2ndFinals ReviewerAGENCYSem; 2003

Helen C. Arevalo19Section II-D

Chapter 1. Nature, Form and Kinds ofAgency

Art. 1868. By the contract of agency a person binds himself to render some service or to do something in representation or on behalf of another, with the consent or authority of the latter.

Agency: A relationship which implies a power in an agent to contract with a 3rd person on behalf of a principal.

Kind of Contract: It is a preparatory contract. It is a contract entered not for its own end but to be able to enter into other contracts.

Characteristics:1.) Consensual: perfected by mere consent;2.) Nominate: it has its own name;3.) Principal: does not depend on another contract for its existence and validity;4.) Preparatory: entered into as a means to an end;5.) Unilateral/Bilateral:a.) Unilateral: if contract is gratuitous, it creates obligations for only one of theparties, i.e. agent.b.) Bilateral: if for compensation, it gives rise to reciprocal rights and obligs.

Basis: Representation.The acts of the agent on behalf of the principal within the scope of his authority produce the same legal andbinding effects as if the principal personally did them.

Distinguishing Features:1.) Representative character; and2.) Derivative authority.

Purpose: To extend the personality of the principal through the facility of the agent.

Parties:1.) Principal; and2.) Agent.

Who can be principal?The principal may be a natural person or a juridical person. He must be capacitated. The rule is if a personis capacitated to act for himself or in his own right, he can act through an agent.

Essential Elements of Agency:1.) Consent, express or implied;2.) Object of the contract is the execution of a juridical act in relation to 3rd persons;3.) The agent acts as a representative and not forhimself;4.) The agent acts within the scope of his authority.

Acts that cannot be done through an agent:1.) Personal acts: if personal performance is reqd by law or public policy or agreement;2.) Criminal or illegal acts: attempt to delegateanother authority to do an act which, if done by the principal would be illegal, is void.

Nature of Relation between Principal and Agent: Fiduciary, based on trust and confidence.

AgencyLease of Work/ServiceBasis is representation.Basis is employmentAgent exercises discretionary powers.Lessor only performs ministerial functions.3 persons are involved:rdprincipal, agent & 3person.Only 2 persons involved:lessor and lesseeCommercial or business transactions.Matters of mere manual or mechanical execution.Agency v. Lease of Work or Service

AgencyGuardianshipAgent represents a capacitated person.Guardian represents an incapacitated person.Agent appointed by principal and can beremoved by him.Guardian appointed by court and stands in locoparentis.Agent subject to directions of principal.Guardian not subject to directions of ward but must act for his benefit.Agent can make principal personally liable.Guardian has no power to impose personal liability on his ward.Agency v. Guardianship

Agency to sellSaleAgent receives the goods as the goods of the principal.Buyer receives the goods as owner.Agent delivers proceeds of the sale.Buyer pays the price.Agent can return object in case he is unable to sell to a 3rd person.Generally, buyer cannot return the object sold.Agent in dealing with the thing received is bound toact accdg to the instructions of his principalBuyer can deal with the thing as he pleases, beingthe owner.Agency to Sell v. Sale

Must the agent have capacity?Insofar as 3rd persons are concerned, it is enough that the principal is capacitated; but insofar as his obligations to his principal are concerned, the agentmust be able to bind himself.

AgentIndependent ContractorRepresents the principal.Employed by employer.Acts under the control and instructions of the principalActs according to his own method.Principal liable for torts committed by agent w/inscope of authority.Employer not liable for torts committed byindependent contractor.Agent v. Independent Contractor

Art. 1869. Agency must be express, or implied from the acts of the principal, from his silence or lack of action, or his failure to repudiate the agency, knowing that another person is acting on his behalf without authority.Agency may be oral, unless the law requires a specific form.

Classifications of Agency: as to1.) Manner of Creation:a.) Express: actually authorized, either orally or in writing.b.) Implied: implied from acts of principal, from his silence or lack of action or his failure to repudiate the agency knowingthat another person is acting on his behalf w/o authority.2.) Character:a.) Gratuitous: agent receives no compensation for his services.b.) Onerous: agent does receive compensation.3.) Extent of business covered:a.) General: comprises all the business of the principal.b.) Special: comprises one or more specific transactions.4.) Authority conferred:a.) Couched in general terms: deemed to comprise only acts of administration.b.) Couched in specific terms: authorizes only the performance of a specific act/s.5.) Nature and effects:a.) Representative: agent acts in name and representation of principal.b.) Simple/Commission: agent acts in his own name but for the account of the principal.

Can agency be presumed?Generally NO because the relationship between the principal and agent must exist as a fact. The onlyexceptions to this rule are when agency arises by operation of law or agency is presumed to prevent unjust enrichment.

Form: Generally, NO formal requirements. Agents authority may be oral or written, it may be in public or private writings. The only exception is when the law requires a specific form (e.g. sale of real property or any interest therein by an agent.)

Art. 1870. Acceptance by the agent may also be express, or implied from his acts which carry out the agency, or from his silence or inaction according to the circumstances.

Form of Acceptance by Agent:Acceptance may be express or implied; express when it is oral or written; implied when it can be inferred from the acts of the agent which carry out the agency, orfrom his silence or inaction accdg to the circumstances.

Art. 1871. Between persons who are present, the acceptance of the agency may also be implied if the principal delivers his power of attorney to the agent and the latter receives it without any objection.

Between 2 persons who are present, when it acceptance deemed implied?When the agent receives a power of atty from theprincipal himself personally without objection.

Is this presumption conclusive?NO, it can be rebutted by contrary proof.

Power of attorney: An instrument in writing by which one person, as principal, appoints another as his agent and confers upon him the authority to perform certain specified acts or kinds of acts on behalf of the principal. Its primary purpose is to evidence the authority of the agent to 3rd parties w/ whom the agent deals.

ConstructionA power of atty is strictly construed and strictly pursued. The instrument will be held to grant only those powers which are specified, and the agent may neither go beyond nor deviate from the power of atty. The only exception is when strict construction will destroy the very purpose of the power.

Meaning of presentNot limited to face-to-face encounters. 2 persons conversing on the phone are also considered as bothpresent.

Art. 1872. Between persons who are absent, the acceptance of the agency cannot be implied from the silence of the agent, except:1.)When the principal transmits his power of attorney to the agent, who receives itwithout any objection;2.)When the principal entrusts to him by letter or telegram a power of attorneywith respect to the business in which he is habitually engaged as an agent, and he did not reply to the letter or telegram.

2 Ways of Giving Notice of Agency1.) By special information; or2.) By public advertisement.

Effects:1.) Special information: the person appointed as agent is considered such with respect to theperson to whom it was given.2.) Public advertisement: Agent is considered such with regard to any person.

Revocation An agency is revoked in the same manner as it was given.General rule: Special information needs specialinformation of revocation.Except: if you can prove that the 3rd person read the notice in the newspaper.

Art. 1873. If a person specially informs another or states by public advertisement that he has given a power of attorney to a third person, thelatter thereby becomes a duly authorized agent, in the former case with respect to the person who received the special information, and in the lattercase with regard to any person.The power shall continue to be in full force until the notice is rescinded in the same manner inwhich it was given.

Agency by Estoppel: There is really no agency at all, but the alleged agent seemed to have apparent or ostensible, although no real authority to represent another.1.) Estoppel of Agent One professing to act as agent for another may be estopped to deny hisagency both as against his asserted principaland the 3rd persons interested in the transaction in which he is engaged.2.) Estoppel of Principal a.) As to Agent One who knows that another is acting as his agent and failsto repudiate his acts, or accept thebenefits of them, will be estopped to deny the agency as against such other.b.) As to sub-agent To estop the principal from denying his liability to a 3rd person, he must have known or be charged with knowledge of the fact of thetransmission and the terms of the agreement between the agent and sub- agent.c.) As to 3rd persons One who knows that another is acting as his agent or permitted another to appear as hisagent, to the injury of 3rd persons who have dealt with the apparent agent as such in good faith and in the exercise ofreasonable prudence, is estopped to deny the agency.3.) Estoppel of 3rd Persons A 3rd person, havingdealt with one as an agent may be estopped to deny the agency as against the principal, agent or 3rd persons in interest.4.) Estoppel of the govt The govt is neitherestopped by the mistake or error on the part of

its agents. But it may be estopped through affirmative acts of its officers acting within the scope of their authority.

