keynote lecture 1 （prof. andreas schleicher 1）

11O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Andreas SchleicherAdvisor of the OECD Secretary-General on Education Policy

Deputy Director for Education

Higher Education in the era of globalisation

OECD Japan SeminarTokyo, 6 February 2013

22O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Trad

itio

nal i

nsti

tuti

ons

Inno

vato

rs

Formal learning Informal learning

Education providers

Lear

ner

Own

ersh

ipTr

adit

iona

l ins

titu

tion

sIn

nova

tors


Is there no end to the expansion of higher education?

How successful do institutions engage with evolving learning needs?

Who can make a systemic difference to

closing skills gaps?

Can we extend mass education for some to

personalised learning for all?

Four questions…

33O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Trad

itio

nal i

nsti

tuti

ons

Inno

vato

rs


Education providers

Lear

ner

Own

ersh

ipTr

adit

iona

l ins

titu

tion

sIn

nova

tors








44O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

The composition of the global talent pool has changed…Countries’ share in the population with tertiary education, for 25-34 and 55-64 year-

old age groups,

55-64-year-old population 25-34-year-old population

About 39 million people who attained tertiary level

About 81 million people who attained tertiary level

55O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

United States, 35.8

Japan, 12.4

China, 6.9Germany, 6.3

United Kingdom, 5.3

Canada, 4.2

France, 3.5

Brazil, 3.5Spain, 2.1Italy, 1.9Mexico, 1.8

Australia, 1.7

Korea, 1.6other, 12.9

United States, 20.5

Japan, 10.9

China, 18.3

Germany, 3.1United Kingdom,

4.4

Canada, 3.1France, 4.1

Brazil, 4.5

Spain, 3.5Italy, 2.0

Mexico, 3.9Australia, 1.6

Korea, 5.7

other, 14.5

The composition of the global talent pool has changed…Countries’ share in the population with tertiary education, for 25-34 and 55-64 year-

old age groups

55-64-year-old population 25-34-year-old population

66O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Current and future stock of high qualificationsProportion of populations with tertiary education and potential growth (2010)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Dif

fere

nce

betw

een

the

25-3

4 an

d 25

-64

year

-ol

d po

pula

tion

s wi

th t

erti

ary

educ

atio

n

Proportion of the 25-64 year-old population with tertiary education

Incr

easi

ng a

dvan

tage

Higher attainmentLower attainment; getting further behind

Lower attainment; catching up

High attainment; increasing advantage

High attainment; decreasing advantage

AUS

AUT

BEL

BRA

CANCHE

CHL

CZE

DEU

DNK

ESP

EST FIN

FRA

GRCHUN

IRL

ISL

ISR

ITA

JPN

KOR

LUX

MEX

NLD NOR

NZL

POL

PRT

RUS

SVK SVNSWE

TUR

UKM

USA

OECD

Chart A1.3

77O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States

A world of change – higher education

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

1995

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Cost

per

stu

dent

Graduate supply

88O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

1995

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

United States

Japan

Cost

per

stu

dent

Graduate supply

99O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2000

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)

Tertiary-type A graduation rate

1010O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2001

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)


1111O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2002

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)


1212O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2003

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)


1313O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2004

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)


1414O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2005

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)


1515O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2006

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)


1616O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2007

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)


1717O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2008

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)


1818O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2009

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)


1919O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2009

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)


IcelandNew Zealand

Poland

United KingdomDenmark

Australia

Australia

Finland

U.S.

Japan

2020O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n



0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2009

Expe

nditur

e pe

r st

uden

t at

ter

tiar

y leve

l (U

SD)


US

2121O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Graduation rates from higher education, by gender Tertiary-type A graduation rates (first-time graduation) (2010)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Icel

and

Pola

ndU

nite

d Ki

ngdo

mD

enm

ark

Aus

tral

iaSl

ovak

Rep

ublic

Finl

and

New

Zea

land

Irel

and

Net

herl

ands

Nor

way

Japa

nPo

rtug

alO

ECD

ave

rage

Uni

ted

Stat

esCz

ech

Repu

blic

Isra

elSw

eden

Cana

daIt

aly

Swit

zerl

and

Hun

gary

Germ

any

Aus

tria

Spai

nSl

oven

iaTu

rkey

Mex

ico

Saud

i Ara

bia

M+W Men Women%

TA3.1

OECD average M+W

2222O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship (2000 to 2010)

By region of destination

0

500 000

1 000 000

1 500 000

2 000 000

2 500 000

3 000 000

3 500 000

4 000 000

4 500 000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Worldwide In OECD In EU countries In G20 countries In North America

