The Colors/Ecosolutions FCM Project: Using Bats as a part of Integrated Pest Management

Background

Bats belong to the order of mammals called Chiroptera, meaning ‘hand-wing’. There are more than 1100 species of bats found worldwide of which South Africa is home to at least 56. The order Chiroptera is subdivided into two main groups, both of which play extremely important roles in ecosystems. Megachiroptera or fruit eating bats are responsible for seed dispersal and the pollination of huge tracts of land whilst Microchiroptera or insect eating bats play an important role in pest control and can eat up to 1/3 of their body weight each night. Insectivorous bats are by far the larger group and should be welcome guests in any ecosystem, a colony of 300 000 Schreibers long-fingered bats (Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis) in the De Hoop Nature Reserve consumes an estimated 100 tonnes of insects annually, making an invaluable contribution to the pest control on farms in the Bredasdorp area.

There are at least 12 bat species occurring in the Western and Eastern Cape, the more common insectivorous bats occurring in the area are:

Table 1: Commonly found Insectivorous bats in the Western and Eastern Cape

Common Name Latin Name Peak Echolocation FreqCape Serotine Bat Neoromicia capensis 39Egyptian Free-tailed Bat Tadarida aegyptiacus 23Melck’s Serotine Bat Neoromicia melckorumEgyptian Slit-Faced Bat Nycteris thebaica 44 & 46Schreiber’s Long-Fingered Bat Miniopterus natalensis 39Geoffroy’s horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus clivosus 94Cape horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus capensis 83.9 Temminck’s Myotis Myotis tricolor 47.8

Western Cape Sites

6 farms in the Western Cape were selected, of these 2 were located in the Citrusdal valley some 10kms south of Citrusdal, 2 more were located in the Paarl/Wellington area with the final 2 farms on the Theewaterskloof dam.

The 2 farms in Citrusdal, Rivierplaas and Oukraal are both Citrus farms. Rivierplaas currently has approximately 80ha under citrus whilst Oukraal currently has around 40ha with large areas for expansion. Both farms are located along the Olifants River with access to abundant water sources from both the river as well as large irrigation dams.

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Figure 1: Aerial imagery of both farms, Rivierplaas and Oukraal, located in the Olifants River valley

2 additional farms situated in the Wellington area were also selected to receive bat houses. The predominant crops from these 2 farms are stone fruit, with Plums, Nectarines and Peaches making up the majority of the crops. Whilst the Olifants River provided a very prominent water source further north in Citrusdal, there is no significant river in close proximity to these farms. There are however numerous irrigation dams spread out across the farms which provide a readily available water source.

Theewaterskloof and Boskloof, the final 2 farms selected to receive bat houses in the Western Cape can be distinguished from the rest of the farms, both as a a result of the significantly larger size, a combined 300 hectares under apples, pears and plums, as well as their location at a higher altitude. The surrounding habitat which is mountainous is primarily coniferous, and the farms have about 600 hectares of pine tree plantations.

Figure 2: Aerial imagery of the Theewaterskloof Dam area showing the locations of Boskloof and Theewaterskloof farms and Villiersdorp.

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Site Habitat

The parameters for site selection are as follows:

Proximity to water is essential and houses are installed within 500m of water where possible Sites should be proximal to orchards, particularly those known to have severe pest problems

although placement of bat houses within orchards is not preferable as orchards are regularly sprayed with pesticides

Where farms do border on un-cultivated bush, sites proximal to the boundaries are preferable

CitrusdalThe Citrusdal valley, with the Olifants River running through it provides a rich and varied ecology with plenty of water sources. The abundance of rich fynbos and the relatively low density of farming provide a good mosaic allowing for a broad range of feeding habitats.

The usual recommendation is to place houses in such a way so that the entrance to the house is at least 2.5m above the ground. This is to allow the bats sufficient time to get into full flight as the drop out as well as ensuring safety from any ground predators. Whilst most farms tend to have at least one large shed which provides a good site, additional suitable buildings, that provide a high enough installation site, are not always available.

