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Period 4 Exam: Global Interactions, 1450-1750 CE

8) The painting above by the Italian artist Agostino Brunias of the “Linen Market” on the island of Dominca, Caribbean in the mid-eighteenth century supports which of the following conclusions about the new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres?

(A) European elites remained isolated from their subjects in new maritime empires.(B) Mercantilism was successful in the creation of a tightly controlled trade in luxury

goods.(C) Gender roles were enforced that excluded women from participating in public life. (D)African, American, and European peoples mixed in the emerging Atlantic cultural

system.

Key Concept 4.1.IV.D Theme 2: Culture Skills: Interpretation

She will endeavor to reform the administration of justice and to invigorate the laws; but her policies will be based on Machiavellianism; and I should not be surprised if in this field she rivals the king of Prussia. She will adopt the prejudices of her entourage regarding the superiority of her power and will endeavor to win respect not by the sincerity and probity [integrity] of her actions but also by an ostentatious display of her strength. Haughty as she is, she will stubbornly pursue her undertakings and will rarely retrace a false step. Cunning and falsity appear to be vices in her character; woe to him who puts too much trust in her.

~French diplomat writing home about Catherine the Great, 18th Century


9) The tone of the diplomat’s letter is:(A) Scornful (B) Admiring (C) Warning (D) Threatening

KC: 4.3.I Theme: State-Building Expansion and Conflict Skill: Historical InterpretationWorld Population (in millions)

YEAR ASIA EUROPE Russia AFRICA AMERICAS World

1400 201 52 13 68 46 382

1500 245 67 17 87 57.5 476.5

1600 338 89 22 113 13 578

1700 433 95 30 107 12 680

1750 500 111 35 104 18 771

Use the chart above to answer questions 1 through 3.

1) Which of the following was most responsible for the greatest demographic change on the chart above?

(A) New World foods like corn and cassava(B) Diseases like smallpox(C) Warfare between empires(D) Long distance migration

2) From 1600 to 1750, the main reason for the population change in Africa was due to:(A) the introduction of New World foods such as cassava (manioc)(B) warfare between rival kingdoms(C) the trans-Atlantic slave trade(D) decline in trans-Saharan trade

3) When looking at the total world population from 1400-1750, which of the following was most responsible for the change?

(A) The Columbian Exchange.

(B) A general time of peace and no major wars.(C) Better global sanitation and clean water.(D) Major increase in trade along the Silk Road.

"In the city of Manila on the Island of Luzon, Head of the Philippines, shall reside another Royal Audience and Chancellery of ours, with a president, who shall be governor and captain general…and the other necessary ministers and officials; and which shall have control over said Island of Luzon, the rest of the Philippines, the Archipelago of China, its Mainland, discovered and to be discovered (in the future).”

--Laws of the Philippines, in Laws of the Kingdom of Spain in the Indies, 1680 C.E.


4) These laws would be most useful for a historian in their study of the Spanish empires’:(A) regulation of the labor systems on their colonies.(B) methods of political administration in their colonies.(C) imposition of Catholicism on their colonial subjects.(D) control over the economic activities of colonial merchants.

5) Based on these laws, what would be the BEST inference a historian could make about the way that Spain dealt with its colonies in Asia in the centuries after these laws were passed?

(A) Spain probably would allow Filipinos to develop their own democratic system of government.(B) Power in the colonial government would be gradually transferred to religious authorities.C) These laws would have been a direct cause of the Spanish-American War of 1898.D) The Spanish King was consolidating power as part of a larger plan to expand the empire.

6) Based on both of the above sources, what would be the best inference a historian could make about the way the Dutch East India Company changed the Netherlands over time?

A) The Netherlands came to view the people of Asia as their social equals.(B) The Dutch grew richer because of a positive balance of trade with Asian markets.(C) The Dutch King gradually assumed total control over the government of the Netherlands.D) The religion of the Netherlands became more accepting of foreign belief systems.

Source A: “326,733 ½ lb. (pounds) of Malacca pepper; 52 chests of Korean and Japanese porcelain; 660 lb. of Japanese copper; 241 pieces of fine Japanese lacquer work; 603 bales of Persian silks; 1,155 lb. of raw

Chinese silk; 199,800 lb. of unrefined sugar.”

--Dutch East India Company, Amsterdam Customs Manifest, June 27, 1634

Source B: “For never any country traded so much and consumed so little; They are the great masters of Asian spices and of the Persian silks; but wear plain woolens, and feed upon their own fish and roots…in short, they furnish infinite luxury, which they never practice, and traffic in pleasures which

they never taste.”


Key Concept 4.3 IIC Theme 4: Economy Skill: Synthesis

7) The engraving at left by the European artist Jan Collaert the Younger from 1599 best exemplifies which of the following historical processes?

