1 risk analysis by: mohamed farouk elberry saf ety

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Risk AnalysisRisk Analysis

By: Mohamed Farouk Elberry

SAFETY

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What is inside?What is inside?

PART 1PART 1

Basic ConceptsBasic Concepts

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2. Risk Assessment & Management

3. Training & Orientation4. Facilities Design &

Construction5. Operations & Maintenance6. Management of Change7. Contractors8. Documentation System9. Crisis & Emergency

Management10. Incident Investigation &

Analysis

2. Risk Assessment & Management

3. Training & Orientation4. Facilities Design &

Construction5. Operations & Maintenance6. Management of Change7. Contractors8. Documentation System9. Crisis & Emergency

Management10. Incident Investigation &

Analysis

11. Audit & Management Review

11. Audit & Management Review

1. Leadership & Accountability

1. Leadership & Accountability

LeaderLeader OperationsOperations Adjustment / Adjustment / ImprovementImprovement

Integrated Safety Management System ISMSIntegrated Safety Management System ISMS

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Evolution of Safety Management System

Goal-setting& Self-regulatory

Prescriptive& Regulatory

Proactive

Reactive

Present & Future

Yesterday

Correction after Accident

Accident Prevention

Management to meet regulation

Risk Management

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The Risk Management Process

The total procedure associated with • Identifying a hazard,

• Assessing the risk,

• Putting in place control measures, and

• Reviewing the outcomes.

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What Is Risk?

Risk is defined as the probability that a substance or situation will produce harm under specified conditions.

Risk is a combination of two factors:• The probability that an adverse event will occur (such as a specific disease or type of injury).• The consequences of the adverse event.

Safety-Related Risk encompasses impacts on public health and on the environment, and arises from exposure and hazard.

Risk does not exist if exposure to a harmful substance or situation does not or will not occur.

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What is a risk?

Risk may be considered as the potential for adverse effects resulting from an activity or event

BLEVEBLEVE

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Acceptable level of risk

This is generally determined by what is prepared to be lost balanced against possible gains

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Individual PerceptionsRisk is a very individual concept.It is different for every one.

Consider the activity of driving.On a scale of 1-5 how would you rate driving as a daily activity?

For a Grand Prix Driver?

A Taxi Driver?

My 88 year old grandmother?

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Risk

Risk is often viewed very differently from individual to individual.

Another thing to consider is that peoples perceptions change as familiarity increases the perception of a hazard and its risks change.

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Balance between Risk and BenefitBalance between Risk and Benefit

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RiskBenefit

Zero Risk Does Not Practically Exist!

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Balance between Risk and BenefitBalance between Risk and Benefit

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Risk

Benefit

Zero Risk Does Not Practically Exist!

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How Big?

Consequence Frequency or likelihood

How Often?

?

What is Risk?What is Risk?

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What is HAZARD ?

Hazard is determined by whether a particular substance or situation has the potential to cause harmful effects.

Bang!

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What Is Risk Assessment?

• Risk assessment is the systematic, scientific characterization of potential adverse effects of human or ecological exposures to hazardous agents or activities.

• Risk assessment is performed by considering the types of hazards, the extent of exposure to the hazards, and information about the relationship between exposures and responses, including variation in susceptibility.

• Adverse effects or responses could result from exposures to chemicals, micro organisms, radiation, or natural events.

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What Is Risk Management?

• Risk management is the process of Risk management is the process of

identifying, evaluating, selecting, and implementing actions

to reduce risk to human health and to ecosystems.to reduce risk to human health and to ecosystems.

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• The goal of risk management is

scientifically sound, cost-effective, integrated actions that

reduce or prevent risks while taking into account social, cultural, ethical, political, and legal considerations.

What Is Risk Management?

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RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS

ASSESS HAZARDS

DEVELOP CONTROLS &

MAKE DECISIONS

IMPLEMENT CONTROLS

SUPERVISE AND

EVALUATE

IDENTIFY HAZARDS

Managers develop tools, techniques and procedures for applying risk management in their areas of responsibility.

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The goal is to reduce risk to a tolerable level … fully communicating any residual risk to the concerned.

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Hazard Terminologies ( OHSAS 18001 )

HazardSource or situation with a potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the workplace environment, or a combination of these.

Hazard identification

Process of recognizing that a hazard exists and defining its characteristics.

Safety Freedom from unacceptable risk of harm.

