“we’re only here as stewards - our colorado...

“We’re only here as stewards of the land for a little while.

The land is here always.

We’re just caretakers during our lifetime — then pass it on to another generation.

So we need to leave the land in some sort of useful manner …”

Contents

the Importance of stream stewardship 3

Characteristics of Degraded streams 4

Characteristics of Healthy streams 6

stream Restoration: the Big Picture 8

Healthy streams = Healthy Land 9

Problem: Fish Barriers 10

Problem: Fish entrainment 12

Problem: Degraded Riparian Zone 14

Problem: Loss of Instream Habitat 16

Problem: Low Flows 20

Water Partners: Working with trout Unlimited 25

— Rancher Bruce Malcolm

1Color ado l andowner’ s Guide to stream restor ation

the role of the landowner in protecting fish and wildlife has never been more important.

The Importance of Stream StewardshipIn the arid West, farmers and ranchers understand that water is the lifeblood of the land. They also understand and value stewardship. Most landowners want to conserve their water and land resources and leave them in better shape for the next generation.

Today, that’s a big challenge. Rivers and streams in Colorado face an array of pressures, from drought and land development to water diversions. As a result, many streams and fisheries are damaged and depleted. Because so much habitat is found on private land, the role of the landowner in protecting fish and wildlife resources and promoting conservation has never been more important.

Conservation is not just the right thing to do — it’s also good business. By investing in stream improvements and wildlife habitat, landowners can enhance their property values and bottom lines. Such projects can deliver multiple benefits, including more abundant wildlife, better irrigation systems, and enhanced land values. Often, federal and state resource agencies and groups like Trout Unlimited will work to bring funding to these projects, while landowners contribute in-kind support, such as labor, materials, or machinery.

Trout Unlimited is a sportsmen’s organization committed to the con-servation of America’s coldwater fisheries. In recent decades, TU has partnered with farmers and ranchers on scores of successful stream restoration projects. In this guide, TU highlights common problems facing Colorado streams and fisheries and outlines some of the best restoration solutions available to landowners.

A stream restoration project can be exciting and rewarding — and some-times complex and daunting, too. Stream restoration efforts are not as simple as adding a few rocks or digging a few pools. However, if well-planned and coordinated, a stream restoration project can be one of the most satisfying improvement projects you’ll ever undertake on your land.

In the West, world-class trout streams are part of our outdoor her-itage. Restoring a trout stream is a fascinating and meaningful experience — and a lasting legacy to family and future generations. This guide highlights the possibilities. TU can help you make it happen.

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3CoLoR aDo L anDoWneR’ s GUIDe to stReaM RestoR atIon

Characteristics of Degraded Streams

a wide range of activities have the potential to disrupt the natural balance of stream systems. every stream is different, but the presence of any of the following characteristics can indicate that a stream is degraded and failing to function at its optimal level.

F IsH BaRRIeRs

an irrigation diversion dam can block fish from migrating upstream. See page 10.

FIsH entR aInMent

Fish can be drawn into open irrigation ditches, where they can be trapped. See page 12.

Loss oF InstReaM HaBItat

an absence of riffles, pools and structures such as logs and boulders can decrease the quality of fish habitat. See page 16.

LoW FLoWs

Low stream flows can minimize fish habitat and increase water temperatures. See page 20.

DeGR aDeD RIPaRIan Zone

Heavy livestock grazing can lead to bare stream banks and a degraded riparian corridor. See page 14.

IlluStratIon: John roman

Characteristics of Healthy Streams

a healthy stream is a complex biological system that provides habitat for fish and wildlife and a host of other benefits for the landowner. While a healthy stream will look and function differently depending on location and landscape, most healthy streams share these basic characteristics:

FIsH entR aInMent PReventeD

Headgates and fish screens can prevent fish entrainment and improve control over water use. See page 12.

InstReaM HaBItat RestoReD

Riffles, pools and instream structure provide habitat and cover for fish. See page 16.