Art. 1874. When a sale of a piece of land or any interest therein is through an agent, the authority of the latter shall be in writing; otherwise, the sale shall be void.

A letter is sufficient [Jimenez v. Rabot].

Art. 1875. Agency is presumed to be for a compensation, unless there is proof to the contrary.

Broker: One who in behalf of others, and for compensation or fee, negotiate contracts relative to property. He is the negotiator between the parties, never acting in his own name, but in the name of those who employ him. He is strictly a middleman and for some purposes, the agent of both parties.

When is a broker entitled to compensation?A broker is entitled to commission whenever he rings to his principal a party who is able and willing to takethe property, and enter into a valid contract upon theterms named by the principal, although the particulars may be arranged and the matter negotiated and completed between the principal and the purchaser directly. A broker is never entitled to commission for unsuccessful efforts.

Does the law allow double agency?Such agency is disapproved by law for being against public policy and sound morality. The exception is where the agent acted with full knowledge and free consent ofthe principals.

In case the agent assumes a double agency, what is his right to compensation?1.) If with knowledge of both principals recovery can be had from both.2.) If without knowledge of both agent can recover from neither.3.) If with knowledge of only one as to the principal who knew of that fact and as to theagent, they are in pari delicto and the courts shall leave them as they were, the contract between them being void as against public polisyand good morals.

Art. 1876. An agency is either general or special.The former comprises all the business of the principal. The latter, one or more specific transactions.

Classification of Agents:1.) Universal agent: One employed to do all acts that the principal may personally do, and which

the principal can lawfully delegate to another the power of doing.2.) General agent: One employed to transact all thebusiness of his principal, or all business of a particular kind or in a particular place, or in other words, to do all acts connected with a particular trade, business, or employment.3.) Special/Particular agent: One authorized to act in one or more specific transactions, or to do one or more specific acts, or to act upon aparticular occasion. e.g.:a.) Atty at law: One whose business is to represent clients in legal proceedings.b.) Auctioneer: One whose business is to sell property for others to the highest bidder at a public sale.c.) Broker: One whose business is to act as intermediary between 2 other parties.d.) Factor: One whose business is to receive and sell goods for a commission, beingentrusted with the possession of the goods involved in the transaction.

Attorney-in-fact: One who is given authority by his principal to do a particular act not of a legal character.In strict legal sense: An agent having a special authoritycreated by deed.

As toGeneral agentSpecial agentScope of authorityAll acts connected w/ the business inwhich he is engaged.Only one or more specific acts inpursuance of particular instructions or w/restrictions necessarily implied from the act to bedone.Nature of serviceauthorizedSeries a transactionsinvolving a continuity of service.Single transaction or a series oftransactions not involving continuity of service.Extent to which agentmay bind principalBy an act within the scope of hisauthority although it may be contrary to his special instructions.Cannot in a manner beyond or outsidethe specific acts w/c he is authorized to perform.Termination of authorityApparent authority does not terminateby mere revocation of authority w/o notice to 3rdparties.Termination effective as to 3rd party unless agency was for purpose of contracting w/ that3rd party.Construction ofinstructionsof principalMerely advisory.Strictly construed. Limits the authorityof agent.General Agent v. Special Agent [SNETI]

Art. 1877. An agency couched in general terms comprises only acts of administration, even if the principal should state that he withholds no power or that the agent may execute such acts as he may consider appropriate, or even though the agency should authorize a general or unlimited management.

Examples of acts of mere administration:1.) To sue for collection of debts;2.) To employ workers or servants and employees needed for the conduct of business;3.) To engage counsel to preserve the ownershipand possession of the principals property;4.) To lease real property to another person for 1 year or less, provided the lease is notregistered;5.) To make customary gifts for charity or to employees in the business managed by the agent6.) To borrow money if it be urgent and indispensable for the preservation of the things under administration.

How are contracts of agency construed?Contracts of agency as well as general powers of attorney must be interpreted in accordance with thelanguage used by the parties. The real intention of theparties is primarily determined from the language used and gathered from the whole instrument. In case ofdoubt, resort must be had to the situation, surroundings and relations of the parties. The intention of the parties must be sustained rather than defeated. So if thecontract be open to 2 constructions, one of which would uphold the intention while the other would overthrow it, the former is to be chosen.

MEMORIZE THIS: [PNC-WIGLLS-PG-CARS]Art. 1878. Special powers of attorney are necessary in the following cases:1.)To make such payments as are not usually considered as acts of administration;2.)To effect novations which put an end to obligations already in existence at the time the agency was constituted;3.)To compromise, to submit questions to arbitration, to renounce the right to appeal from a judgment, to waive objections to the venue of an action or toabandon a prescription already acquired;4.) To waive any obligation gratuitously;5.)To enter into any contract by which the ownership of an immovable istransmitted or acquired eithergratuitously or for a valuable consideration;6.) To make gifts, except customary ones forcharity or those made to employees in the business managed by the agent;

7.)To loan or borrow money, unless the5.) Fix the terms of the sale unless there be set

latter act be urgent and indispensable forconditions stipulated by the principal;

the preservation of the things which are6.) Sell only for cash;

under administration;7.) Receive the price unless he was authorized only

8.)To lease any real property to anotherto solicit orders.

person for more than one year;

9.)To bind the principal to render someThe ff are not included in a Power to Mortgage

service without compensation;The power to:

10.)To bind the principal in a contract ofpartnership;1.) Sell;2.) Execute a 2nd mortgage;

11.)To obligate the principal as a guarantoror surety;3.) Mortgage for the agents personal benefit or for the benefit of any 3rd person, unless the contrary

12.)To create or convey real rights overhas been clearly indicated.

immovable property;

13.)To accept or repudiate an inheritance;Does the principal have the power to revoke a contract

14.)To ratify or recognize obligationsgiving an agent exclusive authority to sell?

contracted before the agency;YES. But he may not have the right to use such

15.)Any other act of strict dominion.power if he has agreed not to exercise such power

during a certain period. In case he fails to comply with

Scope of General Authority to PurchaseWhere an agents power to purchase is general and unrestricted, he has implied authority to do whatever is usual and necessary in the exercise of such power. He may:1.) Determine the usual and necessary details of the contract,2.) agree upon the price,3.) modify or rescind the contract of purchase,4.) accept delivery for his principal,5.) give directions for the delivery of the property purchased, and6.) may borrow money to pay for the care andpreservation of the property purchased. But he has no special power to1.) Settle a contest between the principal and a 3rdperson regarding the ownership of goods purchased, or2.) Agree to an account stated, or3.) Do anything not usual or necessary to the exercise of such authority.

Scope of Special Authority to PurchaseWhere the agency is a special one, or is restricted to purchases upon certain terms and conditions, the agenthas no authority to1.) Purchase upon different terms and conditions from those authorized, or2.) Modify or rescind a contract of purchase madeby the principal.

Art. 1879. A special power to sell excludes the power to mortgage; and a special power to mortgage does not include the power to sell.

The ff are included in a Power to Sell: The power to:1.) Find a purchaser or to sell directly;2.) Deliver the property;3.) Make the usual representation and warranty;4.) Execute the necessary transfer documents;

this obligation-not-to-do, he will be liable for damages.

Art. 1880. A special power to compromise does not authorize submission to arbitration.

Rationale:A principal may authorize his agent to compromise because of absolute confidence in the latters judgmentand discretion to protect the formers rights and obtainfor him the best bargain in the transaction. If the transaction would be left in the hands of an arbitrator,said arbitrator may not enjoy the trust of the principal.

What happens if the agent is specifically authorized to submit to arbitration?Then the arbitration award binds the principal, provided, of course, that the agent acted within thescope of his authority.

Art. 1881. The agent must act within the scope of his authority. He may do such acts as may be conducive to the accomplishment of the purpose of the agency.

Authority: The power of the agent to affect the legal relations of the principal by acts done in accordance with the principals manifestation of consent to him. The authority of the agent is the very essence sine quanon of the principal and agent relationship. This authority, unless it is otherwise agreed, includes only the authority to act for the benefit of the principal, andthe source of the authority is the principal and never the agent.

