1 japan education at a glance 2015 andreas schleicher director for education and skills release...
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1
Japan
Education at a Glance 2015
Andreas SchleicherDirector for Education and Skills
Release date: 24 November 2015
On average, less than 17% of have only below upper secondary education
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with attainment below upper secondary education (2014)
Ch
ina
In
do
ne
sia
M
exi
co
Tu
rke
y C
ost
a R
ica
Bra
zil
Po
rtu
ga
l S
au
di A
rab
ia
Sp
ain
C
olo
mb
ia
Ice
lan
d
Italy
S
ou
th A
fric
a
Ch
ile
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
No
rwa
y G
ree
ce
Sw
ed
en
D
en
ma
rk
Be
lgiu
m
EU
21
ave
rag
eO
EC
D a
vera
ge
N
eth
erl
an
ds
Fra
nce
L
atv
ia
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
A
ust
ralia
L
uxe
mb
ou
rg
Hu
ng
ary
G
erm
an
y L
ithu
an
ia
Est
on
ia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stri
a
Ire
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
Isra
el
Sw
itze
rla
nd
S
lova
k R
ep
ub
lic
Ca
na
da
S
love
nia
P
ola
nd
C
zech
Re
pu
blic
R
uss
ian
Fe
de
ratio
n
Ko
rea
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70%
Chart A1.1.
More people have benefited from education than ever before
Percentage of younger and older tertiary-educated adults (2014)
So
uth
Afr
ica
In
do
ne
sia
B
razi
l C
hin
a
Co
sta
Ric
aIta
ly
Me
xico
T
urk
ey
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
C
hile
C
olo
mb
ia
Ge
rma
ny
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
C
zech
Re
pu
blic
P
ort
ug
al
Hu
ng
ary
S
love
nia
A
ust
ria
G
ree
ce
EU
21
ave
rag
eL
atv
ia
Fin
lan
d
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Ice
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Sp
ain
D
en
ma
rk
Po
lan
d
Fra
nce
B
elg
ium
N
eth
erl
an
ds
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
ed
en
S
witz
erl
an
d
Isra
el
Au
stra
lia
No
rwa
y U
nite
d K
ing
do
m
Ire
lan
d
Lith
ua
nia
L
uxe
mb
ou
rg
Ca
na
da
R
uss
ian
Fe
de
ratio
n
Ko
rea
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Proportion of the 25-34 year-old population with tertiary education Proportion of the 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education %
Chart A1.2.
Adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education choose different programmes
Percentage of 25-64 year-olds whose highest level of education is upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary, by programme orientation (2014)
Po
lan
d
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ch
ile
Isra
el
Gre
ece
C
an
ad
a
Est
on
ia
Co
sta
Ric
aS
we
de
n
Po
rtu
ga
l U
nite
d K
ing
do
m
Au
stra
lia
Sp
ain
N
ew
Ze
ala
nd
O
EC
D a
vera
ge
Ic
ela
nd
N
orw
ay
Fra
nce
T
urk
ey
Be
lgiu
m
Italy
E
U2
1 a
vera
ge
Sw
itze
rla
nd
H
un
ga
ry
Ire
lan
d
La
tvia
N
eth
erl
an
ds
Au
stri
a
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
L
ithu
an
ia
Fin
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
De
nm
ark
L
uxe
mb
ou
rg
Slo
ven
ia
So
uth
Afr
ica
U
nite
d S
tate
s K
ore
a
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
B
razi
l C
olo
mb
ia
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
In
do
ne
sia
M
exi
co 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
General orientation No distinction by orientation Vocational orientation
%
Chart A1.3.
Educational attainment is related to ICT skills, but not in the same way across countries
Percentage of adults with good information and communication technologies and problem-solving skills, by educational attainment (2012)
Chart A1.4.
Th
e N
eth
erl
an
ds
Sw
ed
en
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
De
nm
ark
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
Ge
rma
ny
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
...
Ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stri
a
Jap
an
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ca
na
da
Ire
lan
d
Ko
rea
Po
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Tertiary Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Below upper secondary%
Over 80% of young people will complete upper secondary education in their lifetime
Upper secondary graduation rates (2013)
Ire
lan
d
Isra
el
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Po
rtu
ga
l
Fin
lan
d
EU
21
ave
rag
e
La
tvia
Po
lan
d
Au
stri
a
De
nm
ark
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ch
ile
Slo
ven
ia
Ca
na
da
EU
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Sw
ed
en
Hu
ng
ary
Italy
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
No
rwa
y
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Co
lom
bia
Sp
ain
Ind
on
esi
a
Tu
rke
y
Me
xico
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Over 25 years Below 25 years
Chart A2.1.
There are more vocational upper secondary graduates than ever before
Trends in vocational upper secondary graduation rates (2005 and 2013)
Fin
lan
d
Au
stri
a
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Fra
nce
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Au
stra
lia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Po
rtu
ga
l
Be
lgiu
m
EU
21
ave
rag
e
De
nm
ark
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Italy
Ge
rma
ny
Po
lan
d
Ch
ina
Isra
el
Sw
ed
en
No
rwa
y
Gre
ece
Ch
ile
Tu
rke
y
Sp
ain
Ind
on
esi
a
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
La
tvia
Jap
an
Hu
ng
ary
Ko
rea
Est
on
ia
Me
xico
Co
lom
bia
Bra
zil
Ca
na
da
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2013 2005
%
Chart A2.2.
Some 50% of today's young people are expected to graduate from tertiary education at least once during their lifetime
First-time tertiary graduation rates (2013)
Au
stra
lia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Jap
an
De
nm
ark
Slo
ven
ia
La
tvia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stri
a
Sp
ain
Ch
ile
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fin
lan
d
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Tu
rke
y1
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
EU
21
ave
rag
e
No
rwa
y
Po
rtu
ga
l
Sw
ed
en
Ge
rma
ny
Italy
Lu
xem
bo
urg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
First-time tertiary graduation rates%
Chart A3.1.
Most students graduate from general upper secondary programmes
Upper secondary graduation rates, by programme orientation (2013)
Fin
lan
d
Au
stri
a
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Fra
nce
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Au
stra
lia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Po
rtu
ga
l
Be
lgiu
m
EU
21
ave
rag
e
De
nm
ark
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Italy
Ge
rma
ny
Po
lan
d
Ch
ina
Isra
el
Sw
ed
en
No
rwa
y
Gre
ece
Ch
ile
Sp
ain
Ind
on
esi
a
La
tvia
Jap
an
Hu
ng
ary
Ko
rea
Est
on
ia
Me
xico
Co
lom
bia
Bra
zil
Ca
na
da
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Graduation rates General programmes Graduation rates Vocational programmes%
Chart A2.3.
Most first-time tertiary graduates are awarded a bachelor's degree
Distribution of first-time graduates by level of education (2013)
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Fin
lan
d
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Po
rtu
ga
l
No
rwa
y
Italy
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Au
stra
lia
Ge
rma
ny
De
nm
ark
La
tvia
EU
21
ave
rag
e
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Jap
an
Sw
ed
en
Slo
ven
ia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Tu
rke
y1
Ch
ile
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Sp
ain
Au
stri
a
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
-tio
n
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Bachelor’s or equivalent Master’s or equivalent Short tertiary (2-3 years)
Chart A3.2.
