WIDEBAND CPW-FED MONOPOLE ANTENNA FOR CUSTOMER PREMISES

EQUIPMENT (CPE) OF LTE APPLICATIONS

SAREH YOUSEFZADEHMOLLA

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Electrical- Electronics and Telecommunications)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia

JANUARY 2014

iii

DEDICATION

To my beloved Mostafa

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor , Prof. Dr.

Tharek Abd Rahman, for encouragement , guidance, critics and motivation. Without

his support this thesis would not have been possible. This project would not be

complete without the help of Mr. Moradikordalivand, Dr. Khalily, and Ms.

Chagharvand. I am also thankful to my husband and my parents for their

understanding and unconditional support, through duration of my thesis. Finally, I

would like to thank all my friends, and to all people who have been involved directly

and indirectly in making my research project.

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ABSTRACT

Design of a Wideband CPW-fed Monopole Antenna with low volume is of

practical interest for the ever growing wireless communication industry. In this

regard, the design of a wideband monopole antenna for Customer premises

equipment (CPE) for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM, 900 MHz

and 1.5 GHz), Wireless Fidelity(WiFi, 2.4 GHz (2.4-2.484GHz)) , Long-Term

Evolution(LTE, 0.9GHz - 2.6 GHz) applications by using Co-Planar Waveguide fed

is proposed. Bandwidth enhancement is obtained by modifying the patch of antenna

by cutting the corners like steps. The parametric study is performed to understand the

characteristics of the proposed antenna. The antenna operates in wide frequency

bands from 0.9 GHz to 2.6 GHz covering LTE bands. Also good antenna

performances such as radiation patterns and antenna gain over the operating band

have been observed and simulated peak gain of the antenna is 4.3 dBi at resonant

frequency of 2.6 GHz

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ABSTRAK

Reka bentuk Monopole Antena Wideband CPW-makan dengan jumlah yang

rendah adalah kepentingan praktikal bagi industri komunikasi wayarles yang sentiasa

berkembang. Dalam hal ini, reka bentuk antena Wideband Monopole bagi premis

Pelanggan peralatan (CPE) bagi Sistem Global untuk Komunikasi Mudah Alih

(GSM, 900 MHz dan 1.5 GHz), Wireless Fidelity (WiFi, 2.4 GHz (2.4-2.484GHz)),

Long -Term Evolution (LTE, 0.9GHz - 2.6 GHz) permohonan dengan menggunakan

Co-Planar Waveguide makan adalah dicadangkan. Peningkatan Bandwidth

diperolehi dengan mengubah patch antena dengan mengurangkan sudut-sudut seperti

langkah. Kajian parametrik dijalankan untuk memahami ciri-ciri antena yang

dicadangkan. Antena beroperasi dalam jalur frekuensi luas daripada 0.9 GHz kepada

2.6 GHz meliputi band LTE. Persembahan antena juga baik seperti corak sinaran dan

gandaan antena lebih band operasi telah diperhatikan dan simulasi keuntungan

puncak antena ialah 4.3 dBi pada frekuensi salunan 2.6 GHz.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES iix

LIST OF FIGURES x

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 5

1.3 Objective of the study 6

1.4 Scope of the Study 6

1.5 Significance of the study 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 Introduction 8

2.1.1 Microstrip antenna 8

2.1.2 Microstrip Patch Antennas 9

2.2 Monopole Antenna 10

2.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Monopole Antenna 10

2.3 Model Analysis Microstrip Patch Antenna 11

2.3.1 Transmission Line Model 13

2.3.1.1 Cavity Model 17

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2.3.2 Feed Techniques 21

2.3.2.1 Microstrip Line Feed: 22

2.3.2.2 Co Axial Feed Technique: 24

2.3.2.3 Aperture Couple Feed Technique 26

2.3.2.4 Proximity Coupled Microstrip Feed 28

2.3.2.5 Co Planar Waveguide Feed: 30

2.3.3 Radiation fields 32

2.3.4 Microstrip Antenna Calculations 34

2.4 Related Work 39

2.5 Summary 42

3 METHODOLOGY 43

3.1 Thesis Layout 43

3.2 Design Calculation 44

3.3 Design Specifications 49

3.4 Design Parameters 49

3.5 Simulation with CST Software 50

3.5.1 Design of CPW monopole antenna and simulated results (Return Loss) 50

3.5.2 Simulated results (Radiation pattern) 51

3.5.3 Simulated results (Gain & efficiency) 52

3.6 Summary 53

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 54

4.1 Fabrication 54

4.2 Simulated and Measured results (Return Loss) 55

4.3 Simulated and Measured Results (Radiation Pattern) 56

5 CONCLUSION 57

5.1 Conclusion 57

5.2 Recommendations for Future Research 58

REFERENCES 59

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 The comparison of the different feed techniques and their characteristics [2] 29