Chart C4.1

Number of foreign students

2323O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

United States 16.6%

United Kingdom 13%

Australia 6.6%

Germany 6.4%

France 6.3%

Canada 4.7%Russian Federation 3.9%Japan 3.4%

Spain 2.4%

China 1.8%New Zealand 1.7%

Italy 1.7%

Austria 1.7%

South Africa 1.5%

Korea 1.4%

Switzerland 1.3%

Belgium 1.3%

Netherlands 1.2%

Sweden 1.1%

Other OECD countries 6.4%

Other non-OECD countries 15.5%

Chart C4.2

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2010)

Percentage of foreign tertiary students (reported to the OECD) who are enrolled in each country of destination

2424O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Total from Asia 52.5%

Total from Europe 22.7%

Total from Africa 11.8%

Total from Latin America and the Caribbean 6.2%

Not specified 3.2%

Total from North America 2.7% Total from

Oceania 1%

Chart C4.5

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by continent of origin (2010)

2525O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n China 17%

India 5.9%

Korea 3.7%

Germany 3%

France 1.6%

Russian Federation 1.6%

United States 1.4%

Turkey 1.4%

Canada 1.3%

Saudi Arabia 1.3%Japan 1.2%

Italy 1.1%Indonesia 1.1%Poland 0.9%

Other OECD countries 9.6%

Other non-OECD G20 countries 1.3%

Other non-OECD non-G20 countries

46.7%

T C4.3

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of origin (2010)

2626O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

0

5

10

15

20

25U

nite

d St

ates

Uni

ted

King

dom

Aus

tral

ia

Germ

any

Fran

ce

Cana

da

Russ

ian

Fede

rati

on

Japa

n

Spai

n

Chin

a

New

Zea

land

Ital

y

Aus

tria

Sout

h A

fric

a

Kore

a

Belg

ium

Swit

zerl

and

Net

herl

ands

Swed

en

Oth

er O

ECD

Oth

er G

20 a

nd n

on-O

ECD

2010 2000

Trends in international education market shares Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination

Market share (%)

“Other G20 and non-OECD countries” refers to the portion of total foreign students studying in other G20 and non-OECD countries and is obtained after subtracting China, South Africa and the Russian Federation from the total in non-OECD destinations, as estimated from UNESCO data.

2727O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Will we one day all have a university degree and work for the minimum wage?

A growing educational divide

2828O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Positive relationship between education and employment Percentage of 25-64 year-olds in employment, by level of education (2010)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100N

orwa

yIc

elan

dSw

itze

rlan

dSw

eden

Net

herl

ands

Slov

enia

Germ

any

Den

mar

kA

ustr

iaBr

azil

Port

ugal

Uni

ted

King

dom

Luxe

mbo

urg

Pola

ndFi

nlan

dA

ustr

alia

Belg

ium

New

Zea

land

Fran

ceCz

ech

Repu

blic

OEC

D a

vera

geIs

rael

Slov

ak R

epub

licCa

nada

Irel

and

Mex

ico

Uni

ted

Stat

esEs

toni

aGr

eece

Spai

nJa

pan

Chile

Hun

gary

Ital

yKo

rea

Turk

ey

Tertiary education Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary Below upper secondary

Chart A7.1

%

2929O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

$52,471$56,369

$61,454$64,177

$74,213$82,076

$102,975$115,287

$116,225$143,018

$143,394$143,582

$144,682$145,608

$145,886$153,520

$155,346$159,950$161,625

$189,766$208,386

$208,883$223,821

$225,048$225,663

$230,630$249,679

$373,851

-400,000 -200,000 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000

New ZealandDenmarkSwedenTurkeyEstoniaNorway

SpainAustralia

BelgiumJapan

United KingdomIsrael

GermanyFinland

NetherlandsCanada

ItalyFrance

OECD averageKorea

HungarySlovak Republic

IrelandAustria

SloveniaPoland

Czech RepublicUnited States

Portugal

Direct cost Foregone earnings Income tax effectSocial contribution effect Transfers effect Gross earnings benefitsUnemployment effect Grants effect

USD equivalentChart A9.3

The value of higher education for a manComponents of the private net present value of higher education for

a man (2008 or latest available year)

Net presentvalue in

USD equivalent

$329,552

3030O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

$31,918$39,616$46,432

$47,125$77,046

$77,652$80,466

$83,518$85,314

$96,336$100,806

$101,581$102,742

$104,812$109,553$110,430

$111,487$118,179

$129,323$132,044

$139,104$139,293

$140,864$145,920

$164,087$167,020

$168,264$210,968

-400,000 -200,000 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000

New ZealandSweden

DenmarkEstoniaNorway

ItalyTurkeyFinland

GermanyIsrael

BelgiumNetherlands

HungaryJapan

OECD averageFranceCanadaAustria

Slovak RepublicUnited Kingdom

KoreaSpain

Czech RepublicPoland

IrelandSlovenia

United StatesPortugal

Direct cost Foregone earnings Income tax Social contributions

Transfers Gross earnings benefits Unemployment effect

USD equivalentT A9.3

The value of higher education for a womanComponents of the private net present value of higher education for a woman (2008 or latest

available year)