There is a large difference between the shares of women with bachelor's and doctoral degrees
Percentage of female graduates in tertiary levels of education (2013)
Sw
ed
en
La
tvia
No
rwa
y
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
ven
ia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
So
uth
Afr
ica
Po
rtu
ga
l
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
De
nm
ark
Ca
na
da
Be
lgiu
m
Au
stri
a
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Fin
lan
d
Italy
Isra
el
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Au
stra
lia
Sp
ain
Co
lom
bia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ch
ile
Me
xico
Ind
on
esi
a
Ch
ina
Ge
rma
ny
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rke
y
Jap
an
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Bachelor’s or equivalent Doctorate or equivalent
%
Chart A3.3.
More than 50% of international students who graduated with a doctorate earned it in either science or engineering
Percentage of students who graduate from sciences and engineering at doctoral level (2013)
Fra
nce
Ch
ile
Ca
na
da
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Isra
el
Sw
ed
en
Est
on
ia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Co
lom
bia
Au
stri
a
Be
lgiu
m
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Italy
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Sp
ain
Ire
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ge
rma
ny
De
nm
ark
Po
rtu
ga
l
Sw
itze
rla
nd
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
...
Slo
ven
ia
La
tvia
Gre
ece
Au
stra
lia
Ko
rea
Jap
an
So
uth
Afr
ica
Hu
ng
ary
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Me
xico
Tu
rke
y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sciences Engineering, Manufacturing & ConstructionSciences and Engineering, Manufacturing & Construction (international students)
Chart A3.4.
%
More than 30% of adults are more educated than their parents
Intergenerational mobility in education (2012)
Ko
rea
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Po
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
Ire
lan
d
Sp
ain
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
(U
K)
Fra
nce
Ca
na
da
Jap
an
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ave
rag
e
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
De
nm
ark
Est
on
ia
Au
stra
lia
No
rwa
y
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Italy
Sw
ed
en
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ge
rma
ny
Au
stri
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
22
10
16
Downward mobility (lower educational attainment than the highest level reached by parents)
Upward mobility to upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Upward mobility to tertiary education%
Chart A4.1.
Nearly one in two adults has attained the same level of education as their parents
Percentage of 25-34 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is the same as (status quo) that of their parents
Jap
an
Ca
na
da
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
De
nm
ark
No
rwa
y
Au
stra
lia
En
gla
nd
(U
K)
Un
ited
Sta
tes
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
(U
K)
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
Est
on
ia
Sw
ed
en
Ge
rma
ny
OE
CD
Ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Fra
nce
Ire
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
No
rth
ern
Ire
lan
d (
UK
)
Ko
rea
Po
lan
d
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Sp
ain
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Au
stri
a
Italy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Own education: below upper secondary Own education: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary Own education: tertiary
Chart A4.1.SQ
On average, 88% of first-generation tertiary-educated young adults are employed
Employment rates among first generation/not first generation tertiary-educated adults (2012)F
lan
de
rs (
Be
lgiu
m)
Sw
ed
en
Au
stri
a
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Ge
rma
ny
De
nm
ark
Ire
lan
d
Ca
na
da
Ave
rag
e
Po
lan
d
Jap
an
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
(U
K)
Au
stra
lia
Fra
nce
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Italy
Ko
rea
Sp
ain
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100First generation tertiary-educated Not first generation tertiary-educated%
Chart A4.5.
The employment benefit of tertiary education is significant, but not in all countries
Unemployment rates, by educational attainment (2014)
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Sp
ain
Gre
ece
Lith
ua
nia
La
tvia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licIr
ela
nd
Po
lan
dH
un
ga
ryE
U2
1 a
vera
ge
Slo
ven
iaIta
lyP
ort
ug
al
Be
lgiu
mF
ran
ce1
Sw
ed
en
OE
CD
ave
rag
eF
inla
nd
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
1G
erm
an
yE
sto
nia
Au
stri
aC
an
ad
aU
nite
d S
tate
sN
eth
erl
an
ds
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rke
yD
en
ma
rkA
ust
ralia
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
2L
uxe
mb
ou
rgIs
rae
lC
ost
a R
ica
No
rwa
yC
olo
mb
iaN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Ch
ile1
Ice
lan
dB
razi
l1M
exi
coK
ore
a
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45Below upper secondary Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary Tertiary
%
Chart A5.1.
Employment rates are consistently higher for young tertiary-educated adults
Employment rates for younger and older tertiary-educated adults (2014)
Italy
Gre
ece
Sp
ain
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ko
rea
Tu
rke
yC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Me
xico
Po
rtu
ga
lS
love
nia
EU
21
ave
rag
eE
sto
nia
Hu
ng
ary
Fin
lan
dO
EC
D a
vera
ge
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ire
lan
dD
en
ma
rkA
ust
ralia
Ch
ileL
atv
iaC
an
ad
aC
olo
mb
iaN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Au
stri
aP
ola
nd
Fra
nce
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Isra
el
Sw
ed
en
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Co
sta
Ric
aIc
ela
nd
No
rwa
yB
elg
ium
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ge
rma
ny
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Bra
zil
Ne
the
rla
nd
sL
ithu
an
ia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Employment rate for tertiary educated 25-34 year-olds
Employment rate for tertiary educated 55-64 year-olds
%
Chart A5.2.
Across OECD countries, 77% of adults with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary are employed
Employment rates among adults whose highest level of education is upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary, by programme orientation (2014)
Ice
lan
dS
we
de
nS
witz
erl
an
dN
orw
ay
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dU
nite
d K
ing
do
mG
erm
an
yD
en
ma
rkN
eth
erl
an
ds
Po
rtu
ga
lC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Au
stra
liaC
olo
mb
iaB
razi
lA
ust
ria
Est
on
iaC
an
ad
aO
EC
D a
vera
ge
Co
sta
Ric
aF
inla
nd
Me
xico
Fra
nce
EU
21
ave
rag
eB
elg
ium
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
er.
..Is
rae
lL
uxe
mb
ou
rgK
ore
aH
un
ga
ryC
hile
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
La
tvia
Italy
Lith
ua
nia
Slo
ven
iaIr
ela
nd
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
lan
dS
pa
inT
urk
ey
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Vocational and general orientation Vocational orientation General orientation
Chart A5.3.
The higher the level of education, the higher the relative earnings
Relative earnings of tertiary-educated workers, by level of tertiary education (2013)
Italy
De
nm
ark
Sw
ed
en
No
rwa
y
Slo
vak
Re
pu
...
Fin
lan
d
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Fra
nce
Au
stra
lia
Cze
ch R
ep
u...
Ko
rea
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Ca
na
da
Un
ited
Kin
...
OE
CD
ave
...
Isra
el
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
rtu
ga
l
Au
stri
a
Hu
ng
ary
Gre
ece
Ire
lan
d
Bra
zil
Ch
ile
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
Bachelor's or equivalent Master's, doctoral or equivalentIndex450 564
Index450 564
Chart A6.1.
