2nd Post Lab- Bio 22

Kimberly S. BeltranDB CAS

UP Manila

Outline: a. External Anatomy of the Frog b. Integumentary System c. Skeletal System d. Muscular System e. Muscle Physiology f. Nervous System g. Nervous Response

External Anatomy of the Frog

Part Function/Description

External Nares Paired openings close to the tip of the head (snout) leading to the olfactory organs within

Upper Eyelid Immovable, stout border of the eye

Nictitating membrane Movable translucent lower eyelid

Tympanum Acts as the eardrum and is found lying below and behind the eye

Hump Rounded protuberance found at the dorsal part which divide back into fore- and a hind part

Forelimb Attached to the narrower side of the forepart and is made up of 3 segments: upper arm/brachium, middle forearm/antebrachium, terminal hand or manus

Hand/Manus Consist of short wrist or carpus, a palm or matacarpus, and fingers or digits which are only 4

Part Function/DescriptionHindlimbs Attached to the narrow waistline and is made up

of 3 segments: an upper, stout thigh, a middle slender shank/crus, and a long foot/pes

Foot Consist of a very long ankle/ tarsus, an instep/metatarsus and toes/digits which are 5 in number

Vocal Sacs Use by male frogs to advertise their presence. They are usually thrown into folds called vocal cords

Cloaca & Cloacal Vent Chamber for solid collection while the vent serves as an outlet for feces, urine, eggs or sperm

Browspot Light colored spot located slightly in front of the eye and is called rudimentary third eye

Prehallux Rudiment of the sixth missing toe

Rectum & Anus Chamber for feces while anus is the posterior opening of a rectum

External Feature

Male Female

Size Smaller Bigger

Pigmentation Dark Scattered pigments

Thumb Swollen Not swollen

Tympanum Smaller larger

Vocal Sacs Seen Cannot be distinguished

Integumentary System

Kimberly S. Beltran

DB CAS

UP Manila

Amoeba sp.-amorphous-body is entirely covered with rigid plasma membrane which is also used for locomotion

Paramecium sp.-body is entirely covered with cilia employed for locomotion, food capture and protection

Grantia sp.-outer epithelium is called pinacoderm which is made up of squamous type cells called pinacocytes-middle layer is made up of gelatinous matrix called mesohyl which containes ameboid cells and skeletal elements-the inner layer is made up of collar cells called choanocytes

Hydra sp.-outer layer (epidermis) is made up of cuboidal epithelium . Nematocyst and cnidocytes are the unique structures found in this layer which functions for food gathering, defense, & attachment-middle gelatinous layer is called mesoglea-inner layer (gastrodermis) is made up of large, ciliated , columnar epithelium

gastrodermis

epidermis

Dugesia sp.-Outer covering is ciliated epidermis which contains rod shape rhabdites and is use to form a protective mucus sheath around the body -Made up of viscid and releaser gland-Dorsal surface is unciliated while the ventral is ciliated

Fasciola sp.-body covering or tegument is syncitial- The tegument is also provided with various penetration glands to produce cyst material, organs for adhesion like suckers and hooks as well as spines for them to easily attach to their host

Lumbricus sp/Earthworm- The body is covered by thin, transparent cuticle secreted by the hypodermis.-the cuticle primarily protects the body from physical and chemical injury and contains numerous pores to allow the secretion to pass and is mark by striae causing the surface to appear iridescent

Ascaris sp/Nematode-Outer body covering is made up of thick, non-cellular cuticle secreted by the hypodermis.-The hypodermis is syncytial and are primarily collagen

3- spines; 2- ossicles

Starfish-the skin is ciliated and hard due to the presence of ossicles, spines, spicules & granules which are CaCO3 in composition-the integument is important for protection & locomotion

Arthropods-the hardening of cuticle in the arthropods is due to the presence of chitin, a tough, resistant, nitrogenous polysaccharide -It is essential for protection, prevention of water loss, support and bouyancy.-The chitin is secreted by the hypodermis

