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REVIEW
Manual of Structural Kinesiology
Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-1
Muscle contractions: Isometric, Isotonic, Isokinetic
Which of these can be both concentric and eccentric?
Which of these is static or dynamic?What is an agonist? Can these be more than one agonist in a movement?What’s the differences between a neutralizer and an agonist?
REVIEW
Manual of Structural Kinesiology
Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-2
What is the difference between a synergist and an agonist?
When the ant. and post. deltoids counteract one another’s movement to allow abduction are they helping synergists or neutralizers?
What are the four properties of a skeletal muscle?
How does elasticity differ from plasticity?
Anatomical Terminology Anterior Distal Hallucis Posterior Proximal Pollicis Superior Lateral Inversion Inferior Medial Eversion Deep Prone Radial Deviation Superficial Supine Ulnar Deviation Pronate Plantar Circumduction Supinate Dorsal ElevationDorsiflexion DepressionPlantarflexion
Manual of Structural Kinesiology
Foundations of Structural Kinesiology 1-3
JOINTS – 3 FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES
Synarthrosis – No movement
Amphiarthrosis – Little Movement
Diarthrosis – Free movement
JOINTS CON’T.
Synarthrosis – No movement (three structural categories)
1. Fibrous: Sutures and gomphosis
2. Cartilagenous: Synchondrosis (cartialge plate)
JOINTS CON’T.
Amphiarthrosis – Little movementFibrous: Syndesmosis (ligamentous
connection)
Cartilagenous: Symphesis (fibrocartilage)
JOINTS CON’T.
Amphiarthrosis – Little movementFibrous: Syndesmosis (ligamentous
connection)
Cartilagenous: Symphesis (fibrocartilage)
JOINTS CON’T
Diarthrosis – Freely moveableSynovial: surounded by joint capsule, contains synovial fluid
MonaxialBiaxialTriaxial
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Plane/gliding joints: flat or slightly curved faces. Ligaments prevent much movement
Hinge joint: Monaxial
Pivot joint: only rotation
Condylar joints: oval articular surface sits in a depression. Biaxial
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Saddle joint: concave articular surface connects to a convex surface. Allows extensive angular motion. Biaxial.
Ball and socket: round head sits in a cup-like depression. Allows for circumduction. Triaxial.
Muscle Anatomy
Connective Tissue of MuscleEpimysium: Dense connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle. Converges to become the tendon.
Perimysium: Collagen and elastin with blood vessels and nerves. Surrounds the fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) and separates each fascicle.
Muscle Anatomy
Connective Tissue of Muscle Con’t.Endomysium: Surrounds each muscle fiber and binds it to its neighbor. Satellite cells are found between the endomysium and the sarcolemma.
The muscle fiber
Muscle fiber is a myocyte or muscle cell.Has a plasma membrane with tubesContains organelles especially extensive SRMultiple nucleiContains several protiens such as actin, myosin and titinMay or may not have extensive mitochondriaContains many sarcomeres in series.Isozyme of ATPase influences fiber type
How does a muscle contract?
Sliding Filament Theory1. Action potential2. Release of Ach into the synaptic junction3. Depolarization across the sarcolemma and into the T
tubules4. Release of Ca from the SR5. Ca binding onto Troponin6. Release of tropomyosin from myosin binding sites
located on actin7. The energized yosin (from ATP hydrolysis) attaches to
actin and pulls actin8. ATP attaches to myosin and myosin releases from actin
causing ATP hydrolysis and thus energizing the myosin head
Sliding Filament Theory Animation
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=sliding+filament+theory+animation&view=detail&mid=0B856D6FA538FDD89AA70B856D6FA538FDD89AA7&first=0&FORM=NVPFVR&qpvt=sliding+filament+theory+animation
Number of cross-bridges attached to actin at any one time dictates force production.
Sarcomere Length – Tension Relationship
Force Production
Calcium Release –
Motor Unit Recruitment –
Increased number of active motor units
Preloading
Cross sectional area
Shortening velocity of a muscle –
Force ProductionAngle of pennation: Length-tension relationship
Stretch-shortening cycle
Muscle fiber type -
ProprioceptionMSF
GTO –
Levers of the bodyMuscles (force) cause movement of bones (levers) around a fulcrum or center of rotation. Resistive force can be overcome if the muscle force is greater than the resistive force.
First class lever: Muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum.
Second class lever: Muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum. (Or resistance is between the axis and the force) However, moment arm is longer than resistance arm. Due to the mechanical advantage of the MA the MF overcomes the RF. Less MF is needed to overcome the resistance.
Third class lever: Muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum. However, the MA of the MF is smaller than the MA of the RF and ones loses mechanical advantage. Greater muscle force is needed to overcome the resistance. You must exert more energy.
LEVERS OF THE BODY
FIRST-CLASS LEVER
Second-class lever
THIRD CLASS LEVER
KINETIC CHAINSOKC: Free movement of the terminal joint
CKC: Terminal joint meets with considerable resistance that inhibits or restrains free motion