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African Americans and African Americans and Women in the 1920sWomen in the 1920s

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LynchingLynching Common act of violence Common act of violence

and terrorism and terrorism The victim, typically a The victim, typically a

black man accused of a black man accused of a sexual or violent crime, sexual or violent crime, was usually taken from the was usually taken from the jail, courthouse, or his jail, courthouse, or his home by a mob, beaten, home by a mob, beaten, tortured, and murdered. tortured, and murdered.

A number of people were A number of people were burned alive. burned alive.

Between 1882 and 1968, Between 1882 and 1968, 4,743 people were lynched 4,743 people were lynched in America. in America.

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Willie BrownWillie Brown On 28 September 1919, On 28 September 1919,

Willie Brown, accused of Willie Brown, accused of sexually assaulting a white sexually assaulting a white woman was lynched woman was lynched outside of the Douglas outside of the Douglas County Courthouse in County Courthouse in Omaha, NE.Omaha, NE.

Brown was hanged and Brown was hanged and shot repeatedly.shot repeatedly.

Brown’s body was dragged Brown’s body was dragged behind and automobile behind and automobile through the downtown through the downtown area and burned at the area and burned at the intersection of 17intersection of 17thth and and Dodge Streets.Dodge Streets.

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DuluthDuluth

In Duluth in 1920, three In Duluth in 1920, three black circus workers were black circus workers were accused of raping a local accused of raping a local teenage white girlteenage white girl

Rumors spread and by the Rumors spread and by the end of the day a mob formed end of the day a mob formed outside of the Duluth jailoutside of the Duluth jail

The mob drug out Elias The mob drug out Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie, and convicted Isaac McGhie, and convicted them of rape in a false trialthem of rape in a false trial

The three men were then The three men were then lynched them in the street. lynched them in the street.

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Lige DanielsLige Daniels The 16 year old boy was The 16 year old boy was

accused of killing an elderly accused of killing an elderly white womenwhite women

He had been in jail, but not He had been in jail, but not protected by the policeprotected by the police

Daniels was drug to the Daniels was drug to the edge of town where he was edge of town where he was strung up in a tree.strung up in a tree.

The citizens of Center, The citizens of Center, Texas had a photograph Texas had a photograph taken of their smiling faces taken of their smiling faces beneath his body turned beneath his body turned into a postcard. into a postcard.

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With the influx of African Americans With the influx of African Americans to the cities after WWI, many white to the cities after WWI, many white Americans responded by attacking Americans responded by attacking black citizens in a spate of urban race black citizens in a spate of urban race riots. riots.

In urban African-American enclaves, In urban African-American enclaves, the 1920s were marked by a the 1920s were marked by a flowering of cultural expressions and flowering of cultural expressions and a proliferation of black self-help a proliferation of black self-help organizations that accompanied the organizations that accompanied the era of the “New Negro.” era of the “New Negro.”

The 1921 article by Rollin Lynde The 1921 article by Rollin Lynde Hartt, a white Congregational minister Hartt, a white Congregational minister and journalist, captured well what and journalist, captured well what was perceived as “new” in the New was perceived as “new” in the New Negro:Negro:

an aggressive willingness to defend an aggressive willingness to defend black communities against white black communities against white racist attacks racist attacks

a desire to celebrate the a desire to celebrate the accomplishments of African-American accomplishments of African-American communities in the North.communities in the North.

““The New Negro”The New Negro”

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Chicago Race RiotsChicago Race Riots On July 27, 1919 a On July 27, 1919 a

young black boy young black boy unintentionally floated unintentionally floated into the white area of the into the white area of the beach on a scorching hot beach on a scorching hot afternoon and was afternoon and was drowned for the offense drowned for the offense and rioting ensued.and rioting ensued.

The race riot in Chicago The race riot in Chicago lasted until August 2, lasted until August 2, 1919 when 38 people 1919 when 38 people were dead, another 537 were dead, another 537 were injured and nearly were injured and nearly one thousand were left one thousand were left without homes. without homes.