This was the case on Rivierplaas where 1 installation was done on the West facing wall of a large corrugated steel shed, whilst the remaining houses were all installed on poll sites. The rich diversity of fauna on the farm provided ample sites for these, as did the readily available sources of water in the form of a large irrigation dam and the Olifants River. The remaining 3 sites were all proximal to water, <150m from either the river or the irrigation dam, and were located in areas where natural fauna was also prevalent.

Figure 3: Aerial imagery indicating selected sites for installations on Rivierplaas. Poll sites are located at River North, Dam and River South whilst the Shed provided a location for the building mounted bat houses.

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Oukraal is a new farm with large areas of open land that have been earmarked for planting within the next few years. The farm borders the Olifants River some 7km south of Rivierplaas with large areas of bush interspersed between the orchards. The farm only offered one large farm building with a site at the desired height however a night time survey indicated bats using a much smaller store room as a roost.

Figure 4: Aerial imagery indicating installation sites on Oukraal. Poll sites are located at East, Store Room Poll and River South whilst the Store Room and Shed to the East provided locations for building mountings.

A day time inspection showed the bats, N. capensis, were using the hollow concrete bricks of the west facing wall of the building as a day roost as well. We therefore decided to install 2 Slimline houses on the west and north facing walls of this building despite the entrances of the houses being only 1.5m above the ground. Another poll site installation was carried out on a nearby ½ ha grassy area. The area provides a small island which is surrounded by a large number of orchards, thus creating an ideal location.

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Figure 5: Aerial imagery at a higher magnification indicating the extent to which open areas and wild fauna are prevalent on the Western boarder of Oukraal. These conditions provide ideal conditions for bats, allowing them to seek prey in the open bushveld when not readily available in the orchards. Note also the Olifants River to the West of the image.

Additional sites were situated some 2 km to the east where the farm boarders on the Cederberg wilderness area. The open veld provides an ideal alternative source of feeding grounds to the orchards; whilst the addition of 2 nearby 6m diameter open irrigation tanks provide ready access water. The primary farm building was located in this area and due to it already playing host to bat observed bats was selected for an additional 3 houses.

Wellington

Welgemoed, located some 6km to the North of Wellington is situated in a high density farming area with cultivated land surrounding the farm on all sides. Whilst the farming style is far more intense, there is also a greater variety of crops being cultivated helping to dissipate any issues associated with a monoculture landscape. The large number of irrigation dams on both farms also provides ideal locations for installations due to bats preference to roost in close proximity to water.

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Figure 6: Aerial imagery indicating the layout of installation sites on Welgemoed. The Farmyard and Station Building provided suitable locations for mounting on buildings. The Filter site installation is located just west of a plum orchard that is known to be a hot spot for FCM problems and was hence chosen as a site. The open field to the South of the installation is currently being prepared for additional plum orchards.

Dams provided locations for 2 of the 3 poll site installations at Welgemoed, one being located to the east of the primary dam with the other being located in an elevated position on the wall of the smaller dam. An additional poll site was located to the South-West of the larger dam bordering on a plum orchard known to be a hot spot for FCM. The orchard is located on north facing slope and the current primary method of FCM dissipation is mating disruption using pheromones. Pheromones from the female FCM are introduced into the orchard as a means to ‘confuse’ the males who cannot locate females due to the abundance of pheromone in the air. Pheromones are heavier than air and as a result this method shows an increasing efficacy descending down the slope. With an array of bat houses installed towards the upper parts of the slope it will be possible to observe any related impact as this gradient will be affected.

Additional installations were carried out surrounding the main farmyard, which is a central location on the farm, as well as on a seldom used station building about 200m north-east of a large pomegranate orchard.

Farm Valence is also a predominantly stone fruit farm with the primary crops being Nectarines and Plums. The farm is located 12.5km south west of Welgemoed as the crow flies and is also in a similarly high density farming area although much of the surrounding landscape appears to be used for livestock farming. The farm itself is dominated by orchards with only 1-2 hectares of open land. The large number of irrigation dams however provided ample locations for installations and were selected as sites for all 3 of the poll site. The large extent of windbreaks in the form of 20-30m high conifers could however provide a barrier to the easy flight of bats around the farm.

