GOOD TEACHER-keeps in contact with the parents of his or her pupils-is able to maintain discipline and order- lets the student share his or her own life with all its ups and downs-works hard to remain up-to-date in his or her subject-openly admits when he or she has made a mistake or doesn’t know something-is interested in his or her students, asks them about their homes and tries to help where possible-make the students work hard and sets high standards-uses a lot of different materials, equipment and teaching methods and attempts to make his or her lessons interesting-helps the students become independent and organise their own learning3. Role playStudent A: You’re the student. You’re applying to the university and you really want to get in. You’re a bit nervous, but rather confident of your abilities. Answer all the examiner’s questions thoughtfully, fully and enthusiastically. Your future depends on it.Student B: You’re the university examiner. Find out what the student is interested in. Ask a lot of tough questions in that subject to find out what she/he knows and doesn’t know. It’s been a long day and you’re quite tired and bored, so it’s difficult to pay attention to this student. Can this student wake up your interest so that you give her/him maximum points? At the end of the university interview don’t forget to tell me the student how many points you have given to her/him.

20

Jokes:Teacher: “You can’t sleep in class, Francine.”Francine: “No. But if you didn’t talk so loudly I could.”Teacher: ”Melinda, I hope I didn’t see you looking at Judy’s test paper.”Melinda: “ So do I, ma’am.”

English teacher: “OK, Nick, give me a sentence starting with ‘I’.”Nick: “Yes, sir. ‘I’ is …”Teacher: “No, no, Nick! You don’t say ‘I is’, you say ‘I am’.Nick” All right, sir. I am the ninth letter of the alphabet.”

1/E Children and their upbringing; looking after them, rewarding, punishing and educating them1. What is your relationship like with your parents/children?2. How do/would you rear your children?3. Are parents too permissive to their children nowadays?4. Should children have pocket money?5. What is your attitude to corporal punishment?6. How do/would you behave if you find/found your child has/had gone out of control?7. Do/would you give your children everything they want?8. What are the most important things about educating a child?9. Do you think schools are able to meet our requirements?10. Are children overburdened at school?11. Have you or your friend ever had any experience of the generation gap?12. What are some of the problems teenagers have?13. How can you get your children to study?14. What are the job and career prospects for young people today?15. Can you explain why many school leavers with good results cannot enter universities?16. How much freedom should children have in the choice of their career?17. Should parents still support their children once they have grown up?18. What are the effects of television on family life?19. Do you think family life is different today from it was like 30-50 years ago?20. Are you against or in favour of large families? Why?

You are thinking of getting divorced from your husband/wife. You are fed up with your partner that he/she is never at home so you have to keep the household alone. It is suspicious that he/she has a girlfriend/boyfriend and spends the time with her/him. The problem is that he/she says ‘Darling, you can do it alone. ’You decided to sue for a divorce. It would be better alone with the children.

You meet a person in the street who seems very familiar to you and he/she seems to feel it too. You have to address him/her and ask whether you know each other or not. You have to say that you have never skied and gone to aerobic lessons but it can be that you have been attending at an accountant course 3 years ago. You are working at a school secretary now. Ask your friend if he/she wants to go to have a cup of coffee or something else?

21

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE -

KIJELENTÉS

I HAVE VAGY I'VE WORKED

YOU HAVE VAGY YOU'VE WORKED

HE / SHE / IT HAS VAGY HE'S WORKED

WE HAVE VAGY WE'VE WORKED

YOU HAVE VAGY YOU'VE WORKED

THEY HAVE VAGY THEY'VE WORKED

TAGADÁS

I HAVE NOT VAGY I HAVEN'T WORKED

YOU HAVE NOT VAGY YOU HAVEN'T WORKED

HE / SHE / IT HAS NOT VAGY HE HASN'T WORKED

WE HAVE NOT VAGY WE HAVEN'T WORKED

YOU HAVE NOT VAGY YOU HAVEN'T WORKED

THEY HAVE NOT VAGY THEY HAVEN'T WORKED

KÉRDÉS

HAVE I WORKED

HAVE YOU WORKED

HAS HE / SHE / IT WORKED

HAVE WE WORKED

HAVE YOU WORKED

HAVE THEY WORKED

TAGADÓ KÉRDÉS

HAVEN'T I WORKED

HAVEN'T YOU WORKED

HASN'T HE / SHE / IT WORKED

HAVEN'T WE WORKED

HAVEN'T YOU WORKED

HAVEN'T THEY WORKED

A Present Perfect Simple az az igeidő, ami általában a legnagyobb gondot szokta okozni a magyar nyelvtanulóknak. Mi is ez valójában? Jelen vagy múlt? A Present Perfect megértésében az okozza, hogy ezt az angol nyelv jelennek (present) értelmezi, a magyar meg múltnak fordítja A válasz sem egyszerű: egy kicsit jelen, egy kicsit múlt. Ettől aztán gondolom, nem világosult meg minden a Present Perfect-tel kapcsolatban, úgyhogy menjünk sorba azokon az eseteken, amelyekben Present Perfect Simple-t kell használni. A Past Simple fejezetben említettem, hogy a rendhagyó igék táblázatának mind a három oszlopát tanuld meg egyszerre (bár akkor még csak a második oszlop, a Past Simple kellett nekünk), mert sokkal nehezebb megtanulni az 1. és a 2. alakot, majd amikor eljön a Present Perfect Simple megtanulásának ideje, akkor hozzá kell tanulni a 3. oszlopot a már megtanult két oszlophoz.

A Present Perfect Simple-t általánosságban beszélve olyan esetekben kell használni, amikor a múltról, mint MOSTANÁIG, az adott jelen pillanatig, tartó időszakról beszélük. (Ezzel szemben a Past Simple-t olyan esetekben használtuk, amikor a múltról, mint konkrét, a jelenhez semmilyen szállal nem kapcsolódó időszakként értelmeztük.)

22

1.

A legegyszerűbb megjegyezni úgy, ha azt mondom, hogy azokat a múlt időben lévő mondatokat fordítom Present Perfect Simple-ben, amelyek magyarul ugyan múlt időben vannak, de nincs benne a mondatban (ha egy önálló mondatról van szó), vagy a szövegben múlt időre utaló időhatározó. Ezekben a mondatokban általában azért nincs egyébként múlt időre utaló időhatározó, mert nem az a lényeg, hogy a cselekvés vagy esemény mikor ment végbe, történt meg, hanem magának a bekövetkezésének a ténye.

A kedves, középkorú úr itt arra kíváncsi, hogy a hölgy életében bekövetkezett-e az említett esemény, azaz látta-e az említett örökzöldet. Nem azt akarja megtudni, hogy tegnap, múlt héten, vagy bármikor egy adott múltbéli időpontban ez megtette-e a csinos szőke nő, hanem azt, hogy egyáltalán (valaha) látta-e (megszületése és a jelen pillanat - NOW - közötti időszakban).

Valószínűleg azért szeretné megtudni, hogy látta-e az említett színdarabot, mert:

meg akarja nézni vele egy bizonyos részét a darabnak meg akarja vitatni vele a romantikus kávézés eszébe juttatta a Rómeó és Júliát, és kíváncsi, hogy ő is látta-e azt akarja, hogy tagadja meg az apját és dobja el a nevét J

Ha a kérdés így hangzott volna, hogy: Did you see Romeo and Juliet? - Láttad a Romeó és Júliát?, akkor mind a ketten tudnák, hogy konkrétan melyik előadásról, filmfeldolgozásról, stb. van szó, és hogy az mikor volt műsoron. Mondjuk előző nap este volt a TV-ben a színházi közvetítés, amiről ők már korábban, például előző nap reggelén beszélgettek, hogy majd megnézik és megbeszélik, hogy milyen volt. A lényeg tehát az, hogy ha Past Simple-t használunk, akkor - ahogy azt ott tanultuk - vagy van benne egy konkrét múltra utaló időhatározó szó (yesterday, ... ago, last ..., stb), vagy a beszélők tudják, hogy az adott esemény mikor történt (itt azt, hogy mikor volt a TV-ben). Azt megfigyelted ugye, hogy a két angol mondat - Present Perfect Simple, Past Simple - magyarul ugyanúgy hangzott? Tehát láthatod, hogy egy múltra utaló időhatározó nélküli, magyarul múlt időben lévő mondatot angolul mondhatsz Present Perfect Simple-ben és Past Simple-ben is, attól függően, hogy mit akarsz belőle kihozni:

a. Present Perfect Simple: jelenhez való valamilyen kapcsolatot, mondanivalót, következményt

You've learnt enough to pass the exam.