Adults with a tertiary degree will earn 100% more than those with only below upper secondary education
Difference in relative earnings for adults by level of education
Chile
Brazil
Colom
bia
Hunga
ry
Mex
ico
Turke
y
Irela
nd
Unite
d Sta
tes
Czech
Rep
ublic
Slove
nia
Slova
k Rep
ublic
Polan
d
Portu
gal
Israe
l
OECD ave
rage
Luxe
mbo
urg
EU21 a
vera
ge
Nethe
rland
s
Switzer
land
Franc
e
Austri
a
Japa
n
Spain
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Greec
e
Finla
nd
Korea Ita
ly
Canad
a
Belgi
um
New Z
eala
nd
Estoni
a
Austra
lia
Denm
ark
Norway
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Below upper secondary Tertiary
Chart A6.2.a
In all countries women earn less than men
Differences in earnings between female and male adults workers, by educational attainment (2013)
Be
lgiu
m
Sw
ed
en
Tu
rke
y
Slo
ven
ia
Sp
ain
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Fin
lan
d
Ire
lan
d
Gre
ece
No
rwa
y
Au
stra
lia
Co
lom
bia
De
nm
ark
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ca
na
da
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
lan
d
Fra
nce
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Po
rtu
ga
l
Me
xico
Italy
Au
stri
a
Est
on
ia
Ko
rea
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Hu
ng
ary
Isra
el
Ch
ile
Bra
zil 50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Below upper secondary Tertiary
Chart A6.2.b
The earnings advantages are largest in countries with a small share of tertiary-educated people
Relative earnings of tertiary-educated workers and their share in the population (2013)
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 10
20
30
40
50
60
Australia6
Austria
Belgium
Canada6
ChileCzech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland6
France
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Italy5
Japan
KoreaLuxembourg
Mexico
NetherlandsNew Zealand
Norway
Poland
PortugalSlovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
SwedenSwitzerland
Turkey
United KingdomUnited States
OECD average
Brazil
Colombia
Relative earnings
Po
pu
lati
on
wit
h t
ert
iary
ed
uc
ati
on
%
OECD average
OE
CD
av
era
ge
Chart A6.4.
Adults completing tertiary education benefit from substantial returns on their investment
Private net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011)C
hile
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Slo
ven
ia
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Po
rtu
ga
l
Au
stri
a
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Au
stra
lia
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Ge
rma
ny
Ca
na
da
Isra
el
Italy
Fin
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Est
on
ia
De
nm
ark
Sw
ed
en
Sp
ain
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ko
rea
0
100 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
500 000
600 000
Men Women
Chart A7.1
The public benefit for a man attaining tertiary education is higher than that for a woman
Public net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011)U
nite
d S
tate
s
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
ven
ia
Ge
rma
ny
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Italy
Po
rtu
ga
l
Au
stri
a
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fin
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Ch
ile
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
lan
d
De
nm
ark
No
rwa
y
Isra
el
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ca
na
da
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sp
ain
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Sw
ed
en
Ko
rea
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Men Women
Chart A7.3
Adults with higher levels of education are more likely to report better health Chart A8.2.
Likelihood of reporting to be in good health, by educational attainment (2012)N
orw
ay
Denm
ark
Neth
erl
ands
Flanders
(B
elg
ium
)
Sw
eden
Unit
ed S
tate
s
Finla
nd
Pola
nd
Cze
ch R
epublic
Spain
Germ
any
Avera
ge
Aust
ralia
Engla
nd/N
. Ir
ela
nd (
UK
)
Japan
Canada
Aust
ria
Est
onia
Irela
nd
France
Kore
a
Slo
vak R
epublic
Italy
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Difference between upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary and below upper secondary
Difference between upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary
After accounting for literacy proficiency
After accounting for numeracy proficiency
Perc
enta
ge-p
oin
t diff
ere
nce
Adults with higher levels of education are more likely to report that they trust others Chart A8.4
Likelihood of reporting to trust others, by educational attainment (2012)
Norw
ay
Denm
ark
Neth
erla
nds
Flan
ders
(Bel
gium
)
Swed
en
Unite
d St
ates
Finl
and
Pola
nd
Czec
h Re
publ
ic
Spai
n
Germ
any
Aver
age
Aust
ralia
Engl
and/
N. Ir
elan
d (U
K)
Japa
n
Cana
da
Aust
ria
Esto
nia
Irela
nd
Fran
ce
Kore
a
Slov
ak R
epub
lic
Italy
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Difference between upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary and below upper secondary
Difference between upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary
After accounting for literacy proficiency
After accounting for numeracy proficiency
Perc
enta
ge-p
oint
diff
eren
ce
Women are more likely than men to be enrolled in tertiary education
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds who have attained tertiary education, by gender (2014)
Ko
rea
Ca
na
da
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
...N
orw
ay
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ire
lan
dIs
rae
lA
ust
ralia
Sw
ed
en
Po
lan
dL
atv
iaU
nite
d K
ing
do
mB
elg
ium
Un
ited
Sta
tes
De
nm
ark
Est
on
iaS
love
nia
Ne
the
rla
nd
sF
ran
ceF
inla
nd
Sp
ain
Ice
lan
dO
EC
D a
vera
ge
EU
21
ave
rag
eS
witz
erl
an
dN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Gre
ece
Au
stri
aP
ort
ug
al
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licS
au
di A
rab
iaJa
pa
nC
olo
mb
iaIta
lyG
erm
an
yC
hile
Me
xico
Tu
rke
yC
ost
a R
ica
Bra
zil
Ind
on
esi
aS
ou
th A
fric
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Men Women%
Chart A10.1
Boys tend to perform worse in school than girls
Gender differences in the percentage of 15 year-olds students who are low achievers in all subjects (e.g. mathematics, reading, science) (PISA 2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Girls Boys%
Chart A10.2
In all countries, employment rates are higher for men than for women
Employment rates of 25-64 year-old men and women with below upper secondary and tertiary education (2014)
Gre
ece
Sp
ain
Italy
Tu
rkey
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Po
rtug
al
Fin
land
Irela
ndS
love
nia
Latv
iaE
U2
1 a
vera
geA
ust
riaB
elg
ium
Mex
ico
Fra
nce
Slo
vak
Re
pu...
OE
CD
ave
rage
Hun
gary
Rus
sia
n F
ed
e...
Uni
ted
Kin
...A
ust
ralia
Luxe
mbo
urg
Den
mar
kIs
rael
Est
oni
aK
ore
aS
we
den
Net
he
rland
sC
hile
Po
lan
dC
osta
Ric
aC
olo
mb
iaG
erm
any
Nor
wa
yB
razi
lC
zech
Re
pub
licS
witz
erla
ndN
ew Z
eal
and
Jap
anIc
ela
nd
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100 Men Women
Chart A10.5
OECD countries spend USD 10 220 per student per year from primary through tertiary education
Annual expenditure by educational institutions per student, by types of service, from primary to tertiary education (2012). In equivalent USD converted using PPPs, based on full-time equivalents, for primary through tertiary education
Chart B1.1.
Sw
itze
rla
nd
No
rwa
yJa
pa
nE
U2
1 a
vera
ge
Ice
lan
dO
EC
D a
vera
ge
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dR
uss
ian
Fe
de
ra...