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Accident Undesired event giving rise to death, ill health, injury, damage, or other loss.

incident Event that gave rise to an accident or had the potential to lead to an accident.

Near miss

An incident where no ill health, injury, damage, or other loss occurs.


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RiskCombination of the likelihood and consequence(s) of a specified hazardous event occurring.

Risk assessment

Overall process of estimating the magnitude of risk and deciding whether or not the risk is tolerable.

Tolerable risk

Risk that has been reduced to a level that can be endured by the organization having regard to its legal obligations and its own OH&S policy.

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Methods of Identifying and Assessing Hazards

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Risk definitions compared

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Hazard Identification

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Consequences

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Likelihood

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Hazard Control

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Acceptance Criteria

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ALARPALARP

The point at which the cost of further risk reduction becomes (grossly) disproportionate to the risk reduction achieved.

As Low As Reasonably Practicable

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Better Methods for Prevention

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Individual Individual Risk Risk

LevelsLevels

Individual Individual Risk Risk

LevelsLevels

ALARP

Region

Negligible Risk

Risk of fatality

1 in 1000 per year

1 in 100,000 per year

1 in 10,000 per year

NRA GWA

WANNE OGP

HSE framework for the tolerability HSE framework for the tolerability of riskof risk

Incr

easi

ng In

divi

dual

and

soci

etal

con

cern

s

Unacceptable Region

Tolerable Region

Broadly Acceptable Region

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ALARP ProcessALARP Process

• A process of identifying and evaluating proposals for risk reduction

• Evaluation of the benefit and comparison with estimated costs

• Evaluation can be intuitive, qualitative, comparative or quantitative

• Quantifying cost/benefits means that proposals can be ranked against each other and compared to a hurdle criteria

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ALARP DiagramALARP Diagram

Unacceptable RegionLevel of risk can not be justified except in extraordinary circumstances

Tolerable RegionIf the risks fall in this region then a CASE SPECIFIC ALARP demonstration is required. The extent of the demonstration should be proportionate to the level of the risk.

Broadly acceptable regionLevel of residual risk is regulated as insignificant and further effort to reduce risk not likely to be required ALARP demonstration based upon adherence to codes, standards and established good practices. These must be shown to be up to date and relevant to the operations in question.

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Proportionality: Type of ALARP Demo.Proportionality: Type of ALARP Demo.

Broadly Acceptable

Intolerable

Risk reduction

regardless of cost

Relevant GoodPractice

Relevant Good Practice

Risk reduction Measures

GrossDisproportion

Plus

Plus

Tolerable if ALARP

ALARP PrincipleALARP Principle

Measures to reduce risk Measures to reduce risk must be taken until the risk is must be taken until the risk is broadly acceptable broadly acceptable (BA) or (BA) or until the cost of further risk until the cost of further risk reduction would be reduction would be grossly grossly disproportionatedisproportionate (GD) to the (GD) to the reduction in risk that would reduction in risk that would be achieved.be achieved.

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Risk Matrix (Illustrative)Risk Matrix (Illustrative)

Single FatalitySingle Fatality 2-10 Fatalities2-10 Fatalities 11-50 Fatalities11-50 Fatalities 50-100 Fatalities50-100 Fatalities 100+ Fatalities100+ Fatalities

RemoteRemote

1010-6-6-10-10-8-8

Very UnlikelyVery Unlikely

1010-6-6-10-10-4-4

UnlikelyUnlikely

1010-4-4-10-10-2-2

Likely >10Likely >10-2-2

IntolerableIntolerable IntolerableIntolerable IntolerableIntolerable IntolerableIntolerable

IntolerableIntolerableIntolerableIntolerableIntolerableIntolerable

Broadly Broadly AcceptableAcceptable

IntolerableIntolerable

Broadly Broadly AcceptableAcceptable

TIFALARPTIFALARP

(Intolerable if (Intolerable if Fatality >10-3)Fatality >10-3)

TIFALARPTIFALARP

/Intolerable/Intolerable

TIFALARPTIFALARP

TIFALARP/TIFALARP/Broadly Broadly

Acceptable?Acceptable?

TIFALARPTIFALARP

IntolerableIntolerable

TIFALARPTIFALARP

(Intolerable if (Intolerable if Fatality >10-3)Fatality >10-3)

TIFALARPTIFALARP

TIFALARPTIFALARP

TIFALARPTIFALARP

/Intolerable/Intolerable

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Hazard RecognitionHazard Recognition

Exercise: What's wrong with the following pictures?

