US History Week 8 & 9 PacketDue Date: Wednesday May 27 th

(email to montgomerys@leonschools.net)

Teacher: MontyName: Class Period:

Ch. 18- ReconstructionLesson 1: Planning Reconstruction

Lesson 2: The Radicals Take ControlLesson 3: The South During Reconstruction

Lesson 4: The Post-Reconstruction Era“During the era of Reconstruction, Americans were attempting to rebuilt following a

catastrophic war. Restoring the eleven states that had seceded from the Union would be filled with controversy, and neither the president nor congressional leaders agreed immediately on the best policy. Reconstruction also included a legal revolution for enslaved people. Congress passed three constitutional amendments (13, 14, 15) to recognize their new status as free people and to protect their civil rights. Not since the passage of the Bill of Rights had so many amendments been added to the Constitution in such a short period of time.” -Albert Broussard

In this chapter read and interact with activities that will show you the different plans for Reconstruction after the Civil War, compare and contrast those plans, evaluate the effectiveness of new plans, and identify groups and individuals that had an impact on these plans and how it impacted newly freed African Americans. You will also study how Reconstruction affected politics, economics, and society in the South by analyzing black codes and the federal government’s response to them and evaluating Radical Reconstruction.

Standards: SS.8.A.1.2, SS.8.A.1.6, SS.8.A.1.7, SS.8.A.4.3, SS.8.A.5.7, SS.8.A.5.8, SS.8.C.14, SS.8.E.1.1, LAFS.68.RH.1.2, LAFS.8.SL.1.2

Learning Goal:What: Evaluate plans for Reconstruction by groups and individuals and political

and economic changes during this era. How: Using informational texts, primary & secondary sources.Why: To see how the differences in ideas had political, social, and economic

impacts for the United States.

During this week’s lessons you will see how new ideas changed the way many people lived after the Civil War.

Read the pages provided and answer questions as you go along. At the end of the lesson, complete the Quizizz (I will post the code later, if you need a digital copy let me know and I’ll email you)

You can type directly into the document and then email to your teacher when you are finished.

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS THAT ARE IN RED.

Day 1: Watch video, do introduction chart, and vocabulary reinforcement, begin Lesson1Day 2: Complete Lesson 1 Day 3: Start Lesson 2Day 4: Complete Lesson 2Day 5: Complete Lesson 3Day 6: Complete Lesson 4 & Quizizz (use your name, no nicknames.)Day 7: Complete any work not done.Due 5/27: ANY WORK NOT TURNED IN BY THIS DATE WILL NOT BE GRADED!

DAYS 1 & 2:

For a brief (and fun) overview of Reconstruction watch the following video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKliSbde4Fs (Mr. Betts- Reconstruction to the tune of “Shape of You” by Ed Sheeran)

Introduction ChartBefore You Read After You Read

When did the North begin planning on

ways to bring Southern states back

into the Union?Who opposed

Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan?

Why was the Thirteenth

Amendment to the Constitution important?

How did Southern states try to control newly freed African

Americans?Why did Congress

pass amendments to the Constitution

during this period?How did the United States govern the Southern states

during Reconstruction?

Vocabulary Reinforcement

Select the vocabulary term from the box that is most similar to each word or phrase below. Write or type the term in the blank. You will not use all the terms.

ReconstructionAmnesty

Black CodesImpeachOverride

CorruptionPoll Tax

Literacy TestGrandfather Clause

RadicalAdjust

ExcludeSuspend

CreditAcademyOutcome

Commission

1. Forgiveness: 2. Accuse: 3. Overrule: 4. Separation: 5. Era after the Civil War: 6. Extreme : 7. Adapt to new conditions : 8. Laws aimed at controlling some citizens:

9. Stop temporarily:

Lesson 1: Planning Reconstruction:The Reconstruction Debate

The Civil War left the South in ruins. It would take a huge effort to rebuild the states that had experienced so much destruction during the war. When the war ended, however, many government leaders were focused on another problem. What requirements should the government ask the former Confederate states to meet before allowing them to rejoin the Union?