I've travelled a lot in the USA.

Eleget tanultál, hogy átmenj a vizsgán.(Még nem volt meg a vizsga, de MOST tudsz eleget, hogy átmenj rajta !)Sokat utaztam az államokban (ismerem az országot)

b. Past Simple: semmi mondanivalója nincs a jelenre vonatkozólag, a beszélők az idő meghatározása nélkül is tudják, hogy az esemény a múltban mikor történt

You learnt enough to pass the exam.

I travelled a lot in the USA.

Eleget tanultál, hogy átmenj a vizsgán.(a vizsga már lezajlott a MÚLTBAN)Sokat utaztam az államokban.(amikor ott voltam - akivel beszélek tudja, hogy voltam ott a MÚLTBAN)

... avagy hogyan húzzák be a csőbe a nyelvizsgázókat a magyarról angolra fordításnál?

Nem figyelted még meg, hogy az angolról magyarra fordítandó szövegek első mondata - nem mindig, de nagyon sokszor - múlt idő magyarul, de sosincs benne időhatározó? Szegény kevésbé edzett vizsgázó pedig rögtön le is fordítja múltnak, és onnantól kezdve pedig nem csak ezt az első mondatot, de a következőket is el fogja rontani, mivel az első lesz az, amihez egyezteti a többi mondat idejét... Ismerd fel a csapdát, nézd meg jól, hogy van-e időhatározó a mondatban, vagy bármi, ami arra utal, hogy mikor következett be a cselekvés, vagy esemény!

2.

Olyan már bekövetkezett, és lezárult múltbeli cselekvések leírására is használják a Present Perfect Simple-t, amelyeknek a JELENBEN következményei vannak. A mondatok magyarul itt is múlt időben lesznek, mert itt sem az a lényeg, hogy mikor történt a

23

dolog, hanem az, hogy megtörtént, és ennek a jelenben milyen következményei vannak. Onnan tudjuk felismerni (az esetek többségében), hogy a mondatot megfogalmazhatnánk Present Simple-ben is:

Balesetet szenvedett.

Lényegtelen, hogy az esemény (baleset) a múltban mikor következett be, mert a mondatból itt sem ezt akarjuk kihozni, hanem azt, hogy:

szegény MOST tolókocsiban ül, és el van törve a keze és a lába is

MOST nem tud velem eljönni táncolni / hegyet mászni / teniszezni / kutyát sétáltatni, stb.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ezt jelenti PRESENT SIMPLE ezt akarja mondani

I've broken my leg. Eltörtem a lábam. My leg is broken. El van törve (MOST) a lábam.

Have you read that magazine ?

Olvastad azt a magazint? 1. Do you know what it is about?2.Can I have it?

1. Tudod miről szól?2. Elvehetem?

Sue has had a baby. Marynek gyereke született. Mary has a baby now. Marinak (MOST) van egy gyereke.

I've finally finished this book. égre befejeztem ezt a könyvet. I am ready NOW. Kész vagyok vele (MOST).

Have you done the shopping? Bevásároltál? 1. Is there anything to eat?!2. Do I have to do the shopping?

1. Van valami kaja? Éhes vagyok (MOST)!2. Nekem kell bevásárolnom?

A kislány is egy múltban bekövetkezett esemény, jelenben érzékelhető következményeit firtatja: látja, hogy most át van lőve szegény Vili feje, ami egy múltban lezajlott esemény (lövés) következménye...

Egy fontos apróság a Present Perfect Simple-lel kapcsolatban: Ha a mondat arra vonatkozik, hogy valaki volt már (vagy nem volt még) valahol, akkor a 'been' után általában 'to' van és nem 'in': I have never been to Japan. - Soha nem voltam Japánban. Have you been to Zanzibar yet? - Voltál már Zanzibárban? Összehasonlításképpen Past Simple-ben (illetve egyéb más igeidőkben): I was in Japan last year. - Tavaly voltam Japánban. When were you in Zanzibar? - Mikor voltál Zanzibárban?

3.

Present Perfect Simple a leggyakrabban használt igeidő a közelmúltban lezajlott eseményekről szóló híradásokban:

24

Amennyiben elhangzik az is, hogy az esemény mikor történt, természetesen Past Simple-t kell használnunk. There has been an explosion near Budapest in a fireworks factory. - Robbanás volt Budapest mellett egy petárdagyárban. There was an explosion near Budapest in a fireworks factory yesterday. - Tegnap robbanás volt Budapest mellett egy petárdagyárban. Magának a hírnek a közlése után (ami Present Perfect Simple-ben van) a eset részleteinek közlése már Past Simple-ben szokott történni: The Prime Minister has had talks with European leaders. During the four-hour meeting, they discussed the economic situation, and agreed on the need for closer trade links between the countries... A miniszterelnök európai vezetőkkel tárgyalt. A négyórás találkozó alatt megvitatták a gazdasági helyzetet, és megegyeztek abban, hogy szorosabb kereskedelmi kapcsolatokra van szükség az országok között..

4. Nézzük a Present Perfect Simple jellemző időhatározóit!

just(helye: have és a Past Participle között)

épp most 1. 'Would you like something to eat?''No, I have just had a sandwich.'2. Have you just arrived?

1. "Kérsz valamit enni?"Nem, épp most ettem egy szendvicset."

2. Épp most érkeztél?

already(helye: have és a Past Participle között)

már (kijelentő mondatban)

1. I have already seen this movie.2. Mark is not here. He has already gone.

1. Már láttam ezt a filmet.

2. Mark nincs itt. Már elment.

yet(helye: mondat végén)

még (tagadó mondatban),már (kérdő mondatban)

1. I haven't posted the letter yet.2. Have you done your homework yet?

1. Még nem adtam fel a levelet.

2. Megcsináltad már a leckéd?

ever valaha Have you ever been in a Turkish prison?

Voltál-e már török börtönben? (ezt szerintem egyedül az öcsém tudja, hogy honnan idéztem :) )

never soha She has never drunk beer. Soha nem ivott (még) sört.

Az 'ever'-rel van egy eléggé gyakori mondattípus, ami természetesen Present Perfect Simple-ben lesz: This is the most delicious ice-cream I have ever eaten. - Ez a legfinomabb fagyi, amit valaha ettem. She is the cutest girl I have ever dated. - Ő a legaranyosabb lány, akivel valaha randiztam. Pedro is the smartest dog you have ever seen, isn't he? - Pedro a legokosabb kutya, akivel valaha találkozál, ugye? Ahogy azt a példamondatokból is láthatod, ezekben a szerkezetekben van egy felsőfokú melléknév : legvalamilyenebb valami/valaki, amit/akit valaki valaha ...- ez utóbbi pedig lesz a Present Perfect Simple része a mondatnak.

Az előbb említett öt időhatározó a legjellemzőbb a Present Perfect Simple-re, de azért van még ezeken kívül is néhány:

recently az utóbbi időben/a közelmúltban/ mostanában

I haven't used my laptop recently.

Nem használtam a laptopomat az utóbbi időben.

lately az utóbbi időben/a közelmúltban/mostanában

Have you seen George lately? Láttad Gyurit mostanában?

so far (ez)idáig We haven't had any problems so far,

Idáig még nem volt problémánk.

Nagyon gyakori hiba, hogy minden Present Perfect Simple kérdésbe (amikor azt tudakoljuk, hogy valaki csinált-e már valamit) a nyelvtanulók beleteszik az 'ever' időhatározót. Jól jegyezd meg az öreg bölcs mondását:

Ugyanis teljesen mást tud jelenteni ugyanaz a mondat 'ever'-rel és 'ever' nélkül. Nézd csak:'Have you been to Mexico?'"Mexikóban voltál?"Itt a kérdező tudja, hogy szoktál menni Mexikóba, vagy hallotta, hogy tervezted korábban, hogy mész, vagy egyszerűen látja rajtad, hogy nagy valószínűséggel éppen onnan jössz (sombrero van a fejeden, bár nem szoktál abban járni.