3.1 Design Parameter Specifications 45

3.2 Parameters used in the software for the simulations (frequency of 1GHz) 47

3.3 Parameters used in the software for the responses and simulations 48

3.4 Specification used for the antenna 49

3.5 Parameters used in the antenna 50

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Types of antenna 2

1.2 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) 4

1.3 LTE frequencies 5

1.4 Quantity of wavebands needed for “Global” Terminal 5

2.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna in Its Simplest Configuration 10

2.2 Microstrip Line 13

2.3 Electric Field Lines, The EM fields are not contained entirely within a micostrip line but propagate outside of the line as well. 14

2.4 Microstrip Patch Antenna 15

2.5 The Top and the Side Views of the Antenna 15

2.6 Charge Distribution and the Current Density Creation on the Microstrip Patch 18

2.7 A Microstrip line feed at a radiating edge 22

2.8 Inset Feed and Gap Coupled Microstrip Feed 22

2.9 Representation of H1an at the interface between the patch antenna and the feed Microstrip line by an equivalent current density Jz – dotted lines signify H lines, solid lines are current lines 23

2.10 Probe Fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 24

2.11 Aperture-Couple Feed Technique General View 27

2.12 Proximity Coupled Feed Technique 28

2.13 Proximity Coupled Microstrip Feed 29

2.14 CPW Feed Technique 30

2.15 Back ground CPW Microstrip Patch Antenna 30

2.16 Conventional CPW structure 32

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2.17 Conductor backed CPW structure 32

2.18 (a) an arbitrary current sheet M or J, fig (b) Rectangular Magnetic sheet, fig(c) Circular electric current sheet 34

2.19 Parasitic method 39

2.20 Multilayer method 39

2.21 E-shaped patch 40

2.22 U-shape patch 40

2.23 E-shaped patch And LC Method 41

2.24 modifying the shape of the patch 41

3.1 Thesis Layout 43

3.2 Microstrip patch antenna 44

3.3 Configuration position of the patches 48

3.4 Simulation of the CPW-fed monopole antenna design 49

3.5 Simulation of the steps of design and return loss (S11) 51

3.6 Simulated results (Radiation Patterns) 52

3.7 Antenna gain (dB) 53

3.8 Antenna efficiency 53

4.1 Fabrication of the CPW-fed Wideband Monopole Antenna 54

4.2 Simulated and Measured results of return loss 55

4.3 Simulated and Measured results of radiation pattern 56

CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Antennas are the backbone and almost everything in the wireless

communication without which the world could have not reached at this age of

technology.

Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio. They are

used in systems such as radio broadcasting, broadcast television, two-way radio,

communications receivers, radar, cell phones, and satellite communications, as well

as other devices such as garage door openers, wireless microphones, Bluetooth

enabled devices, wireless computer networks, baby monitors, and RFID tags on

merchandise.

A basic classification for antenna types:

Wire antennas: dipoles, monopoles, helical antennas and Yagi-

Uda antennas, commonly used in lower frequency

Aperture antennas: waveguide horn, slot in waveguide, cavity or

ground plane, generally used in microwave frequency.

Printed antennas: microstrip antennas, used in microwave

frequency and MMIC Applications.

2

Reflector antennas: parabolic reflector antenna and Cassegrain

antenna operating at microwave frequencies [1].

a) Log-Periodic Antenna b) Aperture Antenna

c) Microstrip Antenna d) Wire Antenna

Figure 1.1 Types of antenna

Antennas have so many applications:

Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)

Broadcast: Television and Radio

Cable Television, Wireless (MMDS)

Cellular Radio

Cordless Telephones

Direction Finding

Global Positioning System (GPS)

3

Local and Wide Area Networks, Wireless (LAN/WAN)

Low Power Wireless Devices (FCC Part 15)

Marine Communications and Navigation

Military Communications and SATCOM

Mobile Radio

Pagers and Paging Transmitters

Personal Communications Systems (PCS)

Portable Wireless Products

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA)

Trunked Radio, SMR, LMR

Spread Spectrum Devices

Transportation Systems (IVHS, Automatic Toll Systems, etc.)