Frog Skin-Skin is made up of 2 layers: epidermis and dermis-The epidermis is subdivided into stratum corneum and germinativum while the dermis is made up of stratum spongiosum and compactum-Unique structures found in the frog skin includes the chromatophores, poison and mucus glands which are necessary for protection and respiration

Frog Skin Human Skin

Epidermal layers Stratum corneumS. germinativum

Stratum corneumStratum lucidumStratum granulosumS.germinativum

Dermal layers S. spongiosumS. compactum

Papillary layerReticular layer

Glands Poison & mucus Sweat, sebaceous, mammary glands

Pigments Guanophores/iridophores/melanophores

melanophores

Unique Structures Poison & mucus glands Hair and other skin derivatives

Skeletal System

Types of SkeletonA.Hydroskeleton-mass of fluid or plastic parenchyma enclosed within a muscular wall to provide supprt necessary for antagonistic muscle actionB.Exoskeleton-skeleton secreted by the ectoderm/epidermisC.Endoskeleton- a skeleton within the living tissues of an organism

Hydroskeleton

Exoskeleton

Type Composition

Radiolarians Shell/testa Strontium sulfate/ silica

Arthropods Cuticle Chitin, CaCO3

Molluscs Mantle/shell CaCO3, chonchiolin

Echinoderms Ossicles/spines

CaCO3,

Turtle Scutes, Plates CaCO3,

Type Composition

Sponges Spicules, spongin

CaCO3, silica

Corals corals CaCO3, chitin

Vertebrates bone CaPO4, MgPO4. collagen matrix, mucopolysaccharide

Regions Cartilage MembraneCranium Exoccipitals

sphenethmoidFronto-parietalsparashenoids

Nasal Capsules SphenethmoidMesethmoid

NasalVomer

Auditory capsules

Visceral Arches

Prootic

PalatinesPterygoids

Squamosal

PremaxillaeMaxillaeQuadratojugal

Lower Jaw Mentomeckelians Angulo-splenialsDentaries

Hyoid Posterior cornua None

Muscular System

Parts of a Skeletal Musclea.Belly-fleshy part of the muscleb.Tendons- attach the belly to the skeletonc.Aponeurosis- stout band which attach the muscle to the surface of another muscled.Origin- point of attachment which remains relatively fixe.Insertion- relatively movable point of attachment

Actions of Skeletal Musclea.Extensors- straighten a partb.Flexors-bends a partc.Adductors- draws a part towards the midlined.Abductors-draws a part away from the midlinee.Levator- raises a part f.Depressor-lowers a partg.Protractors- causes a part to be thrust forward or outwardh.Retractors-pulls it backi.Rotators- rotates a part

How are muscles name?a.Attachments (scapulohumeris)b.Action and size (adductor magnus)c.Shape and Locomotion (biceps femoris)d.Location and Direction (external oblique)

Nervous System

Early Late Adults Function

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

Telencephalon Cerebrum Motor area controls voluyntary muscle movements; sensory cortex is the center of conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temerature and taste; association areas integrate and process sensory data

Diencephalon Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Part of limbic system; integrates sensory info arriving at thalamus

Controls autonomic functions; sets appetitive drives (thirst, hunger, sexual desire) and behavior; sets emotional states; secretes ADH, oxytocin; secrets releasing factors for anterior pituitary

Early Late Adults Function

Midbrain mesen

Mesen Optic lobes

Midbrain nuclei

Integrates visual information with other sensory inputs; relays auditory information

Involuntary control of muscle tone; processing of incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands

Hindbrain rhomben

Myelen Cerebellum

Pons

Involuntary coordination & control of outgoing movements for equilibrium, muscle tone, posture Links cerebellum with other brain centers and with medulla and spinal cord; modifies output of respiratory centers in medulla

Meten Medulla oblangata

Regulates heart rate and force of contraction; vasomotor control; sets rate of respiration; relays info to the cerebellum