The period of time that followed the Civil War is called Reconstruction. Reconstruction also refers to the plans for bringing the Southern states back into the Union. Northern leaders began forming these plans before the war even ended.

1. What requirements do you think would be important as President Lincoln and other leaders welcomed back their former enemies? Make a list of your ideas below.

The Plans for Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan: President Lincoln presented his plan for Reconstruction in December of 1863, long before the war had even ended. It was clear that he did not want to punish the South. He believed punishment would accomplish little and would slow the nation’s healing from the war. Instead, he wanted to offer amnesty, or forgiveness for crimes committed, to those who swore their loyalty to the Union.What Radical Republicans thought: The

Radical Republicans believed Lincoln’s plan was too lenient (kind) for the crimes the South committed and they should be punished.

The Radical Republican Plan: The Radical Republicans, led by Thaddeus Stevens, favored a more radical, or extreme, plan to readmit the Southern states. In 1864 the group helped pass the Wade-Davis Bill. This bill offered a very different Reconstruction Plan. What Lincoln thought: Lincoln believed the Radical Republican’s plan was too harsh, and he refused to sign the Wade-Davis Bill.

Meanwhile, Congress refused to grant statehood to any state that tried to reenter the

Union under Lincoln’s plan. The president and Congress had reached a standoff.

2. Draw a Venn Diagram to show the similarities and differences between the Ten Percent and Radical Republican plans for Reconstruction.

Ten Percent Plan Radical Republican Plan

The Freedmen’s BureauThough they could not agree on a plan for Reconstruction, Congress and President Lincoln

worked together to form a new government department called the Freemen’s Bureau in March 1865. The Freedmen’s Bureau helped poor Southerner’s, especially freed African Americans, adjust to their life after slavery. It provided food, clothing, and shelter. It set up schools. It helped people find work. It also helped some people get their own land to farm. Leaders like Frederick Douglass helped establish these things for newly freed African Americans.

3. Develop a slogan you might use if you were hired to promote the newly formed Freedmen’s Bureau. The slogan should include ideas that point out why the program is important to the future of the nation.

The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

Events took a dramatic turn on the night of April 14th, 1865. As the president enjoyed a play at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C., actor and Confederate sympathizer (supporter) John Wilkes Booth shot President Lincoln in the head. Lincoln

died hours later. Lincoln’s death came just 5 days after Lee surrendered to Grant to end the Civil War.

News of the president’s assassination shocked the nation. African Americans mourned the death of the man who helped bring an end to slavery. White Northerners grieved for the president who had restored the Union. Lincoln’s vice president, Andrew Johnson, assumed the position of president.

4. What impact do you think Lincoln’s death would have on plans for Reconstruction? (Give at least 2 impacts. Could be positive or negative.)

Johnson’s Reconstruction PlanVice President Andrew Johnson became president, and although he

was a Southerner, he had supported the Union during the war. He opposed equal rights for African Americans, however. After Lincoln’s death, Johnson put forward his own Reconstruction plan, which had different ideas than Lincoln’s plan.

With Johnson’s plan, he wanted to give amnesty to Southern leaders but ONLY IF they asked the president for that amnesty. By doing this, President Johnson wanted to humiliate the leaders whom he thought had tricked ordinary Southerners into the war. Similar to the Ten Percent and Radical Republican plans, Johnson still required states to adopt constitutions that banned slavery. In addition, Johnson required ALL states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. By the end of 1865, all former states except Texas had set up new governments under Johnson’s plan.

5. Describe how Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction differed from Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan and the plan by Radical Republicans.

6. What was the purpose of President Johnson requiring all Southern states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment before rejoining the Union?

DAYS 3 & 4:

Lesson 2: The Radicals Take ControlIt Matters Because: Reconstruction under the Radical Republicans advocated rights for African Americans and harsh treatment of former Confederates.