La
tvia
Tu
rke
yC
olo
mb
iaIn
do
ne
sia
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stri
aN
eth
erl
an
ds
Be
lgiu
mU
nite
d K
ing
do
mIr
ela
nd
Sw
ed
en
Ge
rma
ny
Au
stra
liaF
inla
nd
Ko
rea
Fra
nce
Slo
ven
iaS
pa
inIta
lyP
ola
nd
Isra
el
Po
rtu
ga
lC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Est
on
iaC
hile
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Hu
ng
ary
Bra
zil
Me
xico
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
Core services Ancillary services (transport, meals, housing provided by institutions)
Total R&D
In equivalent USD converted using
PPPs
Annual spending per primary student is USD 8 247, on average
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2012). Primary education
Chart B1.2.P
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Sw
itze
rla
nd
No
rwa
yU
nite
d S
tate
sD
en
ma
rkS
we
de
nU
nite
d K
ing
do
mIc
ela
nd
Be
lgiu
mA
ust
ria
Slo
ven
iaIr
ela
nd
Jap
an
Fin
lan
dN
eth
erl
an
ds
Italy
Ge
rma
ny
Au
stra
liaK
ore
aS
pa
inN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Fra
nce
Isra
el
Po
lan
dP
ort
ug
al
Est
on
iaS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Ch
ileH
un
ga
ryL
atv
iaB
razi
lC
olo
mb
iaM
exi
coT
urk
ey
So
uth
Afr
ica
Ind
on
esi
a
Ca
na
da
2, 3
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Gre
ece
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
20 000
22 000
Primary education
Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted using PPPs)
OECD av-erage
Annual spending per secondary student is USD 9 518, on average
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2012). All secondary education
Chart B1.2.S
Luxembourg SwitzerlandNorway
United StatesDenmark Sweden
United KingdomIceland Belgium
AustriaSlovenia
Ireland JapanFinland
NetherlandsItaly
Germany AustraliaKorea Spain
New ZealandFrance
IsraelPoland
Portugal EstoniaSlovak Republic Czech Republic
ChileHungary
Latvia BrazilColombia
Mexico TurkeySouth Africa
Indonesia
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
20 000
22 000
Secondary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education
In equivalent USD converted using PPPs)OECD average
Annual spending per tertiary student ranges from USD 2 089 to USD 32 876
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2012). Tertiary education
Chart B1.2.T
Luxembourg United StatesSwitzerland
United KingdomSweden Norway
NetherlandsFinland
GermanyJapan
AustraliaAustria
BelgiumFrance Ireland
New ZealandSpain Israel
SloveniaSouth Africa
BrazilCzech Republic
ItalyKorea Poland Iceland Portugal
Slovak RepublicHungary Estonia Mexico
ChileTurkey Latvia
Colombia IndonesiaCanada2, 3
Russian FederationGreece
02 0004 0006 0008 000
10 00012 00014 00016 00018 00020 00022 00024 00026 00028 000
Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted using PPPs)
OECD average
Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted using PPPs)Expenditure per student (equivalent USD converted using PPPs)In equivalent USD converted using PPPs)32 876
Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries between 2005 and 2012
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions in 2012 related to change since 2005. Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Chart B1.4.P,S,PS
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 000
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
MEX
CHLHUN SVKEST CZE
POL
ISR
POR
KORITA
ESP
JPN FIN
FRA
AUS
UKM IRECANNLD
SWE
TUR
BEL
USA
CHE
NOR
RUS
ISL
SVN
R² = 0.345881113162724
R² = 0.298397846059289
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2012 (%)
Annual expenditure per student (2012,
USD) OECD average
Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary educa-tion
OECD average
Between 2005 and 2011, expenditure per tertiary student increased by 10%, on average
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions in 2012 related to change since 2005. Tertiary education
Chart B1.4.T
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 806 0007 0008 0009 000
10 00011 00012 00013 00014 00015 00016 00017 00018 00019 00020 00021 00022 00023 00024 00025 00026 00027 000
USA
CHE
SWE
NOR
FINNLD
JPN
FRA
BEL IRE
ISRESP
BRA CZESVN KOR
POLPOR
ISL
CHLSVKTUR
MEX ESTRUS
ITA
HUN
AUS
R² = 0.0654264089067798
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2012 (%)
Annual expenditure per student (2012, USD)
OECD average
Tertiary education
OECD average
In most countries, spending primary, secondary and post-secondary non tertiary student increased by at least 5% between 2008 and 2012
Changes in the number of students, expenditure on educational institutions and expenditure per student. Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (2008, 2012)
Chart B1.5.P,S,PS
BrazilPortugal
Turkey PolandSlovak Republic
Korea IsraelCzech Republic
ChileRussian Federation
CanadaSwitzerland
AustraliaMexico
United Kingdom OECD averageJapan
FinlandNetherlands
Sweden Norway BelgiumIreland France
United StatesSlovenia
Estonia IcelandSpain
ItalyHungary
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Change in expenditure Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents) Change in expenditure per student
Index of change (2008=100)
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educa-tion
Chart B1.6. Changes in the number of students and changes in expenditure per student by educational institutions, by level of education (2005, 2010)Index of change between 2005 and 2010 (2005 = 100, 2010 constant prices )
As enrolment increased faster than expenditure, spending per tertiary student decreased in 11 countries between 2008 and 2012
Changes in the number of students, expenditure on educational institutions and expenditure per student.Tertiary Education (2008, 2012)
Chart B1.5.T
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Est
on
ia
Tu
rke
y
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Po
lan
d
Ko
rea
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ch
ile
Slo
ven
ia
Fin
lan
d
Sw
ed
en
Jap
an
Isra
el
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
No
rwa
y
Italy
Fra
nce
Me
xico
Au
stra
lia
Be
lgiu
m
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
rtu
ga
l
Sp
ain
Bra
zil
Ice
lan
d
Ire
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Change in expenditure Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents) Change in expenditure per student
Index of change (2008=100)
Tertiary education
170
In 2012, OECD countries spent an average of 3.7% of their GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2012), by source of fund.
Chart B2.2.P,S,PS
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dD
en
ma
rkIc
ela
nd
No
rwa
yB
razi
lC
olo
mb
iaU
nite
d K
ing
do
mP
ort
ug
al
Isra
el
Ire
lan
dB
elg
ium
Au
stra
liaF
inla
nd
Me
xico
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Fra
nce
Ne
the
rla
nd
sS
we
de
nS
love
nia
Ko
rea
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ch
ileC
an
ad
aP
ola
nd
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Est
on
iaG
erm
an
yA
ust
ria
Sp
ain
Tu
rke
yIta
lyJa
pa
nL
atv
iaC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Hu
ng
ary
Ind
on
esi
aR
uss
ian
Fe
de
ra...
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6Public expenditure on educational institutions Private expenditure on educational institutions
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary
% of GDP
OECD average (total expenditure)
In 2012, OECD countries spent an average of 1.5% of their GDP on tertiary education
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2012), by source of fund.