Each type of antenna has some advantages and disadvantages. Among all

types of antenna such as Aperture Antennas, Microstrip Antennas, Wire Antennas,

and Log-Periodic Antennas, Microstrip Antennas get more and more important in

today’s world of wireless communication systems. Compared with conventional

antennas, microstrip patch antennas have more advantages. They have very light

weight and low profile and they are smaller in their dimension, they are low cost, and

their fabrication is so much easier than other antennas. Because such antennas have a

very low profile, are mechanically rugged and can be adaptable, they are often

mounted on the exterior of aircraft and spacecraft, or are incorporated into mobile

radio communications devices.

In this thesis the antenna works in the frequency range of Customer premises

equipment (CPE) for Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, from 900MHz to

2600MHz.

A customer premises equipment device (CPE device) refers to a

telecommunications hardware device located on the telecommunication customer's

4

premises. This equipment might include cable or satellite television set-top boxes,

DSL or other broadband Internet routers, VoIP base stations, telephone handsets, or

other customized hardware. CPE equipment can be owned by the customer or leased

from the telecommunications company. CPE also includes the interior wiring at the

customer's location that is connected to a communication service. CPE devices

facilitate the delivery of services provided by the telecommunications company.

These devices are frequently modems or routers owned and provided by an Internet

service provider (ISP). This arrangement shields the customer from the cost of the

technology upgrades while providing the ISP with more control over the delivery of

the services.

Figure 1.2 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a wireless broadband technology designed to

support roaming Internet access via cell phones and handheld devices. Because LTE

offers significant improvements over older cellular communication standards, some

refer to it as a 4G (fourth generation) technology along with WiMax.

With its architecture based on Internet Protocol (IP) unlike many other

cellular Internet protocols, Long Term Evolution supports browsing Web sites, VoIP

and other IP-based services well. LTE can theoretically support downloads at 300

Megabits per second (Mbps) or more based on experimental trials. However, the

actual network bandwidth available to an individual LTE subscriber sharing the

5

service provider's network with other customers is significantly less. LTE is used for

4G wireless networks to deliver high-speed wireless service.

Typically, 4G wireless is supposed to be anywhere from four to ten times

faster than 3G networks. Long Term Evolution service is only available in limited

geographic areas, but telecommunications providers have been actively expanding

their LTE services.

Figure 1.3 LTE frequencies

Figure 1.4 Quantity of wavebands needed for “Global” Terminal

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Even though these Microstrip antennas are compared with conventional

antennas they have some number of disadvantages such as Low impedance

bandwidth, Low gain, Low power handling capacity and etc.

6

Due to some applications such as: Mobile systems, Broadband services and

Ground base direction finding system, demands for high bandwidth antennas have

been increased. This research investigated the design and the fabrication of a

wideband CPW microstrip patch antenna and increase its bandwidth with some

bandwidth enhancement techniques that will mention later.

1.3 Objective of the study

This project focuses on design of wideband CPW microstrip patch antenna in

the frequency range of 900 MHz to 2600 MHz for CPE usage in LTE network. The

objectives of project are as follow:

1) To design a wideband CPW microstrip patch antenna for

customer premises equipment (CPE) of LTE applications.

2) To investigate the suitability of this antenna in the frequency

range of 900 MHz to 2600 MHz with optimum bandwidth.

3) To fabricate this microstrip patch antenna.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of study is listed as below:

1) CST software for simulation of microstrip patch antenna will be

used to investigate the suitability of this antenna in the frequency

range of 900 MHz to 2600 MHz

2) Broadband antennas design techniques will also be used.

3) CPW feed technique and the transmission line model will be

considered for this design.

7

1.5 Significance of the study

Mobile systems, Broadband services and Ground base direction finding

systems increased demands for high bandwidth antennas. By increasing the

bandwidth in the antenna we can improve the performance of those systems.

59

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