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Figure 7: Aerial imagery indication installation sites on Valence. Note the far higher density of farming in the area compared with farms in the Olifants Valley. Also to be noted is the large number of irrigation dams which provided locations for all poll site installations. An existing roost was located in the North Eastern wall of the Store Room.

3 poll sites were selected on the farm and all of these were located within 100m of an irrigation dam, satisfying one of the primary factors in roost selection for bats, water proximity. On evening surveys it was also noted that regular bats were detected on transects around dams. Of the poll sites, we selected one site that was proximal to a plum orchard suffering relatively severe FCM problems and it is hoped that any impact as a result of the bats will be easily noted in this area.

Locating suitable buildings to install bat houses on proved challenging here as well and whilst there were several pump/filter houses located around the farm, these were usually too low to provide suitable installation sites. As a result the main farm yard, with a high pack house was selected as the location for a house whilst a suitably tall pump house provided a location for an additional slim line house. Whilst surveying another farm building a current bat roost was located with suspected T aegyptiaca inhabiting a north facing wall under an overhang. As a result it was decided to locate an additional 3 Slimline houses on the building.

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Figure 8: Image of an existing roost in the Store Room on Valence. A small entry site can be seen to the right of the truss. There are currently T. aegyptiaca roosting although the size of the roost is unknown. Additional Slimline bat houses were installed on the North Western and South Eastern walls.

Theewaterskloof

The Theewaterskloof area, due to its slightly colder climate, particular at higher altitudes in the surrounding mountains, provides ideal conditions for Pears and Apples and these are the predominant crops on Boskloof and Theewaterskloof (TWK) farms with plums also making up part of the crop. The farms boarder each other however TWK occupies the lower part of the farm whilst Boskloof ranges between an altitude of 750-950m, significantly higher than the nearby Theewaterskloof Valley at about 330m. These conditions result in a significantly cooler microclimate where temperatures can be up to 7⁰C lower than the valley below. This impacts on the location of bat houses, particularly as snow is frequent in the winter and night time temperatures can fall below -4⁰C.

As a result the majority of site were situated on the lower farm with 1 poll site and 1 building site located on Boskloof. The building was a disused old dorm and an emergent survey indicated at least 15 bats roosting in the north facing wall of the building. The thick concrete walls, with their high heat retention properties will most likely provide a relatively constant internal temperature, whilst the ply-board walls of the bat house will not be able to retain heat as efficiently, placing the box on the wall under an eave should improve this.

The site for the poll installation was selected for its proximity to water as well as the somewhat sheltered location that the surrounding bush provided. The box was installed in a North/South manner and in full sun to take advantage of any warmth during the colder winter months.

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Figure 9: The locations of the 2 sites on Boskloof. Note the steep mountains surrounding the farm.

The majority of the orchards are located on the lower TWK farm and are in a much denser format. There is a small river crossing the farm which provided a good location for 2 poll site installations. Both of these were also located close to older plum orchards where higher damage as a result of FCM occurs. Other than the river, the only other water sources come from one large irrigation dam (area ±2.5ha) and a smaller secondary irrigation dam (area ±0.5ha). Both dams have raised locations surrounded by orchards and provided sites for the final 2 poll sites.

The abundance of suitable buildings on the farm meant that all Slimline houses could be located on buildings. This is an important factor to consider as the thin design of the box is best suited to placement on walls where the added heat emitted by the wall during the night helps retain a higher temperature in the bat house.

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Figure 10: Locations of installation sites on TWK

Bat Surveys

CitrusdalSurveys throughout the Oukraal and Rivierplaas farms indicated bat roosts at a number of different sites on both farms. All located roosts were in buildings although there is a possibility that larger roosts could be found in the surrounding Cederberg Wilderness area particularly as there are a number of caves, for example the Stadsaal Caves. These could provide roost sites for larger colonies which may well feed the new roost sites being created. Several outbuildings around both farms played host to Neoromicia capensis, who tend to roost within the hollow concrete bricks that are used in a large number of these buildings. Whilst Tadarida Aegyptiaca, were not directly observed, their echolocation calls were detected on night time surveys.