Have you ever been to Mexico? - Voltál valaha Mexikóban? Ha a mondatba beleteszed az 'ever'-t, akkor mindenképpen arra vagy kíváncsi, hogy az említett cselekvés, történés valaha az életben megtörtént, bekövetkezett-e. Ha, például, magyarról angolra fordításnál felismered, hogy Present Perfect Simple lesz angolul a mondat, nézd azt is, hogy a kérdező arra kíváncsi-e, hogy bekövetkezett-e, vagy arra, hogy valaha az életben bekövetkezett-e az, amiről éppen szó van.

25

Present Perfect Simple-t kell használni - függetlenül attól, hogy a szerkezetben benne van a 'last' - az 'in the last few ...', azaz "az utóbbi néhány ..." kezdetű időhatározókkal is (amennyiben a szóban forgó cselekvés lezárult, és egészen az utóbbi néhány ...-ig tartott)

in the last few minutes

az utóbbi néhány percben

She has had three cups of coffee in the last few minutes.

Az utóbbi néhány percben három kávét is megivott.

in the last few hours

az utóbbi néhány órában

I've read quite a lot of articles in the last few hours.

Jó pár cikket elolvastam az utóbbi néhány órában.

in the last few days

az utóbbi néhány napban

He has lost a couple of kilograms in the last few days.

Pár kilót leadott az utóbbi néhány napban.

in the last few weeks

az utóbbi néhány hétben

We have learnt the tenses in the last few weeks.

Az igeidőket tanultuk az utóbbi néhány hétben.

in the last few month

az utóbbi néhány hónapban

Little Stuart has grown a lot in the last few month.

A kis Stuart sokat nőtt az utóbbi néhány hónapban.

in the last few years

az utóbbi néhány évben

They haven't met in the last few years. Nem találkoztak az utóbbi néhány évben.

Ezek az eddig említett időhatározók mind olyan időszakra vonatkoznak, amely valamikor a múltban elkezdődött (lényegtelen, hogy mikor) és egészen mostanáig tartott. Itt kell megemlítenünk még két másik időhatározót is, de azok inkább a Present Perfect Continuous-ra lesznek jellemzők (de ott egy picit máshogy lesz a jelentésük majd).

since ... óta (egy adott múltbéli pont óta) I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.She has written a lot since Friday.

Nem ettem semmit reggeli óta.

Sokat írt péntek óta.

for ... óta (valamennyi ideje) We have been here for a week.They haven't gone fishing for years.

Egy hete vagyunk itt.Nem mentek horgászni már egy évek óta.

Tehát valami megtörtént (vagy nem történt meg) valamennyi ideje, vagy valami múltbéli időpont óta. Ide tartoznak még azok az időhatározók is, amelyek még le nem zárult időszakokra vonatkoznak. Ezek az időhatározók tulajdonképpen ugyanazok, mint amiket a Present Continuous-ban használtunk éppen folyamatban lévő időszak kifejezésére, csak ott "abból az irányból" néztük őket, hogy folyamatban lévő időszakot jelölnek, most pedig úgy fogunk rájuk tekinteni, mint még folyamatban lévő, LE NEM ZÁRULT időszakra vonatkozó időhatározó szavak: today ma this afternoon ma délután this week ezen a héten this month ebben a hónapban this year ebben az évben

"Már hat kávét ittam ma." mondja, és látszik is� szegényen! A lényeg az, hogy a 'today', tehát a "ma" az egy még folyamatban lévő, le nem zárult időszak (mert ma még ma van J ), tehát még az említett cselekvés megkövetkezhet még, hiszen az említett időintervallum (ma) még nem zárult le, nyitva van.

A következő példákban is az a lényeg, hogy az említett időszakok még tartanak, nem zárultak le: Have you been on holiday this year? - Voltál már nyaralni ebben az évben? (még tart az év, ha nem volt nyaralni, még mehet) She hasn't learned a lot this term. - Nem tanult túl sokat ebben a félévben. (még tart a szemeszter, még összeszedheti magát) Have you seen Tom this morning? - Láttad Tomit ma reggel?(még reggel van, ha nem látta Tomi, még láthatja) We have watched a film this evening. - Megnéztünk egy filmet ma este.(még este van, csinálhatunk még mást is) Amennyiben a fent említett időszakok már lezárultak volna, úgy Past Simple-t kellene használnunk. Tehát MOST IS, MINT MINDIG, MINDEN NÉZŐPONT KÉRDÉSE, UGYANAZT A MONDATOT LEHET TÖBB IGEIDŐBEN IS FORDÍTANI! Nézzük ugyanezeket a mondatokat Past Simple-ben, és megérted rögtön, hogy mi a különbség! Did you go on holiday this year? - Voltál nyaralni ebben az évben? (év vége van, ha nem volt nyaralni eddig, akkor nem is fog elmenni már) She didn't learn a lot this term. - Nem tanult túl sokat ebben a félévben. (vége a félévnek, már nem tud javítani a jegyein) Did you see you Tom this morning? - Láttad Tomit ma reggel?(elmúlt dél,Tomit már csak délután láthatja, ha eddig nem látta) We watched a film this evening. - Megnéztünk egy filmet ma este.(vége a napnak, már nincs több program mára)

5.

Az ötödik eset is - ami nem más, mint egy tipikus mondatszerkezet - nagyon jellemző a Present Perfect Simple-re:

26

Először nyerten valamit!. Harmadszorra vagyok Egyiptomban.

Tipikus Present Perfect Simple mondattípus az, amikor valahanyadszorra csinálunk valamit, hiszen ebben az esetben is arról van szó, hogy MOSTANÁIG (életünk során) hányszor következett be a szóban forgó esemény. Itt is egy le nem zárt időszakról van szó (hiszen még élünk), és az a cselekvés, amit éppen valahanyadszorra csinálunk MOST, később újra bekövetkezhet. Az amerikai angolban nagyon gyakran hallhatsz ilyen mondatokat: Oh, no! I lost my keys! - Jaj, ne! Elhagytam a kulcsaimat! Jimmy just called me. - Most hívott épp Jimmy. A fejezetben említett szabályok szerint ezek hibásnak látszanak, de ha azok lennének, akkor nem hallanád őket anyanyelvi emberek szájából :) Mi az igazság akkor? Az amerikai angolban teljesen elfogadott, és széles körben használt a Past Simple a Present Perfect Simple helyett híradásokban, és meghatározatlan múlt időben történt cselekvések esetében. Sőt, még az elvileg Present Perfect Simple-re jellemző időhatározókkal kombinálva is: Did you have lunch already? - Ebédeltél már? I didn't do my homework yet. - Még nem csináltam meg a leckémet.

1. Mi történt a képen látható emberekkel? Írd a megadott mondatokat a megfelelő képek alá! What's happened to the people in the pictures? What have they done?  

 I have fallen off the ladder.

 

 Mario's broken the water pipe. There is no water in the house

now.

This plug isn't safe. I have just had an electric shock. 

This is the third time that Freddy and Jason have left their lunch

bag at home. 

 Mr Cook has burnt the meat again.

  

I can't believe it! Have you been fired?  I've had an idea! 

1. I'm so happy that we have won the first prize this year. I'd like to thank ....

 2. Helyettesítsd be az igéket a megfelelő alakba!

example: (Tom call) Has Tom called you yet?

a. (you ever have) ..........................a bad dream? b. I (never cook) .......................... a foreign meal. c. My children (be) .......................... to the theatre many times. d. You are bleeding. (you cut) .......................... yourself? e. Someone (steal) .......................... my rollerblades from my feet so I'm barefoot now.

27

f. My secretary (already write) .......................... three letters today. g. I feel awfully tired. I (not drink) .......................... coffee yet.

Answers:

1.

1. I have fallen off the ladder.2. Mario's broken the water pipe. There is no water int he house now.

3. This plug isn't safe. I have just had an electric shock.

4. This is the third time that Freddy and Jason have left their lunch-bag at home.

5. Mr Cook has burnt the meat again.

6. I can't believe it! Have you been fired?

7. I've had an idea.

8. I'm so happy that we have won the first prize this year. I'd like to thank...

2.a. Have you ever had a bad dream?

b. I have never cooked lasagne.

c. My children have been to the theatre many times.

d. Have you cut yourself?

e. Someone has stolen my rollerblades from my feet so...

f. My secretary has already written three letters today.

g. I haven't drunk any coffee yet.