47This newly-married young man is welding on a gas tank under this pickup truck. This procedure has been used many times before without incident.

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This father of four is using a gas-driven cutting tool on a large water pipe. It may be hard to see, but there are also fumes being produced by the tool.

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This worker is working with an electrical sanding tool on top of a scaffold to complete some stonework above his head while the supervisor watches from below.

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This father and son team is carefully positioning the ladder and getting ready to clean the windows from this second-floor ledge.

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Controlling HazardsControlling Hazards

The Hierarchy of Controls

1 – Engineering Controls

2 – Management Controls

Effective Maintenance

Hazard Tracking Procedures

Exercise: Using the Hazard Analysis Worksheet

Hazard Analysis Worksheet

Let's Review!

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PART 2PART 2

HAZARD IDENTIFICATIONHAZARD IDENTIFICATION

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Identifying HazardsIdentifying Hazards

Why is this workshop important?

What do the rules for employers say?

What do the rules for safety committees say?

What is a hazard?

What is exposure?

What you see are merely the surface symptoms

Types of Hazards in the Workplace

Hazards Cause Accidents: The Final Effect

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Four Strategies to Identify and Analyze HazardsFour Strategies to Identify and Analyze Hazards

1 - The Safety Inspection and AuditSample Safety Inspection Checklist

2 - Observation

3 - The Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)

4 - The Incident/Accident Analysis

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Hazard:

Anything which may cause harm, injury, or ill health.

Hazard IdentificationHazard Identification

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Hazard identification is the first step in the risk management process.

Only people with a thorough knowledge of the area, process or machine under review should carry out a hazard identification survey.

The task of identifying hazards should be broken up into clear and manageable sections, in a manner which suits the organization, the task itself, and the people doing the work.

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PREVIOUS ACCIDENT REPORTS

Location Machine Person Age of Person Time of Day Day of Week Part of Body Severity of Injury Occupation

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PHYSICAL INSPECTION OF THE WORKPLACE

A physical examination of the workplace requires an inquiring mind, lateral thinking, and the ability to be and remain open minded. It is of little use to look at a particular area and, in a perfunctory manner, declare it to be hazard free.

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Hazard IdentificationHazard Identification

BRAINSTORMING

This is a process of conducting group meetings with people who are familiar with the operation of the area under review, recording all ideas and thoughts relating to possible hazards and then sorting the results into some sort of priority order.

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KNOWLEDGE OF EMPLOYEES

Employees should be encouraged to report any hazards they are aware of.

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TRADE JOURNALS

Trade journals are often a source of information regarding hazards encountered by others in the industry. They can be a source of useful inquiry, as members of the same industry would expect to encounter similar hazards

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OSH PUBLICATIONS

These publications can be of particular benefit as they concentrate on reporting issues relating to safety and health

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CONTACTS

A counter-part in another subsidiary of the company or even a contact in a competitive company could be a good source of information as they probably share similar safety problems.

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Industry Associations

Safety and health is often brought up at industry association meetings or during informal discussions before or after meetings.

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ASK, "WHAT IF . . . ?”

Its important to try to anticipate how human behaviour, equipment, and system failures could combine to create a hazardous situation.

Constantly ask yourself "What if?...."

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PART 3

RISK ASSESSMENT

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RiskRisk AssessmentAssessment

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Risk Assessment

Risk: The possibility of an unwanted event occurring

Likelihood: The chance of an event actually occurring.

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Likelihood

Very Likely -- Could happen frequently

Likely -- Could happen occasionally

Unlikely -- Could happen, but only rarely

Highly Unlikely -- Could happen but probably never will

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Likelihood

When evaluating the likelihood of an accident, a factor that will modify the likelihood category, is exposure.

Very Rare -- Once per year or less Rare -- A few times per year Unusual -- Once per month Occasional -- Once per week Frequent -- Daily Continuous -- Constant

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Likelihood

The location of a hazard can affect the likelihood of the accident happening.

For example, an exposed V belt drive located adjacent to a walkway where persons could easily come into contact with the nip points would have a higher likelihood rating than if the same drive arrangement were located in a position from which persons were excluded.

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CONSEQUENCES

FATAL — Death

MAJOR INJURIES— Normally irreversible injury or damage to health requiring extended time off work to effect best recovery.