Kinds of Authority:1.) Actual: when it is actually granted, and it may be express or implied. It results from what theprincipal indicates to the agent.2.) Express: when it is directly conferred by words.3.) Implied: when it is incidental to the transaction or reasonably necessary to accomplish thepurpose of the agency, and therefore, the

principal is deemed to have actually intended the agent to possess.4.) Apparent or Ostensible: when it is conferred bywords, conduct or even by the silence of the principal which causes a 3rd person reasonably to believe that a particular person, who may ormay not be the principals agent, has actual authority to act for the principal. Ostensible authority is another name for authority by estoppel.5.) General: when it refers to all the business of the principal.6.) Special: when it is limited only to one or morespecific transactions.7.) By necessity or by operation of law: when it is demanded by virtue of the existence of anemergency; it terminates when the emergency has passed.

Requisites for Principal to be Bound by Act of Agent:1.) The agent must act in behalf of the principal;2.) The agent must act within the scope of his authority.

When is a principal not bound by the act of his agent?When the agent acts without or beyond the scope of his authority; or when the agent acts within the scope ofhis authority but in his own name except when thetransaction involves things belonging to the principal.

Authority?Whose behalf?Status of K

With authorityPrincipalsValid

With authorityOwnDepends. [1883]

WithoutPrincipalsUnenforceable

WithoutOwnValid

Who to sue?In case the agent acts in the name of the principal and within his scope of authority, you must name the principal as the defendant.

Note: The authority to look for buyers does not carry with it the authority to sell.

Art. 1882. The limits of the agents authority shall not be considered exceeded should it have been performed in a manner more advantageous to the principal than that specified by him.

What happens if the agent exceeds his authority but he performs the agency in a manner more advantageous to the principal?It will e as if he did not exceed the limits of his authority since he must do such acts as may beconducive to the accomplishment of the purpose of theagency.

Test: Would the principal enter into this transaction?

Art. 1883. If an agent acts in his own name, the principal has no right of action against the persons

with whom the agent contracted; neither have such persons against the principal.In such case the agent is the one directly boundin favor of the person with whom he has contracted, as if the transaction were his own, except when the contract involves things belonging to the principal.The provisions of this article shall be understood to be without prejudice to the actions between the principal and agent.

Kinds of Principals:1.) Disclosed: if at the time of the transaction contracted by the agent, the other party theretohas known that the agent is acting for a principaland has known the principals identity.2.) Partially disclosed: if the other party knows or has reason to know that the agent is or may be acting for a principal but is unaware of the principals identity. The partially disclosed principal may enforce against the 3rd person the contract of the agent like any disclosed principal. Similarly, the 3rd person has a right of action against the principal.3.) Undisclosed: if the party has no notice of the fact that the agent is acting as such for a principal.

General Rule in 1883: If the agent is authorized to act on behalf of the principal but instead acts in his own name, the agent is the one directly liable to the person with whom he had contracted as if the transaction were his own.

Exception: If the contract involves something belonging to the principal.

Remedy of the Principal if this situation arises:He can demand from the agent damages for his failure to comply with the agency.

Remedy of the 3rd person with whom the agent contracted in case the oblig is not complied with:If the case falls under the general rule, he can sue the agent. But when the contract involves things belonging to the principal, he can sue the principal. Butif it cannot be determined w/o litigation who is liable, he can sue both.

Chapter 2. Obligations of the Agent

Art. 1884. The agent is bound by his acceptance to carry out the agency and is liable for the damages which, through his non-performance, the principal may suffer.

He must also finish the business already begun on the death of the principal, should delay entail any danger.

General Obligations of an Agent to his Principal:1.) To act with the utmost good faith and loyalty for the furtherance and advancement of theinterests of the principal.2.) To obey the principals instructions.3.) To exercise reasonable care.

Specific Obligations:1.) To carry out the agency he has accepted.2.) To answer for damages which through his non- performance the principal may suffer.3.) To finish the business already begun on thedeath of the principal should delay entail danger.4.) To observe the diligence of a good father or a family in the custody and preservation of the goods forwarded to him by the owner in case hedeclines an agency, until an agent is appointed.5.) To advance the necessary funds should there be a stipulation to do so.6.) To act in accordance with the instructions of the principal, and in default thereof, to do all that a good father of a family would do.7.) Not to carry out the agency if its execution would manifestly result in loss or damage to the principal.8.) To answer for damages if there be a conflictbetween his interests and those of the principal, he should prefer his own.9.) Not to loan to himself if he has been authorizedto lend money at interest.10.) Not to render an account of his transactions and to deliver to the principal whatever he mayhave received by virtue of the agency.11.) To be responsible in certain cases for the act of the substitute appointed by him.12.) To pay interest on funds he has applied to hisown use.

Art. 1885. In case a person declines an agency, he is bound to observe the diligence of a good father of a family in the custody and preservation of the goods forwarded to him by the owner until the latter should appoint an agent. The owner shall as soon as practicable either appoint an agent or take charge of the goods.

What is the rule if a person declines agency?In the event a person declines an agency, he is bound to observe the diligence of a good father of afamily in the custody and preservation of the goods forwarded to him by the owner.

Duty of Owner in case an Agency is Declined:He must act as soon as possible by appointing an agent or by taking charge of the goods.

Art. 1886. Should there be a stipulation that the agent shall advance the necessary funds, he shall be bound to do so except when the principal is insolvent.

In a contract of agency, may the parties stipulate that the agent shall advance the necessary funds? YES.

What is the oblig then of the agent?He is bound to furnish such funds.Except: When the principal is insolvent. This exception is based on the principals obligation to reimburse the agent.

Art. 1887. In the execution of the agency, the agent shall act in accordance with the instructions of the principal.In default thereof, he shall do all that a good father of a family would do, as required by the nature of the business.

Instructions: Private directions which the principal may give the agent in regard to the manner of performing his duties as such agent.

AuthorityInstructionsSum total of powers committed or permitted tothe agent by the principal.Direct the manner of transacting the authorizedbusiness and contemplatesonly a private rule of guidance to the agent.Relates to the subject with which the agent isempowered to deal or the kinds of business or transactions upon which heis powered to act.Refers to the manner or mode of his action withrespect to matters which in their substance are within the scope of permittedaction.Limitations of authority are operative as against thosewho have or are charged with knowledge of them.Without significance as against those dealing withthe agent with neither knowledge nor notice of them.Contemplated to be made known to the 3rd person dealing w/ the agent.Not expected to be made known to those w/ whomthe agent deals.Authority v. Instructions

Instructions pertain to the principal and agentAuthority pertain to the agent and 3rd persons.

Exceptions to the rule that the agent must not depart from the instructions of the principal: [SAI]A departure may be justified by:1.) A sudden emergency;2.) If the instructions are ambiguous; or3.) If the departure is so insubstantial that it does not affect the result and the principal suffers nodamage thereby.

When the Agent has a right to disobey the principals instructions:

1.) When the instruction calls for the performance of illegal acts; or2.) Where he is privileged to do so to protect hissecurity/interest in the subject matter of the agency.

Art. 1888. An agent shall not carry out an agency if its execution would manifestly result in loss or damage to the principal.

Rationale: The duty of the agent who is merely an extension of the personality of the principal is to render service for the benefit of the principal and not to act to his detriment. Furthermore, the agent must exercise due diligence in carrying out the agency.

Art. 1889. The agent shall be liable for damages if, its execution would manifestly result in loss or damage to the principal.

Note: This provision applies to both onerous and gratuitous transactions. The law does not distinguish so neither should we.

Rationale: An agent occupies a fiduciary position and therefore is bound to exercise loyalty, obedience, and diligence with respect to the interest of the principal.

If the agent follows the principals instructions yet his acts still result in damage to 3rd persons, who is liable?General rule: The agent is NOT liable.Except: if before acting that way, it is obvious that the act will result to damage, then the agent is liable.

Art. 1890. If the agent has been empowered to borrow money, he may himself be the lender at the current rate of interest. If he has been authorized to lend money at interest, he cannot borrow it without the consent of the principal.

Rationale: The agent can lend money to the principal using the agents own funds at the current rate of interest and NOT at a higher interest rate because the agent is supposed to act for the principals benefit.If the agent is authorized to lend the principals money, with interest, to 3rd persons, the agent cant be the borrower without the consent of the principal because the agent may not be a good borrower or he may be insolvent or he may not be a good risk. There is a danger here that the interest of the principal would be jeopardized.This would also seem to be the case if the agent is authorized to lend money w/o interest because of the same reason.

Art. 1891. Every agent is bound to render an account of his transactions and to deliver to the principal whatever he may have received by virtue of the agency, even though it may not be owing to the principal.

Every stipulation exempting the agent from the obligation to render an account shall be void.