(A) Conflicts between religious and secular authorities during the Scientific Revolution.

(B) European cartographic and navigation technologies that made transoceanic travel possible.

(C) Renaissance artists’ interest in classical Greek and Roman mythological subjects.

(D) Impacts of the Columbian exchange between the Americas and Europe.

10) The temple inscription supports a conclusion that the Ming Dynasty sent Zheng He: (A) to seek converts to Chinese religion.(B) to gain gold and treasure from foreign lands.(C) to enhance the prestige of the Chinese state.(D) to make alliances to defend against foreign enemies.

Key Concept 4.1 IIIA Theme 3: State Building Skill: Historical Interpretation

“Bessabez (the Penobscot tribal chief) said we could dwell in their land, in order that they might in future more than ever before engage in hunting beavers, and give us a part of

“The Imperial Ming Dynasty unifying seas and continents, surpassing the three dynasties even goes beyond the Han and Tang dynasties. The countries beyond the horizon and from the ends of the earth have all become subjects and to the most western of the western or the most northern of the northern countries, however far they may be, the distance and the routes may be calculated. Thus the barbarians from beyond the seas, though their countries are truly distant have come to audience bearing precious objects and presents. The Emperor, approving of their loyalty and sincerity, has ordered us, Zheng He, and others at the head of several tens of thousands of officers and flag-troops to ascend more than one hundred large ships to go and confer presents on them in order to make manifest the transforming power of the imperial virtue and to treat distant people with kindness.”


them in return for our providing them with things which they wanted. After he had finished his discourse, I presented the savages with iron hatchets, paternosters (a type of bead used in Catholic prayers), caps, knives, and other little knick-knacks. All the rest of the day and the following night, we did nothing but dance, sing and make merry. After which we traded for a certain number of beaver skins at profitable exchange.”

--Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, Memoirs, Book II, Chapter V, 1604

11) All of the following consequences of the fur trade could be supported by the above source EXCEPT:

(A) Native Americans became dependent on European goods, displacing their native crafts.(B) French merchants took an active interest in the conversion of Native Americans to Catholicism.(C) New technologies and consumer goods were introduced to the participants in the fur trade.(D) The fur trade greatly enriched the nation of France enabling further expansion in the Americas.

Key Concept 4.3 IIC Theme 4: Economy Skill: Synthesis


“The entire country will soon be in the hands of your master, Lord Ieyasu. If this is so, the men who served him will no doubt hope to become daimyo by his appointment. You should know that if such feelings arise, they are inevitably the beginning of the end of one's fortunes in the Way of the Warrior. Being affected by the avarice for office and rank, or wanting to become a daimyo and being eager for such things ... will not one then begin to value his life? And how can a man commit acts of martial valor if he values his life? A man who has been born into the house of a warrior and yet places no loyalty in his heart and thinks only of the fortune of his position will be flattering on the surface and construct schemes in his heart, will forsake righteousness and not reflect on his shame, and will stain thewarrior's name of his household to later generations. This is truly regrettable.”

–Torii Mototada (1539–1600)

“Because of some business, Morooka Hikoemon was called upon to swear before the gods…concerning the truth of a certain matter. But he said, ‘A samurai's word is harder than metal. Since I have impressed this fact upon myself, what more can the gods and Buddhas do?’ and the swearing was cancelled. It is bad when one thing becomes two. One should not look for anything else in the Way of the Samurai. It is the same for anything that is called a Way. Therefore, it is inconsistent to hear something of the Way of Confucius or the Way of the Buddha, and say that this is the Way of the Samurai. If one understands things in this manner, he should be able to hear about all says and be more and more in accord with his own. A person who is said to be proficient at the arts is like a fool. Because of his foolishness in concerning himself with just one thing, he thinks of nothing else and thus becomes proficient. He is a worthless person. –Tsunetomo Yamamoto (1659–1719)

25) Comparing the two passages about the samurai shows that:(A) The position of samurai improved during the Tokugawa rule of Shogun Japan

(1603-1867).(B) The position of samurai declined during the Tokugawa rule of Shogun Japan (1603-1867).(C) The rule of Tokugawa Iyasu was better for the daimyo.(D) The rule of Yamamoto was better for the daimyo.

26) The cartoon at left is most likely a(n):(A) commentary on the anti-Muslim

feelings sweeping through Europe.(B) reaction to Peter Romanov’s

forcible efforts to westernize Russia.(C) symbolic depiction of England’s

defeat of the Spanish Armada and King Philip II.


(D) example of Peter the Great’s acceptance of the Orthodox Church rule regulating the length of beards.

