©2003 pearson education, inc. publishing as longman publishers chapter 18 political and cultural...
TRANSCRIPT
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
CHAPTER 18POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CONFLICT IN A DECADE OF
DEPRESSION AND WAR
THE 1890S
CREATED EQUAL
JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ
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“If we are not striving for equality, in heaven’s name for what are we living?”
John Hope, black professor at Roger Williams University, 1896
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TIMELINE1887 U.S. gains control over Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and Pogo Pogo, Samoa 1889 Oklahoma opened to white settlers1890 Territory of Oklahoma established by Congress
Congress establishes Yosemite Valley as a national parkMassacre at Wounded KneeSherman Silver Purchase ActFirst Pan-American Conference in WashingtonNational-American Woman Suffrage Association formed
1891 The Court of Private Land Claims11 Italian prisoners lynched in New Orleans
1892 Sierra Club founded by John Muir230 deaths of black men by lynchingFirst national convention of Populist party
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TIMELINE continued1893 Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”
September 16, 100,000 people claimed 6.5 million acres in Oklahoma Territory
Immigration Restriction League launches campaign to impose literacy test on incoming aliens
Western Federation of Miners founded National depression hitsLaws protecting women and ending child labor
1895 Encyclopedia Britannica first publishedUnited States v. E.C. KnightPollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company
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TIMELINE continued1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
National Association of Colored WomenMcKinley wins Presidency over Bryan
1897 Peary returns from Arctic accompanied by 6 Eskimos1898 Commodore Dewey sinks Spanish ships in Manila Bay
U.S. declares war on SpainHawaii annexedRough Riders and San Juan Hill
1899 U.S. fights war against Filipino rebelsWhite Man’s Union
1900 Between 1890 and 1900, 3 million immigrants entered the United States
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POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CONFLICT Overview
Frontiers at Home, Lost and FoundThe Search for AlliancesAmerican Imperialism
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FRONTIERS AT HOME, LOST AND FOUND
Exceptionalism: the idea that its individualism and democratic values make the US unique among nations.Turner’s thesis: “The Significance of the Frontier in
American History”
The need to assimilate and Americanize certain groups of people and to tighten systems of legal discrimination against others
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Claiming and Managing the Land
1889: unoccupied lands opened to settlers, “Sooners”, and to oil developers
The government oversaw the land:Court of Private Land Claims, USDA, Weather Bureau,
Division of Road Inquiries, Division of Biological Survey
National Parks are createdYosemite, Mount Rainier, GlacierSierra Club founded by John Muir
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Establishing “Racial” Categories
Factors in new obsession with raceColonization brings whites face to face with dark
skinned people“New Immigration” from eastern EuropeViolence along the US-Mexican borderResistance of African Americans and Indians to
authority of white people
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Population Density, 1890
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Establishing “racial” categoriesEncyclopedia Britannica lists physical
characteristics allegedly distinguishing the racesDemocrats in the South impose voting restrictions
on African AmericansLiteracy requirements, poll taxes, “grandfather clauses”
1896: Plessy v. Ferguson: separate but equalLynching:
1892: 230 black men lynched1891: 11 Italian prisoners lynched in New Orleans
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New Roles for SchoolsSchools separated into particular groups“Industrial Education Movement”: School as
vehicle for vocational training evoking different reactions from black leaders:Booker T. WashingtonW.E.B. DuBois and John Hope
Catholic Schools
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THE SEARCH FOR ALLIANCES
Class ConflictThe Pension Act and The Sherman Silver Purchase Act Strikes and violenceHomestead Plant
Armed workers battle with detectives from Pinkerton: 10 deadAmalgamated Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers union brokenWorkforce and wages reduced
Union organizing stymied by hatredProtestants vs. Roman Catholics, Irish vs. English, Europeans
vs. Mexicans and Chinese
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Class Conflict1892: mine owners in Idaho form “protective
assocation”: miners and and troops clashPopulist party emerges as a national force
First national convention in 1892Depression of 1893
Coxey’s Army marches on Washington to petition Congress
United States v. E.C. Knight and Pollock v. Farmer’s Loand and Trust Company: big business favored
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The Demise of the Populists1896: William Jennings Bryan nominated
McKinley outspends Bryan and uses slogan: “In God we trust, in Bryan we bust”
The Populist decline after election; and even with intense class conflicts, no viable worker’s party emerges
Unlike movements in Europe, ethnic, racial, and religious prejudices play major role in preventing a socialist movement in US
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Challenges to Traditional Gender Roles
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the NAWSAThe General Federation of Women’s ClubsNational Association of Colored WomenRamabai CirclesEmma Goldman: sexual liberation and rights of
workersCharlotte Perkins Gilman
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AMERICAN IMPERIALISMCountry’s industrial manufacturing
demanded new marketsCultural Encounters with the Exotic
Fascination in America for exotic artifacts and images
Frederic Edwin Church, John Singer Sargent, Eric Pape
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American ImperialismInitial Imperialist Ventures
Mahan: The Influence of Seapower in History, 1660-1763US control over Pearl Harbor and Pago Pago1890: Washington DC hosts first Pan-American Conference May 1, 1898: Dewey sinks Spanish ships in Manila BayRoosevelt, Rough Riders, and San Juan HillCuba: The Platt AmendmentPhilippine Islands owned by US
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Hawaii1887: U.S. in Pearl HarborHawaiian sugar shipped duty free to StatesMcKinley Tariff of 1890
1893: planters and U.S. Marines depose Queen Liliuokalani
President Cleveland honors Hawaiians request not to be annexed
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The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War of 1898
1895: Cuban nationalists stage an uprising against Spanish Publishers Hearts and Pulitzer engage in “yellow
journalism” stirring up war April, 1898: McKinley asks Congress to declare war on
SpainTeller Amendment
Dewey in the Philippines: Manila Bay, May 1st, 1898 and Manila taken in August
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War of 1898 continued July 7, 1898: Hawaiian’s granted U.S. citizenship rights
and official U.S. territory in 1900 July: Roosevelt’s Rough Riders’ and Black regiments’
victorious charges August 12, 1898: Spain signs armistice Platt Agreement: guarantees U.S. influence over Cuba Philippines bought for $20 million Filipino rebels fight with U.S. for 2 years until 1901 China open for trade; Boxer Rebellion quelled by
Germans, Japanese, British, French, and Americans
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Critics of Imperialism Mark Hanna, New York financier labels Roosevelt a
“madman” The Anti-Imperalist League
Mark Twain Samuel Gompers Andrew Carnegie
Sumner and Social Darwinism Immigrants back Imperialism to claim Americanness 1900: McKinley and Roosevelt take White House