EXERCISE!

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE vs. PAST SIMPLE

1. Válaszd ki a helyes mondatot!

example: Last week I have gone/went swimming three times.

1. Take this thick pullover. The wind has started/started blowing.

2. The plane was delayed. The passengers have waited/waited for three hours now.

3. It has already been/already was a tiring day and it's only 5pm.

4. I am shattered. I have worked/worked from 10pm to 2 am last night.

5. It is a wonderful holiday. We have done/did so many things.

6. Unfortunately we have missed/missed our bus. It has left/left 5 minutes ago.

7. We have lived/lived here for three months.

28

2. Kösd össze a mondatok elejét a megfelelő végződéssel!

example: 1-f

1. My brother started university2. We haven't been abroad3. My husband cought a cold4. The kids have been asleep5. Our language school was established6. The last train 7. We have been here, waiting

a) 5 years ago.b) only for a few minutes.c) has just left.d) for years.e) all day.f) when he was 19.g) when he took the dog for a walk int he rain.

3. Egészítsd ki a mondatokat!

example: A: I (not / see) haven't seen you for years! When (you / leave) did you leave school? (a) B: Two years ago. I (start) .......................................working in 2002.(b) A: I (just / write) ....................................... my thesis.B: Really? I (finish) ....................................... mine a month ago.(c) A: How long (be) ....................................... in Hungary?B: I (move) ....................................... here in January.

Answers: 1.1. has started 2. have waited 3. has already been 4. worked 5. have done 6. have missed / left7. both are correct: have lived / lived 2.1. f 2. d 3. g 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. e 3.(a) B: started (b) A: have just written B: finished (c) A: have you been B: moved

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

KIJELENTÉS

I HAVE BEEN VAGY I'VE BEEN WORKING

YOU HAVE BEEN VAGY YOU'VE BEEN WORKING

HE / SHE / IT HAS BEEN VAGY HE'S BEEN WORKING

WE HAVE BEEN VAGY WE'VE BEEN WORKING

YOU HAVE BEEN VAGY YOU'VE BEEN WORKING

THEY HAVE BEEN VAGY THEY'VE BEEN WORKING

TAGADÁS

I HAVE NOT BEEN VAGY I HAVEN'T BEEN WORKING

YOU HAVE NOT BEEN VAGY YOU HAVEN'T BEEN WORKING

HE / SHE / IT HAS NOT BEEN VAGY HE HASN'T BEEN WORKING

WE HAVE NOT BEEN VAGY WE HAVEN'T BEEN WORKING

YOU HAVE NOT BEEN VAGY YOU HAVEN'T BEEN WORKING

THEY HAVE NOT BEEN VAGY THEY HAVEN'T BEEN WORKING

KÉRDÉS

HAVE I BEEN WORKING

HAVE YOU BEEN WORKING

HAS HE / SHE / IT BEEN WORKING

HAVE WE BEEN WORKING

HAVE YOU BEEN WORKING

HAVE THEY BEEN WORKING

29

TAGADÓ KÉRDÉS

HAVEN'T I BEEN WORKING

HAVEN'T YOU BEEN WORKING

HASN'T HE / SHE / IT BEEN WORKING

HAVEN'T WE BEEN WORKING

HAVEN'T YOU BEEN WORKING

HAVEN'T THEY BEEN WORKING

A Present Perfect Simple-nél, megbeszéltük, hogy bár az angolul a jelen időköz van sorolva, a magyarban hol jelen, hol múlt időként fordítjuk, az adott szituációtól függően. A Present Perfect Continuous-nál is ugyanez lesz a helyzet: vannak esetek, amikor jelen időként, vannak esetek, amikor múlt időként szerepel a magyar nyelvben. A Present Perfect Simple esetében az esetek többségében múltnak fordítottuk a mondatokat, a Present Perfect Continuous esetében pedig pont fordítva lesz: többnyire jelennek fogjuk fordítani a mondatokat, azonban lesz egy-két olyan eset, ahol a magyarban múlt időként jelenik meg ez az igeidő.

1.

A Present Perfect Continuous-t leggyakrabban akkor használjuk, amikor olyan cselekvésekről beszélünk, amelyek a múltban kezdődtek el, és még jelenleg is folyamatban vannak: I've been waiting here for hours! - Órák óta várok itt! How long have the children been watching TV? - Mióta nézik a gyerekek a TV-t? Since when has Mary been learning English? - Mióta tanul Mary angolul?

Ezeket a mondatokat onnan lehet a legkönnyebben felismerni, hogy - mivel valamennyi ideje tartanak - az "...óta" lesz a legjellemzőbb időhatározó az ilyen mondatokban, ami angolul két szó is lehet: 1.since2. for

A Present Perfect Simple-nél már használtuk ezt a két időhatározót, emlékezz csak vissza:

since ... óta (egy adott múltbéli pont óta)

I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.She has written a lot since Friday.They haven't seen each other since John left.

Nem ettem semmit reggeli óta.

Sokat írt péntek óta.Nem látták egymást, mióta John elment.

for ... óta (valamennyi ideje) We have been here for a week.They haven't gone fishing for years.

Egy hete vagyunk itt.Nem mentek horgászni már egy évek óta.

... azaz valami megtörtént (vagy nem történt meg) valamennyi ideje, vagy valami múltbéli időpont óta, tehát itt egy cselekvésről van szó, ami egy ideje bekövetkezett már, vagy egy ideje nem következett még be.

A Present Perfect Continuous esetében az "...óta" nem a cselekvés bekövetkezését firtatja a megadott időszak és a jelen között, hanem annak a megadott időszak és a jelen közötti folyamatos mivoltát mutatja be: She's been mowing the grass for 2 hours. - 2 órája a füvet nyírja. I've been learning the new words since I got up. - Mióta felkeltem az új szavakat tanulom. Ezekben az esetekben a mondatok magyarul jelen időben lesznek, mivel azt fejezik ki, hogy egy adott cselekvés, vagy esemény egy bizonyos ideje folyamatban van. Nézd csak a példákat: They have been bulding that house for ages! - Ezer éve építik azt a házat! She's been working in this shop since she left school. - Azóta dolgozik ebben a boltban, hogy befejezte az iskolát. We've been waiting here for 2 hours. - 2 órája várunk itt. How long have you been learning English? - Mióta tanulsz angolul? A példákból jól láthatod, hogy a 'since' és a 'for' jelentése a Present Perfect Continuous-ban is ugyanaz, mint amit megnéztük a Present Perfect Simple-nél (tehát "... óta"), azzal a különbséggel, hogy itt tehát olyan cselekvésekről, vagy eseményekről van szó, amelyek még mindig folyamatban vannak, és magyarul jelen időként szerepelnek a mondatban.

30

Természetesen a "mióta" kérdőszóval kezdődő mondatok is ide tartoznak (hiszen az is egy fajta "óta"). Erre is két szót (kifejezést) használnak, attól függően, hogy egy adott időpontra, vagy egy adott időszakra vonatkozik-e kérdés. Ez a két kérdőszó pedig a:

'How long ....?' és a 'Since when ...?'.

How long have you been waching TV? - Mióta nézed a TV-t? I've been watching TV for an hour. - Egy órája nézem a TV-t. Since when have you been working here? - Mióta dolgozol itt? I've been working here since I left school. - Azóta dolgozom itt, hogy befejeztem az iskolát.