Protecting African Americans’ RightsIn 1865, former Confederate states began creating new governments. They elected

leaders to Congress, but the Radical Republicans would not seat them. They thought that President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan was too easy on the Southerners. Radicals wanted it to be difficult for Southerners to join the Union again.

Black Codes & Civil RightsEvents in the South seem to support the Radicals’ position on being tough on Southerners.

White people in the South were unhappy that they had lost the war. They were angry that the slaves had been freed. To keep control of former slaves, Southerners passed laws that were designed to control freed African Americans called black codes.

Some of these new laws made it illegal for African Americans to own or rent farms. Some made it easy for white employers to take advantage of African American workers. Others made it possible to fine or arrest African Americans who did not have jobs. In many ways, the black codes made life look much like slavery for African Americans.

1. Why did Southern states pass black codes?

Congress, unhappy with the black codes, wanted former slaves to free and equal. Congress did two things.

Congress’s Response to the Black Codes

Passed a bill allowing the Freedmen’s Bureau to set up courts to try people who violated the rights of African Americans.

Passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, granting citizenship to African Americans and giving the federal government new

President Johnson vetoed both bills. He argued that they were unconstitutional because they were passed without every state being represented in Congress. Because of this Radical Republicans were able to override, or overrule, each veto. Both bills became law.

2. Complete the chart below to show events that led to the passage of the Civil Rights act of 1866. Write the letter of each item in correct order going from left to right.

Congress’s Response to the Black Codes

Passed a bill allowing the Freedmen’s Bureau to set up courts to try people who violated the rights of African Americans.

Passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, granting citizenship to African Americans and giving the federal government new

Johnson vetoes the act

The Civil Rights Act

of 1866 becomes

law

C B A

The Fourteenth AmendmentCongress worried that the Civil

Rights Act of 1866 might be overturned in court, so it passed another amendment to the Constitution. While the Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment extended the rights of citizenship to African Americans.

Congress required the Southern states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before they could rejoin the Union. Most refused to do so. This made the Radical Republicans more determined than ever to treat the South harshly.

3. Why did Congress pass the Fourteenth Amendment?

4. Which of the above parts of the Fourteenth Amendment do you believe had the biggest POSITIVE effect on freed African Americans? Explain your answer

Radical Republicans in Charge

Radical Republicans were a powerful group in

Congress. They became even more powerful in 1866 when they won more seats in Congress, even though President Johnson campaigned against them. There was no way to stop them and so this period became known as Radical Reconstruction. The Radical Republicans passed the Radical Reconstruction Acts.

By 1867, only Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment and rejoined the Union. In response the Radical Republicans passed the First Reconstruction Act. This act placed the remaining 10 defiant states under military rule until new state governments could be formed. It also prohibited former Confederate leaders from serving in the new state governments and guaranteed African American men the right to vote.

The Second Reconstruction Act empowered the army to register voters in each district to help organize state conventions to write new state constitutions. Many Southerners did not vote, but many new African American men voted for Republicans who soon took control in the South.

5. Use the map to answer the following questions:

a) Florida was part of which military district?

b) What year did Florida rejoin the Union?

c) When did the last of the former Confederate states rejoin the Union?

6. Do you think the military rule of the 10 Southern states was necessary? Explain your answer.

Impeaching the PresidentSoutherners were now under the control of army generals. This angered Southerners and brought the many differences between the Radical Republicans in Congress and President Johnson to the boiling point. President Johnson strongly opposed the Reconstruction Acts that established military rule in the South. Although the laws had taken effect, there still was one way he could have a say in the process. As president, Johnson was in charge of the army and the generals who governed in the South, which meant he could

directly control Reconstruction. This gave President Johnson the power to avoid Congress and give his orders straight to his generals in the South.

7. Why was President Johnson technically able to control Reconstruction directly?

Knowing the powers President Johnson held, Congress tried to keep Johnson from becoming too powerful by passing laws to limit his power. One of these laws was the Tenure of Office Act which said the president could now fire any government officials without the Senate’s approval. They were afraid Johnson would fire the Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, who was a supporter of Radical Reconstruction. In response, President Johnson suspended Stanton, or temporarily stopped him from working, without the Senate’s approval. Because of this, the Radical Republicans responded strongly by voting to impeach Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act.

