14815_fischer tropsch

8/3/2019 14815_FISCHER TROPSCH

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www.ecn.nl

Large scale Fischer-Tropsch diesel productionopportunities and challenges to shift from black(coal)to green(biomass)Robin Zwart, Bram van der Drift

Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)


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2 Third International Conference on Renewable Resources and Biorefineries (Ghent, Belgium) www.ecn.nl

Contents

Introduction EU directives, proposals & consequences Technology options of thermal biorefining

Economics Short-term implementation Conclusions


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Development of high-qualityknowledge and technology forthe transition to a sustainableenergy supply, and bringing this

to the market

~70 M/y turnover

~530 employees

ECN missionECN: Energy research Centre of the Netherlands


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entrained flow simulator OLGA: oil basedgas cleaning

wet ESPFischer-Tropsch reactor

gas compressor5 kg/h indirect gasifier

100kg/hC

FBgasifier

etc.

ECN biomass activitiesECN biomass activities


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biofuels

natural gas

LPG

H2

Total

2010 2015new proposal

20202020

5.75% 7%

2% 5%

- 2%

8%

10%

5%

7.75% 14% 23%

15%

10%

a few %

> 30%

5%

2005

2%

2%

biofuels

natural gas

H2

Total

2010 2015 2020

5.75% 7%

2% 5%

- 2%

8%

10%

5%

7.75% 14% 23%

2005

2%

2%

The driving force for Fischer-Tropsch diesel productionEU biofuels Directives and Proposals

EU bioenergy Directives and Proposals

00-20% reduction of GHG emissions in 2020

40-60% reduction of GHG emissions in 2050


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2000 2010 2020 20402030

PJ/y

40

150min

912

Biomass (required)Biofuels (required)Biomass (available)

5

7560

450max

Biomass availability and targets in the Netherlands

912 PJ in 2030 from Rabou, Deurwaarder, Elbersen, Scott: Biomass in the Dutch Energy Infrastructure in 2030, January 2006

Estimated biomass import:

> 450 PJth

(hence over 15 GWth)

importinevitable


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16 GW of biomass?!?

50 MWth plants

600 MWth plants

8 GWth plants

(commercial GtL and CtL plants)

(commercial IGCC, planned Choren plant)

(commercial CFB, Choren -plant)

IMPLEMENTATIONVIA

LARGE-SCALE PLANTS


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Large-scale plants?!?

Shell GtL plant Pernis oil refining

Dakota Great Plains Synfuels plant


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System line-up of Fischer-Tropsch diesel productionBiomass to liquids

Gasconditioning CC

Electricity(for use in plant)

Fischer-Tropschsynthesis

off-gas

Fischer-TropschDiesel

(ultra-pure high qualitydesigner fuel)

light product

Biosyngas

GasificationPre-treatment

Biomass


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High temperature (typically 1300-1500C)

Pure oxygen The ashes melt: slag Conversion: over 99%

Conventional technology for coal on large-scale

Large-scale implementation?

Shift from large-scale black (coal) to green (biomass)

but: small fuel particles needed

Option 1: High T entrained flow gasification


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[Shell] [Siemens]Buggenum, Netherlands

Freiberg, Germany


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Low temperature (typically 800-900C)

Pure oxygen, steam needed as moderator No melting: dry ash Conversion: typically


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VTT pilot plant, Finland

Vrnamo, Sweden

GTI pilotplant, USA


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Options summary

high temperaturegasifier

pre-treatment syngas

biomass

low temperaturegasifier

tar cleaningor reforming

Proven (coal)Large scale 20%

Ebiomass

Under development Small scale

100%Ebiomass

R&D on: milling

torrefactionpyrolysis advanced feeding

R&D on: tar cracking CxHy reforming deactivation

time

installed

capacity

entrained flow

fluidised bed

LONG-TERM

SHORT-TERM

product gas


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The thermochemical options for biorefineriesBiomass to liquids

Torrefaction

Gasification

OLGA Tarremoval unit

Cryogenicdistillation

CO2 removal

Sulphurremoval

Aqueousscrubber

Biosyngas

CombinedCycle

minerals

CO2 NH4+

H2O

H2O

Base chemicals

acetylene

ethylene

Transportation fuel synthesis

Fischer-Tropsch diesel

MeOH / DME

ethanol / mixed alcohols

hydrogen

Electricity

& Heat

Fine chemicals

formic acid

acidic acid

propionic acid

Fertiliser

(NH4)2SO4

Impregnating regentheavy tars

Solvents

benzene

toluene

xylenes

Fine chemicalslight tars

Product Gas

H2CO

CO2

H2O

CH4

C2H2 & C2H4

BTX

light tars

heavy tars

NH3 (HCN)

H2S (COS)

Claus processelementary S

Gaseous fuelCH4 / LNG

Chemical industry,sequestering,oil industry (EOR),greenhouses

CO2

Irrigation / tap water

H2O

BiologicalProcesses


Biosyngas


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High temperature biorefineries (EF gasifier)Biomass to liquids