Key Concept 4.1 IIB Theme 3: State Building Skill: Historical Interpretation

13) Based on these two sources, a historian could conclude that the Mughal Empire by the mid-seventeenth century had:

(A) fostered tolerance between the religions of South Asia.(B) cut off trade with foreign merchant empires.(C) forced strict Islamic sharia law on non-Muslims.(D) accepted Hinduism as the official state religion.

Key Concept 4.3 IIB Theme 2: Culture Skill: Chronology/CCOT

12) “The Siege of Constantinople” fresco painted in 1537 at the Voronet Monastery in Romania most accurately illustrates which of the following reasons for the expansion of the Ottoman Empire?(A) The devshirme system that brought non-Muslims into the army.(B) The adaptive use of gunpowder acquired from East Asia.(C) The control of trade routes and heavy taxation of luxury goods.(D) The use of religious ideas to legitimize Ottoman rule in Christian lands.

Source A: “…ascertaining the truth, which is the noblest aim of the human intellect. Therefore we associate at convenient seasons with learned men of all religions, thus deriving profit from their exquisite discourses and exalted aspirations.”

--Mughal Emperor Akbar, letter to Spanish Emperor Philip II, 1582

Source B: “His Majesty, eager to establish Islam, issued orders to the governors of all the provinces to demolish the schools and temples of the infidels, and, with the utmost urgency, put down the teaching and the public practice of the religion of these unbelievers.”


14) All three buildings pictured above can BEST be used as example of:

(A) the love of subjects for their rulers.(B) the use of technology to overcome geographic barriers.(C) the use of monumental architecture to honor the dead.(D) monumental architecture that demonstrated wealth and power.

Palace of Versailles Taj Mahal

Peterhof, St. Petersburg


Most High and Mighty Sovereigns, In the first place, as regards the Island of Espanola: Inasmuch as the number of colonists who desire to go thither amounts to two thousand, owing to the land being safer and better for farming and trading, and because it will serve as a place to which they can return and from which they can carry on trade with the neighboring islands: 1. That in the said island there shall be founded three or four towns, situated in the most convenient places. . . 2. That for the better and more speedy colonization of the said island, no one shall have liberty to collect gold in it except those who have taken out colonists' papers...4.That there shall be a church, and parish priests or friars to administer the sacraments, to perform divine worship, and for the conversion of the Indians. 5. That none of the colonists shall go to seek gold without a license from the governor… of the town where he lives; and that he must first take oath to return to the place whence he sets out, for the purpose of registering faithfully all the gold he may have found. . . to render account and show the quantity of said gold… 6. That all the gold thus brought in shall be smelted immediately, and stamped with some mark that shall distinguish each town; and that the portion which belongs to your Highnesses shall be weighed, and given and consigned to each governor in his own town. . . so that it shall not pass through the hands of only one person. . . and there shall he no opportunity to conceal the truth. 7. That all gold that may be found without the mark of one of the said towns in the possession of any one who has once registered in accordance with the above order shall be taken as forfeited, and that the accuser shall have one portion of it and your Highnesses the other… Columbus’ Letter to the King and Queen of Spain, 1494

15) The passage from Columbus above suggests which of the following?(A)The Spanish were interested in acquiring as much land as possible in the new world.(B) The Spanish were interested in the new world for its bullion.(C) The Spanish were interested in the new world as a place to spread Catholicism.(D) The Spanish were interested in the new world as a place to engage in the slave trade.

Key Concept 4.3.II.C Theme: Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems


This road, known as the Tokaido , is the busiest thoroughfare in all of Japan. It is used not only by merchants and local villagers, but also by many pilgrims making the long trip from their homes in Edo to the most important temples and shrines in western Japan…The Shogun -- the military leader who rules Japan -- does his best to ensure that free travel is maintained throughout the country. However, although even the poorest peasant is allowed to travel about the country freely, all of the main roads in and out of Edo are guarded by seki (barriers), where guards stop all travelers to search for troublemakers and check everyone for weapons…All travelers who pass through a seki are stopped and questioned in detail by the commander of the guards. This way, the guards are able to collect a great deal of information which helps the government maintain its firm control over the country…The guards at the seki carefully check people for swords or other weapons. The only people who are allowed to enter Edo with weapons are samurai and a few others who have special permission to wear a sword… Adapted from the writings of Furukawa Kosho, 1750s.

16) The image and passage above about the seki indicate that:(A)The lives of Japanese subjects under Tokugawa were characterized by strict

rules.(B) Tokugawa had little control over his subjects, requiring the use of force to make

them comply.(C)There was a strict class system imposed by the Shogun, seen in different rules

for different classes, even including sumptuary laws.(D)The role of the samurai began to lose importance in Tokugawa Japan leading to

increased lawlessness and chaos.


17) The map of Africa above best explains which of the following developments in African history?