FIsH BaRRIeRs ReMoveD

Diversion structures can be modified to allow fish passage. See page 10.

RIPaRIan Zone PRoteCteD

Fences can exclude livestock from the stream and help maintain a healthy riparian corridor. See page 14.

stReaM FLoWs IMPRoveD

ample stream flows can provide quality fish habitat and cool water temperatures. See page 20.

IlluStratIon: John roman

Stream Restoration: The Big Picture

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Many rivers and streams across the West—and the wildlife and commu-nities that depend on them—are in trouble. Over the decades, pressures ranging from municipal growth to irrigation practices have degraded, fragmented or seasonally dried some waterways. Stream restoration is the art and science of returning those damaged streams to health.

Today, a growing number of landowners and communities are getting involved in projects to improve stream function. Stream restoration provides landowners an opportunity not only to enhance wildlife habitat, but also to improve range health, upgrade irrigation systems, or modify land management practices.

RestoReD FLoWs anD ReConstRUCteD stReaM CHanneL

on this project, tU worked with the landowner to convert a flood irrigation operation to sprinklers. the result: less water diverted from the stream while ranch productivity increased. Within one week of project completion, trout were spawning in the restored stream.

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HanDs - oFF : a passive restoration technique—for example, fencing to exclude cattle— is designed to facilitate natural recovery of habitat.

HanDs - on : With some projects, it is necessary to more actively restore the stream.

HanDs - on oR HanDs - oFF ?

stream restoration approaches vary depending on how impaired the stream and how ambitious the goal. Generally speaking, stream restoration techniques can be categorized as active or passive—hands-on or hands-off. Both have their place, depending on circumstances and conditions on the ground. some projects use a combination of passive and active restoration techniques.

In passive restoration, Mother nature does most of the healing over time. this approach involves stopping activities that cause degradation and allowing natural processes to return to a stream. For example, a landowner might change land use in the watershed to prevent soil erosion and increase water infiltration or manage cattle to protect stream banks and vegetation.

In contrast, active restoration techniques physically manipulate components of the stream ecosystem to reestablish the natural balance. For instance, active restoration might involve placement of boulders and logs in the stream, planting native vegetation in the riparian area, or stabilizing eroded banks. With both hands-on and hands-off techniques, the ultimate objective is to jump-start restoration and then allow the stream to do the rest.

Healthy Streams = Healthy LandHealthy streams are perhaps the most valuable assets on a ranch or farm. Not only do streams supply water for crops and livestock, but they also recharge groundwater, dissipate flood flows, filter sediment and pollut-ants, and help prevent property loss from erosion. Fixing streams today will provide immediate on-farm and on-ranch benefits while helping to preserve the West’s natural heritage for generations to come.

The following pages discuss some of the most common stream problems and solutions that can be used to address them.

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Before

on this old bridge structure with culverts, a large drop-off had formed over the years, and fish could not access upstream habitat and spawning areas.

after

In this case, the best solution was to completely remove the old structure and replace it with a new bridge that allowed for restoration of the natural streambed.

PRoBLeM: Fish Barriers

even a low diversion dam such as this one can block fish passage.

Often, culverts, dams and water diversion structures act as barriers that fragment habitat and prevent fish from accessing upstream areas. Many of these structures are obsolete and could be removed; others could be retrofitted or redesigned to accommodate fish passage. The removal or modification of a single diversion structure can open miles of habitat for fish populations.

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Culvert Removal or Modification

Culverts are one of the most common and easily overlooked fish passage problems—and one of the most easily fixed. Sometimes old culverts can simply be removed because they are no longer required. In other cases, an old culvert can be replaced with a modern design that allows fish passage. TU has worked on countless projects where old pipe culverts were replaced with “bottomless” new arch-culverts or new bridges that eliminated the culverts altogether.

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Fish Ladders

Fish ladders allow fish to swim through or around obstacles like culverts, dams and diversions. Ladders are designed to create a gradient passageway to allow fish access to upstream habitat.

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a fish ladder allows fish to get past the diversion structure.