Torrefaction

Gasification



CO2 removal

Sulphurremoval

Aqueousscrubber

Biosyngas

CombinedCycle

minerals

CO2 NH4+

H2O

H2O

Base chemicals

acetylene

ethylene



MeOH / DME


hydrogen

Electricity

& Heat

Fine chemicals

formic acid

acidic acid

propionic acid

Fertiliser

(NH4)2SO4


Solvents

benzene

toluene

xylenes


Product Gas

H2

CO

CO2

H2O

CH4

C2H2 & C2H4

BTX

light tars

heavy tars

NH3 (HCN)

H2S (COS)




CO2


H2O

BiologicalProcesses


Biosyngas

Entrained flow

CO, CO2,

H2, H2O


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Product quality of torrefied biomassTorrefaction

Torrefactionand

pulverisation

Pelletisation

Waste

TOP fuel pellets

Demolition

wood

Green b iomass

Size reduction

Combustion / Gasification

Logistic operations (transport)

Feedstock bandwidthBiofuel standardisation

TOP fuel powder

750-850 kg/m3

15-20 GJ/m3

++

+

+++

Tough and fibrous

10 to 18 MJ/kg (LHV, ar)

Hygroscopic, Hydrophilic

Vulnerable to biodegradation

Contaminated

Heterogeneous

< 5 GJ/m3

Friable and less fibrous

19 to 22 MJ/kg (LHV, ar)

Hydrophobic

Preserved

Reduced contaminations

Homogeneous

< 5 GJ/m3


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Great plains synfuels plant began operating in 1984 and today produces > 54 billion standard cubic feet of natural gas

(http://www.dakotagas.com)

Great Plains Synfuels PlantProduction of Synthetic Natural Gas from lignite coal


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System line-up of Fischer-Tropsch diesel productionBiomass to liquids

Torrefaction

Gasification



CO2 removal

Sulphurremoval

Aqueousscrubber

Biosyngas

CombinedCycle

minerals

CO2 NH4+

H2O

H2O

Base chemicals

acetylene

ethylene



MeOH / DME


hydrogen

Electricity

& Heat

Fine chemicals

formic acid

acidic acid

propionic acid

Fertiliser

(NH4)2SO4


Solvents

benzene

toluene

xylenes


Product Gas

H2

CO

CO2

H2O

CH4

C2H2 & C2H4

BTX

light tars

heavy tars

NH3 (HCN)

H2S (COS)




CO2


H2O

BiologicalProcesses


Biosyngas


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Combining technologies to improve efficiencies and economicsBiomass to liquids

Biomass

CH4 (SNG)

Separationof Chemicals

ChemicalsProduction

Synthesis

productGasification

Product

gas

Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Tars

CryogenicSeparation

Ethylene, Acetylene

CO, H2

Low Temperature

Gasification

(MILENA)

Tar Removal

Technology

(OLGA)

Natural Gas

Liquids (NGL)

Removal

Synthesis Processes

(FT, SNG, DME.

mixed alcohols, )


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E u r o p e a n M a r k e t D e m a n d

Products Market Demand (kt)

Acetylene 94

Toluene 590

Benzene 2160

Ethylene 5930Xylenes 950

Methanol 1612Hydrogen 260

Synthetic Natural gas 46720

F-T diesel 17990

Mixed alcohols 8960

Meeting the Market Demands (%)

Toluene

76

Xylene

12

SNG14

Mixed Alcohols

100

Ethylene

56

Benzene

111


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Tars

4%

Ethylene

22%

Acetylene2%

Xylene

1%

Toluene

2%

Benzene14%

SNG

10%

Mixed Alcohols

45%

Sales Revenues Breakdown:

Main Cost Drivers :

Mixed Alcohols

SNG Benzene

Ethylene

Example of co-production

of mixed alcohols, SNG,

BTX and ethylene


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600 MWth Buggenum IGCC Co-gasification of biomass with coal (up to 20%E) Syngas production via Entrained Flow gasification

The largest existing biosyngas plantShort-term implementation of biosyngas


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Short-term options in the NetherlandsNUON Buggenum IGCC:- Shell Entrained Flow gasifier- Startup 1993

- Co-gasification up to 34%wt or 20%E of renewables- 600 MWth,input/ 250 MWe, output- Currently 7500 hours/yr on syngas

NUON Magnum IGCC:- Copy of the Buggenum IGCC- Startup 2011- Co-gasification similar to Buggenum IGCC- 3x600 MWth,input/ 750 MWe, output (+450 MWe from natural gas)- Planned > 7500 hours/yr on syngas

2011 Biobased FT diesel potential:- 7.3 PJ (based on proven co-gasification percentages)- 36.3 PJ (based on maximum capacity available)

1.5-7.3%of current

consumption500 PJ


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For more information,

please contact:

Ir. Robin Zwart Publications can be found on:

phone +31 224 56 4574 www.ecn.nl/en/bkm

fax +31 224 56 8487

email [email protected]

Visit also:

Milena Internet site for the Milena gasification technology (www.milenatechnology.com)OLGA Internet site for the OLGA gas cleaning technology (www.olgatechnology.com)

BioSNG Information site on BioSNG production (www.biosng.com)

Phyllis Internet database for biomass, coal, and residues (www.phyllis.nl)

Thersites internet model for tar dewpoint calculations ( www.thersites.nl)

Thank you for your attention

14815_fischer tropsch

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