(A) The migration of Bantu-speaking peoples(B) The diffusion of culture throughout Dar al Islam(C) The emergence and growth of West African kingdoms(D) The growth of coerced labor through chattel slavery

Key Concepts 4.2.D Theme 4: Economy Skills: Chronology/Contextualization

18) The image at right of a Brazilian sugar plantation BEST exemplifies which of the following trends in colonization?

(A) An ever increasing reliance on coerced labor for cash crop production and mining.

(B) Intensive attempts by the Catholic Church to convert large numbers of natives in Latin America.

(C) The presence of strong indigenous leaders who worked with Europeans to establish colonies.


(D) A dependence on the trans-Atlantic trading system to provide basic needs for the plantations.


"If there chanced to be in those lands some population of Christians, or some havens, into which it would be possible to sail without peril, many kinds of merchandise might be brought to this realm, which would find a ready market, and reasonably so, because no other people of these parts traded with them, nor yet people of any other that were known; and also the products of this realm might be taken there, which traffic would bring great profit to our countrymen."

Source: Gomes Eannes de Azurara, discussing Prince Henry of Portugal's motives for exploration, 1453.

19) According to the above passage, the Portuguese sponsored expeditions to Africa to:(A) gain direct control over the trans-Saharan trade routes.(B) acquire gold and slaves and establish a market for Portuguese good.(C) establish plantation based economies in Northern Africa.(D) end the inhumane policies of the African slave trade.

Source: Vow of Endorsement, written by several Japanese gentlemen during the Tokugawa Shogunate, 1645.

“We have been Kirishitans [Christians] for many years. But the more we learn of the Kirishitan doctrines the greater becomes our conviction that they are evil.

We hereby present a statement in writing to you, worshipful Magistrate, as a testimony. Hereafter we shall not harbor any thought of the Kirishitan in our heart. […] If any falsehood be noted in our declaration now or in the future, we shall be subject to divine punishment by Bonten, Taishaku, the four deva kings, the great or little gods in all the sixty or more provinces of Japan, especially our own family gods.”

20) The authors likely reference the “four deva kings” and “family gods” because:(A) They fear they will burn in hell for what they have done(B) They know that the Magistrate will punish them if the gods do not(C) The gods will identify the Christians in the various provinces of Japan(D) They wish to emphasize that they have returned to more acceptable forms of

worship

KC: 4.3.I.C Theme: Development and Interaction of Cultures, State-Building Expansion and Conflict Skill: Historical Interpretation

21) In the above passage, the authors most likely are giving testimony because:(A) They have family members in court that they are defending(B) The Japanese government has cracked down on foreign influences in Japan(C) Christian priests have been convicted of crimes against Japanese citizens(D) They wish to prove to the Buddha that they are ready to receive enlightenment

KC: 4.3.I.C, 4.1.VI.B,C Theme: Development and Interaction of Cultures, State-Building Expansion and Conflict Skill: Historical Interpretation

22) Which of the following would be the MOST useful source of evidence for research about profits of Portuguese and British slave traders in the period 1600-1800?

(A) Portuguese and British tax records.(B) Narratives of saves transported to the Americas.(C) European slave traders’ account books.(D) Journals of African slave traders.


KC:4.1IV.D Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, & Interaction of Economic Systems Skill: Use of evidence

Source: Ogier Chiselin be Busbecq, Ambassador from the Holy Roman Empire to the Ottoman Sultan, in a letter to the government of the Holy Roman Empire, 1555.

“It is the patience, self-denial and thrift of the Turkish soldier that enable him to face the most trying circumstances and come safely out of the dangers that surround him. What a contrast to our men! Christian soldiers on a campaign refuse to put up with their ordinary food and call for thrushes […] and suchlike dainty dishes! […] It makes me shudder to think of what the result of a struggle between such different systems must be; one of us must prevail and the other be destroyed, at any rate we cannot both exist in safety.”

23) The author of the above passage is writing for the purpose of:(A) Promoting the greatness of his own nation(B) Warning his home country about a foreign nation(C) Advocating greater funds be allocated to feeding the Holy Roman Empire’s army(D) Rallying his own government to go

to war

KC: 4.3.I.D, 4.3.II.B Theme: Development and Interaction of Cultures, State-Building Expansion and

Conflict Skill: Historical Interpretation

24) The painting at right by Mexican artist Sebastian Salcedo entitled Virgin of Guadalupe is an example of which of the following religious developments of the period between 1450 and 1750?

(A) Cultural diffusion of new forms of Christianity after the Protestant Reformation.

(B) Syncretic religions which emerged in the maritime empires of Europe.

(C) Iconoclastic destruction of idols amongst native peoples in the Americas.

(D) Resistance by traditional religious authorities against new scientific discoveries.

Key Concept: 4.1.VI.D Theme 2: Culture Skill: Interpretation

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