Properly sized culverts help minimize erosion vdownstream, and they last longer and require less maintenance than undersized culverts. They also minimize catastrophic flooding, which is much more likely to result from undersized culverts.

Modern headgates and diversions are more ef- vficient and often require less maintenance and labor than antiquated structures. Unlike tradi-tional push-up dams, newer diversions eliminate

the need for annual dam construction, which can cause channel disturbance and degrade water quality.

Reconnecting stream stretches lets fish find the vbest habitat to spawn and rear and also escape stretches impaired by low flows and high tem-peratures. This enhances the fishery and angling opportunities.

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Dam or Diversion Removal

In many cases, an outmoded diversion can be replaced with a modern design that facilitates fish passage. In-stead of an impassable dam, for instance, it may be possible to install a series of rock weirs, structures that elevate water levels and create head to move water into a ditch while allowing fish passage.

Rock weirs raise water level and move water into the ditch without blocking fish passage.

Benefits to landowners:


trout trapped in an irrigation canal.

The unintentional loss of fish down an irrigation ditch during water diversion — otherwise known as fish entrainment — is a real threat to fish populations in the western United States. When water is diverted from streams, trout often follow the diverted flows and become trapped in ditches. The problem is especially prevalent when a high percentage of stream flow is diverted into the ditch.

PRoBLeM: Fish Entrainment

no one knows for sure how many wild and native fish are trapped each year in the West’s thousands of miles of irrigation ditches, but the figure is likely in the millions.

Fish screens keep fish from becoming trapped in irrigation ditches.

tU volunteer holds a beautiful brown trout rescued from an irrigation canal.

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Fish Screens

Fish screens are an effective way to prevent fish from entering irrigation ditches. Fish screens allow water to pass into the ditch but keep fish out. A fish screen is often installed at or near an irrigation system’s head-gate, where the irrigation flows are controlled. Some designs, while effective, can require maintenance to keep the screens free of sediment and debris.

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Fish screens can help keep debris out of irrigation ditches and can vreduce maintenance time and costs.

Prevention of entrainment keeps fish in the natural river or stream vthereby improving the fishery and angling opportunities.

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Slow the Shutoff

For fish that have already moved into the ditch, it is possible to induce them to reenter the natural stream or river by gradually reducing ditch diversions. With this technique, landowners can save significant numbers of trout that would otherwise perish if flows in the ditch had been shut off suddenly. It is best to reduce diversions gradually over several days before completely closing the diversion.

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Pasture has been extended right up to the stream bank, eliminating the riparian area.

PRoBLeM: Degraded Riparian ZoneThe riparian zone is the strip of land adjacent to the stream. Typically wet and lush with vegetation, these green zones are an important ele-ment of fish and wildlife habitat. Among other things, a healthy riparian zone provides shade and cover for the stream, keeps water cooler, guards against erosion, filters out sediment and other pollutants before they reach the stream, and provides habitat for insects that fall into the water providing a critical food source for fish.

Human activity can negatively impact the riparian zone. In some areas, it is common to remove riparian vegetation, often to the stream’s edge, to create more agriculturally productive land. The loss of vegetation weakens stream bank structure, lowers the water table and can lead to erosion during high flows. Giving livestock unrestricted access to a stream often results in silted water, eroded banks, nutrient loading from livestock waste, and loss of riparian vegetation and stream habitat.

WHat a DIFFeRenCe a FenCe Makes.

In the foreground of this photo, cattle have free access to the stream, resulting in a wide channel and warm, muddy water. there is no cattle access to the upstream area.

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Exclusionary Fencing

Exclusionary fencing can restrict livestock access to the stream and prevent riparian damage. Off-stream stock water tanks provide an alternative water source.

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GReen Zones : HoW WIDe ?

optimal width for a riparian buffer depends to a large extent on your land use. a cropped area might require a different buffer width than a well-maintained pasture area. Different buffer widths can deliver different stream benefits. For example, wide buffers (>160 feet) tend to be more effective at removing nutrients and sediment than narrow buffers (<160 feet). a minimal buffer of 30 feet will provide some benefit to stream bank stability and riparian health.