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Omaha Race RiotOmaha Race Riot Spurred by the arrest Spurred by the arrest

of Willie Brown, mob of Willie Brown, mob violence quickly violence quickly escalated on the escalated on the steps of the city's steps of the city's courthouse courthouse

Soldiers were called Soldiers were called in to guard at 24th in to guard at 24th and Lake streets, the and Lake streets, the heart of black heart of black Omaha, following the Omaha, following the riot. riot.

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Tulsa Race RiotTulsa Race Riot In Tulsa, a young black man was In Tulsa, a young black man was

accused of assaulting a white elevator accused of assaulting a white elevator operator and arrested on those charges. operator and arrested on those charges.

A mob amassed outside of the A mob amassed outside of the courthouse demanding swift justice at courthouse demanding swift justice at their hands leading to uncontrolled their hands leading to uncontrolled violence in Greenwood, the black area of violence in Greenwood, the black area of town.town.

When armed whites congregated at the When armed whites congregated at the Tulsa courthouse planning to lynch the Tulsa courthouse planning to lynch the young black man imprisoned for the rape young black man imprisoned for the rape they were met by a crowd of equally they were met by a crowd of equally angry blacks determined to prevent the angry blacks determined to prevent the lynching. lynching.

The race riots resulted in the death of The race riots resulted in the death of anywhere from 75 to 250 people and the anywhere from 75 to 250 people and the burning of more than 1,000 black homes burning of more than 1,000 black homes and businesses. and businesses.

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Marcus Garvey was a Black Marcus Garvey was a Black Nationalist who recognized that his Nationalist who recognized that his Universal Negro Improvement Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) would find its Association (UNIA) would find its most enthusiastic audience in the most enthusiastic audience in the United States, United States,

Garvey used his considerable Garvey used his considerable charisma to attract thousands of charisma to attract thousands of disillusioned black working-class and disillusioned black working-class and lower middle-class followers and lower middle-class followers and became the most popular black became the most popular black leader in America in the early 1920s. leader in America in the early 1920s.

The UNIA, committed to notions of The UNIA, committed to notions of racial purity and separatism, insisted racial purity and separatism, insisted that salvation for African Americans that salvation for African Americans meant building an autonomous, meant building an autonomous, black-led nation in Africa. black-led nation in Africa.

To this end, the movement offered in To this end, the movement offered in its “Back to Africa” campaign a its “Back to Africa” campaign a powerful message of black pride and powerful message of black pride and economic self-sufficiency. economic self-sufficiency.

Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey

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The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance In the wake of the black exodus In the wake of the black exodus

from the South, known as the from the South, known as the Great Migration, the Harlem Great Migration, the Harlem section of New York City became section of New York City became home to a number of African home to a number of African American intellectuals, artist, and American intellectuals, artist, and writers. writers.

The seminal magazine feature The seminal magazine feature "Harlem: Mecca for the New "Harlem: Mecca for the New Negro" in Negro" in Survey GraphicSurvey Graphic summarized the cultural summarized the cultural phenomena this way: "If The phenomena this way: "If The Survey reads the signs aright, Survey reads the signs aright, such a dramatic flowering of a such a dramatic flowering of a new racespirit is taking place new racespirit is taking place close at home among American close at home among American Negroes, and the stage of that Negroes, and the stage of that new episode is Harlem." new episode is Harlem."

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Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton

and Susan B. Anthony and Susan B. Anthony met in 1851; three years met in 1851; three years after Stanton organized after Stanton organized the first woman's rights the first woman's rights convention in Seneca convention in Seneca Falls, New York. Falls, New York.

They were the They were the spearheads of the spearheads of the Women’s Suffrage Women’s Suffrage Movement. Movement.

They believed that voting They believed that voting rights should be based rights should be based upon citizenship rather upon citizenship rather than sex. than sex.