Chart B2.2.T
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ch
ileC
an
ad
aK
ore
aC
olo
mb
iaN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Fin
lan
dU
nite
d K
ing
do
mA
ust
ria
Ne
the
rla
nd
sS
we
de
nE
sto
nia
Au
stra
liaN
orw
ay
Isra
el
Jap
an
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licF
ran
ceT
urk
ey
Be
lgiu
mR
uss
ian
Fe
de
ratio
nL
atv
iaP
ort
ug
al
Po
lan
dM
exi
coIr
ela
nd
Hu
ng
ary
Sp
ain
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ge
rma
ny
Slo
ven
iaIc
ela
nd
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Italy
Bra
zil
Ind
on
esi
aL
uxe
mb
ou
rg
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Public expenditure on education institutions Private expenditure on education institutionsOECD average
Tertiary% of GDP
OECD average (total ex-penditure)
About 30% of spending on tertiary education comes from private sources, on average
Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2012)
Chart B3.1
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Ch
ileU
nite
d S
tate
sC
olo
mb
iaA
ust
ralia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dIs
rae
lP
ort
ug
al
Hu
ng
ary
Ca
na
da
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
La
tvia
Italy
Me
xico
OE
CD
ave
rag
eN
eth
erl
an
ds
Ind
on
esi
aS
pa
inS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licP
ola
nd
EU
21
ave
rag
eE
sto
nia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licF
ran
ceT
urk
ey
Ire
lan
dG
erm
an
yS
love
nia
Sw
ed
en
Be
lgiu
mIc
ela
nd
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Au
stri
aN
orw
ay
Fin
lan
dS
witz
erl
an
dD
en
ma
rk
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education
%
Between 2010 and 2012, 14 countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions
Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education and index of change in public expenditure on educational institutions and in GDP (2010 to 2012)
Chart B2.4
Ch
ile
Tu
rke
y
Isra
el
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Bra
zil
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Be
lgiu
m
Ko
rea
Fin
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Jap
an
Ice
lan
d
Sw
ed
en
Me
xico
Ire
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Slo
ven
ia
Ge
rma
ny
Fra
nce
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Po
lan
d
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Italy
Ca
na
da
No
rwa
y
Au
stra
lia
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
ga
l
Hu
ng
ary
Est
on
ia
De
nm
ark
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions Change in Gross Domestic Product
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP
Index of change (2010=100)
On average, 21.7% of expenditure on tertiary institutions comes from private households
Distribution of public and private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2012)
Sw
ed
en
Au
stri
aL
uxe
mb
ou
rgN
orw
ay
Be
lgiu
mC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Ice
lan
dF
ran
ceS
love
nia
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
EU
21
ave
rag
eE
sto
nia
Ne
the
rla
nd
sIr
ela
nd
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Tu
rke
yP
ola
nd
OE
CD
ave
rag
eS
pa
inC
an
ad
aR
uss
ian
Fe
de
ratio
nIta
lyIn
do
ne
sia
Isra
el
Me
xico
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dP
ort
ug
al
La
tvia
Au
stra
liaK
ore
aU
nite
d S
tate
sJa
pa
nC
hile
Co
lom
bia
Fin
lan
dH
un
ga
ryG
erm
an
y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Public expenditure on educational institutions
Household expenditure
Expenditure of other private entities
All private sources, including subsidies for payments to educational institutions received from public sources
Tertiary education
%
Chart B3.2.
The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions changed only one percentage point between 2005 and 2012
Share of private expenditure on tertiary education institutions (2005 and 2012)
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Ch
ile
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stra
lia
Isra
el
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ca
na
da
Italy
Me
xico
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Sp
ain
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Po
lan
d
Est
on
ia
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fra
nce
Ire
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Sw
ed
en
Be
lgiu
m
Ice
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2012 2005%
Chart B3.3.a
The increase, between 2005 and 2012, in the share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions differs considerably among countries
Change, in percentage points, in the share of private expenditure between 2005 and 2012
Ch
ile
Slo
ven
ia
Est
on
ia
Isra
el
Ko
rea
Po
lan
d
Sw
ed
en
Me
xico
Jap
an
Ice
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
Ca
na
da
Au
stra
lia
Be
lgiu
m
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ire
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Fra
nce
No
rwa
y
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sp
ain
Italy
Po
rtu
ga
l- 25
- 20
- 15
- 10
- 5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Difference 2008-2005 Difference 2012-2008 Difference 2012-2005percentage points
Change (in percentage points) in the proportion of private expenditurebetween 2005 and 2012
Chart B3.3.b
There is more public expenditure per student in public tertiary institutions than in private institutions
Annual public expenditure on educational institutions per student in tertiary education, by type of institution (2012)N
orw
ay
(84
%)
Sw
ed
en
(9
0%
)
Fin
lan
d (
71
%)
Au
stri
a (
84
%)
Ge
rma
ny
(93
%)
Be
lgiu
m (
42
%)
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
(0
%)
Ne
the
rla
nd
s (9
1%
)
Fra
nce
(8
1%
)
EU
21
ave
rag
e (
69
%)
Un
ited
Sta
tes
(68
%)
OE
CD
ave
rag
e (
61
%)
Sp
ain
(8
4%
)
Ice
lan
d (
m%
)
Slo
ven
ia (
90
%)
Au
stra
lia (
0%
)
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d (
89
%)
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic (
86
%)
Italy
(9
1%
)
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
(m
)
Jap
an
(2
3%
)
Isra
el (
11
%)
Tu
rke
y (9
0%
)
Me
xico
(6
8%
)
Po
lan
d (
77
%)
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
(8
9%
)
Po
rtu
ga
l (8
0%
)
Hu
ng
ary
(8
3%
)
Est
on
ia (
17
%)
Ko
rea
(1
9%
)
La
tvia
(8
%)
Ch
ile (
16
%)
Co
lom
bia
(5
2%
)
Ind
on
esi
a (
33
%)
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
Public institutions Private institutions Total public and private institutionsIn equivalent USD converted using PPPs
Chart B3.4.
In 2012, some 12% of total public spending was devoted to education
Total public expenditure on primary to tertiary education as a percentage of total public expenditure (2005, 2008, 2012)M
exi
co
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Bra
zil
Ch
ile
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ko
rea
Ire
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Ice
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Isra
el
Ca
na
da
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sw
ed
en
Un
ited
Sta
tes
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Fin
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Be
lgiu
m
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Po
lan
d
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Slo
ven
ia
Ge
rma
ny
Po
rtu
ga
l
Au
stri
a
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Jap
an
Fra
nce
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Sp
ain
Hu
ng
ary
Italy
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
2012 2005 2008% of total public expenditure
Chart B4.1.
Between 2005 and 2012, most countries reduced public expenditure as percentage of GDP
Total public expenditure as a percentage of GDP (2005, 2012)
Chart B4.2.
Fra
nce
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m
Au
stri
a
Sw
ed
en
Italy
Hu
ng
ary
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Slo
ven
ia
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
ga
l
Un
ited
Kin
...
Ice
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Cze
ch R
ep
u...
Jap
an
Po
lan
d
Ca
na
da
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ire
lan
d
Isra
el
Slo
vak
Re
p...
Est
on
ia
Au
stra
lia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Bra
zil
Ko
rea
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Me
xico
Ch
ile
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2012 2005% of GDP
Between 2008 and 2012, public spending on education as a percentage of total public spending decreased in most countries
Index of change between 2008 and 2012 in total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure
Ice
lan
d
Isra
el
Ch
ile
Ire
lan
d
Bra
zil
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Au
stra
lia
Me
xico
Sw
ed
en
Ca
na
da
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Po
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
rtu
ga
l
Jap
an
Fin
lan
d
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Be
lgiu
m
Fra
nce
Slo
ven
ia
No
rwa
y
Ko
rea
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Italy
Est
on
ia
Sp
ain
Hu
ng
ary
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
Change in public expenditure on education Change in public expenditure for all services
Change in total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure Index of change
Chart B4.3.
In some countries where students pay high tuition fees, students benefit from financial support
Relationship between average tuition fees charged by public institutions related to the proportion of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR scholarships/grants at bachelor's and equivalent level (2013-14)
Chart B5.1
0 25 50 75 100 0
1 500
3 000
4 500
6 000
7 500
9 000United Kingdom
United States
Australia
New Zealand
ItalySwitzerland
AustriaBelgium (Fl.)