Rationale: Contrary to public policy as it would encourage fraud. It is in the nature of a waiver of an action for future fraud w/c is void.

If the agent fails to deliver and instead converts or appropriates for his own use the money or property belonging to his principal, with what can he be charged?ESTAFA.

Art. 1892. The agent may appoint a substitute if the principal has not prohibited him from doing so; but he shall be responsible for the acts of the substitute:1.)When he was not given the power to appoint one;2.)When he was given such power, but without designating the person, and theperson appointed was notoriously incompetent or insolvent.All acts of the substitute appointed against theprohibition of the principal shall be void.

Sub-agent: A person to whom the agent delegates, as his agent, the performance of an act for the principal which the agent has been empowered to perform through his representative.

Relation among the principal, agent and sub-agentIn reality, the sub-agent is a stranger to the principal who originally gave life to the agency. But if the agent isauthorized to appoint a sub-agent, the relation of principal and agent exists between the principal and the sub-agent. That is, the sub-agent may be the agent ofthe principal if he is in actual control of the business and the principal knows of his appointment or knows that his appointment is necessary. Consequently, any act done by the sub-agent in behalf of the principal is deemed anact of the principal; so neither agent nor sub-agent may be held personally liable as long as they act within the scope of their authority.

When can an agent appoint a sub-agent?So long as theres no prohibition. However, he shall be responsible for all the sub-agents acts.

4 Instances where a Sub-agent is appointed and the

InstanceEffectNo prohibitionAgent responsible for all the acts of sub-agent.ProhibitionSub-agents acts are VOIDas to the principal.Authority to appoint butnot designated by principalAgent liable for acts ofsub-agent if the sub-agent is notoriously incompetent or insolvent.Authority to appoint and designated by principalAgent is released from any liability from the acts ofEffects of each:

the sub-agent.

Art. 1893. In the cases mentioned in Nos. 1 and2 of the preceding article, the principal may furthermore bring an action against the substitute with respect to the obligations which the latterhas contracted under the substitution.

When can the principal sue the substitute?Under the premises given in the previous provision, the principal can sue both the agent and the substitute.

Art. 1894. The responsibility of two or more agents, even though they have been appointed simultaneously, is not solidary, if solidarity has not been expressly stipulated.

If solidarity is not stipulated, what is the liability to 2 or more agents? JOINT.Each is liable only for proportionate part of debt.

Art. 1895. If solidarity has been agreed upon, each of the agents is responsible for the non- fulfillment of the agency, and for the fault or negligence of his fellow agents, except in the latter case when the fellow agents acted beyond the scope of their authority.

What happens if solidarity has been agreed upon?Then each of the agents becomes solidarily liable for:1.) The non-fulfillment of the agency; or2.) The fault or negligence of the fellow agent provided the latter acted within the scope of hisauthority.But the innocent agent has a right later on to recover from the guilty or negligent agent.

What happens if the fellow agent acted beyond the scope of his authority?Then the innocent agent cannot be liable at all to theprincipal even if solidarity had been agreed upon.

Art. 1896. The agent owes interest on the sums he has applied to his own use from the day on which he did so, and on those which he still owes after the extinguishment of the agency.

Art. 1897. The agent who acts as such is not personally liable to the party with whom he contracts, unless he expressly binds himself or exceeds the limits of his authority without giving such party sufficient notice of his powers.

Principal Agent 3rd Party (wrong party to complain if the principal doesnt complainof the agents acts)

General rule: an agent who acts as such is not personally liable to the party with whom he contracts.

Reason for general rule: Because an agent who acts as such within the scope of his authority represents the principal so that his contract is really the principals.

Exceptions:1.) When the agent binds himself; or2.) When he exceeds the limits of his authority without giving the third party sufficient notice of his powers.

Reasons for exceptions:1.) When the agent expressly binds himself, he thereby obligates himself personally and by hisown act.2.) When the agent exceeds his authority, he really acts without authority and therefore, thecontract is unenforceable against the principal. The agent becomes personally liable because y his wrong or omission, he deprives the 3rd party with whom he contracts of any remedy againstthe principal.

Art. 1898. If the agent contracts in the name of the principal, exceeding the scope of his authority, and the principal does not ratify the contract, it shall be void if the party with whom the agent contracted is aware of the limits of the powers granted by the principal. In this case, however,the agent is liable if he undertook to secure the principals ratification.

Art. 1899. If a duly authorized agent acts in accordance with the orders of the principal, the latter cannot set up the ignorance of the agent as to circumstances whereof he himself was, or ought to have been aware.

This article refers to the liability of the principal towards 3rd persons.

What happens if the principal appoints an agent who is ignorant?Then the fault is the principals alone. Equitydemands that the principal should be bound by the acts of the agent if the latter acts within the scope of his authority and in accordance with the instructions of the former.

Art. 1900. So far as third persons are concerned, an act is deemed to have been performed within the scope of the agents authority, is such act is within the terms of the power of attorney, as written, even if the agent has in fact exceeded the limits of his authority according to an understanding between the principal and the agent.

Requisite for article to apply:Authority to agent must be in writing.

Scope of agents authority includes:

Not only the actual authorization conferred upon the agent by the principal, but also that which has apparently or impliedly been delegated to him.

To hold the principal liable, a 3rd person dealing with an agent must:Discover upon his peril not only the fact of agency but the nature and extent of authority of the agent. He is put on inquiry. He must also act with ordinary prudence and reasonable diligence.

Fundamental principles when inquiring whether authority exists:1.) The law indulges in no bare presumptions that an agency exists, it must be proved and presumed from facts;2.) The agent cannot establish his own authority, either by his representations or by assuming to exercise it;3.) An authority cannot be established by mererumor or general reputation;4.) A general authority is not an unlimited one; and5.) Every authority must find its ultimate source in some act or omission of the principal.

i.)Vary the terms of an express authorization;ii.) Dispense with a legal requirementenacted for the principals benefit;iii.) Change a rule of law or dispense with a formality required by law;iv.) Vary an essential quality of the agency relationship.b.) General rule: principal must have notice of the alleged custom, before the agentsacts, in accordance therewith, may bind the principal. Exceptions:i.) Where the principal and the agentreside in the same community, the usage is definite and well-known, and the agent has no notice that he is to act to the contrary;ii.) Where the agent is authorized to deal in a particular place or in a particular market exchange.4.) By necessity the existence of an emergency or other unusual conditions may operate to investin an agent authority to meet the emergency,provided:

In case the fact of agency or the extent of the authority of the agent is controverted, the burden of proof is on:The 3rd person to establish the fact of agency or the extent of authority of the agent.

Does the 3rd person have to inquire further if the power of attorney is written?No. He is not required to inquire further than theterms of the written power of attorney.

If there is a secret mutual understanding between the principal and the agent, and such is not expressed in the written power of attorney, does the 3rd person have to inquire?No. As far as he is concerned, an act of the agent within the terms of the power of attorney as written, is within the scope of the agents apparent authority notwithstanding that the agent may have exceeded the limits of his actual authority according to a secret understanding between him and the principal. In such a case, the principal is estopped from claiming that the agent exceeded his authority.

Ways by which the agents authority may be broadened or restricted: [Im-UNDEr]1.) By implication agents authority extends not only to express requests, but also to those acts and transactions incidental thereto. It embracesall the necessary and appropriate means to accomplish the desired end.2.) By usage and custom a.) An agents authority may not be enlarged through usage and custom in the following cases: Where it is sought to

a.) Emergency really exists;b.) Agent is unable to communicate w/ the principal;c.) Agents enlarged authority isexercised for the principals protection; andd.) The means adopted are reasonable under the circumstances.5.) By certain doctrines a.) Apparent authority b.) Liability by estoppel;c.) Ratification.6.) By the ejusdem generis rule such that where in an instrument of any kind, an enumeration of specific matters is followed by a general phraseis held to be limited in scope by the specific matters.

Responsibility of principal when agent acts w/ improper motives:General rule: Motive of agent in entering into a K w/a 3rd person is immaterial.Exceptions:1.) Where the 3rd person knew that the agent was acting for his benefit, in w/c case, the principalis not liable to the 3rd person; and2.) Where the owner is seeking recovery of personal property of w/c he has been unlawfully deprived.