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Figure 11: Sonographic representation of an echolocation call recorded on Oukraal. The reverse tick shape of the image is indicative of a frequency modulated call and shows the peak frequency to be around 40 kHz typical of the call of N. Capensis.

Throughout the surveys there were much higher densities of bats observed near buildings. Although it was not always possible to directly observe whether the bats were using these buildings as a roost site this is likely to be the case. Where bats were observed entering wall cavities it was interesting to note that some of these entrances were not more than 1.5m off the ground indicating that placing bat houses at heights over 3m may not always be necessary, see Figure 9.

Figure 12: Image indicating a Slimline house adjacent to a pre-existing roost. The roost was located within the hollow concrete bricks and the bats gained entrance through a small cavity in the right air vent.

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With this in mind, it is still preferable, particularly to encourage nursing colonies, where the females will require the added security of being higher off the ground. Interestingly, the bats were roosting in the West facing wall of the store room which was in shade for the majority of the day due to a large overhang provided by the corrugated iron roof. On inspection at around 16h00 the external surface of the wall was only 21⁰C whilst the inside temperature was approximately 19⁰C. Whilst these temperatures are lower than the expected ‘preference temperatures’ of bats it is likely, that due to the thick concrete bricks, the temperatures remain relatively constant.

Wellington

Whilst no roosts were located, surveys around Welgemoed indicated a large extent of bats throughout the farm with larger numbers proximal to the 2 irrigation dams. Analysis of echolocation calls indicated possible species to be Scotophilus dinganii or possibly N. capensis as well as T. Aegyptiaca.

Transects across Valence provided evidence of a number of bats foraging in the area with the distinctive feeding buzz of the echolocation indicating bats were actively seeking prey. Whilst bats were predominantly found closer to water sources, several were also observed flying within orchards. An inspection of an old store room on the farm revealed an existing roost, as indicated by in Figure 7. The wall was north east facing but received little to no direct sunlight due to an overhanging corrugated iron roof. Despite this the outside temperature of the wall was approximately 23⁰C at 19h30 indicating that the high summer temperatures in the area do not necessitate direct sunlight in order to raise temperatures enough for bat habitation.

Surveys in the nearby Bains Kloof, indicated a significant number of bats around buildings as well as along the river. Although the pass is about 800m higher than the valley below and considerably windier similar species were also observed indicating the adaptability of bats.

Theewaterskloof

The large size of the 2 farms provided a much greater scope for evening surveys and an abundance of bats were observed on both farms despite the cooler temperatures on Boskloof. A combination of both transect surveys and emergent surveys were conducted and which provided evidence for a roost of at least 15 T. aegyptiaca as well as indications that bats were feeding within the orchards. A large spotlight mounted outside the farm office on Boskloof created a feeding mêlée for at least 3 different species of bats, T. aegyptiaca, N. Capensis as well as the less seen R. Clivosus (as identified by echolocation calls), and it was noted that extensive measures had been taken to exclude bats from the office roof.

It had been noted that the empty bins used during harvest time, and which are stored at various locations around the farm, provided a reservoir for moths. Whilst significantly greater quantities of moths were not observed in these areas it was noted that bats were prevalent and the distinctive feeding buzz was frequently heard indicating foraging behaviour.

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Appendix 1: Details of all Bat Houses installed in the Western Cape ordered by latitude.

FarmNearest Town Site

Type of House

Co-ordinates (Lat)

Co-ordinates (Lon) Direction Date Erected ID Mounting Seeded

Height (m)