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Bank Stabilization

There are a number of techniques for stabilizing eroded banks. Vertical banks can be re-sloped, and woody material can be placed on banks to reduce erosion and improve habitat. Note that the old tech-nique of using rock riprap to “armor” a streambank can lead to even greater problems and is generally discouraged these days.

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Riparian Vegetation

Native vegetation is an important piece of a healthy riparian zone. Often, native plant species in riparian areas can restore themselves if invasive non-native plants are controlled and if sources of disturbance, such as livestock grazing, are managed. Sometimes it is necessary to jumpstart the native plant revegeta-tion process with plantings.


Riparian areas improve scenic and land values. v

Stabilizing banks will reduce land loss from ero- vsion.

Healthy vegetation promotes groundwater re- vcharge and reduces floodwater damage.

Improved habitat can contribute to better tem- vperatures and sediment control for miles down-stream of a project area, thereby enhancing the fishery and angling opportunities.

these plantings are performing two tasks: they are stabilizing

the stream bank and jump-starting revegetation.

Photo: ecologIcal reSource conSultantS


PRoBLeM: Loss of Instream Habitat

Before

this stream has become too wide and featureless, leaving the channel shallow and absent of cover for fish.

Fish need healthy instream habitat to thrive. The best trout habitat is characterized by clear, cold water, a silt-free rocky bottom, and a com-bination of shallow riffles and deeper pools. It also features abundant instream cover such as logs, debris piles, boulders, and overhanging banks, trees and bushes. These stream characteristics provide the neces-sary protection, forage, and spawning and rearing habitat for trout of all life-stages.

A number of activities, such as road construction, stream straightening, logging, dewatering, urbanization, mining, grazing, and dumping can degrade streams and lead to a loss of the habitat needed for healthy fisheries.

after

the stream channel was narrowed by building a point bar, and boulders were placed in the stream for habitat structure.

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Rebuilding the Channel

Restoration of instream habitat can occur through a variety of methods and techniques. Generally, the pri-mary goal of instream habitat restoration is to restore natural, healthy stream functions and increase habitat complexity with pools and structure. Sometimes a stream has been so degraded that it’s necessary to bring in heavy machinery to reshape the stream channel.

Some common stream features that can be restored include:

RIFFLes anD PooLsMost healthy trout streams have alternating deep and shallow areas called pools and riffles. A quality pool is deep and large enough to slow water velocity and provide a resting area for adult trout. Riffles are characterized by faster, shallow water tumbling over rough cobble. They help provide oxygen and insect habitat to the stream.

BoULDeR CLUsteRs Groups of boulders can be placed in the channel to provide cover and create areas of reduced water velocity.

WooDy HaBItat stRUCtUReFelled trees placed along the stream bank and in the stream can provide a variety of benefits, including overhead cover, aquatic organism habitat, and stream current deflection. Trees are typically positioned on or partially buried within the stream bank.

stReaM MeanDeRsHealthy streams normally include meanders or bends in the river. It is possible to transform a straightened stream back into a meandering one to diversify the stream and improve channel stability, water quality, and other stream functions.

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Stream channel improvements will reduce bank erosion vand improve water quality and aquifer recharge.

Improved habitat helps restore a variety of important stream func- vtions enhancing the fishery and angling opportunities.

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this small stream had been channelized over the years, leaving it as little more than a ditch with no vegetation. tU worked with the landowner to rebuild the stream channel and plant riparian vegetation. the results are dramatic and continue to improve annually.

Before

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Trout depend on a constant supply of clean, cold water. In Colorado, natural stream flow patterns consist of higher peak flows during the spring and lower base flows during the remainder of the year. Both are critical to stream health. Peak flows flush sediment, scour the stream bed, and rejuvenate aquatic habitat. Base flows sustain fish and aquatic organisms throughout the year.