Belgium (Fr.)France
NorwayTurkeyFinland
Average tuition fees charged by public institutions, Bachelor's and equivalent programmes, in USD
In countries where tuition fees are moderate, most students do not benefit from financial support
Distribution of scholarships/grants and public loans to students in Bachelor's or equivalent level (2013-14)
Chart B5.3
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Au
stra
lia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Un
ited
Sta
tes
No
rwa
y
Tu
rke
y
Fin
lan
d
Fra
nce
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Italy
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Au
stri
a
Sw
itze
rla
nd
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
benefit from public loans only or from public loans AND scholarships/grants benefit from public loans only
benefit from scholarships/grants only benefit from public loans AND scholarships/grants
DO NOT benefit from public loans OR scholarships/grants% of students
Some 79% of current expenditure goes to compensating education staff
Distribution of current expenditure on educational institutions for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (2012)M
exi
co
Co
lom
bia
Be
lgiu
m
Tu
rke
y
Po
rtu
ga
l
Jap
an
De
nm
ark
So
uth
Afr
ica
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ire
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Isra
el
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Italy
No
rwa
y
Fra
nce
Sp
ain
Ca
na
da
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Slo
ven
ia
Ind
on
esi
a
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Au
stra
lia
Au
stri
a
Ice
lan
d
La
tvia
Bra
zil
Ko
rea
Hu
ng
ary
Sw
ed
en
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Fin
lan
d
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Compensation of all staff Other current expenditure% of total ex-penditure
Chart B6.1.
In most countries, the salary cost of teachers per student increases with the level of education
Salary cost of teachers per student, by level of education (2013) in USD
Chart B7.1.
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Au
stri
a
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Ge
rma
ny
Ca
na
da
Fin
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Slo
ven
ia
No
rwa
y
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ire
lan
d
Sp
ain
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
rtu
ga
l
Gre
ece
Jap
an
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Italy
Ice
lan
d
Ko
rea
Po
lan
d
Fra
nce
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Tu
rke
y
Est
on
ia
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Hu
ng
ary
Ch
ile
Me
xico
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
Lower secondary Primary Upper secondary
USD
The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time
Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, upper secondary education (2013) in USD
Chart B7.4.
Po
rtu
ga
l
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ge
rma
ny
Ca
na
da
Au
stri
a
Tu
rke
y
Ire
lan
d
Fra
nce
Italy
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Isra
el
Hu
ng
ary
Ch
ile
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ko
rea
En
gla
nd
Sp
ain
-4 000
-2 000
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
Contribution of teachers' salary
Contribution of instruction time
Contribution of teaching time
Contribution of estimated class size
difference with OECD average
USD
Enrolment rates are greater than 70% in almost all countries
Enrolment rates of 15-19 year-olds (2013)
Ire
lan
d
La
tvia
Slo
ven
ia
Be
lgiu
m
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Po
lan
d
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ge
rma
ny
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ice
lan
d
De
nm
ark
Hu
ng
ary
Est
on
ia
Sp
ain
Ko
rea
No
rwa
y
EU
21
Ave
rag
e
Au
stra
lia
Fin
lan
d
Sw
ed
en
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Fra
nce
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stri
a
Ch
ile
Italy
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ca
na
da
Ind
on
esi
a
Bra
zil
Tu
rke
y
Isra
el
Co
lom
bia
Me
xico
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Chart C1.1.
Six in ten students are enrolled in general programmes
Distribution of 15-19 year-olds enrolled in upper secondary education, by programme orientation (2013)
Ire
lan
d
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
Bra
zil
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ko
rea
Ice
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Sp
ain
Jap
an
De
nm
ark
Hu
ng
ary
Co
lom
bia
Est
on
ia
Ch
ile
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ge
rma
ny
Ch
ina
La
tvia
Me
xico
Po
rtu
ga
l
Fra
nce
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Isra
el
Ind
on
esi
a
EU
21
Ave
rag
e
Sw
ed
en
Tu
rke
y
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Po
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Be
lgiu
m
Italy
Slo
ven
ia
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Au
stri
a
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
General programmes Vocational programmes
Chart C1.2.
Some 69% of tertiary students were enrolled in public institutions in 2013
Distribution of students in tertiary education by type of institutions (2013)
Ire
lan
d
De
nm
ark
So
uth
Afr
ica
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
Tu
rke
y
Ge
rma
ny
Au
stra
lia
Sw
ed
en
Italy
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
ven
ia
Ch
ina
Au
stri
a
Sp
ain
No
rwa
y
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ice
lan
d
Fra
nce
EU
21
Ave
rag
e
Fin
lan
d
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Me
xico
Co
lom
bia
Be
lgiu
m
Jap
an
Ko
rea
Est
on
ia
Ch
ile
Isra
el
La
tvia
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Public institutions Private institutions
Chart C1.3.
%
Some 70 % of 3-year-olds are enrolled in pre-primary education
Enrolment rates at age 3 and 4 in early childhood education (2013)
Isra
el
Fra
nce
Be
lgiu
m
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ice
lan
d
Sp
ain
No
rwa
y
Italy
Sw
ed
en
Ge
rma
ny
De
nm
ark
Ko
rea
Est
on
ia
Slo
ven
ia
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
La
tvia
Jap
an
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Po
rtu
ga
l
Hu
ng
ary
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Fin
lan
d
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Au
stri
a
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Po
lan
d
Ire
lan
d
Ch
ile
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Me
xico
Au
stra
lia
Ind
on
esi
a
Co
lom
bia
Bra
zil
Tu
rke
y
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood educational programmes (ISC 01) Enrolment rates at age 3 in pre-primary education (ISC 02) Enrolment rates at age 4 (ISC 02 +ISC 1)
Chart C2.1.
%
Large proportions of children are enrolled in private pre-primary schools
Percentage of pupils enrolled in public institutions in early childhood education (2013)
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licS
love
nia
Est
on
iaS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licL
atv
iaS
witz
erl
an
dS
ou
th A
fric
aC
an
ad
aH
un
ga
ryF
inla
nd
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Tu
rke
yF
ran
ceIc
ela
nd
Me
xico
Sw
ed
en
Po
lan
dD
en
ma
rkB
razi
lA
ust
ria
Italy
Ne
the
rla
nd
sS
pa
inE
U2
1 a
vera
ge
Co
lom
bia
OE
CD
ave
rag
eU
nite
d S
tate
sIs
rae
lS
au
di A
rab
iaN
orw
ay
Po
rtu
ga
lC
hin
aB
elg
ium
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
G2
0 a
vera
ge
Au
stra
liaG
erm
an
yJa
pa
nK
ore
aIn
do
ne
sia
Ire
lan
dN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage of pupils enrolled in public institutions in early childhood educational development programmes Percentage of pupils enrolled in public institutions in pre-primary education%
Chart C2.3.
Expenditure on pre-primary education accounts for 0.6% of GDP, on average
Expenditure on pre-primary educational institutions (2012)
Chart C2.4.
No
rwa
y
Ice
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
La
tvia
Po
lan
d
Fra
nce
Isra
el
Hu
ng
ary
Be
lgiu
m
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
ga
l
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Au
stri
a
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Italy
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Au
stra
lia
So
uth
Afr
ica
Ind
on
esi
a
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Public expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP Public expenditure only
Some 67% of young adults will enter tertiary education at least once in their lifetime
First-time tertiary entry rates (2013)
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ch
ile
De
nm
ark
Ice
lan
d
Po
lan
d
Jap
an
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Au
stri
a
Isra
el
Tu
rke
y
Sp
ain
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Be
lgiu
m
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Po
rtu
ga
l
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Co
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Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ge
rma
ny
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sw
ed
en
Fin
lan
d
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Italy
Me
xico
Lu
xem
bo
urg
So
uth
Afr
ica
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100First-time entry rates at tertiary level Excluding international students Younger than 25 years old (excluding international students)
Chart C3.1.