A Past Simple és a Past Continuous esetében megbeszéltük, hogy a legegyszerűbb trükk a kettő megkülönböztetésére, ha megnézzük, hogy magyarul van-e igekötője az igének. Amennyiben van, tehát az ige igekötős, úgy az angolul az esetek többségében Past Simple-ben jelenik meg, tehát a befejezettséget, a cselekvés lezárult mivoltát magyarul az igekötő fejezi ki. Ez a Present Perfect Simple és Continous esetében is egy mankó lehet, de azért annyira nem lehet rá támaszkodni, mint a Past Simple és Continuous esetében, ugyanis itt nem csak az igekötő jelzi a különbséget. A Present Perfect Simple és Present Perfect Continuous esetében az sem elhanyagolandó, hogy a Simple általában egy már lezárult (ezért lesz ez is igekötős legtöbbször) cselekvést fejez ki, a Continuous pedig egy még most is folyamatban lévőt (ami már elkezdődött, de még nincs vége): I haven't eaten since I came home. - Nem ettem azóta, mióta hazajöttem. I haven't been eating since I decided to go on a hunger strike. - Nem eszem, mióta elkezdtem éhségsztrájkolni. Az első verzióban (Present Perfect Simple) az a lényeg, hogy a cselekvés (evés) maga nem következett azóta, hogy hazajöttem egészen mostanáig. A második verzióban (Present Perfect Continuous) pedig az a lényeg, hogy az evés, mint folyamat (nem egy konkrét "evés") nincs folyamatban (most se) azóta, mióta elkezdtem éhségsztrájkolni, mivel itt a cselekvés nem, mint 'action' jelenik meg, hanem mint 'process'.

MÉG EGY NAGYON FONTOS MEGJEGYZÉS:

A Present Perfect Contonuous-t és a Present Continuous-t magyarul nagyon sokszor ugyanúgy kell lefordítani: I'm reading this book. - Olvasom ezt a könyvet. I have been reading this book. - Olvasom ezt a könyvet. Ahogy látod, mindkettőt "olvasom ezt a könyvet"-nek fordítjuk magyarul, csak éppen mindekettőnek más a lényege: I'm reading this book - vagy most is éppen folyamatban van a dolog (tehát épp csinálod), vagy lehet, hogy most éppen nem csinálod, de azt akarod kihozni belőle, hogy aktuálisan éppen folyamatában van a cselekvés (ahogy azt a Present Continuous-nál megtanultuk) I've been reading this book - Ebben pedig kihozod a mondatból azt is, hogy most is tart a folyamat, de azt is, hogy már egy ideje tart és még nincs vége. (Az "I've read this book"-nál pedig már el is olvastad. Az "I read this book yesterday"-nél még azt is megmondtad, hogy mikor tetted mindezt.)

2.

A második eset nagyon hasonlít az elsőre, annyi különbséggel, hogy bár itt is olyan cselekvésekről van szó, amelyek a múltban már elkezdődtek, és a jelenben is tartanak, itt nem a cselekvés hosszúságán van a hangsúly (tehát, hogy mióta tart), hanem azon, hogy az adott cselekvés, vagy esemény még nem fejeződött be, még jelenleg is folyamatban van.

They've been working all day, and they still couldn't finish it. - Egész nap dolgoznak, és még mindig nem tudták befejezni. Ide olyan időhatározók tartoznak, mint az 'all day', 'all week', 'all month', stb., tehát azok, amik olyan időszakokra vonatkoznak, amelyek még a jelenben is folyamatban vannak, még nem zárultak le.

3.

Az első két pontban megbeszéltük azokat az eseteket, amelyekben a Present Perfect Continuous olyan cselekvésekre vonatkozott, amelyek a múltban elkezdődtek, és azóta is tartanak, és amiket magyarul jelen időnek fordítottunk. Most pedig térjünk át azokra az esetekre, amelyekben szintén Presen Perfect Continuous-t kell használnunk, de a magyarban múlt időként fognak szerepelni, és a múltban (nagyon közelmúltban) már lezárult cselekvésekre vonatkoznak. Például:

31

A) I've been working out a bit.B) He's been drinking too much.

C) 'I've been shopping.'

Gyúrtam egy kicsit. Kicsit sokat ivott. Vásároltam.

Ezt az eset tehát olyan cselekvésekre, eseményekre vonatkozik, amelyek a múltban folyamatban voltak (lényegtelen, hogy meddig), lezárultak, de a jelenben látható eredménye (vagy érzékelhető hatása) van. Ahogy azt a képeken is láthattad:

A) A képen látható fiatalember (neve legyen mondjuk Arnold :)) egy ideje edz (tehát elkezdte a múltban valamikor, és azt egy ideig csinálta, aminek nem rég lett vége - vagy akár még mindig tart) és ennek most SZEMMEL LÁTHATÓ EREDMÉNYE van (tiszta izom).

B) A képen látható úr (nevet ne adjunk neki inkább...) meglehetősen sokat ivott (itt is arról van szó, hogy elkezdte valamikor a múltban és nem rég fejeződött be), és ENNEK a jelenben (most) SZEMMEL látható (szagolható, hallható, stb.) következményei, eredménye van (másnapos, rosszul van, nem néz túl jól ki, stb.).

C) Végül, de nem utolsó sorban, a hölgy a képen éppen a boltból jön ki, tolja a kocsijához a bevásárló kocsit, tehát MOST LÁTNI, hogy vásárolt nem sokkal korábban (aminek az a szemmel látható eredménye/következménye, hogy jön ki a boltból teli kocsival).

Ez egy nagyon jellemző használata a Present Perfect Continuous-nak, és szerintem igen könnyen fel lehet ismerni, de hogy ne keverd még véletlenül se össze a Present Perfect Simple-lel, vizsgáljunk meg egymáshoz nagyon hasonló mondatokat/szituációkat Simple-ben és Continuous-ban!

Present Perfect Simple Mi a lényege? Present Perfect Continuous Mit látsz most ?

It has rained a lot this year. - Sokat esett ebben az évben.

Zöld a fű, kövérek a birkák, stb. - mert nem közvetlenül az cselekvés/esemény (esőzés) szemmel látható eredménye a zöld fű, hanem az esőzésből következik, de nem rögtön szemmel látható.

It has been raining. - Esett az eső. (Persze ez lehetne "esik az eső is", de akkor arról lenne szó, hogy elkezdődött és még tart - 2. pont)

Vizes a föld, mindenhol pocsolyák - mert a vizes föld a az cselekvés/esemény után közvetlenül szemmel látható következménye.

He has painted the walls.- Lefestette a falakat.

A falak színe megváltozott, a cselekvés már befejeződött, és ennek az egésznek (a lezárult cselekvésnek) a következménye/ eredménye, hogy a más színe van most a falnak.

He has been painting the walls. - A falakat festette. (Megint csak lehetne "a falakat festi" is, de úgy ismét a 2. pontbeli szituációról lenne szó.)

Tiszta festék a föld, a festő ruhája - ami annak a folyamatnak a következménye, hogy festett (ami nem biztos, hogy befejeződött, de ez most ebből a szempontból nem lényeges.)

Peter has repeared my car. You can use it now. - Péter megjavította a kocsit. Most már használhatod.

A kocsi jó, működik, lehet használni. A mondat lényege az, hogy a kocsi javításának a művelete befejeződött, és ennek az a következménye/ eredménye, hogy a most lehet használni.

Peter's hands are very dirty. He's been repairing my car. -

Péternek koszos a keze. A kocsit szerelte.

A kocsi javításának folyamata nem biztos, hogy befejeződött, nem is az a lényeg, hanem az, hogy a kocsi javításától (ami vagy befejeződött, vagy nem) most Péter keze szemmel láthatóan koszos.

He has eaten all the cakes. - Mindent megevett.

Nincs süti, mert mind megette. A cselekvés befejeződött, aminek az a következménye/ eredménye, hogy most nincs süti.

He's been eating a lot. - Egy csomó evett/eszik mostanában.

Kicsit meghízott, mert az a cselekvés, amit idáig folytatott/ vagy akár még mindig folytat, ezt a szemmel látható tényt eredményezte.