Principals responsibility for an agents misrepresentation:1.) Within the scope of the agents authority Principal is subject to liability for lass caused to another by the 3rd persons reliance upon a deceitful representation of an agent in thecourse of his employment if:

a.) Representation is authorized;b.) Within the implied authority of the agent to make for the principal; orc.) Apparently authorized.2.) Beyond the scope of the agents authority General rule: Principal is not bound.Exception: when the principal takes advantageof a K made under the false misrepresentation of his agent.3.) For the agents own benefit Principal is liable(motive of agent immaterial).

Art. 1901. A third person cannot set up the fact that the agent has exceeded his powers, if the principal has ratified, or has signified his willingness to ratify the agents acts.

Effect of ratification by the principal:Ratification of a contract gives it the same effect as if the principal had originally authorized it.

Who must ratify the contract?Only the principal. But there must be knowledge on the part of the principal of the things he is going toratify.

When can the 3rd person repudiate the contract?Before actual ratification by the principal, or before the principal has signified his willingness to ratify the agents acts.

Effect of the principal receiving the benefits of the transaction:He is deemed to have ratified it. A principal may not accept the benefits of a transaction and at the same time repudiate its burdens.

Art. 1902. A third person with whom the agent wishes to contract on behalf of the principal may require the presentation of the power of attorney, or the instructions as regards the agency. Private or secret orders and instructions of the principal do not prejudice third persons who have relied upon the power of attorney or instructions shown them.

Duty of a 3rd person who deals w/ an agent:3rd person deals w/ an agent at his peril. He is bound to inquire as to the extent of the agents authority, and this is especially true where the act of the agent is of anunusual nature. Ignorance of the agents authority is no excuse. It is his duty to require the agent to produce his power of attorney to ascertain the scope of his authority.He may also ask for the instructions of the principal.

Do secret orders or private instructions prejudice 3rdpersons?No, he cannot be prejudiced by any secret understanding between the principal and the agent. Such secret orders cannot be invoked as against 3rd parties if the agent had apparent authority.

Art. 1903. The commission agent shall be responsible for the goods received by him in the terms and conditions and as described in the consignment, unless upon receiving them he should make a written statement of the damage and deterioration suffered by the same.

Commission agent: One whose business is to receiveand sell goods for a commission and who is entrusted by the principal with the possession of goods to be sold,and usually selling in his own name.

Ordinary agentCommission agentActs for and behalf of his principal.May act in his own name or in that of his principal.Need not have possession of the goods of his principal.Must be in possession.Ordinary agent v. Commission agent:

Commission agentBrokerHas a relation to principal, buyers or sellers, and theproperty itself.No relation w/ the thing w/c he purchases or sells.Merely a go-between.Commission agent v. broker:

Liability of commission agent as to goods received:If the commission agent received goods consigned to him, he is responsible for any damage or deterioration suffered by the same in the terms and conditions and as described in the consignment.

Presumption established in this article:Damage in the merchandise were suffered while in the possession and custody of the agent.

What the commission agent must do to avoid liability: Make a written statement of the damage anddeterioration if the goods received by him do not agree w/ the description in the consignment.

AgentDepositaryCannot commingle goods of the same kind.Can commingle goods of the same kind.Agent v. Depositary:

Art. 1904. The commission agent who handles goods of the same kind and mark, which belong to different owners, shall distinguish them by countermarks, and designate the merchandise respectively belonging to each principal.

Purpose of this provision:Prevent any possible confusion or deception.

Art. 1904 gives the general rule. Exceptions:1.) By custom;2.) Collecting banks.

Art. 1905. The commission agent cannot, without the express or implied consent of the principal, sell on credit. Should he do so, the principal may demand from him payment in cash, but the commission agent shall be entitled to any interest or benefit, which may result from such sale.

Rule given in this article:Commission agent can sell on credit only with the express or implied consent of the principal.

Right of the principal in case the commission agent sold goods on credit without authority: [CR]2 alternatives:1.) He may require payment in cash, in w/c case, any interest or benefit from the sale on creditshall belong to the agent since the principalcannot be allowed to enrich himself at the agents expense; or2.) He may ratify the sale on credit, in w/c case it will have all the risks and advantages to him.

Art. 1906. Should the commission agent, with authority of the principal, sell on credit, he shall so inform the principal, with a statement of thenames of the buyers. Should he fail to do so, the sale shall be deemed to have been made for cash insofar as the principal is concerned.

Obligation of the commission agent where a sale on credit was authorized:An authorized sale on credit shall be deemed to havebeen on a cash basis insofar as the principal is concerned if the agent fails to inform the principal of such sale on credit with a statement of the names of the buyers.

Reason for this article: Prevent the agent from stating that the same was on credit when in fact it was made for cash.

Art. 1907. Should the commission agent receive on a sale, in addition to the ordinary commission, another called a guarantee commission, he shall bear the risk of collection and shall pay the principal the proceeds of the sale on the same terms agreed upon with the purchaser.

Guarantee commission: One where, in consideration of an increased commission, the commission agent guarantees to the principal the payment of debts arising through his agency.

Purpose of guarantee commission: To compensate the agent for the risks he will have to bear in the collection of the credit due to the principal.

Nature of liability of guarantee commission agent: Liable to principal if the buyer fails to pay or isincapable of paying. But he is not primarily the debtor.

On the contrary, the principal may sue the buyers in his own name. In such a case, the agent amounts to no more than a guaranty. Liability is a contingent pecuniary liability.

Can the agent with a guarantee commission put up the defense of insolvency of the debtor?No. an agent receiving a guarantee commission cannot put up the defense that the debtor-3rd person possesses no property since this is precisely the risk the commission agent assumes.

Art. 1908. The commission agent who does not collect the credits of his principal at the time when they become due and demandable shall be liable for damages, unless he proves that he exercised due diligence for that purpose.

Obligation of the commission agent under this article: The commission agent who has made an authorizedsale on credit must collect the credits due the principalat the time they become due and demandable. If he fails to do so, he shall be liable for damages unless he canshow that the credit could not be collected notwithstanding the exercise of due diligence on hispart. In such a case, the principals remedy is to proceedagainst the debtor.

Does this article apply to a case where there is a guarantee commission?No, because the agent already assumed the risks of collection by accepting the guarantee commission.

Art. 1909. The agent is responsible not only for fraud, but also for negligence, which shall be judged with more or less rigor by the courts, according to whether the agency was or was not for a compensation.

Is the agent liable for fraud? Yes, in all cases.

For negligence? Yes, but this shall be adjudged with rigor by the courts.

Why does the court have to take into consideration whether the agency was gratuitous or for compensation?In order to fix the liability of the agent for negligenceonly (not fraud).

Chapter 3. Obligations of the Principal

Art. 1910. The principal must comply with all the obligations which the agent may have contracted within the scope of his authority.As for any obligation wherein the agent has exceeded his power, the principal is not boundexcept when he ratifies it expressly or tacitly.

Where can the specific obligations and duties of the principal to the agent be found?Usually in the contract creating the agency.

Principal obligations of the principal to the agent in the absence of such agreement:1.) To comply with all the obligations which the agent may have contracted in his name and within the scope of his authority;2.) To advance should the agent so request sums necessary for the execution of the agency;3.) To reimburse the agent for all advances madeby him provided the agent is free from fault;4.) To indemnify the agent for all the damages which the execution of the agency may havecaused the latter without fault or negligence on his part; and5.) To pay the agent the compensation agreed upon or the reasonable value of the latters services.

Liability of the principle to 3rd persons:Where the relation of agency legally exists, the principal will be liable to 3rd persons for all acts committed by the agent in his behalf in the course and within the actual or apparent scope of his authority, and this is not altered y the fact that the agent may also be liable, nor by the fact that some of the acts are to the principals advantage while others are to his disadvantage.

Liability of the principal for mismanagement of the business by the agent:Mismanagement of the business of the principal by the agent does not relieve said principal from the responsibility that he had contracted to 3rd persons. But where the agents acts bind the principal, the latter mayseek recourse against the agent.

Liability of principal for a tort committed by the agent: The principal is civilly liable to 3rd persons for torts ofan agent committed at the principals direction or I thecourse and within the scope of the agents employment. The principal cannot escape liability whether the tort iscommitted willfully or negligently so long as the tort iscommitted by the agent while performing his duties in furtherance of the principals business. Nor is it adefense that the act which caused the tort was unknownto him or even that it was in disobedience to his instructions.