MINOR INJURIES— Typically a reversible injury or damage to health needing several days away from work to recover. Recovery would be full and permanent.

NEGLIGIBLE INJURIES— Would require first aid and may need the remainder of the work period or shift off before being able to return to work.

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Risk = Probability x Severity

Low risk area

Unacceptable area

studies to minimize risk must be conducted

Probability

Severity

Rare

Frequent

MajorMinor

Risk area

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Risk tolerability Risk tolerability

• A major risk (several casualties) is under control if its probability of occurrence has been estimated and judged tolerable

• A major risk can be judged tolerable by comparison– With other well-known risks (road casualities, fire, crash…)– With other industrial activities (chemical, petrochemical industry,

…

Target remains to minimize risks as much as possible

• Existing and new installations may be treated differently as long as risk is kept under control

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Risk indicators Risk indicators

• Individual Risk– Either

• Probability of fatality per year based on average statistics (road accidents for instance)

– Or• Probability of fatality per year of an individual exposed to the

risk during 365 days

• Societal Risk– Curves frequency versus severity ( number of potential loss of

life)

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Societal riskExample : Neederland regulation for major risks

1 10 1000100

Number of immediate fatalities

10E-8

10E-6

10E-5

10E-4

10E-3

10E-2

10E-7

Probability of immediate fatalities

(per year)

Unacceptable

Mitigation requestedAcceptable

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ComparisonComparison with well-known risks with well-known risks • Statistics (individual risks)

– Road casualities 3.10-4/year– Fire 4.10-5/year– Aircraft crash 9.10-6/year– Rail accident 4.10-6/year– Lightning 5.10-7/year

• UK industry data (individual risks)– Oil & Gas 1.10-3/year– Mining for ores 3.10-4/year– Construction 1.10-4/year– All manufacturing 2.10-4/year

Source : EJ Henley, H.Kumamoto – Reliability & engineering and risk assessment. Prentcile-Halle, New-York 1981

Source : FP Lees – Loss prevention in the process industries – Butterworths –1980

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Risk tolerability Risk tolerability

• Otway & Erdman inquiry

– 10-3/year Risk judged not acceptable by the public– 10-4/year Public expenditure claimed to reduce the risk– 10-5/year Risk identified by the public– 10-6/year Risk accepted

A risk identified low and tolerable may not be accepted on an individual basis:

« Not In My Back Yard »

Source : H.J. Otway, R.C. Erdmann – Reactor Safety and design from a risk view point. Nucl. Eng. Design

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Risk perceptionRisk perception

1

10

100

1 000

10 000

100 000

1 000 000

1 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000

Number of fatalities per year

Assessment of number of

fatalities per year

CANCER

DIABETES

HOMICIDE

ROAD ACCIDENT

STOMACH CANCER

CARDIAC DISEASE

HURRICANE

FLOODING

ELECTROCUTION

ASTHMABOTULISM

Source : P.SLOVIC & other – The assessment and perception of risk – The Royal Society of London - 1980

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Risk Acceptance Risk Acceptance

• Public, media accept less and less the idea of risk – Zero risk society – Precautionary principle

• However, without taking risks, no innovation, progress or business…

Only a rigourous and well communicated risk management policy allows to conciliate both

Communication: trust and transparency are key factors

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2 – Why Risk Management is needed ?

Risk Management

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Risk management is essentialRisk management is essential

• Major accident (explosion, toxic release, …) may lead to– Mediatic crisis – Huge costs

and put at risk the life of the company

• Evolution of regulatory requirements (SEVESO, Process Safety Management,…)

• Higher and higher expectations from: – Stakeholders– People and medias– Customers

• Legal responsibility increased

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Risk ManagementRisk Management

Risk Management procedures are designed to reduce of the impact of accidents or incidents by using methods of prevention and protection to:

– Minimize the probability of occurrence of risks– Minimize the consequences of an accident

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MethodologyMethodology

1. Scope of study

2. Identification, cartography

3. Preliminary risk assessment

4. Detailed evaluation

5. Risk mitigation

6. Residual risk

Iterative method in order to reach a low level risk :– Addition of other mitigation measures– Choice of safer technologies, …

7. Risk control plan

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1 – Scope of study1 – Scope of study

• System definition– Equipments or product – Installations – Service– Transport

• Functional analysis (objectives, specifications,…)