Whether the result of drought, irrigation withdrawals, or other causes, low stream flows can be a serious problem for fisheries and stream health. Low flows reduce oxygen in the water, raise stream temperatures, and eliminate fish habitat. Water diversions that pull water from streams during low-flow periods can be especially damaging.

CoLoR aDo WateR RIGHts

In Colorado, water rights govern the use of water. Water rights are transferable property interests. this means that the water right owner can change the type or place of use of the water right and can sell, lease or donate the water right to someone else.

a water right owner can change or transfer a water right only by the amount of water historically consumed. For irrigation water rights, consumptive use consists of water consumed by the plant and evaporated to the atmosphere, known collectively as evapo-transpiration. Water that is diverted but that returns to the stream or aquifer by way of ditch seepage or irrigation return flow is not transferable. In water transfers, return flow must be maintained in order to prevent injury to other water users.

Colorado law will terminate a water right only if the water right owner stops using it and clearly has no intent to use it again. temporarily stopping the use of a water right will not result in abandonment.

PRoBLeM: Low Flows

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CWCB Instream Flow Program

Instream flow water rights allow the Colorado Water Conservation Board to protect a specified amount of water, measured in cfs, flowing instream for the benefit of fish and wildlife habitat. The CWCB has exclusive authority in the State of Colorado to hold instream flow water rights.

The CWCB can acquire existing, senior water rights from willing water rights owners for conversion to instream flow. On a voluntary basis, the CWCB will purchase, lease or accept the donation of an existing water right currently used for irrigation and use it to protect instream flow.

Instream flow water rights transactions can be per-manent or temporary. Temporary transactions can be for a specified number of years or for specified months out of the year. For example, an irrigator could make a split-year lease to the CWCB, allow-ing the irrigator to use water for the first half of the irrigation season and the CWCB to protect it as instream flow during the late irrigation season. Leases can also be set up so that they go into place only during dry years, when fish are most likely to be exposed to low flows.

A water right owner must reduce consumption to make water available for an instream flow transac-tion. One way to achieve a reduction in consumptive use is to fallow a parcel of irrigated land, permanently or temporarily – even for only half an irrigation season. It is also possible to reduce consumptive use by switching to a less consumptive crop or applying deficit irrigation techniques, which involve reducing the amount of water the crops receive.

It’s important to note that under instream flow leases, the original water right owner retains ownership of the water right. The period of time that the CWCB uses the water as instream flow does not count towards calculation of historical consumptive use and will not be con-sidered intent to abandon the water right. Though the CWCB uses the water as instream flow for some specified period of time, the water right reverts to the original owner at the end of the lease or when the lease is not active.

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a little water can go a long way for fish habitat. this stretch of stream was completely dewatered by irrigation diversions, but with some efficiency upgrades, the stream now has enough flow year-round to keep fish populations alive.

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Efficiency Improvements

Many agricultural producers in Colorado are under-taking irrigation efficiency improvement projects. With efficiency improvements, the irrigator may be able to divert less water from the stream while still delivering the amount of water the crop demands. Efficiency improvements do not change the amount of water the plants receive. They just reduce diver-sion requirements.

While efficiency improvements can be a tool for im-proving flows, it is important to consider each project on a case-by-case basis. In some instances, efficiency improvements can reduce beneficial return flows. Efficiency improvements should not be undertaken where they will reduce return flows that other water users depend on or that bolster stream flows for fish in the late irrigation season.

The following types of efficiency projects can be con-sidered:

tHe DIveRsIonMany older diversion structures in Colorado are inef-ficient and have limited functionality. Push-up dams, for example, may do a fine job of directing water into the ditch, but they often have little or no adjust-ability. These structures may force the entire flow of a stream into a ditch, even when much less water is needed. In these circumstances, the unneeded water is not consumed and will eventually return to the stream. But the stream section between the diversion and the point of return will be depleted. Modern headgates are much easier to adjust and can be set to divert only the amount of water that the crops needs. New technology also allows diversions to be set and operated remotely.