%
Some 61% of those entering doctoral programmes are younger than 30
Percentage of entrants below typical age (2013)
Ind
on
esi
a
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Po
lan
d
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Be
lgiu
m
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ge
rma
ny
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Lu
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bo
urg
Est
on
ia
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Fra
nce
Slo
ven
ia
Tu
rke
y
Hu
ng
ary
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Au
stri
a
De
nm
ark
Jap
an
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Sw
ed
en
Italy
La
tvia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Fin
lan
d
Gre
ece
Ch
ile
Ko
rea
Isra
el
Me
xico
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ice
lan
d
Co
lom
bia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage of new entrants in tertiary education younger than 25 years old Percentage of new entrants at doctorate level younger than 30 years old
Chart C3.3.
%
International student enrolments vary greatly across countries
Student mobility in tertiary education (2013)
Luxe
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Austra
lia
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Switzer
land
Austri
a
New Z
eala
nd
Nethe
rland
s
Denm
ark
Belgi
um
Franc
e
Canad
a
Finla
nd
Germ
any
Icela
nd
Irela
nd
Sweden
Hunga
ry
Slova
k Rep
ublic
Portu
gal
Unite
d Sta
tes
Latvi
a
Norway
Japa
n
Estoni
a
Spain
Slove
nia
Polan
dChi
le
Mex
ico 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Total tertiary education OECD Average
OECD Average
Chart C4.1.
%
The proportion of international students is different at different levels of tertiary education
Student mobility in tertiary education, by ISCED level (2013)L
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ited
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ited
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5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Doctoral or equivalent Master’s or equivalent Bachelor’s or equivalent
84% Doctoral67% Masters
52% Doctoral
Chart C4.2.
%
OECD countries attract 80% of all foreign and international students
Distribution of foreign and international students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2013)
Russian Federation 3%
Canada 3%
China 2%
Italy 2%
Saudi Arabia 2%
Korea 1%Turkey 1%
Chart C4.3.
Students from Asia form the largest group of international students
Distribution of foreign and international students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2013)
Asia53%
Europe25%
Africa8%
Latin America and the Caribbean
5%
North America3%
Oceania1%
Not specified5%
Chart C4.4.
In 2014, 18% of 20-24 year-olds in OECD countries were neither employed nor in education or training, on average
NEET population among 20-24 year-olds, by gender (2014)L
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lyT
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Men Women Men and women%
Chart C5.1.
Some 46% of young adults are in education, on average
Percentage of 20-24 year-olds in education
Brazil
Mex
ico
Turke
y
Unite
d Sta
tes
New Z
eala
nd Italy
Hunga
ry
Portu
gal
Korea
Irela
nd
Sweden
Franc
e
Latvi
a
Slova
k Rep
ublic
EU21 a
vera
ge
Spain
Lith
uani
a
Norway
Nethe
rland
s
Denm
ark
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Chart C5.2
%
Almost 10% of young adults across OECD countries are unemployed
Percentage of 20-24 year-olds not in education by work status
Brazil
Colom
bia
Unite
d Kin
gdom
New Z
eala
nd
Canad
a
Switzer
land
Icela
nd
Estoni
a
Costa
Rica
OECD ave
rage
Germ
any
Chile
Korea
Finla
nd
Slova
k Rep
ublic
Portu
gal
Luxe
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urg
Turke
yIta
ly
Greec
e 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Employed Unemployed Inactive
Chart C5.2 WS
The higher the level of skills, the more likely the participation in employer-sponsored education
Participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education, by skills and readiness to use information and communication technologies for problem solving (2012)
De
nm
ark
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
ed
en
Au
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lia
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
...
Ca
na
da
Est
on
ia
Ave
rag
e
Ire
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
Ko
rea
Au
stri
a
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Jap
an
Po
lan
d
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Group 4 (Good ICT and problem-solving skills)
Group 3 (Moderate ICT and problem-solving skills)
Group 2 (Failed ICT core test or minimal problem-solving skills)
Group 0 (No computer experience)
%
Chart C6.1.
Some 62% of workers in the most skilled occupations participate in employer-sponsored education
Participation in employer-sponsored education, by occupation (2011, 2012)
Fin
lan
d
De
nm
ark
Sw
ed
en
No
rwa
y
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
(U
K)
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stra
lia
Est
on
ia
Ge
rma
ny
Ire
lan
d
Ca
na
da
Ave
rag
e
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
Cze
ch R
ep
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lic
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Sp
ain
Au
stri
a
Po
lan
d
Fra
nce
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Italy
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Skilled occupations Semi-skilled white-collar occupationsSemi-skilled blue-collar occupations Elementary occupations
%
Chart C6.2.
Only 14% of those who reported that they never read at work participate in employer-sponsored education
Participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education, by use of reading skills at work (2012)
De
nm
ark
Fin
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Sw
ed
en
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
(U
K)
Un
ited
Sta
tes
No
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y
Au
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lia
Est
on
ia
Ca
na
da
Ire
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Ave
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Fla
nd
ers
(B
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ium
)
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Sp
ain
Po
lan
d
Au
stri
a
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Fra
nce
Italy
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Never Less than 20% 20% to less than 40% 40% to less than 60% 60% to less than 80% 80% or more%
Chart C6.5.
Using influencing skills at work is strongly related to participation in employer-sponsored education
Participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education, by use of influencing skills at work (2012)
De
nm
ark
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Fin
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Sw
ed
en
En
gla
nd
/N. I
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nd
(U
K)
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
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Ca
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da
Ire
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Ave
rag
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Ge
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ny
Fla
nd
ers
(B
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ium
)
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Au
stri
a
Cze
ch R
ep
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lic
Sp
ain
Po
lan
d
Fra
nce
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Italy
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Never Less than 20% 20% to less than 40% 40% to less than 60% 60% to less than 80% 80% or more
%
Chart C6.6.
Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 570 compulsory hours of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education
Compulsory instruction time in general education (2015)
Belgium (Fl.) 8Belgium (Fr.) 8
Chile 8Sweden 9
Slovenia 9Greece 9
Latvia 9Poland 9Estonia 9
Iceland 10Korea 9
Finland 9Luxembourg 9
Norway 10Portugal 9
Japan 9Canada 9Ireland 9
Switzerland 9OECD average 9
Italy 8Hungary 8
EU21 averageNetherlands 9
United States 9Israel 9
Denmark 10Turkey 8Mexico 9
Czech Republic 9Austria 8France 9
Australia 10Slovak Republic 9
Spain 10Russian Federation 9
Germany 9Colombia 9
0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000
Primary Lower secondary
Total number of compulsory instruction hours
Duration of primary and lower secondary education, in years
Chart D1.1.
The number of students per class tends to increase between primary and lower secondary education
Average class size in educational institutions, by level of education (2013)
Chart D2.1.