Rivierplaas Citrusdal Shed Slimline 32°37'18.27"S 19° 1'4.45"E West 22/11/2011 93 Building No 5Rivierplaas Citrusdal Shed Nursery 32°37'18.27"S 19° 1'4.45"E West 22/11/2011 94 Building No 5Rivierplaas Citrusdal Shed Slimline 32°37'18.27"S 19° 1'4.45"E West 22/11/2011 95 Building No 5Rivierplaas Citrusdal Dam Old George 32°37'23.69"S 19° 1'15.74"E North West 21/11/2011 81 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal Dam Old George 32°37'23.69"S 19° 1'15.74"E South East 21/11/2011 82 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal Dam 6 Chamber 32°37'23.69"S 19° 1'15.74"E North West 21/11/2011 83 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal Dam 6 Chamber 32°37'23.69"S 19° 1'15.74"E South East 21/11/2011 84 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal Dam Nursery 32°37'23.69"S 19° 1'15.74"E North West 21/11/2011 85 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal Dam Nursery 32°37'23.69"S 19° 1'15.74"E South East 21/11/2011 86 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal River South Old George 32°37'37.81"S 19° 0'50.00"E West 22/11/2011 87 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal River South Old George 32°37'37.81"S 19° 0'50.00"E East 22/11/2011 88 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal River South 6 Chamber 32°37'37.81"S 19° 0'50.00"E West 22/11/2011 89 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal River South 6 Chamber 32°37'37.81"S 19° 0'50.00"E East 22/11/2011 90 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal River South Nursery 32°37'37.81"S 19° 0'50.00"E West 22/11/2011 91 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal River South Slimline 32°37'37.81"S 19° 0'50.00"E East 22/11/2011 92 Poll No 2.4Rivierplaas Citrusdal River North Slimline 32°37'8.31"S 19° 0'53.60"E East 22/11/2011 96 Poll No 2.8Rivierplaas Citrusdal River North Slimline 32°37'8.31"S 19° 0'53.60"E West 22/11/2011 97 Poll No 2.8Rivierplaas Citrusdal River North Old George 32°37'8.31"S 19° 0'53.60"E East 22/11/2011 98 Poll No 2.8Rivierplaas Citrusdal River North 6 Chamber 32°37'8.31"S 19° 0'53.60"E West 22/11/2011 99 Poll No 2.8Rivierplaas Citrusdal River North Nursery 32°37'8.31"S 19° 0'53.60"E East 22/11/2011 100 Poll No 2.8Oukraal Citrusdal East Old George 32°39'41.37"S 19° 3'15.67"E East 24/11/2011 101 Poll Yes 2.8Oukraal Citrusdal East Old George 32°39'41.37"S 19° 3'15.67"E West 24/11/2011 102 Poll Yes 2.2Oukraal Citrusdal East 6 Chamber 32°39'41.37"S 19° 3'15.67"E East 24/11/2011 103 Poll Yes 2.2Oukraal Citrusdal East 6 Chamber 32°39'41.37"S 19° 3'15.67"E West 24/11/2011 104 Poll Yes 2.2Oukraal Citrusdal East Nursery 32°39'41.37"S 19° 3'15.67"E East 24/11/2011 105 Poll Yes 2.2