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tHe DItCHMany irrigation ditches are open and lose large quan-tities of water as it seeps into the ground or is lost to evaporation. This water eventually returns to the stream system, but the stream will be depleted be-tween the point of diversion and point of return. Lining an open ditch with an impervious surface or converting it to a pipe can reduce seepage. The water that would otherwise have seeped into the ground can be left instream instead. Lateral ditch headgates and head control structures also can re-duce the amount of carriage water that needs to be diverted into the ditch.

tHe FIeLDAt the field, technologies such as sprinklers, gated pipe and drip irrigation systems are popular ways to improve water efficiency. Switching from flood irrigation to a sprinkler or drip delivery system, for instance, can reduce the amount of water that seeps into the ground or evaporates to the air. Leveling a field can also reduce run-off. In these cases, the excess water that otherwise would have run off or seeped into the ground can be left in the stream. Improvements to irrigation systems can also benefit soil health, which can result in improved yields.

Benefits to Landowners

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The landowner can receive cash payment for sell- ving or leasing water to the CWCB.

In some cases, temporarily fallowing a field can vincrease its productivity in subsequent years.

The water right converted to instream flow is vprotected against loss of consumptive use credit and against abandonment.

Modern irrigation infrastructure is easier to op- verate and maintain than older systems and can produce a more manageable crop.

Reducing waste water run-off can minimize ero- vsion and limit unwanted invasive species.

Increasing stream flows can improve aquatic habi- vtat, thereby enhancing the fishery and angling opportunities.


tU members brave the cold to help build fence along a stream on ranch property.

Water Partners: Working with Trout UnlimitedSo, how to get started? The first step is to call Trout Unlimited. TU staff specialize in working with landowners on stream improvements proj-ects. Over the decades, TU has amassed a long track record of success on scores of projects across the West. TU staff will work with you through every step of a project, from evaluating opportunities, to implement-ing the project, to performing any necessary post-project monitoring or maintenance.

Typically, TU brings together local and state agencies, water districts, and other project partners as needed to leverage resources and expertise. Depending on the project, we will hire outside experts to lend a hand with design and engineering issues. TU attorneys can address permitting and water rights concerns to protect your most valuable resource.

The price tag attached to stream restoration projects can vary widely. A simple project may cost only a few thousand dollars, while bigger, more complex projects can run upwards of seven figures. Trout Unlimited often will have small sums of money available to seed a project, but as a non-profit organization we do not have the capacity to fund these projects completely on our own. We are adept, however, at finding other pools of money to pay for stream restoration projects.

There are a number of different sources of funds avail-able to pay for stream restoration projects. Many governmental agencies at the federal, state, and local level sponsor grant programs that make funding available for stream restoration. It is also sometimes possible to find private foundation dol-lars for projects. Which sources of funds may be available will depend on the particular details of the project. Trout Unlimited can help you work through the options and will file applications and deal with paperwork for project grants.

While TU will bring stream restoration expertise to the table, we under-stand that, as a landowner, you know your land and operation better than anyone. At all times, the landowner remains in the driver’s seat and makes final decisions. This principle lies at the core of every stream restoration project we undertake.

At all times, the landowner remains in the driver’s seat and makes final decisions.

tU volunteers help plant willows along a stream bank.


If you’re interested in a stream restoration project on your land, Trout Unlimited is here to help.

For many landowners, this is a fulfilling way to improve operations, boost land values, and practice stewardship. We have the expertise, passion, and resources to get the job done right.

Please give us a call for more information.

Contact Us trout Unlimited Colorado Water Project

Drew Peternell Director, Colorado Water Project

(303) 440-2937 ext. 102 [email protected]

FIeLD staFF Matthew Clark Dolores/Mancos Basin Project Coordinator

(970) 799-0274 [email protected]

Cary Denison Gunnison Basin Project Coordinator


Rob Firth Upper Colorado Basin Project Coordinator


Brian Hodge Yampa/White Basin Project Coordinator


Richard van Gytenbeek Colorado River Basin Outreach Coordinator


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