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Although the American women would not Although the American women would not receive the vote until 1920, the suffragists receive the vote until 1920, the suffragists persevered throughout the 19th century. persevered throughout the 19th century.

In 1878, a Women’s Suffrage amendment was In 1878, a Women’s Suffrage amendment was introduced and was debated over for years. introduced and was debated over for years.

In 1892, Elizabeth Cady Stanton addressed the In 1892, Elizabeth Cady Stanton addressed the Congress to help sway the vote. Congress to help sway the vote.

In this excerpt, she reasserts that citizenship is In this excerpt, she reasserts that citizenship is the root of enfranchisement.the root of enfranchisement. ““Secondly, if we consider her as a citizen, as a Secondly, if we consider her as a citizen, as a

member of a great nation, she must have the same member of a great nation, she must have the same rights as all other members, according to the rights as all other members, according to the fundamental principles of our government.”fundamental principles of our government.”   

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Seneca Falls DeclarationSeneca Falls Declaration The beginning of the The beginning of the

fight for women suffrage fight for women suffrage is usually traced to the is usually traced to the Declaration of Declaration of SentimentsSentiments or the or the Seneca Falls Seneca Falls DeclarationDeclaration

Produced at the first Produced at the first woman's rights woman's rights convention in Seneca convention in Seneca Falls, N. Y. in 1848. Falls, N. Y. in 1848.

It outlined the women's It outlined the women's rights movement of the rights movement of the mid-19th century.mid-19th century.

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1919thth Amendment Amendment In 1872, suffragists brought a In 1872, suffragists brought a

series of court challenges series of court challenges designed to test whether voting designed to test whether voting was a priviledge afforded to was a priviledge afforded to women. women.

In the 1875, the Supreme Court In the 1875, the Supreme Court unanimously decided the vote unanimously decided the vote was not extended to women. was not extended to women.

In 1878, a constitutional In 1878, a constitutional amendment was proposed for amendment was proposed for women’s suffrage.women’s suffrage.

This same amendment would be This same amendment would be introduced in every session of introduced in every session of Congress for the next 41 years. Congress for the next 41 years.

In May, 1919, the necessary two-In May, 1919, the necessary two-thirds vote in favor of the thirds vote in favor of the women's suffrage amendment women's suffrage amendment was finally taken, and the was finally taken, and the amendment was sent to the amendment was sent to the states for ratification. states for ratification.

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New WomanNew Woman The image of the flapper The image of the flapper

and the "new woman," who and the "new woman," who bobbed her hair, wore bobbed her hair, wore make-up, danced to jazz make-up, danced to jazz music, and smoked music, and smoked cigarettes is synonymous cigarettes is synonymous with the 1920's. with the 1920's.

The emerging advertising The emerging advertising industry and mass media industry and mass media promoted more sexualized promoted more sexualized images of women, thus, images of women, thus, giving license for young giving license for young women to shed some of the women to shed some of the old sexual mores that were old sexual mores that were perceived as "Victorian." perceived as "Victorian."

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Multimedia CitationsMultimedia Citations Slide 2: Slide 2:

http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.htmlhttp://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingsstate.html Slide 3: Slide 3:

http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/images/event_omaha_courthouse_lynchinghttp://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/images/event_omaha_courthouse_lynching.jpg.jpg

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http://www.assumption.edu/users/McClymer/his394/tulsaraceriot/default.htmlhttp://www.assumption.edu/users/McClymer/his394/tulsaraceriot/default.html Slide 10: http://www.isop.ucla.edu/africa/mgpp/images/mgp01.jpg Slide 10: http://www.isop.ucla.edu/africa/mgpp/images/mgp01.jpg Slide 11: Slide 11:

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/images/0933121059/ref=dp_image_0/102-http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/images/0933121059/ref=dp_image_0/102-1242382-2519351?ie=UTF8&n=283155&s=books 1242382-2519351?ie=UTF8&n=283155&s=books

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