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Oukraal Citrusdal East Nursery 32°39'41.37"S 19° 3'15.67"E West 24/11/2011 106 Poll Yes 2.2Oukraal Citrusdal Shed Slimline 32°39'45.60"S 19° 3'9.86"E North 24/11/2011 107 Building Yes 4.4Oukraal Citrusdal Shed Nursery 32°39'45.60"S 19° 3'9.86"E North 24/11/2011 108 Building Yes 4.4Oukraal Citrusdal Shed Slimline 32°39'45.60"S 19° 3'9.86"E West 24/11/2011 109 Building Yes 3Oukraal Citrusdal Store Room Poll 6 Chamber 32°40'32.36"S 19° 1'52.99"E East 23/11/2011 110 Poll Yes 2.8Oukraal Citrusdal Store Room Poll Old George 32°40'32.36"S 19° 1'52.99"E West 23/11/2011 111 Poll Yes 2.8Oukraal Citrusdal Store Room Poll Slimline 32°40'32.36"S 19° 1'52.99"E East 23/11/2011 112 Poll Yes 2.8Oukraal Citrusdal Store Room Poll Nursery 32°40'32.36"S 19° 1'52.99"E West 23/11/2011 113 Poll Yes 2.8Oukraal Citrusdal Store Room Slimline 32°40'33.16"S 19° 1'53.67"E North 23/11/2011 114 Building No 1.7Oukraal Citrusdal Store Room Slimline 32°40'33.16"S 19° 1'53.67"E West 23/11/2011 115 Building No 1.2Oukraal Citrusdal River South Old George 32°40'46.29"S 19° 1'37.52"E North 24/11/2011 116 Poll No 2.9Oukraal Citrusdal River South Old George 32°40'46.29"S 19° 1'37.52"E South 24/11/2011 117 Poll No 2.9Oukraal Citrusdal River South 6 Chamber 32°40'46.29"S 19° 1'37.52"E North 24/11/2011 118 Poll No 2.9Oukraal Citrusdal River South 6 Chamber 32°40'46.29"S 19° 1'37.52"E South 24/11/2011 119 Poll No 2.9Oukraal Citrusdal River South Nursery 32°40'46.29"S 19° 1'37.52"E North 24/11/2011 120 Poll No 2.9Oukraal Citrusdal River South Slimline 32°40'46.29"S 19° 1'37.52"E South 24/11/2011 121 Poll No 2.9Welgemoed Wellington Station Building Slimline 33°34'47.13"S 18°58'59.31"E North 27/11/2011 122 Building No 4.6Welgemoed Wellington Station Building Slimline 33°34'47.13"S 18°58'59.31"E South 27/11/2011 123 Building No 4.6Welgemoed Wellington Farmyard Slimline 33°35'14.76"S 18°59'17.59"E East 27/11/2011 124 Building No 4.5Welgemoed Wellington Farmyard Slimline 33°35'14.76"S 18°59'17.59"E East 27/11/2011 125 Building No 4.5Welgemoed Wellington Farmyard Slimline 33°35'14.76"S 18°59'17.59"E South 27/11/2011 126 Building No 5Welgemoed Wellington Filter Station Old George 33°35'21.34"S 18°58'50.11"E East 28/11/2011 127 Poll Yes 4Welgemoed Wellington Filter Station Old George 33°35'21.34"S 18°58'50.11"E West 28/11/2011 128 Poll Yes 4Welgemoed Wellington Filter Station Nursery 33°35'21.34"S 18°58'50.11"E East 28/11/2011 129 Poll Yes 4Welgemoed Wellington Filter Station Nursery 33°35'21.34"S 18°58'50.11"E West 28/11/2011 130 Poll Yes 4Welgemoed Wellington Filter Station 6 Chamber 33°35'21.34"S 18°58'50.11"E East 28/11/2011 131 Poll Yes 4Welgemoed Wellington Filter Station 6 Chamber 33°35'21.34"S 18°58'50.11"E West 28/11/2011 132 Poll Yes 4Welgemoed Wellington Small Dam Wall Old George 33°35'27.34"S 18°59'23.93"E East 28/11/2011 133 Poll Yes 3.8Welgemoed Wellington Small Dam Wall Old George 33°35'27.34"S 18°59'23.93"E West 28/11/2011 134 Poll Yes 3.8Welgemoed Wellington Small Dam Wall 6 Chamber 33°35'27.34"S 18°59'23.93"E East 28/11/2011 135 Poll Yes 3.8