• Existing system or project

• Interfaces

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2 - Identification, cartography2 - Identification, cartography

• Risk source– Products & technologies– Innovation– Energy– Equipments– Use conditions

• Nature (consequences)– Health (toxicity, carcinogenic,…)– Environment (soil pollution, air pollution,…)– Personnel safety (explosion,…)– Availability, reliability, qualityLatent and not well known risk (long term effect on health) –

application of precaution principle

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3 – Preliminary Assessment

• Systematic assessment of all the risks

• Preliminary Evaluation of their criticality

• In order to determinate the risk level by comparison with feedback experience and accidentology data

• And use of – Standard solution– Or specific analysis or actions with more details

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4 – Detailed evaluation (1/2)4 – Detailed evaluation (1/2)

• LikelihoodLikelihood– With reliability databases– Throught feedback data– With experts information– By comparison, benchmark

• SeveritySeverity– By calculation, modelisation (toxic cloud, explosion effects, …)– With experts advice

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4 – Detailled Evaluation (2/2)4 – Detailled Evaluation (2/2)

• Criticality matrixSeverity

Occurrence

0 1 2 3 4

4 04 14 24 34 44

3 03 13 23 33 43

2 02 12 22 32 42

1 01 11 21 31 41

0 00 10 20 30 40

Low risk area

Area for which studies to minimize risk must be conducted

Unacceptable risk area

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severity

Likelihood

0 1 2 3 4

4 04 14 24 34 44

3 03 13 23 33 43

2 02 12 22 32 42

1 01 11 21 31 41

0 00 10 20 30 40

5 - Risk mitigation 5 - Risk mitigation

PASSIVE(always available)

Safety barrier Motor brake Roadsign

PREVENTION BARRIER(likelihood mitigation)

Brakes Guiding device –

wheel Driver training –

driving licence

ACTIVE(could be unavailable)

PROTECTION BARRIER(Severy mitigation)

Bumper Coachwork Headrest

PASSIVE(always available)

Seatbelt Airbag

ACTIVE(could be unavailable)

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PART 4PART 4

RISK CONTROLRISK CONTROL

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Risk ControlRisk Control

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Basic Principles:Basic Principles:The ORM 6-Step ProcessThe ORM 6-Step Process

1. Identifythe Hazards

2. Assessthe Risks

3. Analyze Risk Control

Measures

4. MakeControl

Decisions

5. Risk ControlImplementation

6. Superviseand Review

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Introduction

• Risk avoidance focuses on preventing loss or damage without reference to the degree of risk.

• Risk Management is a systematic and analytical process by which an organization identifies, reduces and controls its potential risks and losses.

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Introduction

• Risk is a function of assets, threats and vulnerabilities.• Risk is the potential for some unwanted event to occur.• Threat is the capability and intention of an adversary to

undertake actions that are detrimental to an org’s interests.

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Introduction

• Vulnerability is any weakness in an asset or countermeasures that can be exploited by an adversary to cause damage to an org’s interests.

• Asset is anything of value– People, info, HW, SW, facilities, reputation, activities.

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5 step Risk Assessment Model

• Asset assessment

• Threat assessment

• Vulnerability assessment

• Risk assessment

• Countermeasure identification

• Risk = consequence X threat X vulnerability

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Assessment, Threat Examples

• Key personnel• File Servers• Customer data• Production facility• pipeline

• Injury, death• DOS attack• Disclosure• Natural disaster• Sabotage

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Assessment, Vulnerability ExamplesAssessment, Vulnerability Examples

• Key personnel• File Servers• Customer data• Production facility• pipeline

• No access controls• Patch mgt• Unchecked 3rd party• Physical access• No roving guard force

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

Control: the measures we take to eliminate or reduce the risk to an acceptable level.

Hierarchy of Control: The order in which controls should be considered when selecting methods of controlling a risk.

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Elimination Substitution Isolation Engineering Controls Administrative Controls Provide Personal Protective Equipment .

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ELIMINATION

The Best method of dealing with a hazard is to eliminate it. Once the hazard has been eliminated the potential for harm has gone.

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SUBSTITUTION

This involves substituting a dangerous process or substance with one that is not as dangerous. This may not be as satisfactory as elimination as there may still be a risk (even if it is reduced).

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Isolation

Separate or isolate the hazard from people. This method has its problems in that the hazard has not been removed. The guard or separation device is always at risk of being removed or circumvented.