Net presentvalue in USD equivalent

3131O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

$4,587$21,724

$25,591$33,912

$38,42143,419

$55,318$55,367

$58,159$66,845

$67,411$81,545

$86,550$89,464

$93,236$95,947

$101,116$107,436$115,790$118,266

$132,103$133,560

$155,664$156,125

$166,477$168,693

$172,602$232,779

$254,984

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000

EstoniaTurkey

SpainNew Zealand

DenmarkSwedenNorway

KoreaSlovak Republic

CanadaJapan

FranceUnited Kingdom

PortugalAustralia

FinlandOECD average

IsraelCzech Republic

PolandAustria

NetherlandsSloveniaGermanyBelgium

ItalyIreland

United StatesHungary

Public benefits Public costs

Chart A9.5

In equivalent USD

Public cost and benefits of higher educationFor a man obtaining tertiary education (2008 or latest available year)

Net presentvalue

3232O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Consumption or economic use?

3333O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Chart A7.3

Skills acquisition and use, 25-64 year-olds with a tertiary education (2009)

Brazil

Turkey

Italy

Portugal

Czech RepublicSlovak Republic

Mexico

Austria

Hungary

Poland

Chile

Slovenia

Greece

Germany

France

Spain

OECD Average

Netherlands IcelandSweden

Belgium

Denmark

Luxembourg

Switzerland

IrelandEstonia

Norway

AustraliaFinlandUnited Kingdom

Korea

New Zealand

United StatesJapan

Israel

Canada

73

75

77

79

81

83

85

87

89

91

10 20 30 40 50 Proportion of population with tertiary education, %

Empl

oym

ent

rate

of

popu

lati

on w

ith

tert

iary

edu

cati

on,%

ae364

スライド 33

ae364 EAG 2011: chart A7.3OKalbiser_e, 2011/08/29

3434O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Average GDP growth (real percentage change from the previous year) and labour income growth in GDP, by educational categories Countries with at least five years of growth estimates by educational categories; GDP growth

estimates are matched with years of education growth estimates (2000-2010)

-1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%Is

rael

Kore

a

Czec

h Re

publ

ic

New

Zea

land

Swed

en

Finl

and

Cana

da

Coun

try

aver

age

Swit

zerl

and

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Hun

gary

Nor

way

Uni

ted

King

dom

Aus

tria

Germ

any

Fran

ce

Irel

and

Den

mar

k

GDP Growth ISCED 5B/5A/6 ISCED 3/4 ISCED 0/1/2

Chart A10.1

3535O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Change in annual labour-income growth in GDP, by educational categories during the crisis

2009 GDP growth shown next to country names

-6%

-5%

-4%

-3%

-2%

-1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

Nor

way,

-1.7

%

Slov

ak R

epub

lic, -

4.8%

Swit

zerl

and,

-1.9

%

Cana

da, -

2.8%

Kore

a, 0

.3%

Uni

ted

King

dom

, -4.

9%

Fran

ce, -

2.7%

Czec

h Re

publ

ic, -

4.1%

Aus

tria

, -3.

9%

OEC

D a

vera

ge, -

3.8%

Den

mar

k, -

5.2%

Germ

any,

-4.

7%

New

Zea

land

, 0.8

%

Spai

n, -

3.7%

Finl

and,

-8.

2%

Swed

en, -

5.3%

Esto

nia,

-13

.9%

Hun

gary

, -6.

7%

Isra

el, 0

.8%

Uni

ted

Stat

es, -

3.5%

Irel

and,

-7.

6%

ISCED 5B/5A/6 ISCED 3/4 ISCED 0/1/2

Chart A10.2

3636O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Can we ensure sustainable financing?Who should pay for what, when and how?

3737O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

708090

100110120130140150160170180190200210220

Uni

ted

King

dom

Kore

aEs

toni

aSp

ain

Port

ugal

Pola

ndFi

nlan

dCz

ech

Repu

blic

Mex

ico

Aus

tria

Japa

nD

enm

ark

Fran

ceIr

elan

dO

ECD

ave

rage

Belg

ium

Ital

ySw

eden

Germ

any

Nor

way

Slov

ak R

epub

licN

ethe

rlan

dsH

unga

ryBr

azil

Icel

and

Uni

ted

Stat

esIs

rael

Swit

zerl

and

Change in expenditureChange in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)Change in expenditure per student

Index of change (2000 = 100)

Changes in tertiary students and expenditure Index of change between 2000 and 2009 (2000=100, 2009 constant prices)