A különbség megértése végett azért nézzünk még meg egy-két összehasonlító példát: Mész az utcán és jön szembe veled egy ismerős, aki nagy bevásárlószatyrokat cipel erre te megkérdezed tőle : Have you been shopping? - Vásároltál? vagy: Hazamész, és nagy meglepetésedre tele van a hűtő, mert valószínűleg valaki már bevásárolt. Erre te megkérdezed? Have you done the shopping? - Bevásároltál? Első nekifutásra a legkönnyebb megkülönböztetési mód (ugyanakkor nem 100%-os, de azért általában bejön :),

32

hogy éppúgy, mint a Past Simple és Past Continuous , illetve a Future Simple és Future Contonuous esetén, a kettő (Simple és Continuous) között a legegyszerűbben a magyar igekötő bevonásával lehet tenni. Szóval, ha van igekötő, akkor Simple, ha nincs akkor Continuous. Emlékezzünk csak: While I was watching TV, my mother was reading the newspaper. Miközben TV-t néztem, az anyukám az újságot olvasta. While I was watching TV, my mother read the newspaper. Miközben TV-t néztem, az anyukám elolvasta az újságot. vagy: When you arrive at the restaurant I'll give you that book. Amikor megérkezel az étterembe oda fogom adni azt a könyvet. When you arrive at the restaurant I'll be sitting next to the window. Amikor megérkezel az étterembe az ablak mellett fogok ülni. Tehát ha jól belegondolunk, ez ugyanaz az eset, mint a "Have you been painting?", azaz látható (érzékelhető, mint a "smoking"-os mondatban) jelei vannak a JELENBEN annak, hogy nemrég valami folyamatban volt, és ennek a folyamatnak most, a JELENBEN vannak az érzékelhető hatásai, jelei, következményei, stb. A következmény, hatás szó miatt viszont megint csak lehetőségünk van összekeverni a Present Perfect Continuous-t a Simple változattal, ezért nézzünk erre is példát. Nem nehéz kitalálni, hogy megint csak az igekötőt hívhatjuk segítségül: I'm tired, I have been shopping. - Fáradt vagyok (ez a látható jel/következmény a jelenben). Vásároltam (nincs igekötő - akkor az lenne, hogy bevásároltam - mert nem a cselekvés (vásárlás) befejezettsége a lényeg, hanem az, hogy MOST én attól a folyamattól vagyok fáradt, hogy vásároltam. Egyszóval a befejezettséget igekötővel fejezzük ki. I'm ready. I have done the shopping. - Kész vagyok. (Már nincs dolgom) Bevásároltam. (Teljesítettem, befejeztem a cselekvést. Tehát itt az egész cselekvésről beszélünk, míg az előző példában "I have been shopping"-nál a lényeg nem a cselekvés befejezettségén van, hanem azon a folyamaton, amitől a jelenben én fáradt vagyok, és ezért igekötő sincs a mondatban!

4.

Az utolsó tipikus használata a Present Perfect Continuous-nak az, amikor valakitől számonkérünk valami, vagy haragot, nemtetszést fejezünk ki azért mert egy olyan cselekvést folytatott, ami nekünk nem tetszik (és ennek nyomai is vannak, amiből erre rájövünk...). Képzeljük el, hogy nagy füstfelhő van a szobában, és egyértelműen valószínűsíthető az a tény, hogy az illető, akihez a kérdés szól, dohányzott: Have you been smoking? - Dohányoztál? Míg mondjuk a 'The packet is empty. Have you smoked all your cigarettes?' mondattal egy következményt/eredményt vonunk le az a jelenre vonatkozólag. ELSZÍVTAD - > tehát MOST ÜRES és ráadásul még igekötős is az ige ...

Vagy nézzük ezt az esetet:Haven't you been phoning too much? - Nem telefonáltál túl sokat?Ez is egy számonkérő mondat, amellyel arra kérdez rá, hogy az ezt megelőző időszakban (mostanáig) nem telefonált-e túl sokat, mert annak most az a következménye/eredménye, hogy sokat kell fizetni ...

By Szalai Nóra

1/D1. People can get married either in a church or in a registry office. In the latter case there must

be two witnesses. Most people however, prefer to have a church wedding too, with the bride in white attended by her bridemaids and the bridegroom in black attended by his best men. After the wedding ceremony there is a large reception where an enormous meal is eaten, the wedding cake is cut and toasts are drunk in whisky or sherry. The guests are dressed in their best clothes and dance to accordion music. Old traditions such as dancing with the bride at midnight and the bride leaving to change clothes after the dance are still kept at most wedding parties.

2. The members of the wider family only meet at weddings, funerals and christenings. Some of them may turn up around the time of your nameday or birthday to say many happy returns but most of them prefer to write cards.

3. We celebrate birthdays, namedays, wedding anniversaries and mothers day. Unfortunately, we don't observe r father’s day.

4. No, they don't. But birthdays are all the more important to them. On that day they invite their fiends and relatives over and give a big party.

5.a My wife and I observe our children's birthdays more than our own. She usually prepares a chocolate layer cake with as many candles on it us the child is years old. If the weather is nice, we have a little garden party, to which we invite some of the children's friends. We take the chairs and the tables out and put the pre-prepared snacks, sandwiches and drinks on them. I eat also provide some music is by hanging the amplifiers up in the two corners of the balcony. On that day the children get a lot of cards from other friends and relatives saying many happy returns of the day.

5.b I always buy a present, however small, for my father’s or mother's birthday. Sometimes I make the present myself as I like embroidering and knitting. On that day we usually have

33

some relatives coming to me in the afternoon and wishing a happy birthday. My mother loves baking so she usually prepares at least three kinds of cakes for the occasion. It is a quiet family gathering which is spent on eating, drinking and discussing family matters.

6. I think in this part of the world Christmas is the greatest family festival for everybody. It is very solemnly celebrated with ancient customs and traditions.

7.a Christmas we celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, The Saviour of men.7.b At Easter we celebrate his Resurrection that is the rising of Jesus from the tomb 3 days after

his Crucifixion.8.a A week before Christmas carol singers appear in the streets to announce the approach of the

festival. They carry a Christmas crib with them and go from house to house performing the nativity play. It relates the story of Christ’s birth and the appearance of the three kings bringing presents to the son of god. December 24th is Christmas Eve. The Christmas tree, a fir or pine, is decorated and children are given a lot of presents. Most families go to the midnight service in church. On the first and second day of Xmas families have big meals and visit each other in the afternoons.

8.b Most Easter traditions are associated with Easter Monday when boys set out to call on their female friends and relatives and sprinkle them with perfume or water. Girls, in return, treat them to home-made cakes or some drinks and present them with eggs painted mainly red, green or yellow. Children are also presented at Easter with either some chocolate eggs or a chocolate Easter bunny and an Easter chick.

9.a On Christmas day the family gathers round the table to partake of the traditional Hungarian Christmas lunch. Two things are essential parts of this meal: stuffed cabbage and poppy-seed cake. The rest of the meal is usually beef soup followed by pork chops or turkey.

9.b A typical Easter Sunday breakfast consists of ham and hard-boiled eggs. There are no set dishes that we eat for lunch at Easter. As a general rule however, we usually have chicken soup, pork, beef or veal cutlet followed by some dessert.

10. Yes, definitely. There is nothing more pleasing than giving the right present to your loved ones. I admit the right present is difficult to find but it is worth taking the trouble. What also matters is that a present must be a token of your love and appreciation.

10.b No, not at all. The whole business of presenting your nearest and dearest is by now fully commercialised. The shops are the only winners as right before Christmas people end up buying everything but the kitchen sink, things they would never buy under ordinary conditions. And if you wanted to give good presents it would be necessary to shop all the year round.

11. On New Year’s Eve people sit up till after midnight to see the new year in. At midnight we sing the national anthem and drink champagne. Some people go to parties and dances others watch comic shows on TV. We usually stay up until dawn.

12. On March 15th we commemorate the Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence of 1848-49. May 1st is a spring holiday when maypoles are put up in gardens. August 20 th is the day of king Stephen I. On this day we commemorate the founding of our state almost a thousand years ago. On October 23rd we celebrate the declaration of the Hungarian Republic and commemorate the revolution of 1956.

