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X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

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$Page 1: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

$Page 2: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 3: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 4: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

X-rays production process

example

1) An electron in the K shell is ejected from the

atom by an external electron

$Page 5: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

X-rays production process

example

2)An electron from the L or M shell "jumps in“

to fill the vacancy. In the process,

it emits a characteristic x-ray

unique to this element and in turn,

produces a vacancy in the L or M shell.

$Page 6: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

Production of X-rays

$Page 7: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 8: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 9: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 10: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 11: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 12: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

Typical XRD Machine

$Page 13: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

Basic Features of Typical XRD

Experiment

$Page 14: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

What is X-ray Diffraction

� Bragg’s Law � certain angles of

incidence (theta ).

� The variable d is the

distance between atomic

layers in a crystal,

� and the variable λis the

wavelength of the

incident X-ray beam;

� n is an integer.

$Page 15: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

Constructive and Destructive

Interference of Waves

$Page 16: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

Deriving Bragg’s Law

$Page 17: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

How waves reveal the atomic structure of crystals

$Page 18: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

This observation is an

example of X-ray wave interference

It was direct evidence for the

periodic atomic structure of

crystals

$Page 19: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

Example of an X-ray powder

diffractogram produced

during an X-ray scan

$Page 20: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 21: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 22: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 23: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 24: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 25: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 26: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 27: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 28: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 29: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 30: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 31: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 32: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

Example of an X-ray powder

diffractogram produced

during an X-ray scan

$Page 33: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 34: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 35: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 36: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 37: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 38: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 39: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

More

$Page 40: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 41: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

Why???

$Page 42: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 43: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 44: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 45: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 46: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 47: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

$Page 48: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

Why

$Page 49: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) · Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment. What is X-ray Diffraction Bragg’s Law certain angles of incidence (theta ). The variable d is the distance between$

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