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Welgemoed Wellington Small Dam Wall Nursery 33°35'27.34"S 18°59'23.93"E West 28/11/2011 136 Poll Yes 3.8Welgemoed Wellington Managers House Old George 33°35'7.19"S 18°59'3.23"E North 28/11/2011 137 Poll Yes 3.9Welgemoed Wellington Managers House 6 Chamber 33°35'7.19"S 18°59'3.23"E North 28/11/2011 138 Poll Yes 3.9Welgemoed Wellington Managers House 6 Chamber 33°35'7.19"S 18°59'3.23"E South 28/11/2011 139 Poll Yes 3.9Welgemoed Wellington Managers House Nursery 33°35'7.19"S 18°59'3.23"E North 28/11/2011 140 Poll Yes 3.9Welgemoed Wellington Managers House Nursery 33°35'7.19"S 18°59'3.23"E South 28/11/2011 141 Poll Yes 3.9Valence Wellington Over Road Old George 33°40'13.68"S 18°53'41.45"E East 28/11/2011 142 Poll Yes 4Valence Wellington Over Road Old George 33°40'13.68"S 18°53'41.45"E West 28/11/2011 143 Poll Yes 4Valence Wellington Over Road 6 Chamber 33°40'13.68"S 18°53'41.45"E East 28/11/2011 144 Poll Yes 4Valence Wellington Over Road 6 Chamber 33°40'13.68"S 18°53'41.45"E West 28/11/2011 145 Poll Yes 4Valence Wellington Over Road Nursery 33°40'13.68"S 18°53'41.45"E East 28/11/2011 146 Poll Yes 4Valence Wellington Over Road Nursery 33°40'13.68"S 18°53'41.45"E West 28/11/2011 147 Poll Yes 4Valence Wellington Lower Dam Old George 33°40'18.30"S 18°53'53.40"E North 29/11/2011 158 Poll Yes 3.6Valence Wellington Lower Dam Old George 33°40'18.30"S 18°53'53.40"E South 29/11/2011 159 Poll Yes 3.6Valence Wellington Lower Dam 6 Chamber 33°40'18.30"S 18°53'53.40"E North 29/11/2011 160 Poll Yes 3.6Valence Wellington Lower Dam Nursery 33°40'18.30"S 18°53'53.40"E South 29/11/2011 161 Poll Yes 3.6

Valence WellingtonLower Dam Pump House Slimline 33°40'20.89"S 18°53'47.85"E North 29/11/2011 157 Building Yes 2.9

Valence Wellington Store Room Slimline 33°40'30.58"S 18°54'16.44"E North West 29/11/2011 153 Building Yes 5Valence Wellington Store Room Slimline 33°40'30.58"S 18°54'16.44"E North West 29/11/2011 154 Building Yes 5Valence Wellington Store Room Slimline 33°40'30.58"S 18°54'16.44"E South East 29/11/2011 155 Building Yes 5.3Valence Wellington Pack house Slimline 33°40'39.46"S 18°53'45.49"E West 29/11/2011 156 Building Yes 4Valence Wellington Trial Orchard Old George 33°40'43.42"S 18°53'47.19"E West 29/11/2011 148 Poll Yes 4.2Valence Wellington Trial Orchard 6 Chamber 33°40'43.42"S 18°53'47.19"E West 29/11/2011 149 Poll Yes 4.2Valence Wellington Trial Orchard 6 Chamber 33°40'43.42"S 18°53'47.19"E East 29/11/2011 150 Poll Yes 4.2Valence Wellington Trial Orchard Nursery 33°40'43.42"S 18°53'47.19"E West 29/11/2011 151 Poll Yes 4.2Valence Wellington Trial Orchard Nursery 33°40'43.42"S 18°53'47.19"E East 29/11/2011 152 Poll Yes 4.2Boskloof Villiersdorp Old Dorm Slimline 34° 1'41.83"S 19°21'5.04"E East 04/12/2011 162 Building No 3.4Boskloof Villiersdorp Old Dorm Slimline 34° 1'41.83"S 19°21'5.04"E North 04/12/2011 163 Building No 3.4Boskloof Villiersdorp Top Dam Old George 34° 1'8.04"S 19°21'17.78"E East 03/12/2011 164 Poll Yes 2.7