1. registry office2003 házasságkötő teremwitness tanúbride menyasszony(esküvőn)bridegroom vőlegény(esküvőn)fiancée menyasszoyfiancé vőlegény

34

bridesmaid koszorúslánybest man vőfélywedding ceremony esküvőSunday best ünneplőruhaaccordion hatmonikawedding reception lakodalomto be engaged to sy jegyben jár vkivelto pop the question megkéri a lány kezétdowry hozománythey are a good match jól illenek egymáshozto congratulate sy on sg gratulál vkinek vmiheznewly weds ifjú házasokto propose a toast köszöntőt mondto plight one’s troth eljegyez vkitto go on honeymoon nászútra megy2. funeral temetésburial service gyásszertartásto pay one’s last respect végső búcsút veszwreath koszorúchristening keresztelésgodmother/godfather keresztszülőkto turn up felbukkan, előkerülmany happy returns of the day sok boldogságotto send a card képeslapot küld3. wedding anniversary házassági évfordulósilver, golden, diamond ezüst, arany, gyémántto observe megtart, ünnepelfather’s day apák napja4. all the more important annál fontosabbto invite sy over meghív vkitto give a party built tart5. chocolate layer cake csokoládétortacandle gyertyagarden party kerti mulatságsnack falatkato provide music zenét szolgáltatamplifier hangerősítőloudspeaker hangszórówish a happy birthday boldog születésnapot kívánembroidery hímzésknitting kötésfamily gathering családi összejövetelto discuss family matters megtárgyalni a családi ügyeket6. family festival családi ünnepsolemnly ünnepélyesen, komolyanancient customs ősi szokások7. the birth of Christ Jézus születéseThe Savoiur a MegváltóResurrection feltámadástomb sírCrucifixion keresztre feszítés8. carol singers betlehemesekChristmas crib jászolfrom house to house házról házraapproach of sg közeledése vminek

35

nativity play betlehemes játékto relate elmond, elmesélthe three kings a három királyokChristmas Eve/holy night szemtestefir tree erdei fenyőpine tree lucfenyőto decorate the Christmas tree feldíszíti a fenyőfátmidnight service éjféli miseto be associated with kapcsolódik vmihezto set out elindul, útnak indulto call on meglátogatto sprinkle locsolin return viszonzásulto treat sy to sg megvendégel vkit vmivelhome-made cakes házi süteményEaster bunny húsvéti nyuszi9. to gather round the table összegyűlik az asztal körülto partake of részesül vmiből, eszikessential alapvetően fontosstuffed cabbage töltött káposztapoppy-seed cake mákos beiglidessert édességpork chop disznóhússzeletham and hard-boiled egg sonka főtt tojássalchicken soup csirkehúslevesveal cutlet borjúszeletset dishes kötött ételek10. your loved ones a szeretteidto take the trouble veszi a fáradtságotyour nearest and dearest legkedvesebb hozzátartozóidfully commercialised teljesen elüzletiesedettto buy everything but the kitchen sink mindent összevásárol11. to sit up/stay up virrasztto see the new year in megvárja az új év beköszöntétnational anthem nemzeti himnuszchampagne pezsgőcomic show kabaréműsoruntil dawn hajnalig12. to commemorate sg megemlékezik vmirőlThe Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence Magyar forradalom és szabadságharcmaypole májusfato put up felállítfounding alapításdeclaration of the Hungarian Republic Magyar Köztársaság kikiáltása1.a I am very fond of my family but I don't always get on very well with them. They try to

control me too much and quite otten they treat me like a child. My friends are given much more freedom while I am always told what is right and what is wrong. They expect me to regard them as friends but at the same time they just give instructions and hardly ever ask me about my feelings. In fact I would never admit them least of all to my parents.

1.b I get very yell with my daughter. I see her as my best friend and she will come to me first if she has a problem. She is a nice and obedient child although sometimes a bit touchy. I remember I told her off once and she wouldn't talk to me for days afterwards. She tends to take everything to heart and does t like to be criticized. I think I'll have to teach her how to

36

take certain things easy.2.a I think I am quite child-centred and stress freedom over authority. I try to be loving and give

my child everything I couldn't have when I was young. I spare the rod because I don't want to spoil my kid's life. Others say it its no good wrapping children into cotton-wool but I would like my kid to enjoy life and I am determined to support him as long as I live.

2.b I am said to be a strict parent I admit I insist on punctuality, tidiness and courtesy from my children be or if they are not polite at home, why should they act dificulty outside. I never let thin, avoid the household chores or have their own ways. They am too young to know their own mind, I chink I must educate then, now so that the will be able to stand on their own fleet later.

3.a Yes, they tend to say to themselves ‘I want to be free, so why shouldn't my children be free? These kids can easily get out of control and become unimageable. In fact the spread of juvenile delinquency is largely due to parental largely. There are many children hanging around in the spread, who will grow into criminals or good-for-nothing idlers.

3.b No, I don't think so. I suppose there are more strict parents today than perznissive ones. They know that being pernissive often does more harms than good. On the other hand, there are quite a fee, parents who try to protect their children from the pitfalls of life, which is just natural.

4.a Yes. why not let them learn how to manage a certain amount of money and how to spin it out for a week or a month. The amount should not be too much though. In fact, I use it as a kind of reward or punishment by giving more than usual or nothing at all depending on the child's behaviour.

4.b No, they shouldn’t. I always buy what I find reasonable for them. I may change my mind, however, when they grow older. A teenager needs more money than a child and the parent cannot be on hand.

5.a Corporal punishment is ineffective as beating can hardly make an unmanageable child obey his elders. It only frightens the child and makes both the child and the parent feel unhappy. It is also degrading for it appeals to cruelty. It ruins the child’s self-respect and does more harm than good.

5.b There is nothing very wrong about corporal punishment. A good smacking has never done any harm to any child. In fact it is more effective than anything else because it is prompt and feared by all. It teaches the wrongdoer that wrongdoing is followed by the suffering of pain.

6.a Dealing with a naughty child is no easy matter. The only wise attitude the parents can adopt towards their children’s behaviour is to sit down with them, ask them about their problems and explain to them what is right and what is wrong.

6.b There is practically nothing one can do in such cases. Perhaps I would just spank him. There is nothing wrong about spanking a child once in a while. If it is inevitable. I might also sence him to a week’s housework in the afternoons.

7.a No, I don’t think so. Giving a child everything he wants as soon as he wants it means spoiling him. The child ought to be praised and amply rewarded only in case he has deserved it.

7.b It is only natural for parents to try to do so. Children, however, must realize that money is earned by hard work. So parents should try and convince them not to want everything that money can buy.

8. It is very important to direct a child’s energy into the right channels. A child often has more energy than he knows what to do with. Later, youngsters should be taught respect for older people and the respect for the law. They should also be taught patriotism and the need for

37

hard work. They must know what is morally right or wrong.9. Schools are obsessed with training the child rather than giving him an overall moral

education. Many youndsetrs are reaching maturity without learning the hard lessons of life. Parents are inclined to leave the child’s education up to school, which it fails to do properly owing to many different factors. Some of these are high pupil-teacher ratios, lack of time, negligence of teachers.

10. Yes; in most secondary schools in Hungary students have to cope with an enormous workload. Teachers force them to do a lot of homework and take oral tests in class, which puts an unrelenting mental pressure on them. Students are required to make an even more intense effort in the third and fourth years of grammar schhol so that they can get admission to university.

11. Yes, I suppose everybody has. The generation gap is by no means a modern phenomenon. The young have always reacted against the accepted beliefs of their elders. I myself was a rebel in my younger days and mostly had a difference of opinion with my mother. I was very critical of my parents and the world around me but never of myself. To tell you the truthz, I still don’t know why my mother was dead against me going steady with a boy at the age of 16. I think it is just natural.

12. By the time they are 16 or 17 they almost certainly have experienced some disillusionment with the adult society, being very much sensitive to social injustice. They would like to be given unrestricted freedom at one moment and would like to be told what to do next. The y feel that their parents do not understand them, which ledas them to ignore parental counsel. That’s why they often feel frustrated about their own affairs. Teenagers need extra attention both from parents and teachers otherwise they may easily turn to drugs or violene.

13.a You must trust a child. Give him responsibility and let him decide if he wants to study or not. He will never study if he doesn’t want to even if you are standing behind his back with a rod and try to bully him into doing so.

13.b You can always cajole a child into studying; I just tell him that he’ll get a bicycle or a new pair of jeans if he studies hard and always does the trick.

14.a Quite promising; there are far more possiblities today than ever before. Nevertheless, much harder work, more discipline, more constructiveness and a more rational approach are required of them than even some years ago if they want to work their ways up.

14.b Not very promising. There are far fewer jobs than ever before and the unemployment rate is rising. It is difficult for youngsters to join in this rat race where efficiency has priority over human values.