The impeachment trial ended when not enough senators voted to find Johnson guilty of any violations, so he remained president until 1868 when Ulysses S. Grant was elected.

8. What reason did Radical Republicans give for impeaching President Johnson? What other factors might have played a role in his impeachment?

The Fifteenth AmendmentIn 1869, Congress took one more major step in

Reconstruction by passing the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This amendment granted African American men the right to vote. When this amendment was ratified in 1870, many Americans thought Reconstruction was complete. However, there was still a long way to go before these rights were solidified for these newly freed African Americans.

9. What did the Fifteenth Amendment do? When was it ratified?

DAY 5:

Lesson 3: The South During ReconstructionIt Matters Because: Reconstruction brought significant – but not necessarily lasting – change to the South.

African Americans in Government

Reconstruction marked the first time African Americans participated in government. In some states, their votes helped produce victories for Republican candidates – including African American candidates, some white Southerners, and even whites from the North that had moved to the South. These elected officials helped to revise new state constitutions and pass laws in favor of public education and civil rights.

Many African Americans voted for Republican candidates because of the role the party and its leaders, like Abraham Lincoln, played in abolishing slavery and gaining other rights as citizens. Many candidates elected were African Americans who held top positions during Reconstruction. At one point, African Americans held the majority of elected positions in the lower house of the South Carolina legislature. African Americans served on the national level as well. Eighteen African Americans served in Congress between 1869 and 1880.

1. Why did so many African Americans support the Republican Party during the Reconstruction era?

2. Why was is so impactful that many African Americans were now a part of politics in the United States?

This picture shows Hiram Revels (right), the first African American elected to the Senate. Blanche Bruce (left) was the first African American senator to serve a full term.

The abolitionist and reformer Frederick Douglass is shown in the center.

3. In the picture above, how do the scenes around the portraits show how the lives of African Americans changed during the Civil War and Reconstruction?

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Most Southern whites opposed the Republican Party, but those that supported it were usually business people who had never owned slaves. These people were called scalawags by other Southern whites, a word meaning “scoundrel” or “worthless rascal”.

Republicans also had support from another group known as carpetbaggers. These were Northern whites who had moved to the South after the war, sometimes carrying their only belongings in cheap suitcases made of carpet fabric. Some carpetbaggers were dishonest people trying to take advantage of the difficult times in the South, but most were not. Many sincerely wanted to help rebuild the South.

4. How were scalawags and carpetbaggers similar? How were they different?

Resistance to ReconstructionLife during Reconstruction was difficult for African Americans. Most Southern whites did not want African Americans to have more or equal rights. Many white landowners often refused African Americans the right to rent land, store owners would not give them credit, and many employers would not hire them. Many of the jobs African Americans did get were the jobs whites did not want to do.

Even worse, African Americans were victims of violence. Secret societies like the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) used fear and violence to control African Americans. Klan members disguised themselves in white sheets and hoods, threatened, beat, and killed thousands of African Americans and their white friends and supporters. Many Democrats, planters, and other white Southerners supported the Klan and saw the violence as a way to oppose Republican power during Reconstruction. They would burn African American homes, schools, and churches.

In 1870 and 8171, Congress passed several laws to try to stop the growing Klan violence. These laws were not always effective because white Southerners often refused to testify against those in their own communities who had attacked African Americans and their white supporters.

5. Seeing why laws did not stop the Klan and its supporters during Reconstruction, what do you think is the main weakness of using laws as a tool for bringing about social change?

DAY 6:

Lesson 4: The Post-Reconstruction EraIt Matters Because: After Reconstruction, a “New South” emerged, but African Americans steadily LOST freedoms.

Reconstruction EndsAs a war hero, Ulysses S. Grant easily won election as president in 1868 & 1872.