Meaning of ratification in 2nd paragraph:Ratification is the adoption or affirmance by a person of a prior act which did not bind him, but which wasdone or professed to be done on his account, thus givingeffect to the act as if originally authorized. The doctrine applies to the ratification of the act of an agent in excessof his authority of the act of one who purports to be anagent but who is really not. It may be implied from the acceptance of benefits by the principal under a contractentered in his name. The authority created by

ratification is subsequent but it is equivalent to prior authority.

Conditions to ratification: [ICK-PEC]1.) Intent to ratify;2.) Principal must have capacity & power to ratify;3.) He must have had knowledge of material facts;4.) The act must be done in behalf of the principal;5.) Principal must ratify acts in its entirety;6.) The act must be capable of ratification.

Effects of ratification with respect to the agent:1.) Relieves the agent from liability to the 3rd party to the unauthorized transaction; and2.) To his principal for acting without authority; and3.) He may recover compensation due for performing the act which has been ratified.

Effects of ratification with respect to the principal:1.) He assumes responsibility for the unauthorized act, as fully as if the agent had acted underoriginal authority; but2.) He is not liable for acts outside the authority approved by his ratification.

Effects of ratification with respect to 3rd persons:1.) 3rd person is bound by ratification to the same extent as he would have been bound if the ratified act had been authorized in the 1st instance; and2.) He cannot raise the question of the agents authority to do the ratified act.

Must ratification be communicated to the agent or to the3rd party?No. To be effective, ratification need not be communicated or made known to the agent or the 3rd party. The act or conduct of the principal rather than his communication is the key. But before ratification, the 3rd party is free to revoke the unauthorized contract.

Art. 1911. Even when the agent has exceeded his authority, the principal is solidarily liable with the agent if the former allowed the latter to act as though he had full powers.

Estoppel: precludes a person from denying or asserting anything contrary to that which has been established as the truth by his own deed or representation, either express or implied.

RatificationEstoppelRests on intentionRests on prejudiceAffects the entire transaction from the beginningAffects only relevant parts of the transaction.Substance is confirmation of a unauthorized act or conduct after it has beendone.Substance is the principals inducement to another to act to his prejudice.Ratification v. Estoppel

Apparent authorityAuthority by estoppelThat which though not actually granted, theprincipal knowingly permits the agent to exercise or holds him outas possessing.Arises in cases where the principal, by hisnegligence, permits his agent to exercise powers not granted to him, eventhough the principal may have no notice or knowledge of the conduct of the agent.Apparent authority v. Authority by estoppel

In case the agent sells the goods for more than his claim, is he entitled to the excess? No.

What is the nature of the agents right of lien?Specific or particular. It is not general in the sense that it gives the agent a right to retain the goods forclaims disconnected with the agency.

Basis of article 1911:Principle of estoppel. Necessary for the protection of innocent 3rd persons. Instance when solidarity is imposed by law.

Art. 1912. The principal must advance to the agent, should the latter so request, the sums necessary for the execution of the agency.Should the agent have advanced them, the principal must reimburse him therefor, even if thebusiness or undertaking was not successful, provided the agent is free from all fault.The reimbursement shall include interest on thesums advanced, from the day on which the advance was made.

Should the principal reimburse the agent for advances made by the latter even if the agency was unsuccessful?It depends. Yes, if the agent is free from fault. No, if the agent was with fault.

Is a broker always entitled to a commission?A broker is entitled to a commission if the sale is effected, but not if there is no perfected transaction.

Art. 1913. The principal must also indemnify the agent for all the damages which the executive of the agency may have caused the latter, without fault or negligence on his part.

Basis for the above rule: Equity. Since the principal receives the benefits of the agency, and has a right to demand damages from the agent should the latter not perform the agency, he should answer for the damages resulting from the execution thereof without fault or negligence on the part of the agent.

Art. 1914. The agent may retain in pledge the tings which are the object of the agency until the principal effects the reimbursement and pays the indemnity set forth in the two preceding articles.

What happens when the principal fails to reimburse or indemnify the agent for expenses set forth in arts. 1912 and 1913?The agent has the right to retain in pledge the things which are the object of the agency.

Art. 1915. If two or more persons have appointed an agent for a common transaction or undertaking, they shall be solidarily liable to the agent for all the consequences of the agency.

Requisites for application of this article: [2C2]1.) There are 2 or more principals;2.) The principals have all concurred in the appointment of the same agent;3.) The agent is appointed for a commontransaction or undertaking.

Why is solidarity the rule?Because of the common transaction. Thus, even if the agent was appointed separately, the rule shouldapply in the interest of justice.

Art. 1916. When two persons contract with regard to the same thing, one of them with the agent and the other with the principal, and the two contracts are incompatible with each other, that of prior date shall be preferred, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 1544.

May 2 persons contract with regard to the same thing, one with the agent and the other with the principal?Yes.

If this situation arises, which of the contracts will be preferred?If the contracts are compatible, they will both be given effect. If they are incompatible, then the contractof prior date shall be preferred.

Art. 1544: If the same thing should have been sold to different vendees, the ownership shall be transferred to the person who may have 1st taken possession thereof in good faith if it should e movable property. Should it be immovable property, the ownership shall belong to the person acquiring it who in good faith 1st recorded it in the Registry of Property. Should there be no inscription, the ownership shall pertain to the person who in good faith was 1st in possession; and in the absence thereof, to the person who presents the oldest title, provided there is good faith.

Art. 1917. In the case referred to in the preceding article, if the agent has acted in good faith, the principal shall be liable in damages to the third person whose contract must be rejected. If the agent acted in bad faith, he alone shall be responsible.

Is the principal always liable for damages caused by a3rd person or is it the agent who is liable?Whether the principal or the agent will be the one liable for damages to the 3rd person who has been prejudiced depends on whether the agent acted in bad faith or not. If the agent acted in good faith and within the scope of his authority, the principal incurs liability. If the agent acted in bad faith, he alone shall be responsible to such person.

What is the extent of liability covered under this article?Damages.

What is good faith referred to in this article?Good faith here means that the agent had no knowledge that the principal is dealing with a 3rd person.

Note: If the contract is one of sale, article 1544 governs and not arts. 1916 and 1917.

Art. 1918. The principal is not liable for the expenses incurred by the agent in the following cases: [F*CKS]1.) If the agent acted in contravention of the principals instructions, unless the latter should wish to avail himself of the benefitsderived from the contract;2.) When the expenses were due to the fault of the agent;3.) When the agent incurred them withknowledge that an unfavorable result would ensue, if the principal was not aware thereof;4.) When it was stipulated that the expenseswould be borne by the agent, or that the latter would be allowed only a certain sum.

Instances wherein the principal is not liable for expenses incurred by the agent?In the instances enumerated under this article.

Reasons why the principal is not liable for the agents expenses: Under1.) To punish the agent, but when the principal hasavailed of the benefits, he is deemed to have impliedly ratified the agents acts.2.) Kasi, kasalanan niya, eh.3.) The agent is guilty of bad faith and lack of diligence;4.) An express stipulation which is not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order orpublic policy is binding between the parties.

Chapter 4. Modes of Extinguishment ofAgency

Art. 1919. Agency is extinguished: [WR-DEAD]1.) By its revocation;

2.) By the withdrawal of the agent;3.) By the death, civil interdiction, insanity or insolvency of the principal or of the agent;4.) By the dissolution of the firm or corporation which entrusted or accepted the agency;5.) By the accomplishment of the object orpurpose of the agency;6.) By the expiration of the period for which the agency was constituted.

Meaning of Presumption of continuance of agency: When once shown to have existed, an agencyrelation will be presumed to have continued in theabsence of anything to show its termination.

Who has the burden of proving the revocation/termination of agency?The burden of proving a revocation or other termination of agency is on the party asserting it.

Note: Even if the reason for extinguishing the agency is not true, the agent cant insist on reinstatement. The agent can only demand damages.

Modes of extinguishing an agency, generally: [ASO]1.) Agreement;2.) Subsequent acts of the parties which may be either:a.) By the act of both parties or by mutual consent;b.) By the unilateral act of one of them.3.) By operation of law.

Modes of extinguishment, specifically: [WR-DEAD]1.) Withdrawal of the agent;2.) Revocation;3.) Death, civil interdiction, insanity or insolvency of the principal or of the agent;4.) Expiration of the period for which the agency was constituted;5.) Accomplishment of the object or purpose of the agency; and6.) Dissolution of the firm/corp which entrusted oraccepted the agency;

Necessary characteristics of the parties for the continuance of the agency: [PCS]1.) Present;2.) Capacitated;3.) Solvent.