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Boskloof Villiersdorp Top Dam Old George 34° 1'8.04"S 19°21'17.78"E West 03/12/2011 165 Poll Yes 2.7Boskloof Villiersdorp Top Dam Nursery 34° 1'8.04"S 19°21'17.78"E East 03/12/2011 166 Poll Yes 2.7Boskloof Villiersdorp Top Dam Nursery 34° 1'8.04"S 19°21'17.78"E West 03/12/2011 167 Poll Yes 2.7Boskloof Villiersdorp Top Dam 6 Chamber 34° 1'8.04"S 19°21'17.78"E East 03/12/2011 168 Poll Yes 2.7Boskloof Villiersdorp Top Dam 6 Chamber 34° 1'8.04"S 19°21'17.78"E West 03/12/2011 169 Poll Yes 2.7Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp River North Old George 34° 2'32.31"S 19°18'59.60"E North 02/12/2011 181 Poll Yes 3.1Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp River North Old George 34° 2'32.31"S 19°18'59.60"E South 02/12/2011 182 Poll Yes 3.1Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp River North Nursery 34° 2'32.31"S 19°18'59.60"E North 02/12/2011 183 Poll Yes 3.1Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp River North Nursery 34° 2'32.31"S 19°18'59.60"E South 02/12/2011 184 Poll Yes 3.1Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp River North 6 Chamber 34° 2'32.31"S 19°18'59.60"E North 02/12/2011 185 Poll Yes 3.1Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp River North 6 Chamber 34° 2'32.31"S 19°18'59.60"E South 02/12/2011 186 Poll Yes 3.1Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Main Dam Old George 34° 2'33.05"S 19°19'33.07"E East 03/12/2011 187 Poll Yes 3.2Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Main Dam Old George 34° 2'33.05"S 19°19'33.07"E West 03/12/2011 188 Poll Yes 3.2Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Main Dam Nursery 34° 2'33.05"S 19°19'33.07"E East 03/12/2011 189 Poll Yes 3.2Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Main Dam Nursery 34° 2'33.05"S 19°19'33.07"E West 03/12/2011 190 Poll Yes 3.2Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Main Dam 6 Chamber 34° 2'33.05"S 19°19'33.07"E East 03/12/2011 191 Poll Yes 3.2Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Main Dam 6 Chamber 34° 2'33.05"S 19°19'33.07"E West 03/12/2011 192 Poll Yes 3.2Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Cottage Slimline 34° 2'36.80"S 19°19'28.77"E East 04/12/2011 193 Building Yes 4.5Theewaterskloo Villiersdorp Cottage Slimline 34° 2'36.80"S 19°19'28.77"E West 04/12/2011 194 Building Yes 4.5

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fTheewaterskloof Villiersdorp River South Old George 34° 2'44.91"S 19°18'44.11"E North 02/12/2011 175 Poll Yes 2.7Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp River South Old George 34° 2'44.91"S 19°18'44.11"E South 02/12/2011 176 Poll Yes 2.7Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp River South Nursery 34° 2'44.91"S 19°18'44.11"E North 02/12/2011 177 Poll Yes 2.7Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp River South Nursery 34° 2'44.91"S 19°18'44.11"E South 02/12/2011 178 Poll Yes 2.7Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp River South 6 Chamber 34° 2'44.91"S 19°18'44.11"E North 02/12/2011 179 Poll Yes 2.7Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp River South 6 Chamber 34° 2'44.91"S 19°18'44.11"E South 02/12/2011 180 Poll Yes 2.7Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Lower Bin Store Slimline 34° 2'45.33"S 19°18'30.04"E North 04/12/2011 173 Building No 5.4Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Lower Bin Store Slimline 34° 2'45.33"S 19°18'30.04"E South 04/12/2011 174 Building No 5.4Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Shed Slimline 34° 3'1.55"S 19°18'17.53"E East 04/12/2011 171 Building No 5.6Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Shed Slimline 34° 3'1.55"S 19°18'17.53"E West 04/12/2011 172 Building No 5.6Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp

Boskloof Small Dam Slimline 34° 3'3.69"S 19°19'28.58"E East 04/12/2011 201 Building Yes 1.5

Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp Offices Slimline 34° 3'3.77"S 19°18'13.49"E South 04/12/2011 170 Building No 3.8Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp East Dam Old George 34° 3'6.25"S 19°19'33.63"E East 03/12/2011 195 Poll Yes 2.8Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp East Dam Old George 34° 3'6.25"S 19°19'33.63"E West 03/12/2011 196 Poll Yes 2.8Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp East Dam Nursery 34° 3'6.25"S 19°19'33.63"E East 03/12/2011 197 Poll Yes 2.8Theewaterskloo Villiersdorp East Dam Nursery 34° 3'6.25"S 19°19'33.63"E West 03/12/2011 198 Poll Yes 2.8

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fTheewaterskloof Villiersdorp East Dam 6 Chamber 34° 3'6.25"S 19°19'33.63"E East 03/12/2011 199 Poll Yes 2.8Theewaterskloof Villiersdorp East Dam 6 Chamber 34° 3'6.25"S 19°19'33.63"E West 03/12/2011 200 Poll Yes 2.8

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