Unfortunately, his terms in office were married by scandal and corruption. Then, an economic depression struck. A powerful bank went out of business, triggering a wave of fear known as the Panic of 1873. It set off a depression that lasted much of the 1870s.

The scandals and crumbling economy hurt the Republican Party. Democrats began to make gains in Congress in 1874 and Republicans lost many of their seats. Southern Democrats who came to power called themselves “redeemers” as they wanted to redeem, or save, their states from “black Republican” rule.

1. How did scandal and the Panic of 1873 impact the Republican Party? Why is that important?

The election of 1876 was a close one between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tilden. Neither candidate got the majority of the electoral votes so a special group was created to decide who would become president. Hayes (R) was named president in return for Republicans making many promises to Democrats. The most important was the withdrawal all troops from the South. The last troops left in 1877 and this marked the end of Reconstruction. Southerners now looked forward to a brighter future for the “New South”.

2. Why was the election of 1876 so important to both the Republican and Democratic Parties? What was promised for Hayes to become president?

The South’s Economy ChangesMany Southern leaders believed the South

should become more industrial as they believed this hindered them from beating the North in the Civil War. The New South would have industries that used the region’s coal, iron, tobacco, cotton, and lumber resources.

The South made great gains in the 1880s with textile mills, and all their industries boomed! This was due to the region’s natural resources and supply of cheap and reliable labor, and the repair of the railroads destroyed during the war.

Despite the gains, the South’s industries were not as strong as the North’s. The South remained mostly agricultural. Supporters of the changes in the South hoped agriculture would change too. They wanted small farms growing a variety of crops to replace huge cotton plantations. Many plantation owners were not willing to give up their large estates. When someone did give up and divide their estate, the lands were used for sharecropping and tenant farming which were not profitable long term.

Cotton remained the main cash crop. Higher cotton production drove cotton prices down, which caused people to plant more cotton to make more money. This vicious cycle led to much debt among farmers which took years or lifetimes to pay off. For many, conditions were little better than slavery.

3. What happened when estates were divided in the South? What impact did this have economically on the people?

Jim Crow LawsOnce Reconstruction

was over and the protection of Union troops in the South was gone, new rights given to African Americans began to slowly fade away. Many Southern states imposed voting restrictions, clearly violating the Fifteenth Amendment. Such restrictions and the constant threat of violence caused African American voting to decline sharply.

Other laws also discriminated against African Americans. In the 1800s, segregation was common in

the South. These laws separated people by races in public places. These laws were known as Jim Crow Laws.

In 1896, the US Supreme Court maintained segregation laws in the case Plessy v. Ferguson that involved a Louisiana law that required separate sections on trains for African Americans. It said that segregation was legal as long as the separate facilities were equal for whites and African Americans. Southern states would spend much more money on schools and other facilities for whites than those of African Americans. In their eyes, “equal” meant they had some kind of access to the same facilities. This doctrine would guide legal policies for more than 50 years.

Violence against African Americans also rose in those years. One form of violence was lynching, in which angry mobs killed people by hanging them. White mobs lynched many African Americans in the South. Some African Americans were lynched because they were suspected of crimes – others because they did not act as whites thought they should. Some African Americans escaped the South by joining the Army.

4. What are three things that Southern whites did to limit African Americans’ voting rights, and how did they work?

5. What was the significance of the grandfather clause in the South? What did it do and NOT do?

6. What did the Plessy v. Ferguson case do for the South?

Reconstructions ImpactImportant accomplishments were achieved during Reconstruction. The South rebuilt its

economy. African Americans gained citizenship and participated in government as voters and elected officials. Yet it also had tragic failures. Much of the South remained agricultural and poor. Voting restrictions, Jim Crow laws, and violence took away many rights new won by African Americans. Yet, the seeds of freedom and equality had been planted. For a long time, African Americans struggled to gain their full rights.

7. What do you think was the most important accomplishment of Reconstruction? Biggest failure?

8. How did the South after Reconstruction compare to the South before the Civil War?