Ch
ina
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Ind
on
esi
a
Ch
ile
Co
lom
bia
Isra
el
Tu
rke
y
Bra
zil
Me
xico
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sp
ain
Fra
nce
Ge
rma
ny
Au
stra
lia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
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ga
l
Po
lan
d
Gre
ece
Italy
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Au
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a
Hu
ng
ary
Ice
lan
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Slo
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ia
Fin
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Un
ited
Kin
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Slo
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Lu
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urg
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
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tion
Est
on
ia
La
tvia
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lower secondary education Primary education
Larger classes are correlated with less time spent on actual teaching and learning
Relationship between average class size and time spent teaching/learning in lower secondary education (2013). The size of each bubble represents the proportion of lower secondary teachers who reported having more than 10% of students with behaviour problems in their classes
Chart Box D2.a.1
14 19 24 29 34 65
70
75
80
85
Australia
Brazil
Chile
Czech RepublicEstonia
Finland
FranceIceland
Israel
Italy Japan
Korea
Latvia
Mexico
Poland
Portugal
Russian Federation
Slovak RepublicSpain
OECD average
Average class size in lower secondary education
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of t
ime
sp
en
t te
ach
ing
an
d le
arn
ing
Larger classes are correlated with more time spent on keeping order in the classroom
Relationship between average class size and time spent keeping order in the classroom in lower secondary education (2013). The size of each bubble represents the proportion of lower secondary teachers who reported having more than 10% of students with behaviour problems in their classes
Chart Box D2.a.2
14 19 24 29 34 5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
Australia
Brazil
Chile
Czech RepublicEstonia
Finland
FranceIceland
IsraelItaly
Japan
Korea
Latvia
Mexico
Poland
Portugal
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
Spain
OECD average
Average class size in lower secondary education
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of t
ime
sp
en
t ke
ep
ing
ord
er
in c
lass
roo
m
In only two countries are teachers' salaries higher than the salaries of comparably educated workers
Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for similarly educated workers or workers with tertiary education (2013). Lower secondary teachers
teaching general programmes in public institutions
Chart D3.1.
Den
mar
k
Fran
ce
Isra
el
Bel
gium
(Fl.)
Gre
ece
Bel
gium
(Fr.)
Aus
tralia
Sco
tland
Eng
land
Finl
and
OE
CD
ave
...
Nor
way
Hun
gary
Chi
le
Slo
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Rep
...
Cze
ch R
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..
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Aus
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Slo
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a
OE
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...
Pol
and
Net
herla
nds
Est
onia
Sw
eden
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Italy
0
0.5
1
Ratio
Similarly-educated workers
Workers with tertiary education
New lower secondary teachers with the typical qualifications earn, on average, USD 31 013. At the top of scale and maximum qualifications they earn, on average, USD 53 786
Annual statutory salaries of lower secondary teachers in public institutions, in equivalent USD converted using PPPs at different points in their careers (2013)L
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0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
Starting salary/typical qualifications Salary after 15 years of experience/typical qualifications
Salary at top of scale/maximum qualifications
Equivalent USD converted using PPPs
Chart D3.2.
Between 2000 and 2013, teachers’ salaries increased overall in real terms in most countries with available data
Index of change between 2000 and 2013 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and typical qualificationsE
sto
nia
Po
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Isra
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No
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ited
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Be
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)
Be
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De
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ark
Fin
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En
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Gre
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Hu
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ary
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50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
2013 2000
Index of change2005 = 100
Chart D3.3.
Public-school teachers teach between 1 005 hours per year at the pre-primary level to 643 hours at the upper secondary level, on average
Number of teaching hours per year, by level of education (2013). Net statutory contact time in public institutionsC
olo
mb
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Be
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un
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No
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..G
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en
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tate
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0
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
1 400
1 600
Upper secondary, general programmes Primary Lower secondary, general programmes
Hours per year
Chart D4.2.
The percentage of teachers' working time spent teaching ranges from 32% in Turkey, Japan and Hungary to 75% in Colombia
Net teaching time that lower secondary teachers spend teaching as a percentage of total statutory working time (2013)
Chart D4.3.
Co
lo
mb
ia
Isra
el
Sco
tla
nd
En
gla
nd
Ch
ile
Un
ite
d S
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Sp
ain
Po
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La
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Ne
th
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s
Ge
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Slo
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Esto
nia
De
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No
rw
ay
Po
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Ko
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a
Cze
ch
R
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Ice
la
nd
Au
stria
Hu
ng
ary
Ja
pa
n
Tu
rke
y
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Chart D4.3. Percentage of teachers' working time spent teaching, by level of education (2010)Net teaching time as a percentage of total statutory working time and working time required at school
The age of the teaching force varies considerably across countries
Age distribution of teachers in upper secondary education (2013)
Chart D5.2
Italy
Estonia
Norway
Germany
Finland
Austria
Greece
Colombia
OECD average
Israel
Slovenia
United States
Belgium
Luxembourg
Ireland
Portugal
Canada
Indonesia
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
< 30 years 30-39 years 40-49 years ≥ 50 years
%
The highest proportion of female teachers are concentrated in the earlier years of schooling and shrink at each successive level of education
Percentage of women among teaching staff in public and private institutions, by level of education (2013)
Chart D5.3L
atv
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uss
ian
Fe
de
ratio
nE
sto
nia
Ice
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love
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Italy
Hu
ng
ary
Sw
ed
en
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Ca
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Ire
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d
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Lower secondary education Pre-primary education Primary education Upper secondary education All Tertiary education%
Schools were better equipped with new technologies in 2012 than in 2003
Change between 2003 and 2012 in the index of quality of schools' educational resources (e.g. textbooks, computers for instruction, computer software)
Chart D8.2
Tu
rke
yP
ola
nd
Uru
gu
ay
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
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tion
La
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Ma
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ga
ryH
on
g K
on
g-C
hin
aA
ust
ralia
Sw
ed
en
OE
CD
ave
rag
e 2
00
3S
witz
erl
an
dIn
do
ne
sia
Lie
chte
nst
ein
Ge
rma
ny
Italy
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dD
en
ma
rkF
inla
nd
Au
stri
aT
ha
ilan
dU
nite
d S
tate
sL
uxe
mb
ou
rgN
eth
erl
an
ds
Me
xico
Ice
lan
dK
ore
aT
un
isia
-0.7
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
Mean index difference
Some countries have been more successful than others in imparting the skills students need to participate fully in the digital age
Mean score-point difference between paper-and-pencil and computer-delivered reading test1 (PISA 2012). 15-year-old students, by gender
Chart D8.3
Sin
ga
po
re
Italy
Ko
rea
Bra
zil
Sw
ed
en
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ch
ile
Fra
nce
Ca
na
da
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ma
cao
(C
hin
a)
Jap
an
Au
stra
lia
Est
on
ia
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
(C
hin
a)
Ch
ine
se T
aip
ei
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
De
nm
ark
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Co
lom
bia
Ire
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Be
lgiu
m
No
rwa
y
Au
stri
a
Ge
rma
ny
Isra
el
Sp
ain
Sh
an
gh
ai (
Ch
ina
)
Un
ited
Ara
b E
mir
ate
s
Hu
ng
ary
Po
lan
d
- 35- 30- 25- 20- 15- 10
- 5 0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Boys GirlsMean score-point
difference
Almost one in five teachers in OECD countries feels a need for further training in how to use ICT in the classroom
Percentage of lower secondary education teachers who report having a high level of need for professional development to improve their ICT skills for teaching
Chart D8.4
Ma
lays
ia
Italy
Ge
org
ia
Ice
lan
d
Bra
zil
Jap
an
Sw
ed
en
Fra
nce
Ko
rea
Isra
el
Est
on
ia
Me
xico
Bu
lga
ria
Cro
atia
Se
rbia
La
tvia
De
nm
ark
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ro
ma
nia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ne
w-Z
ea
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Sp
ain
Au
stra
lia
Ch
ile
Cyp
rus
Sin
ga
po
re
Po
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m (
Fla
nd
ers
)
Ab
u D
ha
bi (
UA
E)
Po
rtu
ga
l
Un
ited
Sta
tes
En
gla
nd 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
%
Education at a Glance 2015
http://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance-19991487.htm
www.oecd.org/edu
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