Why is presence necessary?Because the general rule in art 1919 is that death of any of the parties extinguishes agency. However in thecase where you have several principals and/or severalagents, whether the death of one principal or of one agent terminates the agency would depend on theintention of the parties. Generally the death of one ofseveral principals does not revoke the agents authority nor does the death of one of several agents put an endto the agency. The intention of the parties controls.

Why is capacity necessary?For instance, in the case of civil interdiction, it deprives the offender during the period of his sentenceof the right to manage his property and dispose of suchproperty by any act or any conveyance inter vivos. Aperson under civil interdiction hence, cannot validly give consent. Same is true for insane people.

Why is solvency necessary?As by an act of insolvency, the principal loses control of the subject matter of the agency, the authority of the agent to act for his principal ceases by operation of law upon an adjudication of the principals insolvency. On the other hand, the insolvency of the agent willordinarily put an end to the agency, at least if it is in any way connected with the agents business which hascaused his failure.

General rule as to death of the principal or agent: By reason of the very nature of the relationshipbetween the principal and the agent (which is fiduciary argh!), agency is distinguished ipso jure upon the death of the principal.

Exceptions:1.) If the agency is coupled with an interest;2.) If the act of the agent was executed without the knowledge of the death of the principal and the3rd person who contracted w/ the agent acted ingood faith.

Why does dissolution of a firm or corp extinguish the agency?Dissolution of a corp extinguishes its juridical existence.

What happens when the object or the purpose of the agency is accomplished?As between the parties, the principal and the agent,the fulfillment of the purpose for which the agency was created ipso facto terminates the agency.

What happens when the term for which the agency was supposed to continue expires?When an agency is created for a fixed period, theexpiration of such period ends the agency, even though the purpose for which the agency was created has not been accomplished.

What happens if no time is specified?The agency terminates at the end of a reasonable period of time.

Can the period be implied? Yes, from1.) The terms of the agreement;2.) Purpose of the agency; and3.) The circumstances of the parties.

What happens if the subject matter of the agency is lost or destroyed?

In the absence of any agreement by the parties to the contrary, the loss or destruction of the subject matter of the agency terminates the agents authority to deal with reference to it.

Exceptions:1.) If it is possible to substitute other material for that which was destroyed without substantial detriment to either party, or2.) If the destroyed subject matter was not in factessential to the contract; and3.) A partial loss or destruction.

Are the modes of extinguishments of agency exclusive?No. Art. 1919 gives only those causes of extinction which are particular to agency. But the list is notexclusive. The general rule actually is, an agency may be extinguished by the modes of extinguishments of obligations in general whenever they are applicable, like loss of the thing and novation (see art. 1231).

Does war extinguish agency?During the existence of war, a contract of agency isinoperative if the agent or the principal is an enemy alien. But since it is generally conceded that war suspends all commercial intercourse between the residents of 2 belligerent states, the general rule is that agency is terminated, as a matter of law, upon the break of war.

Does legal impossibility terminate agency?Implied in every contract is the understanding that it shall be capable of being carried out legally at the timecalled for by the contract. An agency then terminates if a change in the law makes the purpose of the agency unlawful.

What happens if the principals authority terminates?A position which flows from a trust relationship whether directly or indirectly, terminates as a matter oflaw with the destruction of the trust. Consequently, a sub-agents authority terminates with the termination of the principals authority.

In case of loss of the subject matter, does the principal incur any liability?It depends. If the loss was brought about by the principal as in the case where the principal sells the subject matter to another party notwithstanding that an agency had been constituted in reference to it, then hemay be liable for damages for his wrongful terminating act. But if the subject matter is lost without the fault of the principal, no liability is assumed by him.

Will a change of conditions affect the agency?General rule: When there is a basic change in the circumstances surrounding the transaction notcontemplated by the parties which would reasonablylead the agent to believe that the principal would not desire him to act, authority of agent is terminated.Exceptions:

1.) If the original circumstances are restored within a reasonable period of time, the agents authority may be revived.2.) Where the agent has reasonable doubts as to whether the principal would desire him to act, his authority will not be terminated if he actsreasonably. (But when in doubt, agent could contract principal for instructions if possible).3.) Where the principal and agent are in close daily contact, the agents authority to act will notterminate upon a change of circumstances if the agent knows the principal is aware of the change and does not give him new instructions.

Confidential informationIt is difficult to determine whether information is confidential or not, because while the relation ofprincipal and agent is confidential, not all knowledgeacquired by the agent is of a confidential nature. Some clearly is of so general a nature that equity ought notattempt to restrict its subsequent use.Usually, what a court does is to determine 2 things:1.) Whether the knowledge or information is indeed confidential, and2.) Whether its subsequent use ought to beprevented.

Principle behind enjoining an agent from using confidential information:There is in the contract of service subsisting betweenthe principal and the agent an implied contract on the part of the agent that he will not, after the service is terminated, use information which he has gained while the service has been subsisting to the detriment of his former employer.

Art. 1920. The principal may revoke the agency at will, and compel the agent to return the document evidencing the agency. Such revocation may be express or implied.

May an agency be terminated by a subsequent act of the principal? Yes, when he does so, its called revocation.

May an agency be terminated by a subsequent act of the agent? Yes, its called withdrawal or renunciation.

Does it matter if the agency is gratuitous or with compensation when we speak of revocation by the principal? No, art 1920 makes no distinction.

Reasons:1.) Since the authority of the agent emanates from the principal, if the principal wishes to terminatethe agency the law must enable him to do so.2.) Confidence being the cardinal basis of the relation, it stands to reason that it should ceasewhen such confidence disappears.3.) The principal-agent relationship is consensualand personal in nature. No one can nor should

be forced to retain another as his agent against his will.

In case a principal does revoke an agency, is there any way by which the agent can hold him liable for damages? Yes. For instance,1.) If the agency was constituted for a fixed period, the principal shall be liable in damages occasioned by the wrongful discharge of the agent before the expiration of the period fixed.2.) If the agent can prove that the principal acted in bad faith by revoking the agency in order to avoid payment of commission about to beearned, the principal can be held liable for damages.

Reason for requiring agent to return the document evidencing the agency: To prevent the agent from making use of the power of attorney and thus avoid liability to 3rd persons who may subsequently deal with the agent on the faith of the instrument.

Kinds of Revocation:1.) Express; or2.) Implied, e.g.:a.) When the principal appoints a new agent for the same business or transaction, orb.) When the principal directly manages thebusiness entrusted to the agent.

Is notice of revocation to the agent necessary? Yes.A revocation without notice to the agent will not render invalid an act done in pursuance of the authority.

Is express notice of revocation to the agent necessary?As between the principal and the agent, express notice to the agent that the agency is revoked is notalways necessary. If the party to be notified actuallyknows, or has reason to know, facts indicating that his authority has been terminated or suspended, there issufficient notice.Is notice of revocation to 3rd persons necessary? Yes. What kind of notice should you give 3rd persons?1.) As to former customers, actual notice must egiven to them because they always assume the continuance of the agency relationship.2.) As to other persons, notice by publication is enough.

May the agent renounce the agency at will?Yes, but subject to the contractual obligations owing the principal.

Reason: The essence of the principal-agent relationship is the consent and willingness of the agent to act for the principal. The law cannot compel the parties to continue an agency if they do not want to do so. (The principal cannot even sue for affirmative specific performance because that would lead to involuntary servitude!)

Form of renunciation:It is not always necessary for the agent to renounce the agency expressly. He can do so impliedly, as for

to 3rd person informed of the appointment.

know, as long as there is publication in a newspaper of general circulation.example1.) Where he has conducted himself in a manner incompatible with his duties as agent; or2.) When he abandons the object of his agency andacts for himself in committing a fraud upon his principal; or3.) When he files a complaint against the principal and adopts an antagonistic attitude towards him.

Does a violation of the instructions of the principal amount to a renunciation?No. Mere fact that agent violates his instructions doesnot amount to renunciation, and although he may thus render himself liable to the principal, he does not cease to become an agent.

Art. 1921. If the agency has been entrusted for the purpose of contracting with specified persons, its revocation shall not prejudice the latter if they were not given notice thereof.

What is the effect of revocation in relation to 3rd persons if the agent was authorized to contract with specified persons?If the agency is created for the purpose ofcontracting with specified persons, its revocation will not prejudice such 3rd persons until notice thereof is given them. The reason for this is obvious. Since 3rd persons have been made to believe by the principal that the agent is authorized to deal with them, they have a right to presume that the representation continues to exist in the absence of notification by the principal. But of course, notice is not required if the 3rd persons already know of the revocation.