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ADMINISTRATION

Administrative solutions usually involve modification of the likelihood of an accident happening. This can be done by reducing the number of people exposed to the danger reducing the amount of time exposed and providing training to those people who are exposed to the hazard.

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROLHIERARCHY OF CONTROL

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Provision of personal protective equipment should only be considered when all other control methods are impractical, or to increase control when used with another method higher up in the Hierarchy of Control.

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6 – Residual risk

• All risks must be brought in the green area

• Mitigation measures identified to bring down the risk level are included in the risk control plan

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7 – Risk control plan

• Risk mitigation are included – In the design– Implemented during the construction phase– Checked prior start-up

• Known and understood • Tested & maintained• Assessed by Feed back process• No modify without an approval system (Modification of

change)• Financial risk must be covered by insurances

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5 – Risk analysis limits 5 – Risk analysis limits Human parameterHuman parameter

Risk Management

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Human : source of errorsHuman : source of errors

• Human takes part at all phases : – Design– Operation– Management– Organisation– Maintenance, …

• Typical causes are :– Ergonomy– Behaviour & Stress– Competences– Communication– Organisation, management

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Risk Related Decision MakingRisk Related Decision Making

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Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes

At the end of this session you will be able to:

• Appreciate the effect of risk perception and the need for corporate values

• Appreciate how risk is analysed

• Understand the complexity of “Risk Management”

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Why Risk Management?Why Risk Management?

•To provide assurance and confidence that

•significant business / HSE risks are explicitly identified and managed.

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Nothing new or unusualRisks well understoodEstablished practiceNo major stakeholder implications

Lifecycle implicationsSome risk trade-offs / transferSome uncertainty or deviationfrom standard or best practiceSignificant economic implications

Very novel or challengingStrong stakeholder views and perceptionsSignificant risk trade-offs or risk transferLarge uncertaintiesPerceived Lowering of safety standards

Means of Calibration

Codes and Standards

Peer Review

Verification

Benchmarking

Internal StakeholderConsultation

External StakeholderConsultation

Decision Context Type

A

B

C

Significance to Decision Making Process

Codes & Standards

Societal Values

CompanyValues

QRA

CBAEngineer

ing Judgemen

t

Goo

d Pra

ctice

QRA Role in Decision MakingQRA Role in Decision Making

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Types of RiskTypes of Risk??

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Estimation of RiskEstimation of Risk• Involves assessing consequence and likelihood

• Can be qualitative - risk matrix is commonly used

• Quantitative risk analysis may be warranted when risks need to be studied in detail (will require sufficient input data and is resource intensive)

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How Big?

Consequence

Frequency o r like lihood

H ow O ften??

IDENTIFY

ASSESS

ANALYSE

TREAT

intolerable

TRANSFER or TERMINATE

Intolerable - treatment not effective

TREAT when benefit>cost

not alarp

TOLERATE - when ALARP

treatment options exhausted

Hazard Management ProcessHazard Management Process

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1. Identifying workplace hazards.

Identifying hazards is accomplished through the use of a variety of methods including observation and periodic surveys and inspections.

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2. Analyzing the workplace. 2. Analyzing the workplace.

Beyond initial identification, analysis takes a much closer look to determine the nature and impact of specific hazardous conditions or unsafe work practices. Methods include: change analysis of the potential hazards in new facilities, equipment, materials, and processes; and routine hazard analysis, such as job hazard analysis, process hazard analysis, management system analysis, or phase hazard analysis.

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3. Developing solutions.

Once hazards are identified, analyzed and understood, effective problem solving techniques are used to determine the source of those hazards. A critical analysis of root cause (s) is conducted to determine how to best are used.

153

4. Writing recommendations.

Once solutions are found, it becomes important to offering effective recommendations that "sell" management on the solutions you have developed. There are some do's and don'ts to effective recommendations that we'll discuss later in the course.

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5. Taking action. 5. Taking action.

After recommendations have been approved, carefully plan and implement the necessary improvements.

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6. Evaluating the results.

To ensure changes are effective long term, continuous evaluation through monitoring and feedback are necessary to revise and improve the changes made.

1 risk analysis by: mohamed farouk elberry saf ety

Documents

risk assessment

risk definitions

risk analysisby

residual risk

goal of risk management

safetyrelated risk

risk reduction beco

hazard control