3838O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2005, 2009)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90Ch

ileKo

rea

Uni

ted

King

dom

Japa

nU

nite

d St

ates

Aus

tral

iaIs

rael

Cana

daRu

ssia

n Fe

dera

tion

New

Zea

land

Ital

yM

exic

oPo

land

OEC

D a

vera

geSl

ovak

Rep

ublic

Port

ugal

Net

herl

ands

Spai

nCz

ech

Repu

blic

Esto

nia

Arg

enti

naFr

ance

Irel

and

Germ

any

Slov

enia

Aus

tria

Belg

ium

Swed

enIc

elan

dD

enm

ark

Finl

and

Nor

way

2009 2005 2000

Chart B3.3

%

3939Lo

ndon

, 10

Sep

tem

ber 2

012

And

reas

Sch

leic

her

Edu

catio

n at

a G

lanc

e 20

12

Average tuition fees and proportion of students who benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants

Tertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2008-09, national full-time students

United States

United Kingdom

JapanAustralia

New Zealand

Netherlands

Italy SpainAustriaBelgium (Fl.)

Belgium (Fr.)France

Switzerland

Finland

NorwayDenmark

SwedenIcelandMexico

-1 000

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

0 25 50 75 100Chart B5.1 % of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR scholarships/grants

Ave

rage

tuiti

on fe

es c

harg

ed b

y pu

blic

inst

itutio

ns in

US

D

Group 1:No (or low) financial barriers

for tertiary studies due to tuition fees and a high level of

student aid.

Group 2:Potentially high financial

barriers for entry to tertiary-type A education, but also strong student

support.

Group 3:Extensive and

broadly uniform cost sharing across

students, student support systems somewhat less

developed.

Group 4:Relatively low financial barriers

to entry to tertiary education and relatively low support

Bubble size shows

graduation rates

4040Lo

ndon

, 10

Sep

tem

ber 2

012

And

reas

Sch

leic

her

Edu

catio

n at

a G

lanc

e 20

12

Average tuition fees and proportion of students who benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants

Tertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2008-09, national full-time students

United States

United Kingdom

JapanAustralia

New Zealand

Netherlands

Italy SpainAustriaBelgium (Fl.)

Belgium (Fr.)France

Switzerland

Finland

NorwayDenmark

SwedenIcelandMexico

-1 000

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

0 25 50 75 100Chart B5.1 % of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR scholarships/grants

Ave

rage

tuiti

on fe

es c

harg

ed b

y pu

blic

inst

itutio

ns in

US

D

4141O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Public support for education in tertiary education Public support for education to households and other private entities as a percentage of total

public expenditure on education, by type of support (2009)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60Ch

ileD

enm

ark

Slov

enia

Ital

ySl

ovak

Rep

ublic

Uni

ted

King

dom

Aus

tria

Uni

ted

Stat

esFi

nlan

dPo

rtug

alH

unga

ryN

ew Z

eala

ndBe

lgiu

mIr

elan

dGe

rman

yN

orwa

yN

ethe

rlan

dsA

ustr

alia

Swed

enSp

ain

Isra

elSw

itze

rlan

dFr

ance

Braz

ilEs

toni

aCa

nada

Mex

ico

Kore

aCz

ech

Repu

blic

Indo

nesi

aA

rgen

tina

Pola

ndJa

pan

Icel

and

Student loansTransfers and payments to other private entitiesScholarships/ other grants to households% of total public expenditure on education

OECD average

Chart B5.3

4242O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Educ

atio

nal i

nsti

tuti

ons

Inno

vato

rs


Education providers

Lear

ner

Own

ersh

ipTr

adit

iona

l ins

titu

tion

sIn

nova

tors








4343O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

The qualifications we obtained don’t always equate to the skills we have...

…because we continue to learn after obtaining a degree…and because we lose skills that we do not use

4444O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

150

200

250

300

350

Not

com

plet

ed s

choo

l

Upp

er s

econ

dary

Unive

rsity

Not

com

plet

ed s

choo

l

Upp

er s

econ

dary

Unive

rsity

Not

com

plet

ed s

choo

l

Upp

er s

econ

dary

Unive

rsity

Country A Country B Country C

Higher education and skillsInterquartile range in skill distribution by educational qualification

Skill s

core

4545O

EC

D J

apan

Sem

inar

Toky

o, 6

Feb

ruar

y20

13A

ndre

as S

chle

iche

r

Hig

her E

duca

tion

in th

e er

a of

glo

balis

atio

n

Learning beyond institutionsCross-sectional skill-age profiles for youths by education and work status

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Age線形 (In education only) 線形 (In education and work)線形 (Work only) 線形 (NEET)

Mean skill score

Youth in education

Youth in education and work

Youth in work

Not in education, not in work

keynote lecture 1 （prof. andreas schleicher 1）

Documents