15. Unfortunately there are fewer university places in Hungary than are needed At certain universities there are 3 or 4 applicants for every place while admission to others is quite easy to get. Understandably there is a lot of competition at the entrance eyams and sometimes even the best students fail to stand the strain and give up.

16.a Parents should have a say but the final decision should be left up to the child. After all it is his life; he should know what he wants to do with it.

16.b It goes without saying that the child cannot take the responsibility of decision-making concerning his future life. Parents should tell him what career to choose because they have more experience of life and only they know what is good for their child. After all they know the child better than he does himself and can more easily decide what kind of job he is suited to.

17.a I personally doubt it. I think they should teach their kids how to stand on their own feet rather than support them until the end of the parents’ lives. In fact, it is the parents who

38

should be given support when they are too old to be able to look after themselves.17.b Yes, I think so. Otherwise newly weds for example, would not be able to set up their own

homes and raise two or three children. Only with the help of a grandmother or a grandfather can go out to work or can parents do some entertaining such as going out together or giving dinner parties to friends or relatives.

18. I accept that television is part of modern life but it can do a lot of harm if it is not used carefully and selectively. In our family, for example, may parents sit glued to the TV set almost every evening and if I try to talk to them, they just say, “Sssshhh – we can’t hear the TV!” By the way I don’t think evening programmes are worth all that fuss so sometimes I try to talk my parents out of watching them. Even then TV is on and provides unpleasant noise for our discussion.

19. Yes. I remember life used to be more fun when I was a child: I lived in a happy family and had lots of friends. Now there are fewer opportunities for enjoying the company other people because everybody is busy and they don't have time for each other. We used to know all of our neighbour's but this is no longer the case. We are becoming isolated from each other and what is even worse, from the members of our own family. Also families used to be much larger. My grandmother was one of six children. Very few people nowadays care to have such large families.

20.a I think large families are happy families. The children in a large family naturally learn how to be considerate with others and that they are not the centre of the universe. For them the family is a large unit in which every single member stands by the other whatever happens. They can share their sorrows and they can share their jobs. They have the advantage of never feeling lonely. A child brought up in a large family wouldn’t dream of sending an elderly relative to an old people’s home. They know it is the family’s duty to look after an old parent.

20.b It would be nice to have a large family and a lot of children but I am afraid I couldn’t afford it. With my wife having taken up a career outside the home we are too busy to bring up more than two children, not to speak about the huge amount of money we would have to raise so that we could cater for their needs properly. It is not worth having many children if you can’t buy them proper clothes and can’t give them everything they want.

1. to control ellenőriz, irányítto get on well with jól kijön vkivelto regard sy as vkinek tekint vkitleast of all legkevésbétrust sy bízni vkibenobedient engdelmestouchy kényes, érzékenyto tell sy off megfed, leszidto take to heart szívére veszta take it easy könnyen veszlenient elnézőstrict szigorúauthority tekintély2. child-centered gyermekközpontúLoving szeretőto spare the rod nem használ pálcátto spoil elkényeztetto wrap a child in cotton-whool széltől is óvja a gyemeketpushy tolakodó, erőszakosto put presszre on ellenkezik

39

to object to ellenkezikto insist on ragaszkodikpunctually pontosságtidiness tistaságcourtesy udavriasságto have one’s own way végigviszi a saját akaratátta stand on one’s own feet megáll a saját lábán3. petmissive enegdékenythey tend to say gyakran mondjákto get out of control kikerül az ellenőrzés alólunmanageable kezelhetetlento spread terjedjuvenile delinquency fiatalkorú bűnözésparental szülőilaxity lazaság, hanyagságto hang around csabarog, tétlenül lófrálgood-for-nothing semmirekellőidle lusta, henyeto do harm ártpitfalls az élet buktatóilaissez-faire attitude a be nem avatkozás politikája4. to manage money pénzt kezelto spin money out beosztja a pénztreward jutalom, jutalmazáspunishment böntetésbehaviour viselkedésto pool money pézt összegyűjtreasonable ésszerűto be on hand rendelkezésre áll5. corporal punishment testi fenyítésineffective hatástalanto obey sy engedelmeskedikdegrading lealacsonyítóto appeal to folyamodik vmihezcruelty kegyetlenségself-respect önbecsüléssmack pofon vág, pofonprompt gyors, azonnaliwrongdoer bajkeverő6. naughty csintalan, rosszno easy matter nem könnyű dologto spank elnáspángolinevitable elkerülhetetlento sentence sy to sg vmire ítél vkitto fight an uphill battle szélmalomharcot vívmeaningful activity értelmes tevékenységto motivate the child motiválja a gyermeketto grow away from one’s parents eltávolodik a szüleitől7. to praise dícséramply bőségesento deserve kiérdemelit is only natural ez már cask természetesto become selfish önző leszself-centered egoista8. to direct irányít

40

respect for sy tisztelelt vki irántpatriotism hazafiságneed for sg igény vmiremorally erkölcsileghonesty becsületességdecent life tiszességes életto make the best of the situation a lehető lejobban kihasználja a helyzetet9. to be obsessed with megszállottja vminekto meet the requirements megfelel az elvárásoknakmoral education erkölcsi nevelésmaturity érettségto learn the hard lessons of life sok nehézségen keresztülmegyto leave up to sy ráhagy vkirefactor tényezőto be inclined to hajlamos vmireto fail to do nem tudja teljesítenipupil-teacher ratio diák-tanár aránylack of time időhiánynegligence nemtörődömség10. to put academic pressure on sy szellemi terhet róenormous óriósiworkload teher, munkamennyiségto do homework házi feladatot csinálto take an oral test felelunrelenting szüntelenintense erőteljesstrain for a child megerőltetés a gyermeknek11. modern phenomenon modern jelenségto react reagálaccepted belief meggyőződésto rebel lázadin my younger days fiatalkorombanto have a difference of opinion with sy más véleményen vanto be critical of kritikus vkivel szembento be dread against sg kifejezetten ellene vanto go steady with jár vkivelto disguise one’s feelings elrejti az érzelmeit12. to experience megtapasztaldisillusionment kiábrándultságsocial injustice társadalmi igazságtalanságunrestricted freedom korlátlan szabadságto ignore nem vesz figyelembeparental counsel szülői tanácsfrustrated megkiúsultextra attention külön figyelemto turn to sg vmihez nyúldrug kábítószer13. to stand behind one’s back a háta mögött állrod botto bully sy into sg rákényszerítto cajole sy into sg ráveszto do the trick megteszi a hatását14. promising ígéretesself-discipline önfegyelemconstructiveness alkotó jellegű hozzáállás

41

rational approach ésszerű megközelítésto work one’s way up munkájával előbbre jutunemployment rate munkanélküliségi arányrat race létharchuman values emberi értékek15. applicant jelentkezőa lot of competition nagy versengésto stand the strain bírja a terheléstfew university places kevés egyetemi helyto set a high standard magas követelményt támasztsuperficial knowledge felszínes tudás16. to have a say van beleszólásafinal decision végső döntésit goes without saying magától értetődikdecision-making döntéshozatalexperience of life élettapasztalatto be suited to a job alkalmas egy állásra17. to doubt kételkedikto stand on one’s own feet megáll a maga lábánto lok after oneself ellátja magátnewly weds ifjú házasokto do some entertaining szórakozikfinancial support anyagi támogatásin the prime of one’s life legszebb korában18. selectively válogatvaglued to odatapadva vmihezfuss felhajtásto talk sy out of sg lebeszél vkit vmirőlit is on be van kapcsolvabackground noise háttérzajto keep sy informed tájékoztatto sopt sy doing sg megakadályoz vkit vmiben19. fun vidámságto live in a happy family boldog családi életet élto enjoy the company of sy élvezi vki társaságátno longer the case már nem így vanto become isolated elszigetelődiklarge family nagy családfewer and fewer children egyre kevesebb gyermek20. considerate figyelmesthe centre of the universe a világ közepeto stand by sy mellette állto share one’s sorrows and joys megosztja bánatát és örömétto feel lonely magányosnak érzi magátelderly idősebbold people’s home öregek otthonato cater for one’s needs eleget tesz az igényeinekproper clothes megfelelő ruházat

1000 questions 1000 answers

42