Art. 1922. If the agent had general powers, revocation of the agency does not prejudice third persons who acted in good faith and without knowledge of the revocation. Notice of the revocation in a newspaper of general circulation is a sufficient warning to third persons.

Effect of revocation in relation to 3rd persons if the agent was authorized to contract with the public in general:In case the agent has general powers, innocent 3rdparties dealing with the agent will not e prejudiced by the revocation before they had knowledge thereof. Inthis case, however, the fact that the revocation wasadvertised in a newspaper of general circulation would be sufficient to 3rd persons for publication constitutes notice upon everybody and this is true whether or not such 3rd persons have read the newspaper concerned.

Art. 1921Art. 1922Must be personal.May be personal.Revocation must be knownEven if 3rd person doesntNotice required in art. 1921 v. that in art. 1922:

General rule: Special information needs special information of revocation.

Except: If you can prove that the 3rd person read the notice in the newspaper.

Art. 1923. The appointment of a new agent for the same business or transaction revokes the previous agency from the day on which notice thereof was given to the former agent, without prejudice to the provisions of the two preceding articles.

What does this article mean?1.) There is implied revocation of the previous agency when the principal appoints a new agent for the same business or transaction if there isincompatibility. But the revocation does not become effective as between the principal and the agent unless it is in some waycommunicated to the latter. Again, the rights of3rd persons who acted in good faith and without knowledge of the revocation will not beprejudiced thereby.2.) There is no implied revocation where the appointment of another agent is not incompatible with the continuation of like authority in the 1st agent, or if the 1st agent is not given notice of the appointment of the new agent.

Art. 1924. The agency is revoked if the principal directly manages the business entrusted to the agent, dealing directly with third persons.

What does the above article provide?It provides for another case of implied revocation.

Effect of direct management of the business by the principal himself:Generally, it revokes the agency because there would no longer be any basis for the representation previously conferred.Exception: when the only desire of the principal in doing so is for him and the agent to manage the business together.

Art. 1925. When two or more principals have granted a power of attorney for a common transaction, any one of them may revoke the same without the consent of the others.

Rationale: Since the appointment of an agent by 2 or more principals for a common transaction or undertaking makes them solidarily liable to the agent for all consequences of the agency, then each one of the principals should be granted the right to revoke the

power of attorney even without the consent of the others. Remember that in a solidary obligation, the act of one is the act of all.

Art. 1926. A general power of attorney is revoked by a special one granted to another agent, as regards the special matter involved in thelatter.

How many agents are involved in this article?2, one to whom a general power is previously granted. Another to whom a special power is given. (Note that this can also apply if a special power is subsequently given to the same agent.)

Effect of the issuance of a special power as regards the general power:The general power is impliedly revoked as to matters covered by the special power because a special power naturally prevails over a general power.

Art. 1927. An agency cannot be revoked if a bilateral contract depends upon it, or if it is the means of fulfilling an obligation already contracted, or if a partner is appointed manager of a partnership in the contract of partnership andhis removal from the management is unjustifiable.

General rule: Principal may revoke an agency at will since the essence of agency is the agents duty of obedience to the principal.

Exceptions: [BF=Partner]1.) When a bilateral contract depends on the agency;2.) When the agency is the means of fulfilling anobligation already contracted;3.) When a partner is appointed as manager of a partnership in the contract of partnership and his removal from the management isunjustifiable.

Can an agency, coupled with an interest, be terminated by the sole will of the principal? No.

Requisite for agency to be irrevocable for being coupled with a interest:Interest of the agent must be in the subject matter of the power conferred and not merely an interest in the exercise of the power.

Instances of an agency coupled with an interest:1.) When the agent has parted with value or incurred liability at the principals request, andhe is looking to the exercise of the power as themeans of reimbursement or indemnity.2.) When the interest in the thing concerning which the power is to be exercised arises from an assignment, pledge or lien created by the principal with the agent being given the power

to deal with the thing in order to make the assignment, pledge or lien effectual.

If the contract of agency stipulates that such will be irrevocable, is such terminology controlling in all cases?No. Whether an interest will make an agencyirrevocable exists in a particular case is to be determined from the entire agreement between the parties and from the facts and circumstances. The terminology is not controlling. Even if an agency is made in terms irrevocable, the fact will not prevent its revocation by the principal when the agency is not infact coupled with an interest.

If an agency is coupled with an interest, does this mean that the principal can never ever revoke it?No. You can still revoke in extreme situations, e.g.:1.) Irrevocability can never be used as a shield for the perpetration of acts in ad faith, breach of confidence or betrayal of trust. The law willnever permit the agent to commit frauds against the principal.2.) When the interest is already terminated.

Why is it said that agencies coupled with interest are not true agents?Because persons with proprietary interests in the subject matter of their agency are not true agents at all. One of the hallmarks of the agency relation is thecontrol of the principal over the acts of the agent andover the subject matter of the agency. An agency coupled with an interest removes that control.

Art. 1928. The agent may withdraw from the agency by giving due notice to the principal. If the latter suffer any damage by reason of the withdrawal, the agent must indemnify him therefor, unless the agent should base his withdrawal upon the impossibility of continuing the performance of the agency without grave detriment to himself.

Does the agent have a right to renounce or withdraw from the agency at any time?Yes. Even without the consent of the principal. But, in the latter case, he may be subject to liability for breachof contract or for tort.

Basis: Constitutional prohibition against involuntary servitude.

Obligation of agent if he withdraws from agency without just cause:1.) Notify principal (even if w/ just cause); and2.) Indemnify the principal should the latter suffer any damage by reason of such withdrawal.

Reason for indemnity: To answer for losses and damages occasioned by the non-fulfillment of his obligation as agent.

Is the agent liable for indemnity if the withdrawal was for just cause? No. Agent cannot be held liable if the agent withdraws for a valid reason as when:1.) The withdrawal is based on the impossibility of continuing the agency without grave detriment to himself; or2.) Fortuitous event.

What happens when the agent sues the principal?Equivalent to withdrawal of the agent.

Art. 1929. The agent, even if he should withdraw from the agency for a valid reason, must continue to act until the principal has had reasonable opportunity to take the necessarysteps to meet the situation.

Obligation of agent after withdrawal:Even when withdrawal is for a valid reason, he must continue to act until the principal has had reasonableopportunity to take the necessary steps like the appointment of a new agent to remedy the situation caused by the withdrawal. This is to prevent damage orprejudice to the principal.

Art. 1930. The agency shall remain in full force and effect even after the death of the principal, if it has been constituted in the common interest of the latter and of the agent, or in the interest of a third person who has accepted the stipulation in his favor.

If the agent dies, his heirs should tell the principal. However, if the principal dies, the principals heirs have no obligation to tell the agent.

General rule: Agency is terminated instantly by the death of the principal.

Rationale: Agency, being based on representation, there is no one to e represented where the principal is already dead.

Exceptions:1.) If the agency has been constituted in the common interest of the principal and the agent;and2.) If the agency has been constituted in the interest of a 3rd person who has accepted the stipulation in his favor.

Art. 1931. Anything done by the agent, without knowledge of the death of the principal or of any other cause which extinguishes the agency, is valid and shall be fully effective with respect to third persons who may have contracted with him in good faith.

What does this article provide?It provides that the death of the principal or any other like cause, extinguishes the agency. But in the

same way that revocation of the agency does not prejudice 3rd persons who have dealt with the agent in good faith without notice of revocation, such 3rd persons are also protected where it is not shown that the agent had knowledge of the termination of the agency because of the death of the principal or any other like causewhich extinguishes the agency.

Does this article only require the agent to be in good faith? No, both agent and 3rd person must be.

Art. 1932. If the agent dies, his heirs must notify the principal thereof, and in the meantime adopt such measures as the circumstances may demand in the interest of the latter.

In case of death of agent, what must the heirs do?1.) Notify the principal to enable the latter reasonable opportunity to take such steps as may be necessary to meet the situation; and2.) Adopt such measures as the circumstances may demand in the interest of the principal.

Can the heirs continue the agency?General rule: No, since an agency calls for personal services on the part of the agent.Exceptions:1.) Agency by operation of law, or a presumed or tacit agency;2.) Agency is coupled with an interest in the subjectmatter of the agency.

GOOD LUCK!