1 lido telecommunications essentials® part 2 data networking and the internet data communications...
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LIDO Telecommunications Essentials®Part 2
Data Networking and the Internet
LIDO Telecommunications Essentials®Part 2
Data Networking and the Internet
Data Communications Basics
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ContentsContents
• History of data networks, trends
• OSI, TCP/IP models
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Data Networking ArchitecturesData Networking Architectures
Timeframe Architecture
1970’s to early 1980’s Mainframes
Early to mid-1980’s Standalone workstations
Early to late 1980’s and 1990’s
LANs and LAN internetworking
Mid-1990’s Internet commercialization
Mid-to late 1990’s Application-driven networks
Remote-access workers
2000’s HANs, PANs, Internet as enterprise backbone
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History of the InternetHistory of the Internet
• Kleinrock’s keynote at WCNC 2007
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1970’s Standalone Mainframes1970’s Standalone Mainframes
ClusterController
ClusterController
ClusterController
FEPFront EndProcessor
HOST HOST
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1980’s Networked Mainframes 1980’s Networked Mainframes
ClusterController
ClusterController
ClusterController
FEP
HOST HOST
Front EndProcessor
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1980’s Standalone Workstations1980’s Standalone Workstations
•1982: IBM sells the Token Ring standard •1985: The IEEE publishes standards for the 802.X protocols(especially Ethernet and Token Ring)
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Early-late 1980s Local Area NetworkingEarly-late 1980s Local Area Networking
LANLocal Area Network
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Mid 80s-Mid 90s LAN InternetworkingMid 80s-Mid 90s LAN Internetworking
LANLocal Area Network
LANLocal Area Network
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Mid 1990s Internet CommercializationMid 1990s Internet Commercialization
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Mid to late 1990’s Application Driven Networks
Mid to late 1990’s Application Driven Networks
AnnaNova, A Virtual Newscaster
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Late 1990s Remote Access WorkersLate 1990s Remote Access Workers
An employee working at homeMain office
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Early 2000s Home Area Networking (HAN)
Early 2000s Home Area Networking (HAN)
Smart Bed
Smart Desk
Smart Refrigerator
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Current Enterprise TrendsCurrent Enterprise Trends
• There is trend towards reducing the number of LANs and instead relying on the Internet as the corporate backbone.
• Involves the migration of applications to web-based services, often outsourced.
• The enterprise owns and maintains the applications, providing access via Internet-connected Web browsers.
• Reduces the expense and burden of maintaining complicated corporate networks.
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Goals and Use of Network SystemsGoals and Use of Network Systems
•Resource sharing•Increasing reliability & performance•Cost reductions•Access to information•Collaboration
network Systemsnetwork
distributed Systems
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Network DomainsNetwork Domains
Distance (typical)
Network Category
1,000 km+ interconnection of wide area networks (Internet)
1,000 km+ Wide Area Networks (WANs)
10 km+ Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
< 1 km Campus Area Networks (CANs)
< 1 km Local Area Networks (LANs)
< 10 m Personal Area Networks (PANs)
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Data Networking ApplicationsData Networking Applications
• Electronic Mail– Low bandwidth for text, higher bandwidth when
image, video or multimedia media is included– Delay tolerant– Error control required at end points
• Transactions– Low bandwidth for text, higher bandwidth when
image, video or multimedia media is included– Delay sensitive– Error and loss control critical
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ModemsModems
AnalogModem
AnalogDial-upService
AnalogModem
ADSLModem
DigitalADSL
Service
ADSLModem
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Modulation Basics
• Permute any of three main characteristics of analog wave form to encode uniqueness (info)– amplitude – frequency– phase
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Amplitude ModulationAmplitude Modulation
““1” bit1” bit ““0” bit0” bit
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Frequency Modulation
““0” bit0” bit ““1” bit1” bit
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Phase ModulationPhase Modulation
““0” bit0” bitWave starts at Wave starts at
90-degree phase90-degree phase
““1” bit1” bitWave starts at Wave starts at
270-degree phase270-degree phase
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Single Carrier Modulation
• Single carrier modulation schemes - single channel occupies all the bandwidth.
• Single carrier techniques include– 2B1Q– 64-QAM– 256-QAM– 16-QAM – QPSK– CAP
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Multicarrier Modulation
• Multicarrier techniques use an aggregate amount of bandwidth and divide it into sub-bands.
• Each sub-band is encoded using a single-carrier technique, and bit streams from the sub-bands are bonded together at the receiver.
• Two main multicarrier techniques– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)– Discrete Multitone (DMT)
Asynchronous vs SynchronousAsynchronous vs Synchronous
Time Independent: Asynchronous:
StartStopInformation
DCE DCETiming Signals
Time Dependent: Synchronous
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Data ExchangeData Exchange
• Reference models– Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)– Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
• Protocols
• Layers
• Tunnels
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OSI Reference ModelOSI Reference Model
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
UserTransmit Receive
DataData
Physical Link
The 7 Layers of OSI
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OSI Reference ModelOSI Reference Model
Layer 7 SemanticsAPPLICATION
Layer 6 Data RepresentationsPRESENTATION
Layer 5 Dialog CoordinationSESSION
Layer 4 Reliable Transfer of DataTRANSPORT
Layer 3 Routing & RelayingNETWORK
Layer 2 Node to Node Data TransferDATA LINK
Layer 1 Physical ParametersPHYSICAL28
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TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Applications
TCP/UDP/SCTP/DCCP
IP
Network Interface
Email, FTP, Web, Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
Host-to-Host Transport
Internetworking
Any L1 or L2 mediaEthernet
Frame Relay, ATMTDM, WDM
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Layer 4
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LIDO Telecommunications Essentials® Data Communications Basics
LIDO Telecommunications Essentials® Data Communications Basics
Lili GoleniewskiThe LIDO Organization, Inc.www. telecomessentials.com
Skypes ID: lili.goleniewski
Telecom Essentials Learning Centerwww.telecomessentials.com
Copyright © 2007- The LIDO Organization, Inc. All Rights Reserved